515:
479:
680:, varying in shape, color, and size. While in many cases they do not exhibit clear-cut distinguishing features microscopically, this has historically contributed to uncertainties in taxonomy. Discriminating between the various taxa described is further hindered by uncertainty over which of these are truly biologically distinct. Remarkably, some authors in the past had suggested that the genus contains as few as 3 to 6 species, while others recognised as many as 34. Efforts to clarify the situation and re-evaluate old classical names (such as
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3416:
3439:
524:
70:
49:
488:
434:
537:
9055:
497:
506:
2160:
2099:
2604:
superior morels for culinary uses since they can be assured to be insect, slug and dirt free and therefore do not need to be washed and cleaned like foraged morels. Since washing morels can negatively impact the texture, reliable cultivation may result in more versatility with this ingredient in the kitchen as well as making the delicacy more affordable and accessible.
3385:
9065:
3220:. Due to their natural porosity, morels may contain trace amounts of soil which cannot be easily washed out. Any visible soil should be removed with a brush, after cutting the body in half lengthwise, if needed. Mushroom hunters sometimes recommend soaking morels in a bowl of salt water briefly prior to cooking, although many chefs would disagree.
872:. However, several of these newly proposed names later turned out to be synonyms. An extensive taxonomical and nomenclatural revision of the genus provided by Richard and colleagues in 2014, applied names to 30 of the genealogical lineages recognized so far and clarified several synonymities. Also in 2014, Elliott and colleagues described
2512:
2586:
grow undisturbed for several weeks. A solution of wood ashes mixed in water and diluted is subsequently poured over the rows of wood mulch which triggers fruiting of the morels. Morels are known to appear after fires and the alkalinity produced by wood ash mixed with water initiate fruit body formation for most species of morels.
2564:
conditions which trigger fruiting have been observed and exploited with small-scale commercial cultivation of morels. Where fire suppression is practiced, morels often grow in small numbers in the same spot, year after year. If these areas are overrun by wildfire they often produce a bumper crop of
2603:
but encountered issues in getting them to reliably fruit. One of the breakthroughs with this project was growing them in a climate controlled environment in conjunction with grass which is involved in stimulating fruiting in the morel mycelium. Cultivation in this manner has been noted to produce
2585:
More recently, small-scale commercial growers have had success growing morels by using partially shaded rows of mulched wood. The rows of mulch piles are inoculated with morel mushroom spores in a solution of water and molasses which are poured over the piles of mulch and then they are allowed to
4453:
Clowez, Philippe; Bellanger, Jean-Michel; de la Osa, Luis Romero; Moreau, Pierre-Arthur. (2015). Morchella palazonii sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Pezizales) : une nouvelle morille méditerranéenne. Clé des
Morchella sect. Morchella en Europe. Documents Mycologiques XXXVI:
2581:
Due to the mushroom's prized fruit bodies, several attempts have been made to grow the fungus in culture. In 1901, Repin reported successfully obtaining fruit bodies in a cave in which cultures had been established in flower pots nine years previously in 1892.
6196:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
2664:
Morels, "almost universally associated with spring," can be found in many habitats. Morel may be more likely to fruit during a period of increasing heat following a chilly period, a preference which is credited for their abundance in areas with cold winters.
2051:
in the early
Cretaceous, approximately 129 million years ago (Mya). This date was later revised by Du and collaborators, placing the divergence of the genus in the late Jurassic, approximately 154 Mya. However, neither of these reconstructions had included
2260:, but this view has been disputed by others, who suggested an old and natural distribution, at least for some of these species which appear to be linked to indigenous flora. Long-distance spore dispersal has also been suggested as a possible
842:), a number of which were later shown to be illegitimate or synonyms. As molecular tools became widely available in the new millennium, a revived interest in the genus commenced and several new species were proposed. In 2008 Kuo described
694:
further complicating matters, until a transatlantic study by
Richard and colleagues resolved many of these issues in 2014. The genus is currently undergoing extensive re-evaluation with regard to the taxonomic status of several species.
5532:
Du XH, Zhao Q, Yang ZL, Hansen K, Taşkın H, Büyükalaca S, Dewsbury D, Moncalvo JM, Douhan GW, Robert VA, Crous PW, Rehner SA, Rooney AP, Sink S, O'Donnell K (2012). "How well do ITS rDNA sequences differentiate species of true morels
3230:
which might be present in the fruit bodies usually drop out during the drying process. Dried morels can then be reconstituted by soaking for 10–20 minutes in warm water or milk, and the soaking liquid can be used as stock.
2565:
black morels the following spring. Commercial pickers and buyers in North
America target recently burned areas for this reason. These spots may be closely guarded by mushroom pickers, as morels are widely regarded as a
3211:
and placed into a freezer. After freezing, they keep very well with the frozen glaze for a long time in airtight containers. However, when thawed they can sometimes turn slightly mushy, so they are best frozen after
2635:
When eating this fungus for the first time, it is advised to consume a small amount to minimize any allergic reaction. As with all fungi, morels for consumption must be clean and free of decay. Morels growing in old
514:
2256:. The reasons behind the widespread, cosmopolitan distribution of these species, are still puzzling. Some authors have hypothesized that such transcontinental occurrences are the result of accidental anthropogenic
2070:
is altogether absent from North
America. Updated ancestral area reconstructions by Loizides and colleagues using an expanded 79-species data set, have in 2021 refuted the previous hypothesis and designated the
649:
and others) are attached to the stem only at the apex (top of the cap), unlike true morels which have caps that are attached to the stem at, or near the base of the cap. The easiest way to distinguish
2593:. The project has been able to cultivate 20 lbs of morels per square yard or around 10 kg per square metre with cost estimates expected to be similar to producing white button mushrooms (
608:
species often have a "wrinkled" or "cerebral" (brain-like) appearance to the cap due to multiple wrinkles and folds, rather than the honeycomb appearance of true morels due to ridges and pits.
3116:
3177:
They have been called "prized delicacies...they are so esteemed in Europe that people used to set fire to their own forests in hopes of eliciting a bountiful morel crop the next spring!"
2556:. Moderate-intensity fires are reported to produce higher abundances of morels than low- or high-intensity fires. This is caused by the soil becoming more alkaline as the result of
568:, and other morel lookalikes. Although false morels are sometimes eaten without ill effect, they can cause severe gastrointestinal upset, loss of muscular coordination (including
7972:
6175:
4179:
Krombholz JV von. (1834). Naturgetreue
Abblidungen und Beschreibungen der essbaren, schädlichen und verdächtigen Schwämme, Heift 3. G. Calve, Praha J, 36 p., pl. XV-XXII.
5084:
Hatıra Taşkın; Saadet Büyükalacaa; Hasan Hüseyin Doğanb; Stephen A. Rehnerc; Kerry O'Donnell (Aug 2010). "A multigene molecular phylogenetic assessment of true morels (
5030:
2000:-like underground structures, and may also deserve its own clade based on DNA evidence. Within the yellow and black clades, there are dozens of distinct species, many
2066:. This cast doubts over the accuracy of the original reconstructions, since both species of the ancestral /Rufobrunnea clade are present in the Mediterranean, while
9225:
2178:
and provincialism, several species have been phylogenetically shown to be present in more than one continent. So far, the list of transcontinental species includes
9264:
5941:
2589:
In 2021 it was announced that indoor cultivation of black morels had been successfully achieved after decades of research and experimentation with methods by
728:, who, in 1834 and 1897 respectively, published several species and varieties, accompanied by meticulously illustrated iconographic plates. The seminal taxon
9134:
3254:
Morel hunting is a common springtime activity. Mushroom collectors may carry a mesh collecting bag, so the spores can scatter as one carries the harvest.
2624:, with two reported deaths and three other hospitalizations. The consumption of raw morels in particular is advised against. An unknown toxin, possibly
868:. A study by Clowez described over 20 new species in 2012, while later in the same year, another study by Kuo and colleagues described 19 species from
690:
material. In 2012, the simultaneous description of several new taxa from Europe by Clowez and North
America by Kuo and colleagues resulted in several
5515:
Pilz, D.; R. McLain; S. Alexander; L. Villarreal-Ruiz; S. Berch; T.L. Wurtz; C.G. Parks; E. McFarlane; B. Baker; R. Molina; J.E. Smith (March 2007).
9199:
7965:
6497:
Outlines of Botany: Including a
General History of the Vegetable Kingdom, in which Plants are Arranged According to the System of Natural Affinities
5686:
Tedersoo L, May TW, Smith ME (2010). "Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages".
6567:
3415:
3399:
1434:
5991:
6478:
6451:
6359:
6252:
6208:
6027:
5620:
3682:
3654:
3261:
for the
National Morel Mushroom Festival, a century-old event. As one observer stated, "if there is a modern, North American reenactment of
686:
and others) in accordance to current phylogenetic data have been challenging, due to vague or ambiguous original descriptions and loss of
9069:
5827:
3275:
include the Illinois State Morel Mushroom Hunting Championship, the Ottawa Midwest Morel Fest and the Mesick Michigan Mushroom Festival.
9058:
7958:
4911:
2315:
vary greatly depending on the individual species, continent, or region. Trees commonly associated with morels in Europe and across the
6277:
4110:
Kuo M, Dewsbury DR, O'Donnell K, Carter MC, Rehner SA, Moore JD, Moncalvo JM, Canfield SA, Stephenson SL, Methven AS, Volk TJ (2012).
2268:. It has been suggested that the widespread but disjunct distribution of some morel species, especially early diverging lineages like
2140:, appear to fruit in the autumn or winter months rather than spring, which is the typical fruiting season for morels. In the American
6203:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
5311:
Loizides M, Gonou Z, Fransuas G, Drakopoulos P, Sammut C, Martinis A, Bellanger JM (2021). "Extended phylogeography of the ancestral
959:
as an autonomous species. In the same year, Taşkın and colleagues described four of the previously unnamed phylospecies from Turkey:
6302:
6139:
6167:
3192:, they are best when collected or bought fresh. They are sometimes added to meat and poultry dishes and soups, and can be used as
2058:
in the analyses, whose phylogenetic placement remained at the time unresolved. Following genetic testing of isotype collection of
4528:
Loizides M, Bellanger JM, Lowez P, Richard F, Moreau PA (2016). "Combined phylogenetic and morphological studies of true morels (
2062:
by Taşkın and colleagues, this species was shown to nest in the ancestral /Rufobrunnea clade, together with the transcontinental
576:
usually occur when they are eaten in large quantities, inadequately cooked, or over several days in a row. False morels contain
4464:
Voitk A, Beug M, O'Donnell K, Burzynski M (2016). "Two new species of true morels from Newfoundland and Labrador: cosmopolitan
2151:
morels at a large scale have rarely been successful and the commercial morel industry relies on the harvest of wild mushrooms.
1104:
8482:
6513:
5966:
3880:
Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F. (1984). Fungi of Switzerland, Volume 1: Ascomycetes. Verlag Mykologia, Luzern, Switzerland. 314 p.
5830:(Report). Research Note RN-PNW-546. Portland, Oregon: U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station. Archived from
5057:
4814:
O'Donnell K, Rooney AP, Mills GL, Kuo M, Weber NS, Rehner SA (2011). "Phylogeny and historical biogeography of true morels (
6222:
9251:
6099:
fruitbodies collected in lead arsenate contaminated apple orchards in the northeastern United States: A preliminary study"
3994:, Pezizales) of Europe and North America: evolutionary relationships inferred from multilocus data and a unified taxonomy"
1950:
variation. Subsequent multigenic DNA studies, however, have revealed more than a dozen genealogically distinct species in
6524:
5859:
1080:
820:, featuring in many field guides and literature across several countries, has been shown by Richard and colleagues to be
6536:
6163:
3226:
is a popular and effective method for long-term storage, and morels are widely available commercially in this form. Any
1675:
1558:
1534:
1505:
721:
1594:
1493:
478:
6560:
1669:
8869:
5611:
Buscot F (1992). "Mycorrhizal succession and morel biology". In Read DJ, Lewis DH, Fitter AH, Alexander IJ (eds.).
804:
in 1897 based on an 1834 plate by Krombholz, and was recombined as a distinct species in 1985 by Emile Jacquetant.
777:
707:
69:
7225:
1511:
1457:
979:
933:, a cosmopolitan species present in several continents. In an extensive phylogenetic and morphological study from
9325:
9269:
7981:
7285:
5486:
3235:
1615:
152:
7676:
6832:
4982:
1922:
421:
studies, and several new species have been described from Australia, Canada, Cyprus, Israel, Spain, and Turkey.
7376:
6375:
Mattson DJ, Podruzny SR, Haroldson MA (2002). "Consumption of fungal sporocarps by Yellowstone grizzly bears".
5169:
Du XH, Zhao Q, O'Donnell K, Rooney AP, Yang ZL (2012). "Multigene molecular phylogenetics reveals true morels (
2628:
in small amounts, can be neutralized via cooking. Additionally, cooked morels can reportedly cause symptoms of
2621:
2032:
1712:
7576:
7346:
6682:
6647:
6637:
4272:
Icones mycologicae ou iconographie des champignons de France principalement discomycètes avec texte descriptif
4111:
3988:
Richard F, Bellanger JM, Clowez P, Hansen K, O'Donnell K, Urban A, Sauve M, Courtecuisse R, Moreau PA (2015).
2590:
1852:
1691:
1651:
614:
has a cap that is usually reddish-brown in colour, but sometimes also chestnut, purplish-brown, or dark brown.
6657:
6627:
6617:
5521:. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-710. Portland, OR: U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station.
1360:
8589:
8137:
7526:
7416:
7085:
6991:
6822:
6607:
1817:
1740:
1290:
1170:
1133:
1127:
1074:
1051:
961:
395:
6737:
6692:
3207:
by simply running under cold water or putting them in a bucket to soak for a few minutes, then spread on a
9087:
9015:
8472:
7775:
7536:
7516:
7486:
7265:
7215:
7155:
6747:
6597:
6553:
5001:
3112:
2442:
2297:
1824:
1810:
1789:
1485:
1450:
1381:
1366:
1225:
1110:
973:
792:
677:
628:
species contain a cottony substance inside their stem, in contrast to true morels which are always hollow.
31:
7686:
7636:
7616:
7466:
7446:
7386:
7175:
6702:
4587:
Taşkın, H.; Doğan, H.; Büyükalaca, S.; Clowez, P.; Moreau, P.-A.; O'Donnell, K. (2016). "Four new morel (
2130:
and related species) are mostly found in coniferous forests, disturbed ground and recently burned areas.
1929:
1894:
1880:
1775:
1761:
1719:
1663:
1405:
967:
9320:
8960:
8626:
8524:
8107:
7835:
7476:
7456:
7235:
7205:
7065:
7055:
7045:
6877:
4858:
Taşkın H, Büyükalaca S, Hansen K, O'Donnell K (2012). "Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of true morels (
4818:) reveals an early Cretaceous origin and high continental endemism and provincialism in the Holarctic".
2987:
2281:
2270:
2228:
2216:
2036:
1964:
1782:
1768:
1588:
1552:
1464:
1443:
1372:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1237:
1045:
1039:
1014:
943:
919:
874:
864:
855:
782:
765:
7865:
7855:
7815:
7666:
7626:
7586:
7566:
7436:
7406:
7356:
3777:
3103:
1915:
1887:
1859:
1845:
1754:
1733:
1698:
1600:
1582:
1540:
1412:
1219:
7885:
7845:
7795:
7755:
7646:
7596:
7546:
6443:
The Complete Mushroom Hunter: An Illustrated Guide to Finding, Harvesting, and Enjoying Wild Mushrooms
3290:, because when sliced lengthwise then breaded and fried, their outline resembles the shape of a fish;
2039:
origin of morels and the genus was estimated to have diverged from its closest genealogical relatives
1901:
1866:
1831:
1606:
1546:
1231:
9279:
9160:
8696:
8554:
8529:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8087:
7805:
7606:
7496:
7396:
7325:
7275:
7195:
7105:
7001:
6921:
5695:
5652:
4553:
4069:
3707:
3258:
3039:
3000:
2276:
2261:
2252:
2246:
2234:
1873:
1796:
1726:
1643:
1576:
1528:
1520:
1426:
1314:
1187:
1178:
1089:
1005:
949:
907:
901:
750:
592:
in particular, has been reported to be responsible for up to 23% of mushroom fatalities each year in
7935:
7715:
5006:
4618:
Clowez, P.; Marcos Martinez, J.; Sanjaume, R.; Marques, G.; Bellanger, J. M.; Moreau, P. A. (2020).
3989:
3862:
Seaver FJ. (1942). The North American cup-fungi (Operculates). Hafner Publishing C. New York. 377 p.
3462:
3384:
3188:
worldwide, with recipes and preparation methods designed to highlight and preserve it. As with most
2457:(March–May), morels are hardly ever found in the vicinity of common poisonous mushrooms such as the
2385:(ash). In western North America morels are often found in coniferous forests, including species of
1570:
9191:
8339:
8309:
8299:
7925:
7915:
7905:
7895:
7745:
7725:
7556:
7506:
7426:
7366:
7315:
7295:
7255:
7245:
7185:
7165:
7135:
7095:
6971:
6951:
6941:
6911:
6901:
6867:
4304:
2544:
2538:
2265:
2240:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2180:
2112:
2084:
2072:
2054:
1988:
1976:
1970:
1838:
1803:
1747:
1705:
1657:
1636:
1622:
1564:
1478:
1471:
1419:
1388:
1345:
1297:
1243:
1156:
1142:
1119:
1066:
1031:
997:
929:
913:
888:
850:
848:
from burned coniferous forests in western North America. In 2010 Işiloğlu and colleagues described
844:
787:
744:
712:
585:
558:
541:
382:
350:
315:
173:
7875:
7825:
390:
controversy throughout the years, mostly with regard to the number of species involved, with some
349:, commercial harvesting of wild morels has become a multimillion-dollar industry in the temperate
9315:
8636:
8544:
8288:
8164:
7785:
7656:
7021:
6961:
6931:
6384:
6094:
6075:
5855:
5808:
5719:
5668:
5562:
5340:
5286:
4946:
4887:
4717:
4676:
4569:
4497:
4413:
4366:
4143:
4085:
3758:
3723:
3540:
3130:
2974:
2954:
2777:
2257:
2204:
2132:
1908:
1396:
1211:
1202:
1149:
1096:
1057:
955:
760:
735:
691:
573:
387:
207:
184:
156:
64:
4747:(Pezizales: Morchellaceae) based on restriction enzyme analysis of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene".
1946:
analyses supported the hypothesis that the genus comprises only a few species with considerable
552:
When gathering morels for the table, care must be taken to distinguish them from the poisonous "
523:
9287:
9230:
9147:
8559:
8539:
8283:
8228:
7305:
7115:
7075:
7011:
6495:
6474:
6468:
6447:
6355:
6298:
6273:
6248:
6214:
6204:
6145:
6135:
6023:
5831:
5800:
5754:
5711:
5616:
5554:
5404:
5332:
5278:
5239:
5190:
5146:
5105:
4938:
4879:
4835:
4764:
4489:
4405:
4358:
4135:
4015:
3678:
3650:
3619:
3584:
3532:
3162:
2865:
2595:
2141:
1629:
1321:
1283:
1194:
821:
669:
48:
6441:
4954:
3646:
3639:
3557:
Bresinsky A, Besl H. (1990). A colour atlas of poisonous fungi. Wolfe Publishing Ltd, London.
9292:
9030:
9020:
9005:
8631:
8452:
8268:
8238:
8218:
8174:
8052:
7145:
6797:
6787:
6712:
6067:
5792:
5746:
5703:
5660:
5593:
5546:
5439:
5394:
5386:
5324:
5270:
5229:
5221:
5182:
5097:
5049:
5011:
4930:
4871:
4827:
4756:
4709:
4668:
4635:
4600:
4561:
4481:
4397:
4350:
4247:
Jacquetant E, Bon M (1985). "Typifications et mises au point nomenclaturales dans l'ouvrage
4127:
4077:
4056:: a study of three poorly known Mediterranean morels, with nomenclatural updates in section
4005:
3889:
Weber, N.S. (1988). In A Morel Hunter's Companion, pp. 111-67. Two Peninsula Press: Lansing.
3824:
3750:
3715:
3611:
3576:
3524:
3406:
3352:
3267:
3262:
2882:
2532:
2419:
forests. Deciduous trees commonly associated with morels in the northern hemisphere include
2357:
2192:
2164:
1499:
1352:
1329:
1305:
816:
806:
725:
599:
The key morphological features distinguishing false morels from true morels are as follows:
487:
8970:
8891:
8656:
8568:
8408:
8250:
8169:
7125:
6981:
6540:
5737:
Mihail JD, Bruhn JN, Bonello P (2007). "Spatial and temporal patterns of morel fruiting".
3375:
3189:
2670:
2645:
2560:
combining with water and being absorbed into the soil which triggers the morels to fruit.
2126:
1982:
1338:
1163:
730:
682:
414:
338:
9125:
5208:
Pildain MB, Visnovsky SB, Barroetavena C (2014). "Phylogenetic diversity of true morels (
3115:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
5783:) ascocarps in response to the intensity of forest floor combustion during a wildfire".
5699:
5656:
4557:
4073:
3711:
3615:
720:
for the genus. Among early pioneers who took an interest in the genus, were mycologists
9186:
9035:
9001:
8874:
8833:
8601:
8504:
8329:
8273:
8233:
8223:
8213:
8186:
8127:
8014:
7989:
7735:
6772:
6470:
Mushrooms in Forests and Woodlands: "Resource Management, Values and Local Livelihoods"
5919:
5399:
5374:
3204:
3181:
2005:
2004:
to individual continents or regions. This species-rich view is supported by studies in
838:
639:
569:
564:
469:
342:
330:
5597:
3580:
536:
505:
496:
433:
9309:
9139:
9010:
8791:
8766:
8711:
8467:
8436:
8263:
8258:
8159:
8102:
6587:
6577:
5890:
5344:
4891:
4274:(in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Librairie des Sciences Naturelles. pp. 194–421.
3311:
3272:
2733:
2641:
2629:
2416:
2316:
2103:
1951:
938:
869:
811:
797:
418:
354:
180:
131:
111:
6426:
5812:
5672:
5518:
Ecology and management of morels harvested from the forests of western North America
5212:), the main edible non-timber product from native Patagonian forests of Argentina".
4910:
Stefani FO, Sokolski S, Wurtz TL, Piché Y, Hamelin RC, Fortin JA, Bérubé JA (2010).
4573:
4501:
4417:
4370:
4225:
4147:
4089:
3727:
2159:
2098:
9040:
9025:
8864:
8786:
8676:
8621:
8616:
8584:
8574:
8494:
8477:
8383:
8278:
7765:
5723:
5566:
5290:
4950:
4655:
Yoon CS, Gessner RV, Romano MA (1990). "Population genetics and systematics of the
4211:
A Natural Arrangement of British Plants, according to their relations to each other
4193:
3544:
3443:
3310:, of how a mountain family was saved from starvation by eating morels. In parts of
3239:
3197:
3126:
2709:
2466:
2433:
2148:
1943:
717:
645:
581:
410:
346:
165:
9152:
6519:
5942:"Danish Biologists Cultivate Morel Mushrooms Year-Round With New Indoor Technique"
5390:
5328:
4862:) reveals high levels of endemics in Turkey relative to other regions of Europe".
2552:
behaviour and may grow abundantly in forests which have been recently burned by a
5750:
5225:
5127:
4161:
Persoon CH. (1794). "Neue Versuch einer Systematischen Einteilung der Schwämme".
3829:
3812:
9256:
9212:
9119:
8916:
8806:
8801:
8776:
8759:
8749:
8740:
8606:
8457:
8352:
8092:
5516:
5257:
Kanwal HK, Acharya K, Ramesh G, Reddy MS (2010). "Molecular characterization of
4694:
Bunyard, B.A.; Nicholson, M.S.; Royse, D.J. (1994). "A systematic assessment of
3487:
3286:
species have been called by many local names; some of the more colorful include
3223:
3146:
2693:
2561:
2553:
2482:
2405:
879:
755:
553:
546:
6545:
6198:
4783:
911:
as a distinct species. Later in the same year, Clowez and colleagues described
8886:
8881:
8838:
8821:
8811:
8781:
8771:
8721:
8611:
8499:
8388:
8208:
8154:
8117:
8072:
8067:
8057:
8031:
8007:
6812:
6727:
5864:
5707:
5274:
5186:
5101:
5053:
5015:
4831:
4565:
4081:
4044:
Loizides M, Alvarado P, Clowez P, Moreau PA, de la Osa LR, Palazon A (2015). "
3698:
Kimbrough JW. (1970). "Current trends in the classification of discomycetes".
3422:
3166:
3154:
3026:
2899:
2848:
2600:
2474:
2446:
2305:
2301:
1997:
577:
391:
318:
307:
303:
101:
9110:
7950:
6533:
5150:
4388:
sp. nov., an apparent Australian endemic from New South Wales and Victoria".
9173:
8965:
8816:
8686:
8661:
8549:
8534:
8519:
8514:
8373:
8294:
8191:
8181:
8112:
8097:
8062:
6672:
6149:
5580:
Buscot F, Roux J (1987). "Association between living roots and ascocarps of
5315:
supports preglacial presence in Europe and Mediterranean origin of morels".
4700:
3208:
3150:
3013:
2932:
2625:
2570:
2549:
2487:
2458:
2454:
2117:
2047:
2025:
2021:
1993:
1947:
883:
618:
604:
465:
366:
326:
311:
121:
81:
6337:
6218:
5804:
5758:
5715:
5558:
5408:
5336:
5282:
5243:
5194:
5109:
4942:
4883:
4839:
4760:
4493:
4409:
4362:
4139:
4019:
3588:
3528:
3326:. Due to the partial structural and textural similarity to some species of
4768:
3536:
3161:, and vitamin D (34% DV, if having been exposed to sunlight or artificial
472:. Morels have a convoluted head/cap, and are varied in shape and habitat.
345:, but can be toxic if consumed raw or undercooked. Due to difficulties in
9238:
9104:
8706:
8671:
8579:
8564:
8462:
8418:
8403:
8393:
8378:
8368:
8122:
8047:
6129:
5639:
Dahlstrom JL, Smith JE, Weber NS (2000). "Mycorrhiza-like interaction by
3948:
Clowez P. (2012). "Les morilles. Une nouvelle approche mondiale du genre
3623:
3328:
3307:
3295:
3213:
2831:
2566:
2557:
2499:
2427:
2421:
2381:
2175:
2092:
2001:
687:
403:
374:
261:
4435:
sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Pezizales): A new but widespread morel in Spain".
9204:
8948:
8943:
8933:
8906:
8826:
8726:
8691:
8681:
8666:
8423:
8334:
8203:
8198:
8077:
6388:
6079:
5664:
5234:
4735:
Bunyard BA, Nicholson MS, Royse DJ (1995). "Phylogenetic resolution of
4721:
4680:
3762:
3719:
3138:
2811:
2653:
2519:
2450:
2411:
2351:
2345:
2333:
2264:
mechanism for some species, especially those belonging to fire-adapted
2121:
334:
242:
193:
17:
6131:
Mushrooms demystified : a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi
4640:
4619:
2674:) are often found on land that has been disturbed by logging burning.
9217:
8991:
8975:
8953:
8938:
8901:
8859:
8854:
8754:
8509:
8413:
8082:
8042:
4987:
species harvested as non-timber forest products in Idaho and Montana"
3391:
3338:
3217:
2915:
2013:
2009:
1955:
934:
924:
859:
810:, a globally-occurring fire-associated species was also described by
739:
593:
358:
277:
231:
220:
91:
57:
9081:
6071:
5615:. Wallingford, United Kingdom: CAB International. pp. 220–224.
5444:
5423:
4713:
4672:
4604:
3754:
2511:
905:, a cosmopolitan species described under many names, and recombined
394:
recognising as few as three species and others over thirty. Current
9243:
9178:
5796:
5550:
5375:"A review on research advances, issues, and perspectives of morels"
4934:
4875:
4591:) species in the elata subclade (M. sect. Distantes) from Turkey".
4485:
4401:
4354:
4131:
4010:
3871:
Dennis RWG. (1978). Bristish Ascomycètes. Ed. Cramer, Vaduz, 585 p.
3567:
Karlson-Stiber C, Persson H (2003). "Cytotoxic fungi—an overview".
3378:
word close to "Möhre", carrot or beet, due to similarity in shape.
8921:
8796:
8716:
8701:
8648:
8398:
8357:
8149:
8027:
8002:
7705:
6762:
6058:
Groves JW. (1964). "Poisoning by morels When taken with alcohol".
4198:. Vol. 2. Lundin, Sweden: Ex Officina Berlingiana. p. 8.
3677:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 173.
3645:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. pp.
3488:"Cup fungus | Edible, Spore Dispersal & Saprobes | Britannica"
3227:
3193:
2723:
2637:
2617:
2510:
2493:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2339:
2327:
2321:
2158:
2097:
2088:
2041:
2017:
1959:
893:
651:
633:
624:
535:
370:
362:
329:
appearance due to the network of ridges with pits composing their
322:
299:
148:
4341:(Ascomycota), a new species from southwestern Anatolia, Turkey".
3902:
Boudier E. (1897). "Révision analytique des morilles de France".
734:, whose true identity still remains unresolved, was described by
8928:
8911:
8896:
8141:
3776:
Masaphy S, Zabari L, Goldberg D, Jander-Shagug G (Spring 2010).
3741:
Korf RP. (1972). "Synoptic key to the genera of the Pezizales".
3185:
3158:
3142:
3052:
2649:
2620:
restaurant serving them was linked to 51 people who experienced
2369:
9085:
7954:
6549:
622:
species are typically chambered in longitudinal section, while
9165:
8736:
8441:
7997:
6402:
5992:"Mom died after eating uncooked morel mushroom at sushi joint"
5850:
5848:
4620:"A survey of half-free morels in Spain reveals a new species:
4431:
Clowez P, Alvarado P, Becerra M, Bilbao T, Moreau PA (2014). "
3134:
2753:
2438:
428:
6134:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. pp. 785–793.
5775:
Greene DF, Hesketh M, Pounden E (2010). "Emergence of morel (
5029:
Harald Kellner; Carsten Renker & François Buscot (2005).
4230:
Annual Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History
3363:, area cleared for agriculture by the slash and burn method.
3343:. In the Appalachian woodlands, morels have also been called
2087:, in particular North America, Turkey, China, the Himalayas,
2640:
orchards previously treated with the deprecated insecticide
2296:
species is not well understood. Many species appear to form
5967:"Morel mushrooms linked to deadly outbreak in Montana: CDC"
5360:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms
4916:: a unique belowground structure and a new clade of morels"
3234:
The flavor of morels is not just appreciated by humans; in
2599:). Previous attempts at cultivation had managed to produce
899:
In 2015, Loizides and colleagues clarified the taxonomy of
836:
were described until the turn of the 21st century (per the
6168:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
1992:, commonly known as the "gray morel", is distinct for its
786:, a large-spored species described by American mycologist
5643:
with species of the Pinaceae in pure culture synthesis".
4309:, a new species from western North America, and notes on
3271:
this is it." Other festivals and hunting competitions in
5035:
group (Ascomycota: Morchellaceae) in Germany and France"
4384:
Elliott TF, Bougher NL, O'Donnell K, Trappe JM (2014). "
3904:
Bulletin Trimestriel de la Société Mycologique de France
2304:
relationships with trees, while others appear to act as
377:
where these highly prized fungi are found in abundance.
1962:, or genetic groups, consisting of the "white morels" (
468:
due to the network of ridges with pits composing their
445:
386:
in 1794, the genus has been the source of considerable
3257:
Every spring, hundreds of morel enthusiasts gather in
5261:
species from the Western Himalayan region of India".
4809:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4799:
3332:(sponges), other common names for any true morel are
3203:
Morels can be preserved in several ways: They can be
2616:
species can have adverse effects. In 2023, a Montana
4784:"Morel Data Collection Project: Preliminary results"
4536:) in Cyprus reveal significant diversity, including
3844:
Overholts LO. (1934). "The morels of Pennsylvania".
3782:
systematics: A case of the yellow morel from Israel"
402:
worldwide, most of them exhibiting high continental
9094:
8984:
8847:
8735:
8647:
8432:
8348:
8249:
8136:
8023:
7988:
7703:
7338:
7034:
6890:
6856:
6845:
6810:
6785:
6760:
6725:
6670:
6585:
6318:
6316:
6314:
3088:
3076:
3051:
3038:
3025:
3012:
2999:
2986:
2973:
2952:
2931:
2914:
2898:
2881:
2864:
2847:
2830:
2809:
2774:
2750:
2732:
2722:
2706:
2692:
2687:
2116:and related species) are more commonly found under
6200:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
4337:Işiloğlu M, Alli H, Spooner BM, Solak MH (2010). "
3846:Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science
3638:
3200:toxins, they must always be cooked before eating.
2035:tests by O'Donnell and collaborators postulated a
5634:
5632:
4976:
4974:
3180:Morels are a feature of many cuisines, including
3165:). Raw morels contain moderate levels of several
2964:
2821:
2280:, may be the result of climatic refugia from the
917:from Spain, while Voitk and colleagues described
6354:. London, UK: Quadrille. pp. 37–38, 96–97.
5306:
5304:
5302:
5300:
4698:using RFLP analysis of the 28S ribosomal gene".
4523:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
3238:, black morels are also known to be consumed by
2075:as the most probable place of origin of morels.
937:in 2016, Loizides and colleagues added two more
742:. Other classical, early-proposed names include
6525:"A Beginner's Guide to Hunting Morel Mushrooms"
5895:Revue générale des sciences pures et appliquées
5586:Transactions of the British Mycological Society
5121:
5119:
4905:
4903:
4901:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3928:. Paris: La Bibliothèque des Arts. p. 114.
3897:
3895:
3806:
3804:
3802:
754:, the half-free morel, originally described by
398:suggest there might be over seventy species of
5920:"The Morel Project - The Danish Morel Project"
4853:
4851:
4849:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3935:
2688:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
409:The genus is currently the focus of extensive
7966:
6561:
6123:
6121:
6119:
5826:Wurtz TL, Wiita AL, Weber NS, Pilz D (2005).
5770:
5768:
4251:(de E. Jacquetant), Nature-Piantanida 1984".
4187:
4185:
3919:
3917:
8:
6013:
6011:
3954:Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France
3604:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
2682:
30:"Morel" redirects here. For other uses, see
6020:Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World
5164:
5162:
5160:
4437:Boletín de la Sociedad Micológica de Madrid
4298:
4296:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
2656:that are unsuitable for human consumption.
796:, the purple morel, was first described by
9082:
7973:
7959:
7951:
6853:
6568:
6554:
6546:
6164:United States Food and Drug Administration
5828:Harvesting morels after wildfire in Alaska
3668:
3666:
3137:. A 100 gram reference amount supplies 31
2791:
2681:
2144:, they can be found from April to August.
768:as a distinct species in 1821 following a
706:Dill. ex Pers. : Fr. was typified by
47:
38:
6047:. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. p. 344.
5443:
5422:Taşkın H, Doğan HH, Büyükalaca S (2015).
5398:
5233:
5173:) are especially species-rich in China".
5079:
5077:
5005:
4639:
4009:
3828:
3511:Michelot D, Toth B (1991). "Poisoning by
3196:fillings. As morels are known to contain
1986:and others). The fire-associated species
5510:
5508:
5506:
5126:Masaphy S, Zabari L, Goldberg D (2009).
3370:itself, is thought to have derived from
886:, while Clowez and colleagues described
659:species is to slice them longitudinally.
306:closely related to anatomically simpler
4981:McFarlane EM, Pilz D, Weber NS (2005).
3454:
3380:
2503:species), which also appear in spring.
474:
4983:"High-elevation gray morels and other
4287:Traité sur les Champignons Comestibles
3125:Raw morel mushrooms are 90% water, 5%
2481:). They can, however, occur alongside
1958:. DNA studies revealed three discrete
1435:Morchella quercus-ilicis f. kakiicolor
814:in 1910. The old, widely applied name
556:", a term loosely applied to describe
6658:
6648:
6638:
6628:
6618:
6608:
6598:
5487:"Seasonal Chart for Edible Mushrooms"
3469:. Species Fungorum. CAB International
3294:, as they are known in many parts of
3173:Gastronomical value and culinary uses
2083:Morels can be found in the temperate
1980:and others), and the "black morels" (
7:
9280:b5593d4a-5327-4099-a2d5-c3349dc84718
9064:
6340:. Mssf.org. Retrieved on 2012-04-17.
6247:. London: Pavilion. pp. 31–32.
5042:Organisms, Diversity & Evolution
4112:"Taxonomic revision of true morels (
584:poison, hydrolyzed in the body into
6327:. Harper Perennial. pp. 77–80.
6295:Mushrooms: River Cottage Cookbook 1
3616:10.1146/annurev.pa.19.040179.000505
1081:Morchella brunneorosea var. sordida
748:, also described by Fries in 1822,
6833:
6823:
6748:
6738:
6520:MushroomExpert.com's Morel section
6403:"National Morel Mushroom Festival"
6093:Shavit E, Shavit E (Spring 2010).
4116:) in Canada and the United States"
1676:Morchella conica var. pseudoeximia
1559:Morchella esculenta var. crassipes
1535:Morchella gigas var. tintinnabulum
1506:Morchella conica var. purpurascens
25:
7687:
7677:
7667:
7657:
7647:
7637:
7627:
7617:
7607:
7597:
7587:
7577:
7567:
7557:
7547:
7537:
7527:
7517:
7507:
7497:
7487:
7477:
7467:
7457:
7447:
7437:
7427:
7417:
7407:
7397:
7387:
7377:
7367:
7357:
7347:
7326:
7316:
7306:
7296:
7286:
7276:
7266:
7256:
7246:
7236:
7226:
7216:
7206:
7196:
7186:
7176:
7166:
7156:
7146:
7136:
7126:
7116:
7106:
7096:
7086:
7076:
7066:
7056:
7046:
7022:
7012:
7002:
6992:
6982:
6972:
6962:
6952:
6942:
6932:
6922:
6912:
6902:
6878:
6868:
6713:
6703:
6693:
6683:
6427:"Annual Mesick Mushroom Festival"
5940:Gamillo, Elizabeth (2022-05-02).
4624:sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Pezizales)"
3602:Lampe KF. (1979). "Toxic fungi".
3366:The scientific name of the genus
1595:Mitrophora hybrida var. crassipes
1494:Morchella elata var. purpurascens
758:and sanctioned by Fries in 1822,
9063:
9054:
9053:
6798:
6272:. Watermill Books. p. 160.
5990:Del Rey, Michelle (2024-04-22).
5428:, an autumn species from Turkey"
5139:Micologia Aplicada International
3437:
3414:
3398:
3383:
1670:Morchella elatoides var. elagans
522:
513:
504:
495:
486:
477:
432:
68:
6225:from the original on 2024-05-09
6178:from the original on 2024-03-27
5373:Du XH, Zhao Q, Yang ZL (2015).
4226:"Report of the Botanist (1878)"
1105:Morchella esculenta f. dunensis
572:), or even death. Incidents of
6500:. John Churchill. p. 241.
6467:Cunningham AB, Yang X (2012).
5891:"Sur la culture de la Morille"
5031:"Species diversity within the
738:in 1822, from a fir forest in
1:
7936:
7926:
7916:
7906:
7896:
7886:
7876:
7866:
7856:
7846:
7836:
7826:
7816:
7806:
7796:
7786:
7776:
7766:
7756:
7746:
7736:
7726:
7716:
6773:
6018:Hall IR, Buchanan PK (2003).
5598:10.1016/s0007-1536(87)80162-6
5463:, η μορχέλλα της πόλης" [
5391:10.1080/21501203.2015.1016561
5329:10.1080/00275514.2020.1869489
4163:Neues Magazin für die Botanik
3581:10.1016/S0041-0101(03)00238-1
3517:Journal of Applied Toxicology
2437:(tulip tree), dead and dying
2409:(Douglas-fir), as well as in
2311:Tree species associated with
2170:Although many species within
6446:. Quarry Books. p. 57.
6338:Wild About Mushrooms: Morels
5751:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.01.007
5491:Central Oregon Mushroom Club
5226:10.1016/j.funbio.2014.03.008
5128:"New long-season ecotype of
3960:(3–4): 199–376 (see p. 238).
3830:10.1016/j.fldmyc.2017.04.004
3184:. Their flavor is prized by
3111:Percentages estimated using
2632:when consumed with alcohol.
2497:species) and elfin saddles (
1512:Morchella conica var. crassa
1458:Morchella mediteterraneensis
980:Morchella mediteterraneensis
862:later shown to be sister to
722:Julius Vincenz von Krombholz
6297:. Bloomsbury. p. 256.
6268:Acton J, Sandler N (2007).
5175:Fungal Genetics and Biology
5090:Fungal Genetics and Biology
4820:Fungal Genetics and Biology
4213:. Vol. 1. p. 662.
3421:Morel in a house garden in
3104:Link to USDA Database entry
2453:). Due to their springtime
9342:
7982:Non-timber forest products
6473:. Routledge. p. 180.
6352:The Complete Mushroom Book
6325:Animal, Vegetable, Miracle
5965:Suter, Tara (2024-03-15).
3813:"Morels: the story so far"
3141:, and is a rich source of
2698:129 kJ (31 kcal)
1923:Morchella umbrinovelutipes
764:, which was recombined by
708:Christiaan Hendrik Persoon
29:
9049:
7339:Unresolved classification
7229:. mediteterraneensis
5708:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x
5613:Mycorrhizas in Ecosystems
5275:10.1007/s00284-010-9849-1
5187:10.1016/j.fgb.2012.03.006
5102:10.1016/j.fgb.2010.05.004
5054:10.1016/j.ode.2004.07.001
5016:10.1017/S0269915X0500203X
4832:10.1016/j.fgb.2010.09.006
4566:10.1007/s11557-016-1180-1
4289:(in French). p. 257.
4082:10.1007/s11557-015-1030-6
3236:Yellowstone National Park
3110:
3100:
3096:
3072:
3064:
2948:
2944:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2790:
2770:
2766:
2746:
2742:
2702:
2507:Association with wildfire
1713:Morchella conicopapyracea
1685:Unresolved classification
1616:Morchella septentrionalis
892:from riparian forests in
213:
206:
201:~70 worldwide (see text)
199:
192:
171:
164:
65:Scientific classification
63:
55:
46:
41:
5467:, the urban morel].
2622:gastrointestinal illness
2591:The Danish Morel Project
2155:Transcontinental species
2079:Distribution and habitat
2033:ancestral reconstruction
1974:), the "yellow morels" (
1954:and at least as many in
1853:Morchella pseudovulgaris
1692:Morchella anteridiformis
1652:Morchella quercus-ilicis
7680:. umbrinovelutipes
3244:Ursus arctos horribilis
3113:US recommendations
1741:Morchella guatemalensis
1361:Morchella anthracophila
1171:Morchella sceptriformis
1134:Morchella pseudoviridis
1128:Morchella pseudoumbrina
1052:Morchella esculentoides
776:previously proposed by
699:Early taxonomic history
396:molecular phylogenetics
337:cooks, particularly in
333:. Morels are prized by
8996:(Iberian agroforestry)
8234:Pacific mountain onion
7380:. conicopapyracea
7289:. septentrionalis
6836:. ophthalmosporum
5869:YouTube Growing Morels
4782:Kuo, M. (March 2006).
4761:10.1006/emyc.1995.1027
4253:Documents Mycologiques
3924:Jacquetant E. (1984).
3529:10.1002/jat.2550110403
3117:the National Academies
2548:and others) exhibit a
2523:
2167:
2124:, while black morels (
2107:
2037:western North American
1996:on the cap ridges and
1818:Morchella norvegiensis
1486:Morchella purpurascens
1291:Morchella conifericola
1075:Morchella brunneorosea
962:Morchella conifericola
793:Morchella purpurascens
549:
32:Morel (disambiguation)
9016:Indian forest produce
8487:Hydnocarpus wightiana
7779:. digitaliformis
7580:. pseudovulgaris
7350:. anteridiformis
6686:. ferruginascens
6350:Carluccio A. (2003).
6323:Kingsolver, Barbara.
6128:Arora, David (1986).
6095:"Lead and arsenic in
5465:Morchella rufobrunnea
5461:Morchella rufobrunnea
5459:Loizides M. (2011). "
5132:from northern Israel"
5130:Morchella rufobrunnea
4749:Experimental Mycology
4538:Morchella arbutiphila
4386:Morchella australiana
3811:Loizides, M. (2017).
2796:Vitamins and minerals
2514:
2471:Hypholoma fasciculare
2282:Quaternary glaciation
2162:
2101:
1965:Morchella rufobrunnea
1553:Morchella varisiensis
1465:Morchella populiphila
1444:Morchella laurentiana
1373:Morchella septimelata
1277:Morchella australiana
1270:Morchella arbutiphila
1263:Morchella angusticeps
1046:Morchella claviformis
1040:Morchella californica
1015:Morchella rufobrunnea
944:Morchella arbutiphila
920:Morchella laurentiana
875:Morchella australiana
865:Morchella rufobrunnea
783:Morchella angusticeps
539:
321:). These distinctive
8259:Bare-toothed russula
7420:. guatemalensis
6995:. sceptriformis
6494:Burnett GT. (1835).
5946:Smithsonian Magazine
5739:Mycological Research
5358:Lincoff GH. (1981).
5263:Current Microbiology
4546:Mycological Progress
4285:Persoon CH. (1818).
4062:Mycological Progress
4046:Morchella tridentina
3641:100 Edible Mushrooms
3314:, they are known as
3259:Boyne City, Michigan
2683:Morel mushrooms, raw
2516:Morchella semilibera
2355:(strawberry trees),
2174:exhibit continental
1874:Morchella rigidoides
1825:Morchella patagonica
1811:Morchella neuwirthii
1797:Morchella meiliensis
1790:Morchella intermedia
1727:Morchella deqinensis
1644:Morchella tridentina
1521:Morchella semilibera
1451:Morchella magnispora
1427:Morchella kakiicolor
1382:Morchella eximioides
1367:Morchella carbonaria
1315:Morchella disparilis
1226:Morchella anthracina
1188:Morchella steppicola
1179:Morchella virginiana
1111:Morchella andalusiae
1090:Morchella diminutiva
1006:Morchella lanceolata
974:Morchella magnispora
950:Morchella disparilis
908:Morchella kakiicolor
902:Morchella tridentina
832:About 80 species of
751:Morchella semilibera
8870:musical instruments
8128:Woodland strawberry
7839:. helvelloides
7530:. norvegiensis
7269:. purpurascens
7089:. conifericola
6826:. carthusianum
6440:Lincoff G. (2011).
6407:bcmorelfestival.com
6097:Morchella esculenta
6043:Stamets P. (2005).
5781:Geopyxis carbonaria
5700:2010Mycor..20..217T
5657:2000Mycor...9..279D
5313:Morchella anatolica
5033:Morchella esculenta
4914:Morchella tomentosa
4657:Morchella esculenta
4558:2016MycPr..15...39L
4466:Morchella eohespera
4433:Morchella fluvialis
4339:Morchella anatolica
4307:Morchella tomentosa
4270:Boudier E. (1910).
4195:Systema Mycologicum
4074:2015MycPr..14...13L
3778:"The complexity of
3712:1970BotRv..36...91K
3513:Gyromitra esculenta
2883:Pantothenic acid (B
2684:
2612:The consumption of
2379:(apple trees), and
2271:M. rufobrunnea
2229:M. rufobrunnea
2217:M. populiphila
2138:M. rufobrunnea
2136:, and occasionally
2113:Morchella esculenta
2085:Northern Hemisphere
2073:Mediterranean basin
2064:M. rufobrunnea
2055:Morchella anatolica
1989:Morchella tomentosa
1930:Morchella vaporaria
1895:Morchella tasmanica
1881:Morchella smithiana
1839:Morchella pragensis
1804:Morchella miyabeana
1776:Morchella hungarica
1762:Morchella hortensis
1748:Morchella herediana
1720:Morchella crassipes
1706:Morchella bicostata
1664:Morchella elatoides
1658:Morchella frustrata
1637:Morchella tomentosa
1623:Morchella sextelata
1479:Morchella punctipes
1472:Morchella pulchella
1420:Morchella importuna
1406:Morchella feekensis
1389:Morchella exuberans
1346:Morchella eohespera
1298:Morchella deliciosa
1244:Morchella spongiola
1157:Morchella palazonii
1143:Morchella fluvialis
1120:Morchella esculenta
1067:Morchella castaneae
1032:Morchella americana
998:Morchella anatolica
968:Morchella feekensis
930:Morchella eohespera
914:Morchella palazonii
889:Morchella fluvialis
851:Morchella anatolica
845:Morchella tomentosa
745:Morchella deliciosa
713:Morchella esculenta
676:species are highly
612:Gyromitra esculenta
590:Gyromitra esculenta
586:monomethylhydrazine
559:Gyromitra esculenta
542:Gyromitra esculenta
406:and provincialism.
383:Morchella esculenta
351:Northern Hemisphere
174:Morchella esculenta
7869:. morchellula
7859:. krombholzii
7819:. fulvocincta
7239:. populiphila
7209:. laurentiana
7069:. australiana
7059:. arbutiphila
7049:. angusticeps
6881:. rufobrunnea
6696:. maturescens
6539:2020-11-11 at the
6293:Wright J. (2007).
5665:10.1007/PL00009992
5426:Morchella galilaea
4192:Fries EM. (1822).
3720:10.1007/bf02858958
3492:www.britannica.com
3250:In popular culture
3078:Other constituents
2524:
2463:Amanita phalloides
2277:M. tridentina
2253:M. tridentina
2247:M. steppicola
2235:M. semilibera
2168:
2133:Morchella galilaea
2120:trees rather than
2108:
1909:Morchella tibetica
1783:Morchella inamoena
1769:Morchella hotsonii
1589:Mitrophora hybrida
1397:Morchella capitata
1238:Morchella robiniae
1212:Morchella vulgaris
1203:Morchella cryptica
1150:Morchella galilaea
1097:Morchella dunensis
1058:Morchella populina
956:Morchella dunensis
953:, and resurrected
761:Morchella vulgaris
716:designated as the
550:
464:Morels resemble a
444:. You can help by
417:, taxonomical and
9303:
9302:
9288:Open Tree of Life
9088:Taxon identifiers
9079:
9078:
7948:
7947:
7889:. perpusilla
7849:. indigocola
7799:. ferruginea
7759:. chicoensis
7699:
7698:
7610:. rigidoides
7540:. patagonica
7520:. neuwirthii
7500:. meiliensis
7490:. intermedia
7400:. deqinensis
7329:. tridentina
7279:. semilibera
7219:. magnispora
7199:. kakiicolor
7159:. eximioides
7109:. disparilis
7005:. steppicola
6925:. diminutiva
6741:. macrospora
6651:. terrestris
6641:. phragmitis
6516:on Ascomycete.org
6480:978-1-136-53817-9
6453:978-1-61058-099-1
6361:978-1-84400-040-1
6254:978-1-85793-632-2
6245:A Provencal Table
6243:Olney R. (1995).
6210:978-0-309-48834-1
6029:978-0-88192-586-9
5889:Repin C. (1901).
5779:) and pixie cup (
5622:978-0-85198-786-6
5582:Morchella rotunda
5220:(9–10): 755–763.
4641:10.25664/art-0291
4622:Morchella iberica
4224:Peck CH. (1879).
4209:Gray SF. (1821).
3684:978-0-472-03036-1
3656:978-0-472-03126-9
3390:Yellow morels in
3163:ultraviolet light
3123:
3122:
3068:
3067:
2596:Agaricus bisporus
2545:M. tomentosa
2539:M. importuna
2241:M. sextelata
2223:M. pulchella
2211:M. importuna
2199:M. exuberans
2187:M. eohespera
2181:M. americana
2142:Pacific Northwest
2102:Yellow morels in
2060:M. anatolica
1977:M. esculenta
1971:M. anatolica
1916:Morchella umbrina
1888:Morchella sulcata
1860:Morchella rielana
1846:Morchella procera
1755:Morchella hetieri
1734:Morchella distans
1699:Morchella apicata
1630:Morchella snyderi
1601:Ptychoverpa gigas
1583:Phallus crassipes
1541:Morchella hybrida
1413:Morchella iberica
1322:Morchella dunalii
1284:Morchella brunnea
1220:Morchella acerina
1195:Morchella ulmaria
462:
461:
287:
286:
281:
265:
254:
246:
235:
224:
160:
56:A black morel in
16:(Redirected from
9333:
9326:Pezizales genera
9296:
9295:
9283:
9282:
9273:
9272:
9260:
9259:
9257:NHMSYS0001489911
9247:
9246:
9234:
9233:
9221:
9220:
9208:
9207:
9195:
9194:
9182:
9181:
9169:
9168:
9156:
9155:
9143:
9142:
9130:
9129:
9128:
9115:
9114:
9113:
9083:
9067:
9066:
9057:
9056:
9031:Resin extraction
9021:Mushroom hunting
8997:
8743: / etc.
8597:
8490:
8325:Saffron milk cap
8315:Parasol mushroom
8155:Fiddlehead ferns
7975:
7968:
7961:
7952:
7938:
7928:
7918:
7908:
7898:
7888:
7878:
7868:
7858:
7848:
7838:
7828:
7818:
7809:. formosana
7808:
7798:
7788:
7778:
7768:
7758:
7748:
7738:
7728:
7718:
7690:. vaporaria
7689:
7679:
7669:
7659:
7649:
7640:. tasmanica
7639:
7629:
7620:. smithiana
7619:
7609:
7599:
7589:
7579:
7569:
7560:. pragensis
7559:
7549:
7539:
7529:
7519:
7510:. miyabeana
7509:
7499:
7489:
7479:
7470:. hungarica
7469:
7459:
7450:. hortensis
7449:
7439:
7430:. herediana
7429:
7419:
7409:
7399:
7390:. crassipes
7389:
7379:
7370:. bicostata
7369:
7359:
7349:
7328:
7319:. tomentosa
7318:
7308:
7299:. sextelata
7298:
7288:
7278:
7268:
7259:. punctipes
7258:
7249:. pulchella
7248:
7238:
7228:
7218:
7208:
7198:
7189:. importuna
7188:
7179:. feekensis
7178:
7169:. exuberans
7168:
7158:
7148:
7139:. eohespera
7138:
7128:
7118:
7108:
7099:. deliciosa
7098:
7088:
7078:
7068:
7058:
7048:
7024:
7014:
7004:
6994:
6984:
6975:. palazonii
6974:
6964:
6955:. fluvialis
6954:
6945:. esculenta
6944:
6934:
6924:
6915:. castaneae
6914:
6905:. americana
6904:
6880:
6871:. anatolica
6870:
6854:
6835:
6825:
6800:
6775:
6751:. subcaulis
6750:
6740:
6715:
6706:. rufescens
6705:
6695:
6685:
6661:. tillettei
6660:
6650:
6640:
6631:. palmicola
6630:
6621:. micheneri
6620:
6610:
6600:
6570:
6563:
6556:
6547:
6529:Field and Stream
6502:
6501:
6491:
6485:
6484:
6464:
6458:
6457:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6423:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6413:
6399:
6393:
6392:
6372:
6366:
6365:
6347:
6341:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6320:
6309:
6308:
6290:
6284:
6283:
6265:
6259:
6258:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6160:
6154:
6153:
6125:
6114:
6113:
6103:
6090:
6084:
6083:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6045:Mycelium Running
6040:
6034:
6033:
6022:. Timber Press.
6015:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6002:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5852:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5772:
5763:
5762:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5636:
5627:
5626:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5545:(6): 1351–1368.
5529:
5523:
5522:
5512:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5402:
5370:
5364:
5363:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5308:
5295:
5294:
5269:(4): 1245–1252.
5254:
5248:
5247:
5237:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5166:
5155:
5154:
5136:
5123:
5114:
5113:
5081:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5062:
5056:. Archived from
5039:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5009:
4991:
4978:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4959:
4953:. Archived from
4929:(5): 1082–1088.
4920:
4907:
4896:
4895:
4855:
4844:
4843:
4811:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4525:
4506:
4505:
4461:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4317:
4300:
4291:
4290:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4189:
4180:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4126:(5): 1159–1177.
4107:
4094:
4093:
4041:
4024:
4023:
4013:
3985:
3962:
3961:
3945:
3930:
3929:
3921:
3912:
3911:
3899:
3890:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3808:
3797:
3796:
3786:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3700:Botanical Review
3695:
3689:
3688:
3670:
3661:
3660:
3644:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3459:
3444:Fungi portal
3442:
3441:
3440:
3418:
3407:British Columbia
3405:Black morels in
3402:
3387:
3355:vernacular name
3292:hickory chickens
3279:Vernacular names
3268:Canterbury Tales
3263:Geoffrey Chaucer
2968:
2919:
2903:
2886:
2869:
2852:
2835:
2825:
2792:
2685:
2648:levels of toxic
2479:Amanita muscaria
2205:M. galilaea
2165:Washington state
1902:Morchella tatari
1867:Morchella rigida
1832:Morchella patula
1607:Helvella hybrida
1547:Morchella undosa
1500:Morchella conica
1353:Morchella eximia
1330:Morchella fallax
1306:Morchella conica
1232:Morchella lepida
817:Morchella conica
807:Morchella eximia
800:as a variety of
526:
517:
508:
499:
490:
481:
457:
454:
436:
429:
353:, in particular
275:
260:
252:
241:
234:ex Adans. (1763)
230:
219:
147:
73:
72:
51:
39:
21:
9341:
9340:
9336:
9335:
9334:
9332:
9331:
9330:
9306:
9305:
9304:
9299:
9291:
9286:
9278:
9276:
9268:
9263:
9255:
9250:
9242:
9237:
9229:
9224:
9216:
9211:
9203:
9198:
9190:
9185:
9177:
9172:
9164:
9159:
9151:
9146:
9138:
9133:
9124:
9123:
9118:
9109:
9108:
9103:
9090:
9080:
9075:
9045:
8995:
8980:
8971:Vegetable ivory
8843:
8731:
8643:
8591:
8484:
8446:
8428:
8362:
8344:
8310:Oyster mushroom
8300:Meadow mushroom
8245:
8229:Twincrest onion
8132:
8036:
8019:
7990:Animal products
7984:
7979:
7949:
7944:
7939:. speciosa
7739:. bohemica
7719:. atroalba
7695:
7660:. tibetica
7480:. inamoena
7460:. hotsonii
7334:
7030:
7025:. vulgaris
6965:. galilaea
6935:. dunensis
6886:
6841:
6806:
6781:
6776:. gigantea
6756:
6721:
6666:
6611:. cristata
6581:
6574:
6541:Wayback Machine
6534:Colorado Morels
6510:
6505:
6493:
6492:
6488:
6481:
6466:
6465:
6461:
6454:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6425:
6424:
6420:
6411:
6409:
6401:
6400:
6396:
6374:
6373:
6369:
6362:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6336:
6332:
6322:
6321:
6312:
6305:
6292:
6291:
6287:
6280:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6255:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6228:
6226:
6211:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6181:
6179:
6162:
6161:
6157:
6142:
6127:
6126:
6117:
6101:
6092:
6091:
6087:
6072:10.2307/3756634
6057:
6056:
6052:
6042:
6041:
6037:
6030:
6017:
6016:
6009:
6000:
5998:
5996:The Independent
5989:
5988:
5984:
5975:
5973:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5950:
5948:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5925:
5923:
5918:
5917:
5913:
5904:
5902:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5874:
5872:
5863:
5860:Wayback Machine
5853:
5846:
5837:
5835:
5825:
5824:
5820:
5774:
5773:
5766:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5638:
5637:
5630:
5623:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5579:
5578:
5574:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5514:
5513:
5504:
5495:
5493:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5458:
5457:
5453:
5445:10.5248/130.215
5421:
5420:
5416:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5310:
5309:
5298:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5168:
5167:
5158:
5134:
5125:
5124:
5117:
5083:
5082:
5075:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5037:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5007:10.1.1.542.4063
4989:
4980:
4979:
4972:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4918:
4909:
4908:
4899:
4857:
4856:
4847:
4813:
4812:
4797:
4788:
4786:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4714:10.2307/3760589
4693:
4692:
4688:
4673:10.2307/3759851
4654:
4653:
4649:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4605:10.5248/131.467
4586:
4585:
4581:
4527:
4526:
4509:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4448:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4315:
4303:Kuo M. (2008).
4302:
4301:
4294:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4191:
4190:
4183:
4178:
4174:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4109:
4108:
4097:
4043:
4042:
4027:
3987:
3986:
3965:
3947:
3946:
3933:
3923:
3922:
3915:
3901:
3900:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3810:
3809:
3800:
3784:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3755:10.2307/3758070
3740:
3739:
3735:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3673:Kuo M. (2005).
3672:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3637:Kuo M. (2007).
3636:
3635:
3631:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3496:
3494:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3472:
3470:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3410:
3403:
3394:
3388:
3334:sponge mushroom
3281:
3252:
3175:
3106:
3101:
3059:
3046:
3033:
3020:
3007:
2994:
2981:
2969:
2939:
2926:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2884:
2876:
2867:
2859:
2850:
2842:
2833:
2826:
2797:
2786:
2781:
2762:
2757:
2718:
2713:
2680:
2671:Morchella elata
2662:
2610:
2579:
2509:
2373:(olive trees),
2292:The ecology of
2290:
2163:Black morel in
2157:
2110:Yellow morels (
2081:
1940:
1935:
1687:
1577:Phallus undosus
1529:Morchella gigas
1339:Morchella elata
1258:
1164:Morchella prava
1027:
993:
830:
731:Morchella elata
701:
683:Morchella elata
666:
534:
532:Similar species
527:
518:
509:
500:
491:
482:
458:
452:
449:
442:needs expansion
427:
415:biogeographical
188:
183:) Pers. :
177:
146:
67:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9339:
9337:
9329:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9308:
9307:
9301:
9300:
9298:
9297:
9284:
9274:
9261:
9248:
9235:
9222:
9209:
9196:
9183:
9170:
9157:
9144:
9131:
9116:
9100:
9098:
9092:
9091:
9086:
9077:
9076:
9074:
9073:
9061:
9050:
9047:
9046:
9044:
9043:
9038:
9036:Rubber tapping
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9002:Forest farming
8999:
8988:
8986:
8982:
8981:
8979:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8957:
8956:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8925:
8924:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8878:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8857:
8851:
8849:
8845:
8844:
8842:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8830:
8829:
8824:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8763:
8762:
8752:
8746:
8744:
8733:
8732:
8730:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8653:
8651:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8641:
8638:Vateria indica
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:Shorea robusta
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8449:
8447:
8445:
8444:
8439:
8433:
8430:
8429:
8427:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8365:
8363:
8361:
8360:
8355:
8349:
8346:
8345:
8343:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8286:
8284:Honey mushroom
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8255:
8253:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8243:
8242:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8195:
8194:
8189:
8179:
8178:
8177:
8167:
8165:Mahuwa flowers
8162:
8157:
8152:
8146:
8144:
8134:
8133:
8131:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8039:
8037:
8035:
8034:
8024:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8017:
8012:
8011:
8010:
8000:
7994:
7992:
7986:
7985:
7980:
7978:
7977:
7970:
7963:
7955:
7946:
7945:
7943:
7942:
7932:
7929:. sauteri
7922:
7919:. rugipes
7912:
7909:. pusilla
7902:
7899:. pusilla
7892:
7882:
7872:
7862:
7852:
7842:
7832:
7822:
7812:
7802:
7792:
7782:
7772:
7762:
7752:
7749:. candida
7742:
7732:
7729:. bispora
7722:
7711:
7709:
7701:
7700:
7697:
7696:
7694:
7693:
7683:
7673:
7670:. umbrina
7663:
7653:
7643:
7633:
7630:. sulcata
7623:
7613:
7603:
7593:
7590:. rielana
7583:
7573:
7570:. procera
7563:
7553:
7543:
7533:
7523:
7513:
7503:
7493:
7483:
7473:
7463:
7453:
7443:
7440:. hetieri
7433:
7423:
7413:
7410:. distans
7403:
7393:
7383:
7373:
7363:
7360:. apicata
7353:
7342:
7340:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7332:
7322:
7312:
7309:. snyderi
7302:
7292:
7282:
7272:
7262:
7252:
7242:
7232:
7222:
7212:
7202:
7192:
7182:
7172:
7162:
7152:
7142:
7132:
7122:
7119:. dunalii
7112:
7102:
7092:
7082:
7079:. brunnea
7072:
7062:
7052:
7041:
7039:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7028:
7018:
7015:. ulmaria
7008:
6998:
6988:
6978:
6968:
6958:
6948:
6938:
6928:
6918:
6908:
6897:
6895:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6884:
6874:
6863:
6861:
6851:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6829:
6818:
6816:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6801:. brunnea
6793:
6791:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6779:
6768:
6766:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6754:
6744:
6733:
6731:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6719:
6709:
6699:
6689:
6678:
6676:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6654:
6644:
6634:
6624:
6614:
6604:
6593:
6591:
6583:
6582:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6565:
6558:
6550:
6544:
6543:
6531:
6522:
6517:
6514:2000 Pezizales
6509:
6508:External links
6506:
6504:
6503:
6486:
6479:
6459:
6452:
6432:
6418:
6394:
6367:
6360:
6342:
6330:
6310:
6303:
6285:
6279:978-1856267397
6278:
6260:
6253:
6235:
6209:
6188:
6155:
6140:
6115:
6106:Fungi Magazine
6085:
6066:(5): 779–780.
6050:
6035:
6028:
6007:
5982:
5957:
5932:
5911:
5881:
5844:
5818:
5797:10.3852/08-096
5791:(4): 766–773.
5764:
5745:(3): 339–346.
5729:
5694:(4): 217–263.
5678:
5651:(5): 279–285.
5628:
5621:
5603:
5592:(2): 249–252.
5572:
5551:10.3852/12-056
5524:
5502:
5478:
5451:
5414:
5365:
5362:. p. 326.
5350:
5323:(3): 559–573.
5296:
5249:
5214:Fungal Biology
5200:
5181:(6): 455–469.
5156:
5115:
5096:(8): 672–682.
5088:) in Turkey".
5073:
5048:(2): 101–107.
5021:
4970:
4935:10.3852/09-294
4897:
4876:10.3852/11-180
4870:(2): 446–461.
4845:
4826:(3): 252–265.
4795:
4774:
4755:(3): 223–233.
4727:
4686:
4667:(2): 227–235.
4647:
4628:Ascomycete.org
4610:
4599:(2): 467–482.
4579:
4507:
4486:10.3852/15-149
4470:M. laurentiana
4468:and parochial
4456:
4446:
4423:
4402:10.3852/13-065
4396:(1): 113–118.
4376:
4355:10.3852/09-186
4349:(2): 455–468.
4329:
4311:M. rufobrunnea
4292:
4277:
4262:
4239:
4216:
4201:
4181:
4172:
4153:
4132:10.3852/11-375
4095:
4050:M. rufobrunnea
4025:
4011:10.3852/14-166
4004:(2): 359–382.
3990:"True morels (
3963:
3931:
3913:
3891:
3882:
3873:
3864:
3855:
3836:
3817:Field Mycology
3798:
3789:Fungi Magazine
3768:
3749:(5): 937–994.
3733:
3690:
3683:
3662:
3655:
3629:
3594:
3575:(4): 339–349.
3559:
3550:
3523:(4): 235–243.
3503:
3479:
3467:Dill. ex Pers"
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3395:
3389:
3382:
3316:molly moochers
3280:
3277:
3251:
3248:
3205:'flash frozen'
3174:
3171:
3121:
3120:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2963:
2958:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2815:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2676:
2668:Black morels (
2661:
2658:
2609:
2606:
2578:
2575:
2533:M. eximia
2508:
2505:
2289:
2286:
2193:M. eximia
2156:
2153:
2080:
2077:
2006:Western Europe
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1571:Eromitra gigas
1517:
1516:
1515:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1385:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1318:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1191:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1093:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1010:
1009:
992:
986:
985:
839:Index Fungorum
829:
828:Classification
826:
710:in 1794, with
700:
697:
665:
662:
661:
660:
629:
615:
609:
570:cardiac muscle
565:Verpa bohemica
533:
530:
529:
528:
521:
519:
512:
510:
503:
501:
494:
492:
485:
483:
476:
460:
459:
439:
437:
426:
423:
343:French cuisine
285:
284:
283:
282:
266:
255:
247:
236:
225:
211:
210:
204:
203:
197:
196:
190:
189:
178:
169:
168:
162:
161:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
61:
60:
53:
52:
44:
43:
27:Genus of fungi
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9338:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9313:
9311:
9294:
9289:
9285:
9281:
9275:
9271:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9253:
9249:
9245:
9240:
9236:
9232:
9227:
9223:
9219:
9214:
9210:
9206:
9201:
9197:
9193:
9188:
9184:
9180:
9175:
9171:
9167:
9162:
9158:
9154:
9149:
9145:
9141:
9136:
9132:
9127:
9121:
9117:
9112:
9106:
9102:
9101:
9099:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9084:
9072:
9071:
9062:
9060:
9052:
9051:
9048:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9011:Honey hunting
9009:
9007:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8994:
8990:
8989:
8987:
8983:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8955:
8952:
8951:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8923:
8920:
8919:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8862:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8852:
8850:
8846:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8819:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8767:Coconut sugar
8765:
8761:
8758:
8757:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8738:
8734:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8654:
8652:
8650:
8646:
8640:
8639:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8570:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8450:
8448:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8434:
8431:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8366:
8364:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8350:
8347:
8341:
8340:Yellow knight
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8330:Slippery jack
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8256:
8254:
8252:
8248:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8211:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8184:
8183:
8180:
8176:
8173:
8172:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8160:Heart of palm
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8147:
8145:
8143:
8139:
8138:Edible plants
8135:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8103:Juniper berry
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8033:
8029:
8026:
8025:
8022:
8016:
8013:
8009:
8006:
8005:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7995:
7993:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7976:
7971:
7969:
7964:
7962:
7957:
7956:
7953:
7941:
7940:
7933:
7931:
7930:
7923:
7921:
7920:
7913:
7911:
7910:
7903:
7901:
7900:
7893:
7891:
7890:
7883:
7881:
7880:
7879:. patula
7873:
7871:
7870:
7863:
7861:
7860:
7853:
7851:
7850:
7843:
7841:
7840:
7833:
7831:
7830:
7829:. grisea
7823:
7821:
7820:
7813:
7811:
7810:
7803:
7801:
7800:
7793:
7791:
7790:
7783:
7781:
7780:
7773:
7771:
7770:
7769:. conica
7763:
7761:
7760:
7753:
7751:
7750:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7733:
7731:
7730:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7692:
7691:
7684:
7682:
7681:
7674:
7672:
7671:
7664:
7662:
7661:
7654:
7652:
7651:
7650:. tatari
7644:
7642:
7641:
7634:
7632:
7631:
7624:
7622:
7621:
7614:
7612:
7611:
7604:
7602:
7601:
7600:. rigida
7594:
7592:
7591:
7584:
7582:
7581:
7574:
7572:
7571:
7564:
7562:
7561:
7554:
7552:
7551:
7550:. patula
7544:
7542:
7541:
7534:
7532:
7531:
7524:
7522:
7521:
7514:
7512:
7511:
7504:
7502:
7501:
7494:
7492:
7491:
7484:
7482:
7481:
7474:
7472:
7471:
7464:
7462:
7461:
7454:
7452:
7451:
7444:
7442:
7441:
7434:
7432:
7431:
7424:
7422:
7421:
7414:
7412:
7411:
7404:
7402:
7401:
7394:
7392:
7391:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7374:
7372:
7371:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7354:
7352:
7351:
7344:
7343:
7341:
7337:
7331:
7330:
7323:
7321:
7320:
7313:
7311:
7310:
7303:
7301:
7300:
7293:
7291:
7290:
7283:
7281:
7280:
7273:
7271:
7270:
7263:
7261:
7260:
7253:
7251:
7250:
7243:
7241:
7240:
7233:
7231:
7230:
7223:
7221:
7220:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7203:
7201:
7200:
7193:
7191:
7190:
7183:
7181:
7180:
7173:
7171:
7170:
7163:
7161:
7160:
7153:
7151:
7150:
7149:. eximia
7143:
7141:
7140:
7133:
7131:
7130:
7123:
7121:
7120:
7113:
7111:
7110:
7103:
7101:
7100:
7093:
7091:
7090:
7083:
7081:
7080:
7073:
7071:
7070:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7043:
7042:
7040:
7038:
7033:
7027:
7026:
7019:
7017:
7016:
7009:
7007:
7006:
6999:
6997:
6996:
6989:
6987:
6986:
6979:
6977:
6976:
6969:
6967:
6966:
6959:
6957:
6956:
6949:
6947:
6946:
6939:
6937:
6936:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6919:
6917:
6916:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6894:
6889:
6883:
6882:
6875:
6873:
6872:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6838:
6837:
6830:
6828:
6827:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6815:
6814:
6809:
6803:
6802:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6790:
6789:
6784:
6778:
6777:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6753:
6752:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6729:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6716:. venosa
6710:
6708:
6707:
6700:
6698:
6697:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6645:
6643:
6642:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6625:
6623:
6622:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6601:. athrix
6595:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6588:Costantinella
6584:
6579:
6578:Morchellaceae
6571:
6566:
6564:
6559:
6557:
6552:
6551:
6548:
6542:
6538:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6507:
6499:
6498:
6490:
6487:
6482:
6476:
6472:
6471:
6463:
6460:
6455:
6449:
6445:
6444:
6436:
6433:
6428:
6422:
6419:
6408:
6404:
6398:
6395:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6371:
6368:
6363:
6357:
6353:
6346:
6343:
6339:
6334:
6331:
6326:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6311:
6306:
6304:9780747589327
6300:
6296:
6289:
6286:
6281:
6275:
6271:
6264:
6261:
6256:
6250:
6246:
6239:
6236:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6192:
6189:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6159:
6156:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6141:0-89815-170-8
6137:
6133:
6132:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6111:
6107:
6100:
6098:
6089:
6086:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6054:
6051:
6046:
6039:
6036:
6031:
6025:
6021:
6014:
6012:
6008:
5997:
5993:
5986:
5983:
5972:
5968:
5961:
5958:
5947:
5943:
5936:
5933:
5921:
5915:
5912:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5885:
5882:
5870:
5866:
5861:
5857:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5834:on 2011-09-28
5833:
5829:
5822:
5819:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5771:
5769:
5765:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5733:
5730:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5682:
5679:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5618:
5614:
5607:
5604:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5576:
5573:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5528:
5525:
5520:
5519:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5492:
5488:
5482:
5479:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5455:
5452:
5446:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5427:
5418:
5415:
5410:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5369:
5366:
5361:
5354:
5351:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5253:
5250:
5245:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5204:
5201:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5133:
5131:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5063:on 2011-07-19
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5036:
5034:
5025:
5022:
5017:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4988:
4986:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4960:on 2011-07-20
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4917:
4915:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4785:
4778:
4775:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4731:
4728:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4708:(6): 762–72.
4707:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4690:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4648:
4642:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4623:
4614:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4583:
4580:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4542:M. disparilis
4539:
4535:
4531:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4457:
4450:
4447:
4443:(2): 251–260.
4442:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4281:
4278:
4273:
4266:
4263:
4258:
4255:(in French).
4254:
4250:
4243:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4217:
4212:
4205:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4176:
4173:
4168:
4165:(in German).
4164:
4157:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4115:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4054:M. kakiicolor
4051:
4047:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3993:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3956:(in French).
3955:
3951:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3837:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3781:
3772:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3706:(2): 91–161.
3705:
3701:
3694:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3633:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3610:(1): 85–104.
3609:
3605:
3598:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3504:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3468:
3466:
3458:
3455:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3396:
3393:
3386:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3312:West Virginia
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3273:North America
3270:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3240:grizzly bears
3237:
3232:
3229:
3228:insect larvae
3225:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3127:carbohydrates
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2921:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2888:
2880:
2873:
2871:
2863:
2856:
2854:
2849:Riboflavin (B
2846:
2839:
2837:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2734:Dietary fiber
2731:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:Carbohydrates
2705:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2642:lead arsenate
2639:
2633:
2631:
2630:upset stomach
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2562:Alkaline soil
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2449:(remnants of
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2415:(cottonwood)
2414:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2403:(larch), and
2402:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2317:Mediterranean
2314:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2258:introductions
2255:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2161:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2127:M. elata
2123:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2105:
2104:West Virginia
2100:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1983:M. elata
1979:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:North America
1949:
1945:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1565:Phallus gigas
1561:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1001:
1000:
999:
995:
994:
991:
987:
984:
982:
981:
976:
975:
970:
969:
964:
963:
958:
957:
952:
951:
946:
945:
940:
939:Mediterranean
936:
932:
931:
926:
922:
921:
916:
915:
910:
909:
904:
903:
897:
895:
891:
890:
885:
881:
877:
876:
871:
870:North America
867:
866:
861:
858:species from
857:
853:
852:
847:
846:
841:
840:
835:
827:
825:
823:
819:
818:
813:
809:
808:
803:
799:
795:
794:
789:
785:
784:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
762:
757:
753:
752:
747:
746:
741:
737:
733:
732:
727:
726:Émile Boudier
723:
719:
715:
714:
709:
705:
698:
696:
693:
689:
685:
684:
679:
675:
671:
663:
658:
655:species from
654:
653:
648:
647:
642:
641:
636:
635:
630:
627:
626:
621:
620:
616:
613:
610:
607:
606:
602:
601:
600:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
580:, an organic
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:
561:
560:
555:
548:
544:
543:
538:
531:
525:
520:
516:
511:
507:
502:
498:
493:
489:
484:
480:
475:
473:
471:
467:
456:
453:November 2023
447:
443:
440:This section
438:
435:
431:
430:
424:
422:
420:
419:nomenclatural
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:North America
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
317:
313:
310:in the order
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:
279:
274:
270:
267:
263:
259:
256:
251:
248:
244:
240:
237:
233:
229:
226:
222:
218:
217:Phalloboletus
215:
214:
212:
209:
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
186:
182:
176:
175:
170:
167:
163:
158:
154:
150:
145:
144:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:Morchellaceae
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:Pezizomycetes
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
71:
66:
62:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
9321:Edible fungi
9095:
9068:
9041:Wildcrafting
9026:Naval stores
9004: /
8992:
8961:Tendu leaves
8917:Natural dyes
8787:Gutta-percha
8739: /
8677:Frankincense
8637:
8593:
8550:Mango butter
8495:Cocoa butter
8486:
8483:Chaulmoogra
8453:Allanblackia
8384:Black pepper
8304:
8269:Birch bolete
8219:Canada onion
8204:Wild ginseng
8199:Saw palmetto
8140: /
8030: /
7934:
7924:
7914:
7904:
7894:
7884:
7874:
7864:
7854:
7844:
7834:
7824:
7814:
7804:
7794:
7789:. dubia
7784:
7774:
7764:
7754:
7744:
7734:
7724:
7714:
7704:
7685:
7675:
7665:
7655:
7645:
7635:
7625:
7615:
7605:
7595:
7585:
7575:
7565:
7555:
7545:
7535:
7525:
7515:
7505:
7495:
7485:
7475:
7465:
7455:
7445:
7435:
7425:
7415:
7405:
7395:
7385:
7375:
7365:
7355:
7345:
7324:
7314:
7304:
7294:
7284:
7274:
7264:
7254:
7244:
7234:
7224:
7214:
7204:
7194:
7184:
7174:
7164:
7154:
7144:
7134:
7129:. elata
7124:
7114:
7104:
7094:
7084:
7074:
7064:
7054:
7044:
7036:
7020:
7010:
7000:
6990:
6985:. prava
6980:
6970:
6960:
6950:
6940:
6930:
6920:
6910:
6900:
6892:
6876:
6866:
6858:
6847:
6846:
6831:
6821:
6811:
6796:
6786:
6771:
6761:
6746:
6736:
6726:
6711:
6701:
6691:
6681:
6671:
6656:
6646:
6636:
6626:
6616:
6606:
6596:
6586:
6528:
6496:
6489:
6469:
6462:
6442:
6435:
6421:
6410:. Retrieved
6406:
6397:
6380:
6376:
6370:
6351:
6345:
6333:
6324:
6294:
6288:
6269:
6263:
6244:
6238:
6227:. Retrieved
6199:
6191:
6180:. Retrieved
6171:
6158:
6130:
6109:
6105:
6096:
6088:
6063:
6059:
6053:
6044:
6038:
6019:
5999:. Retrieved
5995:
5985:
5974:. Retrieved
5970:
5960:
5949:. Retrieved
5945:
5935:
5924:. Retrieved
5922:. 2021-11-16
5914:
5903:. Retrieved
5898:
5894:
5884:
5873:. Retrieved
5871:. 2019-11-08
5868:
5856:Ghostarchive
5854:Archived at
5836:. Retrieved
5832:the original
5821:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5742:
5738:
5732:
5691:
5687:
5681:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5612:
5606:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5575:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5527:
5517:
5494:. Retrieved
5490:
5481:
5472:
5471:(in Greek).
5469:Μυκητολόγος
5468:
5464:
5460:
5454:
5435:
5431:
5425:
5417:
5385:(2): 78–85.
5382:
5378:
5368:
5359:
5353:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5203:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5145:(2): 45–55.
5142:
5138:
5129:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5065:. Retrieved
5058:the original
5045:
5041:
5032:
5024:
5000:(2): 62–68.
4997:
4993:
4984:
4962:. Retrieved
4955:the original
4926:
4922:
4913:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4787:. Retrieved
4777:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4705:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4634:(1): 11–18.
4631:
4627:
4621:
4613:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4480:(1): 31–37.
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4449:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4323:
4319:
4310:
4306:
4286:
4280:
4271:
4265:
4256:
4252:
4249:Les morilles
4248:
4242:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4210:
4204:
4194:
4175:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3926:Les Morilles
3925:
3907:
3903:
3885:
3876:
3867:
3858:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3823:(2): 42–53.
3820:
3816:
3792:
3788:
3779:
3771:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3674:
3640:
3632:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3553:
3520:
3516:
3515:—a review".
3512:
3506:
3495:. Retrieved
3491:
3482:
3471:. Retrieved
3464:
3457:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3360:
3359:, refers to
3356:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3303:
3299:
3291:
3288:dryland fish
3287:
3283:
3282:
3266:
3256:
3253:
3243:
3233:
3222:
3202:
3198:thermolabile
3190:edible fungi
3179:
3176:
3145:(94% of the
3124:
3082:
3077:
2965:
2960:
2953:
2822:
2817:
2810:
2776:
2752:
2708:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2634:
2613:
2611:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2569:and often a
2543:
2537:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2515:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2483:false morels
2478:
2470:
2467:sulphur tuft
2462:
2434:Liriodendron
2432:
2431:(sycamore),
2426:
2420:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2361:(chestnut),
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2312:
2310:
2293:
2291:
2275:
2269:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2171:
2169:
2146:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2111:
2109:
2082:
2068:M. anatolica
2067:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2046:
2040:
2030:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1944:phylogenetic
1941:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1519:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1433:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1395:
1387:
1380:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1328:
1320:
1313:
1304:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1210:
1201:
1193:
1186:
1177:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1118:
1109:
1103:
1095:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1065:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1030:
1023:
1013:
1004:
996:
989:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
928:
918:
912:
906:
900:
898:
887:
873:
863:
849:
843:
837:
833:
831:
822:illegitimate
815:
805:
801:
791:
788:Charles Peck
781:
774:M. esculenta
773:
769:
759:
749:
743:
729:
718:type species
711:
703:
702:
692:synonymities
681:
673:
670:fruit bodies
667:
656:
650:
644:
638:
632:
631:The caps of
623:
617:
611:
603:
598:
589:
582:carcinogenic
563:
557:
554:false morels
551:
540:
463:
450:
446:adding to it
441:
411:phylogenetic
408:
399:
381:
380:Typified by
379:
295:
290:
289:
288:
272:
268:
257:
249:
238:
227:
216:
200:
172:
166:Type species
142:
141:
36:
9213:iNaturalist
9120:Wikispecies
8976:Willow bark
8807:Maple syrup
8802:Maple sugar
8777:Fruit syrup
8760:chewing gum
8750:Birch syrup
8607:Shea butter
8279:Chanterelle
8224:Crow garlic
8214:Bear garlic
8209:Wild onions
8187:filé powder
8108:Lingonberry
8093:Huckleberry
6859:Rufobrunnea
6112:(2): 11–18.
5438:: 215–221.
5235:11336/38473
4544:spp. nov".
3795:(2): 14–18.
3306:, based on
3209:baking tray
3147:Daily Value
2832:Thiamine (B
2577:Cultivation
2447:apple trees
2443:cottonwoods
2406:Pseudotsuga
2306:saprotrophs
2147:Efforts to
990:Rufobrunnea
882:forests in
880:sclerophyll
766:Samuel Gray
756:de Candolle
736:Elias Fries
678:polymorphic
640:V. bohemica
547:false morel
425:Description
392:mycologists
388:taxonomical
347:cultivation
296:true morels
273:Mitrophorae
253:Lév. (1846)
9310:Categories
8887:Birch beer
8882:Birch bark
8839:Spruce gum
8822:akpeteshie
8812:Palm sugar
8782:Gum arabic
8772:Date sugar
8722:Turpentine
8602:Sandalwood
8505:Eucalyptus
8500:Eucalyptol
8389:Brazil nut
8264:Bay bolete
8118:Strawberry
8073:Cocoa bean
8068:Breadfruit
8058:Blackberry
8032:tree fruit
6813:Leucangium
6728:Fischerula
6412:2018-08-10
6383:: 95–103.
6229:2024-06-21
6182:2024-03-28
6001:2024-04-22
5976:2024-03-17
5951:2022-07-12
5926:2022-07-12
5905:2010-03-21
5875:2019-11-11
5838:2009-05-26
5688:Mycorrhiza
5645:Mycorrhiza
5496:2024-03-31
5067:2011-03-15
4994:Mycologist
4964:2011-03-15
4789:2009-05-26
4659:complex".
4534:Ascomycota
4326:: 441–446.
3910:: 130–150.
3852:: 108–114.
3497:2024-05-01
3473:2014-12-11
3450:References
3423:Ben Shemen
3357:huhtasieni
3349:snakeheads
3167:B vitamins
3155:phosphorus
3027:Phosphorus
2646:accumulate
2550:pyrophilic
2475:fly agaric
2473:), or the
2445:, and old
2337:(poplar),
2302:endophytic
2024:, and the
2008:, Turkey,
1994:fine hairs
1948:phenotypic
1649:synonyms:
1526:synonyms:
1491:synonyms:
1358:synonyms:
1217:synonyms:
1125:synonyms:
1102:synonyms:
1072:synonyms:
1037:synonyms:
578:gyromitrin
319:Ascomycota
302:of edible
250:Mitrophora
102:Ascomycota
98:Division:
9316:Morchella
9126:Morchella
9096:Morchella
9006:gardening
8966:Thatching
8817:Palm wine
8662:Birch tar
8590:Sal-seed
8515:Japan wax
8468:Candlenut
8409:Malva nut
8374:Areca nut
8295:Matsutake
8251:Mushrooms
8192:root beer
8182:Sassafras
8170:Sago palm
8113:Raspberry
8098:Jackfruit
8063:Blueberry
8015:Wild game
7037:Distantes
6893:Morchella
6848:Morchella
6673:Disciotis
6060:Mycologia
5865:"YouTube"
5785:Mycologia
5777:Morchella
5641:Morchella
5539:Mycologia
5535:Morchella
5432:Mycotaxon
5345:232298567
5317:Mycologia
5259:Morchella
5210:Morchella
5171:Morchella
5151:1534-2581
5086:Morchella
5002:CiteSeerX
4985:Morchella
4923:Mycologia
4892:207685509
4864:Mycologia
4860:Morchella
4816:Morchella
4745:Disciotis
4737:Morchella
4701:Mycologia
4696:Morchella
4661:Mycologia
4593:Mycotaxon
4589:Morchella
4552:(4): 39.
4530:Pezizales
4474:Mycologia
4390:Mycologia
4343:Mycologia
4320:Mycotaxon
4169:: 63–128.
4120:Mycologia
4114:Morchella
4058:Distantes
3998:Mycologia
3992:Morchella
3950:Morchella
3780:Morchella
3743:Mycologia
3465:Morchella
3374:, an old
3368:Morchella
3345:haystacks
3284:Morchella
3182:Provençal
3169:(table).
3151:manganese
3133:, and 1%
3040:Potassium
3014:Manganese
3001:Magnesium
2933:Vitamin D
2916:Folate (B
2900:Vitamin B
2866:Niacin (B
2678:Nutrition
2626:hydrazine
2614:Morchella
2601:sclerotia
2571:cash crop
2530:species (
2528:Morchella
2488:Gyromitra
2459:death cap
2455:phenology
2367:(alder),
2313:Morchella
2298:symbiotic
2294:Morchella
2262:dispersal
2172:Morchella
2149:cultivate
2118:deciduous
2048:Disciotis
2026:Himalayas
2022:Patagonia
1998:sclerotia
1938:Phylogeny
1432:synonym:
1394:synonym:
1327:synonym:
1303:synonym:
1255:Distantes
1200:synonym:
1176:synonym:
1024:Morchella
1003:synonym:
941:species,
884:Australia
834:Morchella
790:in 1887.
704:Morchella
674:Morchella
657:Morchella
646:V. conica
637:species (
619:Gyromitra
605:Gyromitra
574:poisoning
466:honeycomb
400:Morchella
367:Himalayas
327:honeycomb
312:Pezizales
308:cup fungi
304:sac fungi
291:Morchella
269:Morchella
143:Morchella
122:Pezizales
88:Kingdom:
82:Eukaryota
9239:MycoBank
9187:Fungorum
9140:60014573
9135:AusFungi
9105:Wikidata
9059:Category
8875:textiles
8707:Pine tar
8672:Creosote
8622:Tea-tree
8617:Tea-seed
8585:Pongamia
8575:Phulwara
8560:Nagkesar
8555:Murumuru
8530:Kpangnan
8478:Carnauba
8419:Pine nut
8404:Hazelnut
8394:Cinnamon
8379:Bay leaf
8369:Allspice
8291:(reishi)
8123:Tamarind
8088:Gambooge
8048:Bilberry
7035:Section
6891:Section
6857:Section
6788:Kalapuya
6537:Archived
6270:Mushroom
6223:Archived
6219:30844154
6176:Archived
6166:(2024).
6150:13702933
5971:The Hill
5901:: 595–96
5858:and the
5813:28400225
5805:20648745
5759:17363234
5716:20191371
5673:36119264
5559:22802394
5475:: 10–13.
5409:30151316
5379:Mycology
5337:33734016
5283:21188589
5244:25209634
5195:22503770
5110:20580850
4943:20943507
4884:22123659
4840:20888422
4574:15163613
4502:21363047
4494:26553777
4418:42830021
4410:24603835
4371:34185312
4363:20361512
4148:45219627
4140:22495449
4090:16132175
4020:25550303
3728:11463562
3589:14505933
3431:See also
3425:, Israel
3409:, Canada
3341:mushroom
3329:Porifera
3308:folklore
3304:miracles
3296:Kentucky
3214:steaming
3139:calories
3083:Quantity
3021:0.587 mg
2995:12.18 mg
2961:Quantity
2955:Minerals
2910:0.136 mg
2877:2.252 mg
2860:0.205 mg
2843:0.069 mg
2818:Quantity
2812:Vitamins
2608:Toxicity
2567:delicacy
2558:wood ash
2526:Certain
2500:Helvella
2451:orchards
2428:Platanus
2422:Fraxinus
2417:riparian
2391:(pine),
2382:Fraxinus
2358:Castanea
2331:(pine),
2319:include
2266:lineages
2176:endemism
2122:conifers
2093:Pakistan
1253:Section
1022:Section
988:Section
802:M. elata
688:holotype
664:Taxonomy
404:endemism
375:Pakistan
316:division
239:Eromitra
208:Synonyms
155: :
128:Family:
78:Domain:
9231:1373763
9205:2594601
9111:Q371101
9070:Commons
8985:Related
8949:Tanbark
8944:Shellac
8934:Quinine
8907:Gambier
8827:ogogoro
8727:Varnish
8692:Lacquer
8682:Gamboge
8667:Camphor
8657:Benzoin
8567: (
8473:Capuacu
8458:Babassu
8424:Vanilla
8335:Truffle
8320:Red cap
8289:Lingzhi
8078:Coconut
8053:Binukaw
8028:Berries
6580:species
6576:Extant
6527:, from
6389:3873191
6080:3756634
5724:3351967
5696:Bibcode
5653:Bibcode
5567:6740906
5400:6106076
5291:1394087
4951:6103729
4769:7553270
4722:3760589
4681:3759851
4554:Bibcode
4070:Bibcode
3763:3758070
3708:Bibcode
3569:Toxicon
3545:7994829
3537:1939997
3372:morchel
3353:Finnish
3324:muggles
3320:muggins
3300:merkels
3149:, DV),
3131:protein
3060:2.03 mg
2975:Calcium
2894:0.44 mg
2778:Protein
2654:arsenic
2520:Indiana
2465:), the
2425:(ash),
2412:Populus
2397:(fir),
2352:Arbutus
2349:(oak),
2346:Quercus
2343:(elm),
2334:Populus
2325:(fir),
2288:Ecology
2002:endemic
812:Boudier
798:Boudier
778:Persoon
588:(MMH).
339:Catalan
335:gourmet
325:have a
298:, is a
276:(Lév.)
258:Morilla
228:Boletus
194:Species
138:Genus:
118:Order:
108:Class:
18:Morilla
9293:306159
9277:NZOR:
9179:1MRCHG
8993:Dehesa
8954:tannin
8939:Rattan
8902:Forage
8865:edible
8860:Bamboo
8855:Amadou
8834:Rubber
8755:Chicle
8697:Mastic
8649:Resins
8632:Ucuuba
8627:Tucuma
8612:Tamanu
8569:kernel
8540:Mafura
8510:Illipe
8463:Bacuri
8414:Nutmeg
8358:spices
8083:Durian
8043:Banana
6477:
6450:
6387:
6358:
6301:
6276:
6251:
6217:
6207:
6148:
6138:
6078:
6026:
5811:
5803:
5757:
5722:
5714:
5671:
5619:
5565:
5557:
5407:
5397:
5343:
5335:
5289:
5281:
5242:
5193:
5149:
5108:
5004:
4949:
4941:
4890:
4882:
4838:
4767:
4720:
4679:
4572:
4500:
4492:
4454:71–84.
4416:
4408:
4369:
4361:
4146:
4138:
4088:
4068:(13).
4052:, and
4018:
3761:
3726:
3681:
3675:Morels
3653:
3624:378111
3622:
3587:
3543:
3535:
3392:France
3376:German
3351:. The
3339:waffle
3298:; and
3224:Drying
3218:frying
3047:411 mg
3034:194 mg
2940:5.1 μg
2785:3.12 g
2761:0.57 g
2724:Sugars
2694:Energy
2250:, and
2091:, and
2031:Early
2014:Israel
2010:Cyprus
1960:clades
1956:Europe
1942:Early
935:Cyprus
925:Canada
860:Turkey
780:, and
740:Sweden
594:Poland
373:, and
365:, the
359:Turkey
294:, the
280:(1932)
278:S.Imai
271:sect.
264:(1886)
245:(1846)
232:Tourn.
223:(1763)
221:Adans.
187:(1801)
159:(1794)
58:Poland
42:Morel
9226:IRMNG
9218:56830
9166:19583
8922:henna
8897:Ferns
8848:Other
8797:Latex
8717:Rosin
8712:Pitch
8702:Myrrh
8687:Kauri
8545:Mahua
8535:Kusum
8525:Kombo
8520:Kokum
8442:waxes
8399:Clove
8305:Morel
8239:Ramps
8175:queen
8150:Betel
8142:roots
8003:Honey
7706:Verpa
6763:Imaia
6385:JSTOR
6377:Ursus
6102:(PDF)
6076:JSTOR
5809:S2CID
5720:S2CID
5669:S2CID
5563:S2CID
5537:)?".
5341:S2CID
5287:S2CID
5135:(PDF)
5061:(PDF)
5038:(PDF)
4990:(PDF)
4958:(PDF)
4947:S2CID
4919:(PDF)
4888:S2CID
4743:, and
4741:Verpa
4718:JSTOR
4677:JSTOR
4570:S2CID
4498:S2CID
4414:S2CID
4367:S2CID
4316:(PDF)
4236:: 44.
4144:S2CID
4086:S2CID
3785:(PDF)
3759:JSTOR
3724:S2CID
3647:55–58
3541:S2CID
3361:huhta
3347:, or
3322:, or
3194:pasta
3186:chefs
3129:, 3%
3089:Water
3008:19 mg
2982:43 mg
2738:2.8 g
2728:0.6 g
2717:5.1 g
2638:apple
2618:sushi
2494:Verpa
2400:Larix
2394:Abies
2388:Pinus
2376:Malus
2364:Alnus
2340:Ulmus
2328:Pinus
2322:Abies
2089:India
2042:Verpa
2018:China
923:from
894:Spain
878:from
856:basal
770:forma
652:Verpa
634:Verpa
625:Verpa
371:India
363:China
323:fungi
300:genus
262:Quél.
153:Pers.
149:Dill.
92:Fungi
9270:5193
9265:NCBI
9244:3268
9200:GBIF
9192:3268
9174:EPPO
9153:5V59
8929:Peat
8912:Moss
8892:Cork
8792:Kino
8580:Pilu
8565:Palm
8353:Nuts
8008:pine
7998:Furs
6475:ISBN
6448:ISBN
6356:ISBN
6299:ISBN
6274:ISBN
6249:ISBN
6215:PMID
6205:ISBN
6146:OCLC
6136:ISBN
6024:ISBN
5801:PMID
5755:PMID
5712:PMID
5617:ISBN
5555:PMID
5405:PMID
5333:PMID
5279:PMID
5240:PMID
5191:PMID
5147:ISSN
5106:PMID
4939:PMID
4880:PMID
4836:PMID
4765:PMID
4540:and
4490:PMID
4406:PMID
4359:PMID
4259:: 1.
4136:PMID
4016:PMID
3679:ISBN
3651:ISBN
3620:PMID
3585:PMID
3533:PMID
3336:and
3159:zinc
3143:iron
3092:90 g
3053:Zinc
2988:Iron
2927:9 μg
2660:Uses
2652:and
2650:lead
2644:may
2554:fire
2522:, US
2491:and
2439:elms
2370:Olea
2274:and
2106:, US
2045:and
1968:and
977:and
947:and
927:and
854:, a
724:and
668:The
545:, a
470:caps
341:and
331:caps
243:Lév.
9252:NBN
9161:EoL
9148:CoL
8741:gum
8737:Sap
8437:Oil
8274:Cep
6172:FDA
6068:doi
5793:doi
5789:102
5747:doi
5743:111
5704:doi
5661:doi
5594:doi
5584:".
5547:doi
5543:104
5440:doi
5436:130
5395:PMC
5387:doi
5325:doi
5321:113
5271:doi
5230:hdl
5222:doi
5218:118
5183:doi
5098:doi
5050:doi
5012:doi
4931:doi
4927:102
4872:doi
4868:104
4828:doi
4757:doi
4710:doi
4669:doi
4636:doi
4601:doi
4597:131
4562:doi
4482:doi
4478:108
4472:".
4398:doi
4394:106
4351:doi
4347:102
4324:105
4128:doi
4124:104
4078:doi
4060:".
4006:doi
4002:107
3958:126
3952:".
3825:doi
3751:doi
3716:doi
3612:doi
3577:doi
3525:doi
3302:or
3265:'s
3246:).
3216:or
3135:fat
3058:18%
3045:14%
3032:16%
3019:26%
2993:68%
2966:%DV
2938:26%
2875:14%
2858:16%
2823:%DV
2754:Fat
2518:in
2300:or
772:of
672:of
448:.
185:Fr.
157:Fr.
151:ex
9312::
9290::
9267::
9254::
9241::
9228::
9215::
9202::
9189::
9176::
9163::
9150::
9137::
9122::
9107::
6405:.
6381:13
6379:.
6313:^
6221:.
6213:.
6174:.
6170:.
6144:.
6118:^
6108:.
6104:.
6074:.
6064:56
6062:.
6010:^
5994:.
5969:.
5944:.
5899:12
5897:.
5893:.
5867:.
5862::
5847:^
5807:.
5799:.
5787:.
5767:^
5753:.
5741:.
5718:.
5710:.
5702:.
5692:20
5690:.
5667:.
5659:.
5647:.
5631:^
5590:89
5588:.
5561:.
5553:.
5541:.
5505:^
5489:.
5434:.
5430:.
5403:.
5393:.
5381:.
5377:.
5339:.
5331:.
5319:.
5299:^
5285:.
5277:.
5267:62
5265:.
5238:.
5228:.
5216:.
5189:.
5179:49
5177:.
5159:^
5143:21
5141:.
5137:.
5118:^
5104:.
5094:47
5092:.
5076:^
5044:.
5040:.
5010:.
4998:19
4996:.
4992:.
4973:^
4945:.
4937:.
4925:.
4921:.
4900:^
4886:.
4878:.
4866:.
4848:^
4834:.
4824:48
4822:.
4798:^
4763:.
4753:19
4751:.
4739:,
4716:.
4706:86
4704:.
4675:.
4665:82
4663:.
4632:12
4630:.
4626:.
4595:.
4568:.
4560:.
4550:15
4548:.
4532:,
4510:^
4496:.
4488:.
4476:.
4441:38
4439:.
4412:.
4404:.
4392:.
4365:.
4357:.
4345:.
4322:.
4318:.
4295:^
4257:14
4234:32
4232:.
4228:.
4184:^
4142:.
4134:.
4122:.
4118:.
4098:^
4084:.
4076:.
4066:14
4064:.
4048:,
4028:^
4014:.
4000:.
3996:.
3966:^
3934:^
3916:^
3908:13
3906:.
3894:^
3848:.
3821:18
3819:.
3815:.
3801:^
3791:.
3787:.
3757:.
3747:64
3745:.
3722:.
3714:.
3704:36
3702:.
3665:^
3649:.
3618:.
3608:19
3606:.
3583:.
3573:42
3571:.
3539:.
3531:.
3521:11
3519:.
3490:.
3318:,
3157:,
3153:,
3006:5%
2980:3%
2925:2%
2908:8%
2892:9%
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