77:
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1152:
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1251:" in an invariant (morphophonemic) form, which, in a given environment, is converted by rules into a surface form. The analyst attempts to present as completely as possible a system of underlying units (morphophonemes) and a series of rules that act on them, so as to produce surface forms consistent with the linguistic data.
1238:
The purpose of both phonemic and morphophonemic analysis is to produce simpler underlying descriptions for what appear on the surface to be complicated patterns. In purely phonemic analysis the data is just a set of words in a language, while for the purposes of morphophonemic analysis the words must
1514:
based on such systems have correspondences between graphemes and phonemes that are not exact, and it is sometimes the case that certain spellings better represent a word's morphophonological structure rather than the purely-phonological structure. An example is that the
English plural morpheme is
1220:
rules. Thus phonological analysis was split into two parts: a morphophonological part, where neutralizing rules were developed to derive phonemes from morphophonemes; and a purely phonological part, where phones were derived from the phonemes. Since the 1960s (in particular with the work of the
946:
Common conventions to indicate a morphophonemic rather than phonemic representation include double slashes (⫽ ⫽) (as above, implying that the transcription is 'more phonemic than simply phonemic'). This is the only convention consistent with the IPA. Other conventions include pipes
1378:
If the grammar of a language is assumed to have two rules, rule A and rule B, with A ordered before B, a given derivation may cause the application of rule A to create the environment for rule B to apply, which was not present before the application of rule A. Both rules then are in a
1371:), the is heard. If the isolation form were adopted as the underlying form, the information that there is a final "t" would be lost, and it would then be difficult to explain the appearance of the "t" in the inflected forms. Similar considerations apply to languages with
832:
level), resulting in different variant pronunciations for the same morpheme. Morphophonology attempts to analyze these processes. A language's morphophonological structure is generally described with a series of rules which, ideally, can predict every morphophonological
880:}. The different forms it takes are dependent on the segment at the end of the morpheme to which it attaches: the dependencies are described by morphophonological rules. (The behaviour of the English past tense ending "-ed" is similar: it can be pronounced
1231:) many linguists have moved away from making such a split, instead regarding the surface phones as being derived from the underlying morphophonemes (which may be referred to using various terminology) through a single system of
1352:, corresponding to the isolation form, since rules can be set up to derive the reduced form from this (but it would be difficult or impossible to set up rules that would derive the isolation form from an underlying
1555:), and morphophonemic spellings are common in this context in many languages. Another type of spelling that can be described as morphophonemic is the kind that reflects the
1685:
The IPA provides single and double pipes for minor and major suprasegmental groups, and these are scarcely distinguishable from the letters for dental and alveolar-lateral
1410:
is the ordering that ensures that all rules are applied in a derivation before the surface representation occurs. Rules applied in a feeding relationship are said to be
1333:, such as the English past tense ending "-ed", it is generally not possible to identify an isolation form since such a morpheme does not occur in isolation.
1420:
is a rule that applies and prevents the other rule from applying in the surface representation. Such rules have a bleeding relationship and are said to be
1060:
Inflected and agglutinating languages may have extremely complicated systems of morphophonemics. Examples of complex morphophonological systems include:
951:, tend to be used when the phonemes are all listed, as in {s, z, ɪz} and {t, d, ɪd} for the English plural and past-tense morphemes ⫽z⫽ and ⫽d⫽ above.
1329:
of a morpheme is the form in which that morpheme appears in isolation (when it is not subject to the effects of any other morpheme). In the case of a
798:
that successfully predict the regular sound changes occurring in the morphemes of a given language. Such a series of rules converts a theoretical
1336:
It is often reasonable to assume that the isolation form of a morpheme provides its underlying representation. For example, in some varieties of
1393:
If A is ordered before B, and B creates an environment in which A could have applied, B is then said to counterfeed A, and the relationship is
802:
into a surface form that is actually heard. The units of which the underlying representations of morphemes are composed are sometimes called
709:
599:
98:
1386:
If rule A is ordered before B in the derivation in which rule A destroys the environment to which rule B applies, both rules are in a
1067:, the phenomenon behind the English examples of plural and past tense above, is found in virtually all languages to some degree. Even
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1485:
1312:
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120:
63:
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relationship if B destroys the environment that A applies to and has already applied and so B has missed its chance to bleed A.
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respectively. A purely phonological analysis would most likely assign to these three endings the phonemic representations
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The plural suffix "-s" can also influence the form taken by the preceding morpheme, as in the case of the words
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947:(| |), double pipes (‖ ‖) and braces ({ }). Braces, from a convention in
940:
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868:. On a morphophonological level, however, they may all be considered to be forms of the underlying object
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943:. This expression is called Alpha Notation in which α can be + (positive value) or − (negative value).
816:), or else the morphophonological analysis may bypass the phoneme stage and produce the phones itself.
1348:
is , where the morpheme "plant-" appears in the form . Here, the underlying form can be assumed to be
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Handbook of
Standards and Resources for Spoken Language Systems: Spoken language characterisation
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1125:. Ablaut is the phenomenon wherein stem vowels change form depending on context, as in English
1715:
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923:). On a morphophonological level, the morphemes may be analyzed as ending in a morphophoneme
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that does not apply to some other instances of the morpheme. For example, the French word
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after a voiceless nonsibilant. The tilde ~ may indicate morphological alternation, as in
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That is not always the case, however; the isolation form itself is sometimes subject to
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combine, they influence each other's sound structure (whether analyzed at a phonetic or
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474:
1765:
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morpheme, written as "-s" or "-es". Its pronunciation varies among , , and , as in
810:(which are then subject to ordinary phonological rules to produce speech sounds or
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of the plural ending) is attached to it. The rule may be written symbolically as
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Morphophonological analysis often involves an attempt to give a series of formal
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of words. Such spellings are particularly common in
English; examples include
1552:
1240:
948:
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1111:, which occurs in varying degrees in languages all around the world, notably
840:
An example of a morphophonological alternation in
English is provided by the
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processes. Its chief focus is the sound changes that take place in
1247:. It is postulated that morphemes are recorded in the speaker's "
1431:
1258:
1145:
993:
132:
70:
29:
787:(minimal meaningful units) when they combine to form words.
915:, which end with in the singular/but have in the plural (
27:
Study of the interaction between morphology and phonology
1714:. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 61–62.
1708:
Gibbon, Dafydd; Moore, Roger; Winski, Richard (1998).
958:
may be transcribed phonetically as , phonemically as
735:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
986:(the plus sign '+' indicates a morpheme boundary).
163:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1212:Until the 1950s, many phonologists assumed that
749:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
1698:The IPA provides braces for prosodic notation.
1551:The above example involves active morphology (
966:, if the plural is argued to be underlyingly
703:
8:
1466:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1293:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1180:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1028:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
820:Morphophonemes and morphophonological rules
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
931:when a voiced consonant (in this case the
710:
696:
252:
1519:, regardless of whether it is pronounced
1486:Learn how and when to remove this message
1313:Learn how and when to remove this message
1200:Learn how and when to remove this message
1048:Learn how and when to remove this message
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
1071:, which is sometimes said to display no
84:This article includes a list of general
1678:
264:
876:realized as one of the phonemic forms
1502:writing systems is that the letters (
1400:If A is ordered before B, there is a
771:that studies the interaction between
7:
1464:adding citations to reliable sources
1291:adding citations to reliable sources
1225:school, such as Chomsky and Halle's
1178:adding citations to reliable sources
1026:adding citations to reliable sources
739:. For the distinction between ,
600:Conservative and innovative language
161:adding citations to reliable sources
1661:For more detail on this topic, see
1754:(2009). "Morphophonemic Analysis"
1243:to take account of the underlying
837:that takes place in the language.
90:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
45:This article has multiple issues.
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1216:rules generally applied before
1079:, a morphophonemic alternation.
954:For instance, the English word
731:International Phonetic Alphabet
148:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
1665:, particularly the section on
1:
1758:, pp. 161–185. Blackwell
1239:be considered in grammatical
1121:, found in English and other
1228:The Sound Pattern of English
540:Functional discourse grammar
406:Ethnography of communication
1736:An Encyclopedia of Language
660:Second-language acquisition
1803:
1233:(morpho)phonological rules
962:and morphophonemically as
338:Syntax–semantics interface
1373:final obstruent devoicing
800:underlying representation
650:Philosophy of linguistics
550:Interactional linguistics
980:{niː~ɛl},{niː~ɛl+t}
1667:Morphophonemic features
1142:Relation with phonology
1075:, nonetheless displays
727:phonetic transcriptions
105:more precise citations.
1756:Introductory Phonology
1344:is pronounced , while
724:This article contains
487:Theoretical frameworks
441:Philosophy of language
421:History of linguistics
1777:Linguistic morphology
1498:The principle behind
1422:disjunctively ordered
1412:conjunctively ordered
381:Conversation analysis
1663:Phonemic orthography
1460:improve this section
1418:Disjunctive ordering
1408:Conjunctive ordering
1381:feeding relationship
1287:improve this section
1174:improve this section
1022:improve this section
625:Internet linguistics
535:Construction grammar
157:improve this article
1083:Consonant gradation
767:) is the branch of
560:Systemic functional
355:Applied linguistics
297:General linguistics
1123:Germanic languages
970:, assimilating to
665:Theory of language
635:Origin of language
590:Autonomy of syntax
545:Grammaticalization
391:Discourse analysis
386:Corpus linguistics
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743:and ⟨
725:
518:Glossematics
498:Constituency
470:interpreting
308:Lexicography
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155:Please help
150:verification
147:
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47:Please help
44:
1787:Orthography
1428:Orthography
1077:tone sandhi
984:kneel~knelt
835:alternation
796:constraints
769:linguistics
670:Terminology
645:Orthography
565:Usage-based
466:Translating
361:Acquisition
266:Linguistics
213:August 2015
103:introducing
1766:Categories
1673:References
1553:inflection
1500:alphabetic
1223:generative
1218:allophonic
1073:morphology
949:set theory
640:Orismology
525:Functional
513:Generative
503:Dependency
323:Pragmatics
313:Morphology
303:Diachronic
183:newspapers
86:references
50:improve it
1782:Phonology
1633:tionalism
1557:etymology
1504:graphemes
1447:does not
1274:does not
1245:morphemes
1241:paradigms
1161:does not
1009:does not
939:-> /
826:morphemes
785:morphemes
615:Iconicity
610:Etymology
530:Cognitive
493:Formalist
446:Phonetics
436:Philology
328:Semantics
318:Phonology
56:talk page
1515:written
1508:phonemes
1346:planting
1103:Nganasan
1095:Estonian
1089:such as
1069:Mandarin
892:, as in
830:phonemic
808:phonemes
781:phonetic
741:/ /
737:Help:IPA
416:Forensic
396:Distance
343:Typology
258:a series
256:Part of
1738:, §4.2.
1468:removed
1453:sources
1350:⫽plænt⫽
1295:removed
1280:sources
1249:lexicon
1182:removed
1167:sources
1091:Finnish
1030:removed
1015:sources
964:⫽ˈkætz⫽
960:/ˈkæts/
878:{s,z,ɪz
729:in the
371:Applied
281:History
276:Outline
197:scholar
99:improve
1718:
1687:clicks
1656:/spiː/
1638:, and
1616:/sɪɡn/
1607:/saɪn/
1598:/priː/
1585:judice
1541:, not
1369:petite
1354:⫽plæn⫽
1119:Ablaut
1101:, and
1065:Sandhi
929:voiced
921:knives
917:leaves
898:bobbed
854:horses
852:, and
842:plural
813:phones
759:(also
745:
686:Portal
584:Topics
333:Syntax
199:
192:
185:
178:
170:
88:, but
1646:/spɛ/
1626:/neɪ/
1613:ature
1588:/prɛ/
1571:uncon
1567:/saɪ/
1365:petit
1342:plant
913:knife
902:added
894:hoped
824:When
792:rules
733:(IPA)
286:Index
204:JSTOR
190:books
1716:ISBN
1653:cies
1648:vs.
1643:cial
1636:/næ/
1628:vs.
1623:tion
1611:sign
1603:sign
1595:quel
1590:vs.
1569:vs.
1564:ence
1534:and
1451:any
1449:cite
1325:The
1278:any
1276:cite
1165:any
1163:cite
1135:sung
1131:sang
1127:sing
1013:any
1011:cite
982:for
956:cats
911:and
909:leaf
900:and
890:/ɪd/
866:/ɪz/
850:dogs
846:cats
775:and
468:and
461:Text
176:news
1651:spe
1641:spe
1593:pre
1583:pre
1578:/ʃ/
1575:ous
1573:sci
1562:sci
1543:dog
1536:dog
1529:cat
1525:/z/
1523:or
1521:/s/
1462:by
1356:).
1289:by
1176:by
1024:by
978:or
972:/s/
968:⫽z⫽
937:/F/
933:⫽z⫽
925:⫽F⫽
904:.)
888:or
886:/d/
882:/t/
870:⫽z⫽
862:/z/
858:/s/
794:or
779:or
763:or
159:by
1768::
1669:.
1658:.
1631:na
1621:na
1618:,
1600:,
1580:,
1548:.
1527::
1517:-s
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1383:.
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1235:.
1133:,
1129:,
1097:,
1093:,
941:__
919:,
896:,
884:,
864:,
860:,
848:,
260:on
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