190:, argue that Wagner pioneered the idea of geographical speciation, and that Darwin had not appreciated it. However, Wagner's "migration theory" was based on a rather simple, Lamarckian idea of evolution. Wagner argued in letters to Darwin that the latter had missed a vital geographic component in understanding the evolution of new species. Darwin at first responded in a friendly way to these letters, and agreed that geographic isolation was important (although not the only cause of speciation), and pointed out that he had in fact dealt with geographic speciation in
277:, but are often not recognized as such by modern biologists. On the other hand, there is no single example in the notebooks quite so clear as Wagner's flightless beetles. Much of the good in Wagner's ideas is masked by his other, mistaken, beliefs, but his inferences about geographical speciation were important insights gained by observation of insects in their natural habitats.
27:
194:. Wagner in his later articles totally rejected the importance of natural selection. He again pointed out the importance of intercrossing in preventing divergence, and thus for geographic separation in allowing divergence. Wagner argued that Darwin had not understood this, although these ideas are present in
258:
The importance of Wagner's insight is highly debatable today, as it is clear that geographical isolation is not the only mechanism which causes species-splitting. Furthermore, it is generally accepted that natural selection is the most important cause of speciation, even when the geographical milieu
237:
In a later paper Gulick says that "Moritz Wagner, in his 'Law of the
Migration of Organisms,' was the first to insist on the importance of geographical isolation as a factor in evolution, but when he asserted that without geographical isolation natural selection could have no effect in producing new
227:
Difference of external conditions is not necessary to diversity of evolution. Separation and variation—that is, variation not overwhelmed by crossing—is all that is necessary to secure divergence of type in the descendants of one stock, though external conditions remain the same and though the
241:
Mayr's formulation has been argued to have cleared up issues which Wagner had left unresolved: "A new species develops if a population which has become isolated from its parental species acquires during this period of isolation characters which promote or guarantee isolation when the external
281:"It took more than 60 years after 1859 until the leading specialists... that this geographical approach was the way to solve the problem of speciation... a new species may evolve when a population acquires isolating mechanisms while isolated from its parent population.".
139:"... an incipient species will only when a few individuals transgress the limiting borders of their range... the formation of a new race will never succeed... without a long continued separation of the colonists from the other members of their species."
88:
Wagner's early career was as a geographer, and he published a number of geographical books about North Africa, the Middle East, and
Tropical America. He was also a keen naturalist and collector, and it is for this work he is best known among biologists.
209:, who approved of Wagner's geographic speciation ideas in a paper which is often cited as providing early support of geographical speciation. Jordan later wrote a brief note of correction agreeing with some of Gulick's criticisms:
246:
was also significant in keeping geographical speciation on the evolutionary menu. He identified geographical separation as the most frequent initial step towards cladogenesis (phylogenetic branching). However, a variety of
166:) attacked Wagner's idea of geographic speciation, and it suffered a long decline until in 1942 it was reintroduced by Mayr. The importance of geographic speciation became one of the core ideas of the
860:
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But again, see
Sulloway's article. Speciation isn't just about geography, it is more important that it requires splitting that endures in spite of geographic overlap.
154:
Wagner's idea met with a mixed reception. "Unfortunately, Wagner combined with some peculiar ideas on variation and selection" (Mayr). The leading evolutionists (
93:, the evolutionist and historian of biology, has given an account of Wagner's significance.. However, others disagree with this account. During his three years in
198:. Darwin found Wagner's increasingly hysterical tone and one-sided argument upsetting, and wrote across his copy of Wagner's 1875 paper "most wretched rubbish."
269:. The evidence of Darwin's notebooks (which were not published until the mid-20th century) shows a "clear description of reproductive isolation, maintained by
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Separate generation is a necessary condition for divergent evolution but not for the transformation of all the survivors of a species in one way.
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151:. Another formulation of this idea came later: "Organisms which never leave their ancient area of distribution will never change".
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112:. In these genera, a number of species are each confined to a stretch of the north coast between rivers which descend from the
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is in isolation. There is room for debate as to whether
Charles Darwin had reached a similar conclusion at the same time. The
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398:Über den Einfluß der geographischen Isolierung und Kolonienbildung auf die morphologischen Veränderungen der Organismen
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53:: it was here that he made important observations in natural history, which he later supplemented and developed: that
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compete with Mayr's isolation concept of species today, and so Mayr's account can no longer be accepted to be the
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was published nearly twenty years after Wagner's first account, but more relevant is the evidence of his
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Separation does not necessarily imply any external barriers or even the occupation of separate districts.
648:
Gulick JT (1908). "Isolation and selection in the evolution of species. The need of clear definitions".
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68:, Wagner travelled through North and Central America and the Caribbean. In May 1843, Wagner toured the
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Sulloway FJ (1979). "Geographic isolation in Darwin's thinking: the vicissitudes of a crucial idea".
213:"Mr. Gulick corrects certain erroneous assumptions on the part of Dr. Moritz Wagner. Mr. Gulick says:
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Abhandlungen der königlich bayerischen
Akademie der Wissenschaften, II Classe 11 (I Abt.)
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Moritz Wagner is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of venomous snake,
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Discussion of Wagner's views on species and speciation, and links to publications
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also found Wagner's theories overstated. Gulick was apparently responding to
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Diversity of natural selection is not necessary to diversity of evolution.
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Gulick JT (1888). "Divergent evolution through cumulative segregation".
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Das
Prinzip geographischer Rassenkreise und das Problem der Artbildung
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The growth of biological thought: diversity, evolution and inheritance
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Reisen in der
Regentschaft Algier in den Jahren 1836, 1837 & 1838
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Reisen in der
Regentschaft Algier in den Jahren 1836, 1837 und 1838
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Reisen in der
Regentschaft Algier in den Jahren 1836, 1837 und 1838
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45:, 31 May 1887) was a German explorer, collector, geographer and
49:. Wagner devoted three years (1836–1839) to the exploration of
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The
Darwinian Theory and the Law of the Migration of Organisms
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The Darwinian Theory and the Law of the Migration of Organisms
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The Darwinian theory and the law of the migration of organisms
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Die Darwinsche Theorie und das Migrationsgesetz der Organismen
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Jordan DS (1905). "The origin of species through isolation".
732:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.
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Jordan DS (1905). "Ontogenetic species and other species".
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isolating mechanisms"; the same ideas are also present in
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species he went beyond what could be sustained by facts".
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All of this is in general accord with my own experience."
728:
Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).
97:, he (amongst other activities) studied the flightless
76:. He committed suicide in Munich, aged 73. His brother
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Frogs, flies & dandelions: the making of species
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Die Entstehung der Arten durch räumliche Sonderung.
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Naturwissenschaftliche Reisen im tropischen Amerika
602:Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Zoology)
536:Die Entstehung der Arten durch räumliche Sonderung
388:. Translated by J.L. Laird, London. Google Books:
384:. Leipzig 1868. English edition: Wagner M. 1873.
376:Reisen in Nordamerika in den Jahren 1852 und 1853
337:Reise nach dem Ararat und dem Hochlande Armeniens
410:Gesammelte Aufsätze. Benno Schwalbe, Basel 1889.
242:barriers break down". The zoological taxonomist
143:This was an early description of the process of
705:http://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/jim/Mim/wagner.html
84:Wagner's significance in evolutionary biology
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719:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 175.
131:valleys, leading him to conclude, after the
797:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
347:Reise nach Persien und dem Lande der Kurden
861:Burials at the Alter Nordfriedhof (Munich)
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378:. (with Carl Scherzer) 3 vols, Gotha 1861.
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80:was a physiologist and anatomist.
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730:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles
679:Evolution above the species level
490:Studies in the History of Biology
64:From 1852 to 1855, together with
791:"Wagner, Moritz Friedrich"
579:Coyne J.; Orr, H. Allen (2004).
443:The Yezidis: A study in survival
201:As well as Darwin, the Reverend
319:Der kaukasus und das Land der
253:gold standard (disambiguation)
1:
851:Proto-evolutionary biologists
508:. Leipzig: Voss. pp. 199-200.
16:German naturalist (1813–1887)
567:. London: Allen & Unwin.
565:Evolution: the new synthesis
554:. New York: Columbia. p. 155
178:Some modern experts such as
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445:. Routledge. p. 188.
21:Moritz Wagner (basketball)
18:
871:Explorers of the Caucasus
740:. ("Wagner, M.", p. 278).
677:Rensch, Bernhard (1950).
664:Rensch, Bernhard (1929).
538:. Basel: Schwalbe. p. 82.
57:could play a key role in
750:Wagner, Moritz (1873).
690:Schilthuizen M (2001).
518:Wagner, Moritz (1873).
441:Guest, John S. (1987).
427:Wagner, Moritz (1841).
813:Encyclopedia Americana
807:"Wagner, Moritz"
349:. 2 Bde. Leipzig 1851.
324:. 2 Bde. Leipzig 1847.
168:evolutionary synthesis
55:geographical isolation
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681:. New York: Columbia.
431:. 3 volumes. Leipzig.
275:The Origin of Species
196:The Origin of Species
192:The Origin of Species
145:geographic speciation
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715:Mayr, Ernst (2001).
135:had been published:
866:Explorers of Africa
856:Suicides in Germany
650:American Naturalist
296:Montivipera wagneri
41:, 3 October 1813 –
846:German naturalists
563:Huxley JS (1942).
207:David Starr Jordan
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738:978-1-4214-0135-5
717:What evolution is
703:Mallet J (2009).
534:Wagner M (1889).
504:Wagner M (1841).
394:. Stuttgart 1870.
262:Origin of Species
133:Origin of Species
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784:(in German)
583:. Sinauer.
328:Reise nach
271:ethological
203:J.T. Gulick
184:Jerry Coyne
127:and in the
825:Categories
639:: 872-873.
623:: 545-562.
607:: 189-274.
581:Speciation
472:. Harvard.
415:References
355:Costa-Rica
180:Ernst Mayr
91:Ernst Mayr
70:Lake Sevan
59:speciation
341:Stuttgart
311:. 3 Bde.
267:notebooks
174:Criticism
495:: 23-65.
164:Weismann
125:Caucasus
109:Melasoma
39:Bayreuth
816:. 1920.
800:. 1889.
668:. Bonn.
634:Science
618:Science
402:MĂĽnchen
368:Ecuador
330:Kolchis
321:Kosaken
313:Leipzig
160:Wallace
116:to the
103:Pimelia
99:beetles
95:Algeria
51:Algiers
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364:Panama
289:Legacy
156:Darwin
129:Andean
78:Rudolf
43:Munich
404:1871.
343:1848.
315:1841.
734:ISBN
585:ISBN
447:ISBN
366:und
186:and
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