48:
31:
251:
229:, is used in experimental physics when the experiment requires shielding material which is itself only extremely weakly radioactive, emitting less than present-day background radiation; materials which were manufactured after atmospheric nuclear explosions had taken place reflect the higher ambient level of radioactivity that
106:
Such ships are held in reserve against a time when it may be necessary to call them back into service. They are usually tied up in backwater areas near naval bases or shipyards in order to speed the reactivation process. They may be modified for storage during such a period, for instance by having
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When a ship is placed into reserve status, the various parts and weapon systems that the ship uses are also placed in a storage facility, so that if the warship is reactivated, the proper spare parts and ammunition are available. Like the ships, however, the stored parts and equipment are prone to
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The practice of exporting and dismantling ships has caused international protests as they contain toxic materials. In 2007, following studies that found that 20 tons of lead paint had flaked off the ships of the NDRF, environmentalist groups sued to have them removed. The U.S. Federal
Maritime
222:
Recycling is another option, as in the case of the United States
National Defense Reserve Fleet (NDRF), the ships of which are set to be stripped of their paint, cut into pieces, and then recycled.
345:
71:
vessels of all types that are fully equipped for service but are not currently needed; they are partially or fully decommissioned. A reserve fleet is informally said to be "in mothballs" or "
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47:
606:
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rust-prone areas sealed off or wrapped in plastic or, in the case of sailing warships, the masts removed. While being held in the reserve fleet, ships typically have a
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Administration agreed to remove more than 50 of the ships as a result, 25 of which have been removed by 2012 and the remainder removed at the end of 2017.
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280:
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30:
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178:. As of mid-2021 there are just two ships anchored in that area. Additional NDRF vessels are moored at the fleet sites at
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213:, or dismantling. More recently, the U.S. Navy has established a program to allow ships, such as
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198:, sold to other nations (and occasionally to private companies for civilian conversion), become
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In practice most reserve ships rapidly become obsolete and are scrapped, used for experiments,
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496:
353:
265:
34:
634:
488:
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183:
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673:
629:
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75:". In earlier times, especially in British usage, the ships were said to be "laid up
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402:
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was a repository for
British decommissioned warships from about 1800 until 1960.
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Steel from pre-nuclear age ships either mothballed or sunk and raised, called
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116:
95:
357:
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returned to an active service in order to circumvent commodities sanctions.
52:
500:
539:
379:"Splash investigation pinpoints the true scale of the shadow tanker fleet"
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115:) to ensure that they stay in somewhat usable condition. For instance,
325:"Russia relies on 'shadow fleets' to save oil exports - UK Daily News"
346:"Analysis | What We Know About the Shadow Fleet Handling Putin's Oil"
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462:, Greenpeace International website (November 5, 2003) accessed at
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fall into disrepair, suffer metal corrosion, and become obsolete.
68:
46:
29:
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Alternatives to reserve fleets include exporting the vessels for
550:
219:, to be sunk in selected locations to create artificial reefs.
186:(Beaumont Reserve Fleet); and at designated outported berths.
477:"A Historically Significant Shield for In Vivo Measurements"
82:
A reserve fleet may be colloquially referred to as a "
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since the 1950s or '60s. The fleet included military
300:"Nuclear 'ghost' to leave James River Reserve Fleet"
617:
582:
690:Abandoned military projects of the United Kingdom
543:. Mariner Books, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2015.
534:. Seven volumes. Maritime Books. United Kingdom.
40:in about 1947, when it was part of the British
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123:of their steel and to prevent the ships from
55:'s Reserve Fleet in the Reserve Basin at the
8:
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152:United States National Defense Reserve Fleet
460:US Toxic 'ghost fleet' not wanted in the UK
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555:
547:
291:
433:"California: Good-Bye to Ghost Fleet"
7:
27:Collection of inactive naval vessels
528:. U.S. Naval Institute Press. 1999.
119:need to be run regularly to reduce
526:Forgotten Fleet. The Mothball Navy
25:
493:10.1097/01.HP.0000259867.85459.b2
281:United States Navy reserve fleets
154:(NDRF), consisted of about fifty
640:Ship-Submarine Recycling Program
475:Timothy P. Lynch (August 2007).
431:Wollan, Malia (March 31, 2010).
162:(Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet) near
271:National Defense Reserve Fleet
1:
537:P.W. Singer and August Cole.
182:(James River Reserve Fleet);
377:Chambers, Sam (2023-02-23).
90:may also refer to an active
57:Philadelphia Naval Shipyard
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590:Ceremonial ship launching
577:Life cycle of a Navy ship
276:Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet
139:Principal reserve fleets
86:". In the 21st century,
111:(known informally as a
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237:Environmental concerns
180:Newport News, Virginia
94:of aged reserve fleet
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44:
618:After decommissioning
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50:
33:
403:"Reserve Fleet 1950"
227:low-background steel
158:that were moored in
67:is a collection of
602:Ship commissioning
437:The New York Times
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156:World War II ships
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306:. 26 October 2014
266:Aircraft boneyard
16:(Redirected from
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532:To Sail No More
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519:Further reading
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405:. British Pathe
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18:Mothball (ship)
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487:(2): S119–23.
481:Health Physics
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630:Ship breaking
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625:Reserve fleet
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607:lists by year
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465:June 20, 2006
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164:San Francisco
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113:skeleton crew
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65:reserve fleet
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51:Ships of the
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42:Reserve Fleet
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680:Naval fleets
645:Retrofitting
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583:Service life
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440:. Retrieved
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409:23 September
407:. Retrieved
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386:. Retrieved
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361:. Retrieved
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329:. Retrieved
327:. 2022-12-05
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308:. Retrieved
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256:
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233:has caused.
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215:
211:shipbreaking
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200:museum ships
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190:Alternatives
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143:The British
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109:minimal crew
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92:shadow fleet
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83:
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72:
64:
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36:
685:Naval ships
659:Museum ship
654:Target ship
540:Ghost Fleet
304:Daily Press
260:in ordinary
168:cargo ships
117:bilge pumps
96:oil tankers
88:ghost fleet
84:ghost fleet
77:in ordinary
674:Categories
388:2023-03-07
363:2023-03-07
331:2023-03-07
310:2023-03-07
287:References
172:troopships
160:Suisun Bay
125:foundering
73:mothballed
650:Scuttling
383:Splash247
358:0190-8286
127:at their
121:corrosion
53:U.S. Navy
509:33969697
501:17630635
246:See also
216:Oriskany
129:moorings
102:Overview
37:Vanguard
442:1 April
257:Unicorn
231:fallout
176:tankers
507:
499:
356:
59:, 1956
505:S2CID
69:naval
635:Hulk
497:PMID
444:2010
411:2012
354:ISSN
255:HMS
174:and
150:The
35:HMS
652:or
489:doi
202:or
79:".
676::
503:.
495:.
485:93
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479:.
452:^
435:.
419:^
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170:,
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63:A
570:e
563:t
556:v
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313:.
20:)
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