Oil tanker - Knowledge (XXG)

2154: 2386: 500: 693: 1138:. In a voyage charter the charterer rents the vessel from the loading port to the discharge port. In a time charter the vessel is hired for a set period of time, to perform voyages as the charterer directs. In a bareboat charter the charterer acts as the ship's operator and manager, taking on responsibilities such as providing the crew and maintaining the vessel. Finally, in a contract of affreightment or COA, the charterer specifies a total volume of cargo to be carried in a specific time period and in specific sizes, for example a COA could be specified as 1 million barrels (160,000 m) of 1090:"Supertankers" are the largest oil tankers, and the largest mobile man-made structures. They include very large and ultra-large crude carriers (VLCCs and ULCCs – see above) with capacities over 250,000 DWT. These ships can transport 2,000,000 barrels (320,000 m) of oil/318,000 metric tons. By way of comparison, the United Kingdom consumed about 1.6 million barrels (250,000 m) of oil per day in 2009. ULCCs commissioned in the 1970s were the largest vessels ever built, but have all now been scrapped. A few newer ULCCs remain in service, none of which are more than 400 meters long. 2330:, 35.7% of the volume of oil spilled in the United States from 1991 to 2004 came from tank vessels (ships/barges), 27.6% from facilities and other non-vessels, 19.9% from non-tank vessels, 9.3% from pipelines, and 7.4% from mystery spills. Only 5% of the actual spills came from oil tankers, while 51.8% came from other kinds of vessels. The detailed statistics for 2004 show tank vessels responsible for somewhat less than 5% of the number of total spills but more than 60% of the volume. Tanker spills are much more rare and much more serious than spills from non-tank vessels. 2071:

loading, the transfer starts at low pressure to ensure that equipment is working correctly and that connections are secure. Then a steady pressure is achieved and held during the operation. While pumping, tank levels are carefully watched and key locations, such as the connection at the cargo manifold and the ship's pumproom are constantly monitored. Under the direction of the person in charge, crew members open and close valves to direct the flow of product and maintain close communication with the receiving facility to decrease and finally stop the flow of liquid.

5895: 467:, another design of Colonel Swan, as being the first modern oil tanker. It adopted the best practices from previous oil tanker designs to create the prototype for all subsequent vessels of the type. It was the first dedicated steam-driven ocean-going tanker in the world and was the first ship in which oil could be pumped directly into the vessel hull instead of being loaded in barrels or drums. It was also the first tanker with a horizontal bulkhead; its features included cargo valves operable from the deck, cargo main piping, a vapor line, 2364: 1703: 978: 1172: 2421: 1992: 2063: 1907: 1393:

demand in the United States. The charter rate for very large crude carriers, which carry two million barrels of oil, had peaked at $ 309,601 per day in 2007 but had dropped to $ 7,085 per day by 2012, far below the operating costs of these ships. As a result, several tanker operators laid up their ships. Prices rose significantly in 2015 and early 2016, but delivery of new tankers was projected to keep prices in check.

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handled particularly carefully. Tank-gauging equipment is used to tell the person in charge how much space is left in the tank, and all tankers have at least two independent methods for tank-gauging. As the tanker becomes full, crew members open and close valves to direct the flow of product and maintain close communication with the pumping facility to decrease and finally stop the flow of liquid.

2200: 2042: 46: 2118:. The inert gas buffer between fuel and oxygen atmospheres ensures they are never capable of ignition. Specially trained personnel monitor the tank's atmosphere, often using hand-held gas indicators which measure the percentage of hydrocarbons present. After a tank is gas-free, it may be further hand-cleaned in a manual process known as mucking. Mucking requires protocols for entry into 441: 2256: 339: 1158:

negotiations, operators and charterers will determine a price based on a percentage of the Worldscale rate. The baseline rate is expressed as WS 100. If a given charter party settled on 85% of the Worldscale rate, it would be expressed as WS 85. Similarly, a charter party set at 125% of the Worldscale rate would be expressed as WS 125.

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In practice, the flexibility which the OBO design allows has gone largely unused, as these ships tend to specialize in either the liquid or dry bulk trade. Also, these ships have endemic maintenance problems. On one hand, due to a less specialized design, an OBO suffers more from wear and tear during

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must develop a transfer plan detailing specifics of the operation such as how much cargo will be moved, which tanks will be cleaned, and how the ship's ballasting will change. The next step before a transfer is the pretransfer conference. The pretransfer conference covers issues such as what products

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The main loading ports in 2005 were located in Western Asia, Western Africa, North Africa, and the Caribbean, with 196.3, 196.3, 130.2 and 246.6 million metric tons of cargo loaded in these regions. The main discharge ports were located in North America, Europe, and Japan with 537.7, 438.4, and 215.0

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Ludvig was a pioneer in the development of early oil tankers. He first experimented with carrying oil in bulk on single-hulled barges. Turning his attention to self-propelled tankships, he faced a number of challenges. A primary concern was to keep the cargo and fumes well away from the engine room

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Inert gas systems deliver air with an oxygen concentration of less than 5% by volume. As a tank is pumped out, it is filled with inert gas and kept in this safe state until the next cargo is loaded. The exception is in cases when the tank must be entered. Safely gas-freeing a tank is accomplished by

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From 2003, the demand for new ships started to grow, resulting in 2007 in a record breaking order backlog for shipyards, exceeding their capacity with rising newbuilding prices as a result. This resulted in a glut of ships when demand dropped due to a weakened global economy and dramatically reduced

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rate. In a lump sum rate arrangement, a fixed price is negotiated for the delivery of a specified cargo, and the ship's owner/operator is responsible to pay for all port costs and other voyage expenses. Rate per ton arrangements are used mostly in chemical tanker chartering, and differ from lump sum

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Loading starts slowly at a low pressure to ensure that equipment is working correctly and that connections are secure. Then a steady pressure is achieved and held until the "topping-off" phase when the tanks are nearly full. Topping off is a very dangerous time in handling oil, and the procedure is

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After the conference is complete, the person in charge on the ship and the person in charge of the shore installation go over a final inspection checklist. In the United States, the checklist is called a Declaration of Inspection or DOI. Outside the US, the document is called the "Ship/Shore Safety

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The same report lists the following as some drawbacks to the double-hull design, including higher build costs, greater operating expenses (e.g. higher canal and port tariffs), difficulties in ballast tank ventilation, the fact that ballast tanks need continuous monitoring and maintenance, increased

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The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation has tracked 9,351 accidental spills that have occurred since 1974. According to this study, most spills result from routine operations such as loading cargo, discharging cargo, and taking on fuel oil. 91% of the operational oil spills are small,

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Oil tankers generally have from 8 to 12 tanks. Each tank is split into two or three independent compartments by fore-and-aft bulkheads. The tanks are numbered with tank one being the forwardmost. Individual compartments are referred to by the tank number and the athwartships position, such as "one

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boats and barges were originally used to transport Pennsylvania oil in 40-US-gallon (150 L) wooden barrels. But transport by barrel had several problems. The first problem was weight: they weighed 29 kilograms (64 lb), representing 20% of the total weight of a full barrel. Other problems

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Although double-hull design is superior in low energy casualties and prevents spillage in small casualties, in high energy casualties where both hulls are breached, oil can spill through the double-hull and into the sea and spills from a double-hull tanker can be significantly higher than designs

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conducted a survey of industry experts regarding the pros and cons of double-hull design. Some of the advantages of the double-hull design that were mentioned include ease of ballasting in emergency situations, reduced practice of saltwater ballasting in cargo tanks decreases corrosion, increased

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Smaller tankers, ranging from well under 10,000 DWT to 80,000 DWT Panamax vessels, generally carry refined petroleum products, and are known as product tankers. The smallest tankers, with capacities under 10,000 DWT generally work near-coastal and inland waterways. Although they were in the past,

2357:(2002), the European Union passed its own stringent anti-pollution packages (known as Erika I, II, and III), which also require all tankers entering its waters to be double-hulled by 2010. The Erika packages are controversial because they introduced the new legal concept of "serious negligence". 2049:

Loading an oil tanker consists primarily of pumping cargo into the ship's tanks. As oil enters the tank, the vapors inside the tank must be somehow expelled. Depending on local regulations, the vapors can be expelled into the atmosphere or discharged back to the pumping station by way of a vapor

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A cofferdam is a small space left open between two bulkheads, to give protection from heat, fire, or collision. Tankers generally have cofferdams forward and aft of the cargo tanks, and sometimes between individual tanks. A pumproom houses all the pumps connected to a tanker's cargo lines. Some

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Floating storage and offloading units (FSO) are used worldwide by the offshore oil industry to receive oil from nearby platforms and store it until it can be offloaded onto oil tankers. A similar system, the floating production storage and offloading unit (FPSO), has the ability to process the

2185:, extends the length of time a naval vessel can stay at sea, as well as her effective range. Prior to underway replenishment, naval vessels had to enter a port or anchor to take on fuel. In addition to fuel, replenishment ships may also deliver water, ammunition, rations, stores and personnel. 2070:

The process of moving oil off of a tanker is similar to loading, but has some key differences. The first step in the operation is following the same pretransfer procedures as used in loading. When the transfer begins, it is the ship's cargo pumps that are used to move the product ashore. As in

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In 1883, oil tanker design took a large step forward. Working for the Nobel company, British engineer Colonel Henry F. Swan designed a set of three Nobel tankers. Instead of one or two large holds, Swan's design used several holds which spanned the width, or beam, of the ship. These holds were

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The Worldwide Tanker Normal Freight Scale, often referred to as Worldscale, is established and governed jointly by the Worldscale Associations of London and New York. Worldscale establishes a baseline price for carrying a metric ton of product between any two ports in the world. In Worldscale

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In 2005, 2.42 billion metric tons of oil were shipped by tanker. 76.7% of this was crude oil, and the rest consisted of refined petroleum products. This amounted to 34.1% of all seaborne trade for the year. Combining the amount carried with the distance it was carried, oil tankers moved

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dry cargo onload than a bulker. On the other hand, components of the liquid cargo system, from pumps to valves to piping, tend to develop problems when subjected to periods of disuse. These factors have contributed to a steady reduction in the number of OBO ships worldwide since the 1970s.

2215:. This design was intended to provide flexibility in two ways. Firstly, an OBO would be able to switch between the dry and wet bulk trades based on market conditions. Secondly, an OBO could carry oil on one leg of a voyage and return carrying dry bulk, reducing the number of unprofitable 2345:(OPA-90), which excluded single-hull tank vessels of 5,000 gross tons or more from US waters from 2010 onward, apart from those with a double bottom or double sides, which may be permitted to trade to the United States through 2015, depending on their age. Following the sinkings of 2138:

Some sub-types of oil tankers have evolved to meet specific military and economic needs. These sub-types include naval replenishment ships, oil-bulk-ore combination carriers, floating storage and offloading units (FSOs) and floating production storage and offloading units (FPSOs).

1050:, the first companies to use the system, abandoned the AFRA system in 1983, later followed by the US oil companies. However, the system is still used today. Besides that, there is the flexible market scale, which takes typical routes and lots of 500,000 barrels (79,000 m). 2318:, and immense numbers of fish were killed. Considering the volume of oil carried by sea, however, tanker owners' organizations often argue that the industry's safety record is excellent, with only a tiny fraction of a percentage of oil cargoes carried ever being spilled. The 2029:

will be moved, the order of movement, names and titles of key people, particulars of shipboard and shore equipment, critical states of the transfer, regulations in effect, emergency and spill-containment procedures, watch and shift arrangements, and shutdown procedures.

425:, where oil sloshing from side to side could cause a ship to capsize. But this approach of dividing the ship's storage space into smaller tanks virtually eliminated free-surface problems. This approach, almost universal today, was first used by Swan in the Nobel tankers 1737:. Ship-owners and buyers negotiate scrap prices based on factors such as the ship's empty weight (called light ton displacement or LDT) and prices in the scrap metal market. In 1998, almost 700 ships went through the scrapping process at shipbreakers in places such as 2003:

Operations aboard oil tankers are governed by an established body of best practices and a large body of international law. Cargo can be moved on or off of an oil tanker in several ways. One method is for the ship to moor alongside a pier, connect with cargo hoses or

1919:", with an extra space between the hull and the storage tanks. Hybrid designs such as "double-bottom" and "double-sided" combine aspects of single and double-hull designs. All single-hulled tankers around the world will be phased out by 2026, in accordance with the 278:

with barrels were their expense, their tendency to leak, and the fact that they were generally used only once. The expense was significant: for example, in the early years of the Russian oil industry, barrels accounted for half the cost of petroleum production.

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Checklist." Items on the checklist include proper signals and signs are displayed, secure mooring of the vessel, choice of language for communication, securing of all connections, that emergency equipment is in place, and that no repair work is taking place.

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In 2006, time-charters tended towards long term. Of the time charters executed in that year, 58% were for a period of 24 or more months, 14% were for periods of 12 to 24 months, 4% were from 6 to 12 months, and 24% were for periods of less than 6 months.

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By comparison, in 1970 1.44 billion metric tons of oil were shipped by tanker. This amounted to 34.1% of all seaborne trade for that year. In terms of amount carried and distance carried, oil tankers moved 6,487 billion metric-ton-miles of oil in 1970.

258:'s manufacture of paraffin in 1850. In the early 1850s, oil began to be exported from Upper Burma, then a British colony. The oil was moved in earthenware vessels to the river bank where it was then poured into boat holds for transportation to Britain. 631:. Fierce competition among shipowners also played a part. But apart from these considerations is a simple economic advantage: the larger an oil tanker is, the more cheaply it can move crude oil, and the better it can help meet growing demands for oil. 2087:

Tanks must be cleaned from time to time for various reasons. One reason is to change the type of product carried inside a tank. Also, when tanks are to be inspected or maintenance must be performed within a tank, it must be not only cleaned, but made

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for Belgian owners. The vessel's use was curtailed by US and Belgian authorities citing safety concerns. By 1871, the Pennsylvania oil fields were making limited use of oil tank barges and cylindrical railroad tank-cars similar to those in use today.

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By the sheer amount of oil carried, modern oil tankers can be a threat to the environment. As discussed above, a VLCC tanker can carry 2 million barrels (320,000 m) of crude oil. This is about eight times the amount spilled in the widely known

2103:, which clean tanks with high-pressure water jets, are widely used. Some systems use rotating high-pressure water jets to spray hot water on all the internal surfaces of the tank. As the spraying takes place, the liquid is pumped out of the tank. 2099:(COW) system is part of the cleaning process. The COW system circulates part of the cargo through the fixed tank-cleaning system to remove wax and asphaltic deposits. Tanks that carry less viscous cargoes are washed with water. Fixed and portable 1380:

The market is affected by a wide variety of variables such as the supply and demand of oil as well as the supply and demand of oil tankers. Some particular variables include winter temperatures, excess tanker tonnage, supply fluctuations in the

2277:. These units are usually moored to the seabed through a spread mooring system. A turret-style mooring system can be used in areas prone to severe weather. This turret system lets the unit rotate to minimize the effects of sea-swell and wind. 796:, a length overall of 380.0 metres (1,246.7 ft) and a cargo capacity of 3,166,353 barrels (503,409,900 L). They were the first ULCCs to be double-hulled. To differentiate them from smaller ULCCs, these ships are sometimes given the 2334:

resulting in less than 7 metric tons per spill. On the other hand, spills resulting from accidents like collisions, groundings, hull failures, and explosions are much larger, with 84% of these involving losses of over 700 metric tons.

1654:. A ship's flag state exercises regulatory control over the vessel and is required to inspect it regularly, certify the ship's equipment and crew, and issue safety and pollution prevention documents. As of 2007, the United States 1629:

The United Nations also keeps statistics about oil tanker productivity, stated in terms of metric tons carried per metric ton of deadweight as well as metric-ton-miles of carriage per metric ton of deadweight. In 2005, for each

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transverse free surface, the greater number of surfaces to maintain, the risk of explosions in double-hull spaces if a vapor detection system not fitted, and that cleaning ballast tanks is more difficult for double hull ships.

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In all, double-hull tankers are said to be safer than a single-hull in a grounding incident, especially when the shore is not very rocky. The safety benefits are less clear on larger vessels and in cases of high speed impact.

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purging hydrocarbon vapors with inert gas until the hydrocarbon concentration inside the tank is under about 1%. Thus, as air replaces the inert gas, the concentration cannot rise to the lower flammable limit and is safe.

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has observed that "accidental oil spills this decade have been at record low levels—one third of the previous decade and one tenth of the 1970s—at a time when oil transported has more than doubled since the mid 1980s."

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or highest concentration at which the vapors can be ignited. When the total concentration of oxygen in the tank decreases to about 11%, the upper and lower flammable limits converge and the flammable range disappears.

2385: 3199: 2363: 1765:. In this same timeframe, tankers have accounted for between 56.5% and 90.5% of the world's total scrapped ship tonnage. In this period the average age of scrapped oil tankers has ranged from 26.9 to 31.5 years. 1710:

In 2005, the average age of oil tankers worldwide was 10 years. Of these, 31.6% were under 4 years old and 14.3% were over 20 years old. In 2005, 475 new oil tankers were built, accounting for 30.7 million

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A major component of tanker architecture is the design of the hull or outer structure. A tanker with a single outer shell between the product and the ocean is said to be "single-hulled". Most newer tankers are

2016:. In this method, two ships come alongside in open sea and oil is transferred manifold to manifold via flexible hoses. Lightering is sometimes used where a loaded tanker is too large to enter a specific port. 1154:

rates in that port costs and voyage expenses are generally paid by the charterer. Time charter arrangements specify a daily rate, and port costs and voyage expenses are also generally paid by the charterer.

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of 458.45 metres (1,504.1 ft) and a draft of 24.611 metres (80.74 ft). She had 46 tanks, 31,541 square metres (339,500 sq ft) of deck, and at her full load draft, could not navigate the

369:) of kerosene cargo in two iron tanks joined by pipes. One tank was forward of the midships engine room and the other was aft. The ship also featured a set of 21 vertical watertight compartments for extra 1149:, or the price specified for carriage of cargo. The freight rate of a tanker charter party is specified in one of four ways: by a lump sum rate, by rate per ton, by a time charter equivalent rate, or by 2181:

Replenishment ships, known as oilers in the United States and fleet tankers in Commonwealth countries, are ships that can provide oil products to naval vessels while on the move. This process, called

2310:. In this spill, the ship ran aground and dumped 10,800,000 US gallons (41,000 m) of oil into the ocean in March 1989. Despite efforts of scientists, managers, and volunteers, over 400,000 2114:

which is usually accomplished by blowing fresh air into the space with portable air powered or water powered air blowers. "Gas freeing" brings the oxygen content of the tank up to 20.8% O

2456: 595:. By the time Shell merged with Royal Dutch Petroleum in 1907, the company had 34 steam-driven oil tankers, compared to Standard Oil's four case-oil steamers and 16 sailing tankers. 2319: 254:

The technology of oil transportation has evolved alongside the oil industry. Although human use of oil reaches to prehistory, the first modern commercial exploitation dates back to

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Merchant oil tankers carry a wide range of hydrocarbon liquids ranging from crude oil to refined petroleum products. Crude carriers are among the largest, ranging from 55,000 DWT

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are explosive when mixed with air in certain concentrations. The purpose of the system is to create an atmosphere inside tanks in which the hydrocarbon oil vapors cannot burn.

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In 2005, oil tankers made up 36.9% of the world's fleet in terms of deadweight tonnage. The world's total oil tankers deadweight tonnage has increased from 326.1 million

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environmental protection, cargo discharge is quicker, more complete and easier, tank washing is more efficient, and better protection in low-impact collisions and grounding.

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ranges were $ 43 million, $ 58 million, and $ 120 million respectively. In 1985 these vessels would have cost $ 18 million, $ 22 million, and $ 47 million respectively.

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Until 1956, tankers were designed to be able to navigate the Suez Canal. This size restriction became much less of a priority after the closing of the canal during the

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Directive 2005/35/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on ship-source pollution and on the introduction of penalties for infringements

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developed the "average freight rate assessment" (AFRA) system which classifies tankers of different sizes. To make it an independent instrument, Shell consulted the

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and marine environment. Marine species constantly exposed to PAHs can exhibit developmental problems, susceptibility to disease, and abnormal reproductive cycles.

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to avoid fires. Other challenges included allowing for the cargo to expand and contract due to temperature changes, and providing a method to ventilate the tanks.

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Oil tankers are often classified by their size as well as their occupation. The size classes range from inland or coastal tankers of a few thousand metric tons of

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in terms of efficiency, the average cost of transport of crude oil by tanker amounts to only US$ 5 to $ 8 per cubic metre ($ 0.02 to $ 0.03 per US gallon).

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as being too risky. Samuel approached the problem a different way: asking the company for the specifications of a tanker it would allow through the canal.

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product while it is on board. These floating units reduce oil production costs and offer mobility, large storage capacity, and production versatility.

6255: 2012:, such as a single point mooring, and making a cargo connection via underwater cargo hoses. A third method is by ship-to-ship transfer, also known as 1545: 1449: 5715: 4547: 1757:

respectively of oil tankers were scrapped. Between 2000 and 2005, the capacity of oil tankers scrapped each year has ranged between 5.6 million

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With the exception of the pipeline, the tanker is the most cost-effective way to move oil today. Worldwide, tankers carry some 2 billion barrels (3.2

6288: 552:, each had a capacity of 5,010 long tons of deadweight. These three ships were the first tankers of the Tank Syndicate, forerunner of today's 1101:

points off-coast. Supertanker routes are typically long, requiring them to stay at sea for extended periods, often around seventy days at a time.

3826: 345:, the world's first tanker, was built by Sven Alexander Almqvist in the Motala Verkstad and delivered to the Nobel brothers in Baku, Azerbaijan. 421:

further subdivided into port and starboard sections by a longitudinal bulkhead. Earlier designs suffered from stability problems caused by the

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The system was developed for tax reasons as the tax authorities wanted evidence that the internal billing records were correct. Before the

647: 524: 1718:. Nineteen of these were VLCC size, 19 were Suezmax, 51 were Aframax, and the rest were smaller designs. By comparison, 8.0 million 5818: 4968: 1963:

An oil tanker's inert gas system is one of the most important parts of its design. Fuel oil itself is very difficult to ignite, but its

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Because of their size, supertankers often cannot enter port fully loaded. These ships can take on their cargo at offshore platforms and

619:, the ultra-large crude carriers (ULCC) built in the 1970s were over 400 metres (1,300 ft) long and had a capacity of 500,000 4737: 3372: 3304: 2435: 5043: 4680:

Carter, JHT; Foolen, J (1983-04-01). "Evolutionary developments advancing the floating production, storage, and offloading concept".

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are two other variations on the standard oil tanker design. Oil tankers have been involved in a number of damaging and high-profile

3670: 178:. Product tankers, generally much smaller, are designed to move refined products from refineries to points near consuming markets. 5327: 2110:. Purging is accomplished by pumping inert gas into the tank until hydrocarbons have been sufficiently expelled. Next the tank is 1035:

for the then-enormous ships that were larger than 45,000 DWT. The ships became larger during the 1970s, which prompted rescaling.

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with seawater when empty of cargo. The ship was built in Britain, and was purchased by Wilhelm Anton Riedemann, an agent for the

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Single hull, double bottom, and double hull ship cross sections. Green lines are watertight; black structure is not watertight

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The cost of operating the largest tankers, the Very Large Crude Carriers, is currently between $ 10,000 and $ 12,000 per day.

417:. The aft and the stern was put together and then dismantled to make room for the mid-section as the Caspian Sea was reached. 5811: 5593: 1888: 4867: 3929: 2211:

An ore-bulk-oil carrier, also known as combination carrier or OBO, is a ship designed to be capable of carrying wet or dry

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in 2004 (when she was converted into a permanently moored storage tanker). In 2009 she was sold for the last time, renamed

587:, the fledgling Shell company was ready to become Standard Oil's first challenger in the Asian market. On August 24, 1892, 6490: 6395: 6390: 5556: 3022: 1746: 1670:

for oil tankers, with 528 of the vessels in its registry. Six other flag states had more than 200 registered oil tankers:

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The 1880s also saw the beginnings of the Asian oil trade. The idea that led to moving Russian oil to the Far East via the

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recovery line. It is also common for the ship to move water ballast during the loading of cargo to maintain proper trim.

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worth of oil tankers were sold used. Some representative prices for that year include $ 42.5 million for a 40,000

6675: 5476: 4841: 1655: 5274: 4216: 3224: 6448: 5168: 4039: 2471: 1694:. By comparison, the United States and the United Kingdom only had 59 and 27 registered oil tankers, respectively. 1585: 1464: 1417: 785: 5762: 1613:

in 2005. The combined deadweight tonnage of oil tankers and bulk carriers, represents 72.9% of the world's fleet.

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in 1983, it was difficult to determine the exact price of oil, which could change with every contract. Shell and

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FPSO and FSOs are often created out of old, stripped-down oil tankers, but can be made from new-built hulls;

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first used a tanker as an FPSO in August 1977. An example of an FSO that used to be an oil tanker is the

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The History of the Ship: The Comprehensive Story of Seafaring from the Earliest Times to the Present Day

5326:. United States Maritime Administration, Office of Data and Economic Analysis. July 2006. Archived from 4776: 4757: 2157: 1975: 1971: 1121: 504: 454: 262: 255: 245: 450: 6883: 6679: 6643: 6547: 6537: 6108: 5564:. New York and Geneva: United Nations Council on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). 2006. Archived from 3830: 2376: 2194: 1691: 1130:.) Tankers are hired by four types of charter agreements: the voyage charter, the time charter, the 989: 766: 476: 216: 5004: 3067: 1595: 1097:. On the other end of the journey, they often pump their cargo off to smaller tankers at designated 627:

which interrupted traffic through the Suez Canal contributed, as did nationalization of Middle East

611:, shipowners realized that bigger tankers were the key to more efficient transport. While a typical 6893: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6385: 6235: 6179: 5961: 5732: 4847: 2481: 2441: 2171: 2148: 2123: 1952: 1948: 1565: 1484: 1474: 1459: 1413: 1094: 422: 208: 190: 31: 3442: 2989: 2958: 1702: 1495: 1126:

The act of hiring a ship to carry cargo is called chartering. (The contract itself is known as a

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and shipowner/broker Fred Lane. Prior bids to move oil through the canal had been rejected by the

6772: 6670: 6622: 6419: 6189: 5864: 5459: 5297: 3947: 3034: 2451: 2353: 2234: 2005: 1996: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1819: 1805: 1788: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1659: 1635: 1631: 1610: 1606: 1580: 1024: 843: 793: 724: 710: 639: 620: 616: 528: 201: 186: 182: 126: 6834: 5524: 5349: 4187: 4173: 4151: 4107: 1555: 977: 462: 444: 5240: 4976: 4962: 2237:

which in September 1980 became the largest British ship ever lost at sea. It sank in a Pacific

6532: 6471: 5966: 5869: 5684: 5663: 5624: 5542: 5510: 5433: 5412: 5254: 5190: 5147: 5126: 5107: 5028: 4980: 4941: 4815: 4697: 4558: 4521: 4121: 2687: 2268: 2096: 1974:

or lowest concentration at which the vapors can be ignited. At the same time it decreases the

1869: 682: 608: 553: 508: 250:

is the oldest surviving American tanker and the world's only surviving sail-driven oil tanker.

5500: 4651: 3928:. MTCP Work Package 2.1, Quality and Efficiency. Bremen/Brussels. p. 3.3. Archived from 2207:. The picture is showing both the cargo hold hatches used for bulk and the pipes used for oil 1898:

larger tankers have two pumprooms. A pumproom generally spans the total breadth of the ship.

6898: 6495: 6214: 6199: 6133: 6077: 5976: 5879: 5454: 5246: 5055: 4909: 4901: 4807: 4801: 4745: 4689: 4113: 4089: 3615:

Oil tanker freight-rate volatility increases, Rajesh Rana, Oil & Gas Journal, 2016-07-04

3026: 2911: 2446: 2426: 1991: 1679: 1131: 1111:, a brand new ULCC inaugurated in February 2019 berthing at Donges / Saint-Nazaire (France). 1043: 666: 659: 615:

of the World War II era was 162 metres (532 ft) long and had a capacity of 16,500

274: 5781: 5087: 3383: 3315: 2062: 1650:

International law requires that every merchant ship be registered in a country, called its

807:

10 L) annually, and the cost of transportation by tanker amounts to only US$ 0.02 per

6511: 6204: 6194: 6014: 5999: 5946: 5874: 5769: 5645:

Shaw, Jim (March 2017), "Tank Ship Development and the birth of the American oil tanker",

5063: 3437: 2984: 2953: 2476: 2461: 2420: 2216: 1970:

As inert gas is introduced into a mixture of hydrocarbon vapors and air, it increases the

1944: 1086:(1979–2010), a ULCC supertanker and the longest ship ever built at the time of its launch. 733: 539: 374: 358: 35: 5388: 2259:

Floating storage units, often former oil tankers, accumulate oil for tankers to retrieve.

1706:

Tankers may carry unusual cargoes – such as grain – on their final trip to the scrapyard.

677:

which also belonged to Ludwig. The first tanker over 100,000 dwt built in Europe was the

2106:

After a tank is cleaned, provided that it is going to be prepared for entry, it will be

1185:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

6757: 6701: 6485: 6377: 6363: 6174: 6034: 5956: 5941: 5936: 4914: 2486: 2119: 1923:(MARPOL). The United Nations has decided to phase out single hull oil tankers by 2010. 1906: 1575: 1454: 1409: 1104: 728: 488: 410: 996: 6877: 6767: 6762: 6591: 6245: 6240: 6123: 5991: 5884: 5835: 5678: 5647: 5618: 5603: 5393: 4934: 4515: 3038: 2227: 1734: 1127: 1082: 872: 759: 719: 332: 115: 5598: 4892:

Burton, Adrian (Nov 2008), "Air Pollution: Ship Sulfate an Unexpected Heavyweight",

3465:"BP energy statistics: the world in oil consumption, reserves and energy production" 3175: 2591: 1077: 241: 6617: 6527: 6320: 6159: 5951: 5916: 5506:

The Russian Rockefellers: The Saga of the Nobel Family and the Russian Oil Industry

3469: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2045:

Oil is pumped on and off the ship by way of connections made at the cargo manifold.

1920: 1382: 1146: 686: 628: 472: 378: 316: 312: 308: 175: 3030: 2199: 2079: 2041: 45: 6266: 5657: 5504: 5427: 5409:

Sailing ship to supertanker: the hundred-year story of British Esso and its ships

5141: 2681: 1951:

and even a pre-MARPOL tanker, as the last one has a lower oil column and reaches

534:

Armed with the canal company's specifications, Samuel ordered three tankers from

6601: 6357: 6298: 6154: 6128: 6082: 6072: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6019: 6009: 5981: 5971: 5167:. Institute of Shipping Economics and Logistics. 2005. p. 3. Archived from 4871: 4779:. London: International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation. 2008. Archived from 4520:. Vol. 6. Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Naval History Division. 2273: 1964: 1916: 1570: 1490: 697: 624: 604: 480: 414: 398: 390: 266: 5565: 4995: 4870:. State of Alaska, Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council. 1999. Archived from 3492: 3058: 784:

for the Greek Hellespont Steamship Corporation. Hellespont sold these ships to

6820: 6782: 6330: 6184: 6067: 5926: 5903: 5854: 5242:

Double-Hull Tanker Legislation: An Assessment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990

4803:

Double-hull tanker legislation: an assessment of the Oil pollution act of 1990

2795: 2416: 2406: 2315: 2212: 2127: 2066:

This cargo pump aboard a VLCC can move 5,000 cubic meters of product per hour.

2025: 2013: 1667: 1651: 1535: 1150: 1098: 592: 520: 402: 394: 328: 307:

The modern oil tanker was developed in the period from 1877 to 1885. In 1876,

287: 207:

Some specialized types of oil tankers have evolved. One of these is the naval

155: 5612:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 880–970. 5402:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 316–322. 4490: 1730:

worth of oil tanker capacity was built in 1980, 1990, and 2000 respectively.

1634:

of oil tankers, 6.7 metric tons of cargo was carried. Similarly, each 1

673:

displaced 104,500 long tons, a 23% increase from the previous record-holder,

6845: 6815: 6563: 6209: 6169: 5921: 5712:: Private homepage of categorized ship photos including tankers of all kinds 5059: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2286: 1675: 1012: 612: 576: 564: 512: 468: 224: 197: 171: 159: 76: 5484: 5019: 4806:. Washington, DC: National Research Council, National Academy Press. 1998. 3172:"World's Largest Double-Hull Tanker Newbuildings Fly Marshall Islands Flag" 2291:

Oil spills have devastating effects on the environment. Crude oil contains

440: 17: 5282: 4905: 3430:, which displaced 104,500 long tons, as a supertanker in the 1958 article 2255: 1057:-sized vessels to ultra-large crude carriers (ULCCs) of over 440,000 DWT. 6860: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6325: 6219: 6164: 6113: 3829:. International Transport Workers' Federation. 2005-06-06. Archived from 2402: 2346: 2311: 2296: 1921:

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973

1590: 1515: 580: 370: 366: 320: 5803: 1638:

of oil tankers was responsible for 32,400 metric-ton miles of carriage.

6850: 6829: 6825: 6790: 6586: 6138: 5367:(press release). Overseas Shipholding Group. 2008-02-28. Archived from 3709:

Cochran, Ian (March 2008). "Tanker Operators Top 30 Tanker companies".

3358: 3342: 2295:(PAHs) which are very difficult to clean up, and last for years in the 2238: 1683: 1671: 1469: 1421: 1066: 1062: 1054: 932: 910: 894: 789: 651: 568: 560: 406: 88: 84: 80: 4701: 1733:

Ships are generally removed from the fleet through a process known as

792:

in 2004. Each of the sister ships has a capacity of over 441,500

6429: 5189:. New York: International Chamber of Shipping, Hyperion Books. 1996. 4693: 3174:(press release). International Registries. 2007-04-30. Archived from 1663: 1525: 1444: 1397: 808: 655: 572: 386: 6440: 2409:, which is highly polluting and has been shown to be a health risk. 338: 2794:. Aberdeen, New Jersey: Rich Galiano. 28 April 2009. Archived from 1848:

Oil tankers are often sold second hand. In 2005, 27.3 million

91:, Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC), Ultra Large Crude Carrier (ULCC) 6839: 6062: 5911: 5859: 5250: 4811: 4202:"Damage and Residual Strength of Double-Hull Tankers in Grounding" 4117: 2375:

10.8 million US gallons (41,000 m) of oil into Alaska's

2254: 2198: 2152: 2078: 2061: 2040: 2009: 1990: 1905: 1742: 1701: 1103: 1076: 995: 976: 691: 498: 439: 362: 337: 240: 193: 5758:

Information on crude oil tankers and other forms of oil transport

5429:

From T-2 to Supertanker: Development of the Oil Tanker, 1940–2000

5187:

International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals (ISGOTT)

1833:

In 2005, the price for new oil tankers in the 32,000–45,000

765:

As of 2011, the world's two largest working supertankers are the

669:

broke the record of 100,000 long tons of heavy displacement. His

265:

became a major supplier of oil, and a center of innovation after

6410: 5849: 5387: 2326:

Oil tankers are only one source of oil spills. According to the

1139: 584: 324: 151: 6444: 6270: 5807: 5743: – the society of International Tanker Operators 1793: 6307: 5044:"Combined Ships: An Empirical Investigation About Versatility" 3496: 3355: 3339: 1165: 373:. The ship had a length overall of 56 metres (184 ft), a 5774: 5763:

International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd. (ITOPF)

5709: 5081:. European Commission, European Maritime Safety Agency. 2005. 4868:"Frequently asked questions about the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill" 623:. Several factors encouraged this growth. Hostilities in the 290:. These were followed in 1873 by the first oil-tank steamer, 5752: 5739: 5123:

Tanker operations: a handbook for the person-in-charge (PIC)

3116:

Bockmann, Michelle Wiese; Porter, Janet (15 December 2009).

1142:

in a year's time in 25,000-barrel (4,000 m) shipments.

992:, which are the largest ocean-going oil tankers in the world 185:(DWT) to ultra-large crude carriers (ULCCs) of 550,000 5597: 5097:(Winter 2002). Houston: American Bureau of Shipping: 10–11. 4040:"Crude oil tanker rates below levels to cover voyage costs" 1995:

Cargo flows between a tanker and a shore station by way of

1658:

statistics count 4,295 oil tankers of 1,000 long tons

1530: 1047: 381:

of 2.7 metres (9 ft). Unlike later Nobel tankers, the

331:. It was, during the late 19th century, one of the largest 162:

or its products. There are two basic types of oil tankers:

5483:. Washington, DC: Ship Structure Committee. Archived from 3917:

Maritime Transport Coordination Platform (November 2006).

1642:

million metric tons of cargo discharged in these regions.

5541:(4th ed.). Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. 5212:. World Summit on Sustainable Development. Johannesburg: 4720:

America's living oceans: charting a course for sea change

2241:

while carrying a cargo of iron ore from Canada to Japan.

1714:. The average size for these new tankers was 64,632 709:

The world's largest supertanker was built in 1979 at the

286:

In 1863, two sail-driven tankers were built on England's

5348:. Overseas Shipholding Group. 2008-02-22. Archived from 5021:

The Tankship Tromedy: The Impending Disasters in Tankers

4007:"Benelux and Northern European Holding Companies Weekly" 3149:. Overseas Shipholding Group. 2008-02-28. Archived from 2457:

List of replenishment ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary

634:

In 1955 the world's largest supertanker was 30,708

5079:

Double Hull Tankers: High Level Panel of Experts Report

4961:

Corlett, Ewan (1981). Greenhill (series), Basil (ed.).

4209:

International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering

2126:, designated safety observers, and possibly the use of 5705:

Saudi shipper Bahri plans to increase VLCC fleet to 46

4659: 4468:

Occupational Safety & Health Administration, 2008.

3382:(4). American Bureau of Shipping: 5–11. Archived from 3314:(4). American Bureau of Shipping: 5–11. Archived from 2320:

International Association of Independent Tanker Owners

723:. This ship was built with a capacity of 564,763 2792:

Scuba Diving – New Jersey & Long Island, New York

1622:

11,705 billion metric-ton-miles of oil in 2005.

705:

rivaled some of the world's largest buildings in size

5680:

Supertanker!: The Story of the World's Biggest Ships

5302:

Shipbuilding and Ship Repair – Hazards and Solutions

4090:"Single Hull Oil Tankers Banned Worldwide from 2005" 6781: 6750: 6714: 6689: 6663: 6656: 6631: 6610: 6579: 6572: 6556: 6520: 6504: 6478: 6409: 6344: 6306: 6228: 6147: 6091: 6033: 5990: 5902: 5842: 5477:"Case Study II: Derbyshire, Loss of a Bulk Carrier" 4555:

Navy Contribution to Australian Maritime Operations

3255:. Tankers International. March 2008. Archived from 1145:One of the key aspects of any charter party is the 170:. Crude tankers move large quantities of unrefined 5749: – Tanker Safety (for double-hulls) 5206:More Troubled Waters: Fishing, Pollution, and FOCs 4994: 4933: 3099: 3057: 2391:Demonstration in Canada against oil tankers, 1970. 6005:Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) 5727:article on the oil tankers between the World Wars 3008: 3006: 2592:"Falls of Clyde National Historic Landmark Study" 491:in fog, Standard Oil purchased the sister ships. 5214:International Confederation of Free Trade Unions 4557:. Royal Australian Navy. 2005. pp. 113–20. 4009:. London: Christopher Street Capital. p. 11 2083:The nozzle of an automated tank cleaning machine 1856:tanker, $ 60.7 million for a 80,000–95,000 1069:classes are no longer regarded as supertankers. 5306:Occupational Safety & Health Administration 3886: 3884: 2683:Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry 1872:subsidiary First Olsen paid $ 76.5 million for 5475:Tarman, Daniel; Heitmann, Edgar (2008-04-07). 3143:"Overseas Shipholding Group Enters FSO Market" 2912:"Tirgoviste and Spyros Niarchos – IMO 5337329" 2849: 2847: 2845: 2008:. Another method involves mooring to offshore 6456: 6282: 5819: 5790:illustrated account of oil tanker development 4964:The Revolution in Merchant Shipping 1950–1980 3704: 3702: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3624: 3622: 3276:Overseas Shipholding Group, 2008, Fleet List. 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 1864:, and $ 116 million for 250,000–280,000 1206:Recent time charter equivalent rates, per day 776:. These ships were built in 2002 and 2003 as 8: 5753:Ship photos of tankers, ULCCs, VLCCs, barges 5537:Turpin, Edward A; McEwen, William A (1980). 5275:"The Liberty Ship and the T-2 Tanker (1941)" 5102:Hayler, William B.; Keever, John M. (2003). 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3298: 3296: 3294: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2626: 2624: 2614: 2612: 1031:for ships between 25,000 and 45,000 DWT and 591:became the first tanker to pass through the 471:for added safety, and the ability to fill a 5222:International Transport Workers' Federation 4713: 4711: 4517:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships 3991: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3849: 3847: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3743: 3741: 3722: 3720: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3052: 3050: 3048: 2666: 2664: 1894:port", "three starboard", or "six center". 1688:International Transport Workers' Federation 385:design was built small enough to sail from 6660: 6576: 6463: 6449: 6441: 6289: 6275: 6267: 5826: 5812: 5804: 5218:Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD 4398: 4396: 4394: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4200:Paik, Joem K; Lee, Tak K (December 1995), 3952:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3893:"Is there a decent way to break up ships?" 3787: 3785: 3493:"How much bigger can container ships get?" 3354:UNCTAD 2006, p. 42. Five-year-old ship in 3118:"Knock Nevis heading for Indian scrapyard" 2251:Floating production storage and offloading 1860:, $ 73 million for a 130,000–150,000 1431: 1396:Owners of large oil tanker fleets include 1385:, and interruptions in refinery services. 6618:Panama Canal/Universal Measurement System 6256:List of merchant navy capacity by country 5125:. Cambridge, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. 4913: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4319: 4317: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 3574: 3572: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3338:UNCTAD 2006, p. 41. Price for new vessel 2943: 2941: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2401:Large ships are often run on low quality 1868:tanker. For a concrete example, in 2006, 1546:National Shipping Company of Saudi Arabia 1450:National Shipping Company of Saudi Arabia 5583:"Oil-Tanker firms battle for survival", 4464: 4462: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4183: 4181: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 3284: 3282: 3085: 3083: 2749: 2747: 2576: 2574: 2572: 1999:attached at the tanker's cargo manifold. 1772: 1201: 818: 523:was the brainchild of two men: importer 136:Rear house, full hull, midships pipeline 5747:The International Maritime Organization 4732: 4730: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3231:. Hellespont Shipping Corporation. 2008 3194: 3192: 2932: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2538: 2359: 1019:. At first, they divided the groups as 665:In 1958 United States shipping magnate 607:of 1956. Forced to move oil around the 5143:The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page 4483:"Underway Replenishment Oilers – T-AO" 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4264: 4262: 3945: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 2816: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2546: 2544: 2542: 1678:(355), China (252), Russia (250), the 357:, built by Sven Alexander Almqvist in 189:. Tankers move approximately 2.0 40: 30:"Supertanker" redirects here. For the 5799:Tanker Market Outlook for 2020 – 2021 5411:. Lavenham, Suffolk: Terence Dalton. 5407:Sawyer, L.A.; Mitchell, W.O. (1987). 3371:Evangelista, Joe, ed. (Winter 2002). 3303:Evangelista, Joe, ed. (Winter 2002). 3247: 3245: 3013:Bellamy, Martin (2022). "Editorial". 2095:On most crude-oil tankers, a special 1749:. In 2004 and 2005, 7.8 million 1435:30 largest tanker operators (in 2008) 296:Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company 7: 6855: 4738:"Cumulative Spill Data and Graphics" 4489:. United States Navy. Archived from 2341:spill, the United States passed the 2024:Prior to any transfer of cargo, the 353:The first successful oil tanker was 200:) of oil every year. Second only to 5054:(3). Taylor & Francis: 231–48. 4777:"Oil Tanker Spill Information Pack" 4026: 3899:. International Labour Organization 3693: 1023:for tankers under 25,000 tons 1017:London Tanker Brokers' Panel (LTBP) 648:Vickers Armstrongs Shipbuilders Ltd 5780:Winchester, Clarence, ed. (1937), 5539:Merchant Marine Officers' Handbook 5501:"4: The World's First Oil Tankers" 5281:. Marine Log. 2008. Archived from 3919:"3: The London Tonnage Convention" 3816:Central Intelligence Agency, 2007. 377:of 8.2 metres (27 ft), and a 25: 6251:International Chamber of Shipping 6099:Anchor handling tug supply vessel 5104:American Merchant Seaman's Manual 4894:Environmental Health Perspectives 1926:In 1998, the Marine Board of the 1586:China Shipping Development Tanker 962:ULCC (Ultra Large Crude Carrier) 294:(Fatherland), which was built by 5893: 5775:Oil Tanker – Cleaning operations 5321:"World Merchant Fleet 2001–2005" 5027:. Tavernier, FL: The CTX Press. 3202:. Wärtsilä. 2008. Archived from 2419: 2384: 2362: 2293:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 2226:One of the more famous OBOs was 2101:automated tank cleaning machines 1170: 942:VLCC (Very Large Crude Carrier) 174:from its point of extraction to 44: 5782:"Development of the oil tanker" 5453:Singh, Baljit (July 11, 1999). 5140:Hendrick, Burton Jesse (2007). 4969:Her Majesty's Stationery Office 4682:Journal of Petroleum Technology 715:Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. 5526:Standard for Inert Gas Systems 5146:. Vol. II. BiblioBazaar. 5086:Evangelista, Joe, ed. (2002). 5048:Maritime Policy and Management 4456:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14-13. 4447:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14-12. 4425:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14-10. 4256:Turpin and McEwin, 1980:16–42. 4247:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14–11. 3669:. Platou: 9–13. Archived from 3661:Bakkelund, Jørn (March 2008). 3120:. Lloyd's List. Archived from 1889:Architecture of the oil tanker 1609:in 1970 to 960.0 million 323:(short for Brothers Nobel) in 1: 6491:Length between perpendiculars 6396:List of natural gas pipelines 6391:Black powder in gas pipelines 5786:Shipping Wonders of the World 4940:. Skyhorse Publishing. 2007. 4416:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14-9. 4402:Turpin and McEven, 1980:8–30. 4388:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14-8. 4354:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14-7. 4332:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14-6. 4302:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14-1. 4079:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14–4. 4063:Turpin and McEven, 1980:8–25. 4005:GFI Securities (2010-06-30). 3897:Sectoral Activities Programme 3413:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14-3. 3031:10.1080/00253359.2022.2117453 3023:Society for Nautical Research 2777:Turpin and McEven, 1980:8–24. 2550:Hayler and Keever, 2003:14-2. 1551:Shipping Corporation of India 1541:Novorossiysk Shipping Company 487:was lost in 1893 after being 99: 6425:Intermodal freight transport 5587:, p. B7, April 15, 2013 5558:Review of Maritime Transport 4718:Panetta, LE (Chair) (2003), 4233:Devanney, 2006, pp. 381–383. 3463:Rogers, Simon (2010-06-09). 3441:. 1958-12-15. Archived from 2988:. 1957-10-14. Archived from 2957:. 1958-12-15. Archived from 1928:National Academy of Sciences 1662:(DWT) or greater worldwide. 1288:East Coast of North America 1040:New York Mercantile Exchange 559:With facilities prepared in 6676:Twenty-foot equivalent unit 4896:, Environ Health Prospect, 4174:Marine Board, 1998, p. 261. 4152:Marine Board, 1998, p. 260. 3305:"Scaling the Tanker Market" 3104:. Miramar Ship Index. 2016. 1841:, and 250,000–280,000 1656:Central Intelligence Agency 1351:East Coast of North America 970: 964: 950: 944: 936: 928: 914: 906: 898: 890: 876: 868: 681:. The ship was launched at 538:in northern England. Named 27:Ship that carries petroleum 6915: 6623:Thames measurement tonnage 5455:"The world's biggest ship" 5426:Spyrou, Andrew G. (2011). 4596:Tarman and Heitmann, 2008. 4215:(4), Isope, archived from 4188:Marine Board, 1998, p. 262 4112:, NAP, 1998, p. 259, 4094:Environmental News Service 2472:Marine transfer operations 2284: 2248: 2192: 2146: 1886: 1521:Dynacom Tankers Management 1465:Overseas Shipholding Group 1418:Overseas Shipholding Group 1204: 1119: 1042:started trading crude oil 821:Oil tanker size categories 786:Overseas Shipholding Group 536:William Gray & Company 479:along with several of her 234: 50:The commercial oil tanker 29: 6697:Builder's Old Measurement 6597:Compensated gross tonnage 6543:Load line (Plimsoll Line) 5891: 5725:, March 1930, pp. 370–374 5677:Sullivan, George (1978). 5656:Stopford, Martin (1997). 5623:. New York: Lyons Press. 5617:Woodman, Richard (1998). 5532:. Transport Canada. 1984. 4742:United States Coast Guard 4293:Transport Canada, 1985:9. 4277:Transport Canada, 1985:5. 4268:Transport Canada, 1985:4. 3926:Tonnage Measurement Study 3800:ICFTU et al., 2002, p. 7. 3663:"The Shipbuilding Market" 2596:Maritime Heritage Program 2343:Oil Pollution Act of 1990 2328:United States Coast Guard 1883:Current structural design 1501:Vela International Marine 1475:Tanker Pacific Management 1345: 1179:This section needs to be 1136:contract of affreightment 956: 953: 920: 917: 882: 879: 831: 826: 449:grounded in heavy fog at 237:History of the oil tanker 106: 59: 43: 5499:Tolf, Robert W. (1976). 5481:Educational Case Studies 5298:"Process: Tank Cleaning" 5226:Greenpeace International 4973:National Maritime Museum 4479:Military Sealift Command 3891:Bailey, Paul J. (2000). 2522:United States Navy oiler 2020:Pre-transfer preparation 1876:, a 159,899 DWT tanker. 1726:, and 20.8 million 1666:was the world's largest 638:and 47,500 LT 361:, which carried its 246 271:Titusville, Pennsylvania 6773:Metacentric height (GM) 6496:Length at the waterline 6078:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) 5977:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) 5683:. New York: Dodd Mead. 5662:. New York: Routledge. 5609:Encyclopædia Britannica 5585:The Wall Street Journal 5399:Encyclopædia Britannica 5365:"OSG Enters FSO Market" 5304:. Department of Labor, 5106:. Cornell Maritime Pr. 5060:10.1080/030888399286862 5018:Devanney, Jack (2006). 4936:CIA World Factbook 2008 4722:, Pew Oceans Commission 4656:Fred. Olsen Productions 3713:(iPaper). Platou: 6–17. 3596:Huber 2001, pp. 225–26. 3566:Huber 2001, pp. 227–28. 3543:Huber 2001, pp. 212–13. 2900:Huber, 2001, fig. 1-16. 2598:. National Park Service 2590:Delgado, James (1988). 2467:List of Type T2 tankers 2219:it would have to make. 2134:Special-use oil tankers 1511:Hyundai Merchant Marine 1460:MOL Tankship Management 1414:MOL Tankship Management 1007:, two bunkering tankers 866:General Purpose tanker 263:Pennsylvania oil fields 219:and permanently moored 107:General characteristics 6639:Gross register tonnage 6119:Platform supply vessel 5932:Coastal trading vessel 5042:Douet, M (July 1999). 4744:. 2007. Archived from 4658:. 2005. Archived from 4628:Douet, 1999, Abstract. 4512:Department of the Navy 3711:Tanker Shipping Review 3225:"2000's Fleet Renewal" 2853:Woodman, 1975, p. 177. 2680:Vassiliou, MS (2009). 2630:Woodman, 1975, p. 176. 2618:Woodman, 1975, p. 175. 2260: 2245:Floating storage units 2208: 2183:underway replenishment 2178: 2084: 2067: 2046: 2000: 1911: 1837:, 80,000–105,000 1761:and 18.4 million 1707: 1112: 1087: 1008: 993: 706: 646:launched that year by 516: 458: 346: 251: 221:floating storage units 6732:Standard displacement 6680:Intermodal containers 6401:List of LNG terminals 6336:List of oil pipelines 6104:Diving support vessel 5721:"Floating Oil Tanks" 5716:Oil tanker by Picture 4906:10.1289/ehp.116-a475a 3200:"Hellespont Alhambra" 2980:"The Biggest Tankers" 2258: 2202: 2189:Ore-bulk-oil carriers 2156: 2082: 2065: 2044: 1994: 1976:upper flammable limit 1972:lower flammable limit 1909: 1887:Further information: 1818:250,000–280,000 1753:and 5.7 million 1705: 1576:Kuwait Oil Tanker Co. 1428:Fleet characteristics 1346:All product carriers 1122:Chartering (shipping) 1107: 1095:single-point moorings 1080: 1061:ships of the smaller 999: 980: 833:Flexible market scale 767:TI-class supertankers 695: 505:Royal Dutch Petroleum 502: 443: 341: 244: 235:Further information: 217:ore-bulk-oil carriers 211:, a tanker which can 6644:Net register tonnage 6548:Under keel clearance 6109:Emergency tow vessel 5279:Ships of the Century 5121:Huber, Mark (2001). 4967:. The Ship. London: 3971:UNCTAD, 2006, p. 25. 3676:on February 16, 2009 3373:"Shipping Shorthand" 3288:Huber, 2001, p. 211. 3206:on February 22, 2008 3015:The Mariner's Mirror 2377:Prince William Sound 2195:Ore-bulk-oil carrier 1804:80,000–105,000 1692:flags of convenience 1320:Cross-Mediterranean 990:TI-class supertanker 888:Medium Range tanker 477:Standard Oil Company 269:had struck oil near 213:fuel a moving vessel 6889:Scottish inventions 6742:Normal displacement 6727:Loaded displacement 6386:Natural gas storage 6236:Nautical operations 6180:Floating restaurant 5962:Lighter aboard ship 4848:European Parliament 3995:UNCTAD 2006, p. 42. 3983:UNCTAD 2006, p. 41. 3878:UNCTAD 2006, p. 24. 3862:UNCTAD 2006, p. 23. 3853:UNCTAD 2006, p. 20. 3779:UNCTAD 2006, p. 43. 3765:UNCTAD 2006, p. 17. 3747:UNCTAD 2006, p. 18. 3735:UNCTAD 2006, p. 19. 3726:UNCTAD 2006, p. 29. 3651:UNCTAD 2007, p. 63. 3637:UNCTAD 2007, p. 62. 3628:UNCTAD 2007, p. 61. 3578:Huber 2001, p. 228. 3557:Huber 2001, p. 225. 3534:Huber 2001, p. 212. 3520:Huber 2001, p. 213. 3124:on January 22, 2010 2891:Huber, 2001, p. 23. 2686:. Scarecrow Press. 2482:Petroleum transport 2442:replenishment oiler 2149:Replenishment oiler 2143:Replenishment ships 2128:airline respirators 2124:protective clothing 2006:marine loading arms 1997:marine loading arms 1953:hydrostatic balance 1949:Coulombi Egg Tanker 1787:32,000–45,000 1722:, 8.7 million 1485:Nippon Yusen Kaisha 1438: 1252:Persian Gulf–Japan 982:Hellespont Alhambra 926:LR2 (Long Range 2) 904:LR1 (Long Range 1) 823: 778:Hellespont Alhambra 599:The supertanker era 423:free surface effect 209:replenishment oiler 125:up to 550,000 32:aerial firefighting 6737:Light displacement 6671:Deadweight tonnage 6420:Industrial railway 6190:Merchant submarine 5865:Maritime transport 5788:, pp. 711–714 5768:2020-12-16 at the 5659:Maritime economics 5460:The Times of India 5308:(OSHA). 2008-01-30 5005:Miramar Ship Index 4614:Huber, 2001, p. 15 4323:Huber, 2001, p204. 4311:Huber, 2001, p203. 3791:UNCTAD 2006, p. 8. 3756:UNCTAD 2006, p. 5. 3499:. 19 February 2013 3068:Miramar Ship Index 2753:Huber, 2001, p. 5. 2741:Tolf, 1976, p. 58. 2725:Tolf, 1976, p. 55. 2658:Tolf, 1976, p. 54. 2566:UNCTAD 2006, p. 4. 2452:List of oil spills 2261: 2209: 2179: 2085: 2068: 2047: 2001: 1965:hydrocarbon vapors 1912: 1708: 1480:Kristen Navigation 1445:Teekay Corporation 1432: 1398:Teekay Corporation 1353:or Gulf of Mexico 1113: 1088: 1009: 994: 819: 800:size designation. 707: 529:Suez Canal Company 517: 459: 347: 303:Modern oil tankers 252: 196:(2.2 billion 146:, also known as a 6869: 6868: 6830:§ Neopanamax 6811:Handymax/Supramax 6710: 6709: 6652: 6651: 6472:Ship measurements 6438: 6437: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6264: 6263: 5967:Livestock carrier 5870:Freight transport 5723:Popular Mechanics 5439:978-0-595-36068-0 5389:"Petroleum" 5384:Redwood, Boverton 5162:"Market Analysis" 5153:978-1-4346-0691-4 4971:on behalf of the 4947:978-1-60239-080-5 4821:978-0-309-06370-8 4652:"Company Profile" 4127:978-0-309-06370-8 3667:The Platou Report 3433:"Dona's Daughter" 3101:"Previous owners" 2949:"Dona's Daughter" 2867:Marine Log, 2008. 2670:Chisholm, 24:881. 2644:Chisholm, 19:320. 2580:Huber, 2001: 211. 2097:crude oil washing 1831: 1830: 1698:Vessel life cycle 1603: 1602: 1402:A P Moller Maersk 1378: 1377: 1200: 1199: 975: 974: 683:Barrow-in-Furness 658:shipping magnate 609:Cape of Good Hope 554:Royal Dutch Shell 509:Dutch East Indies 154:designed for the 140: 139: 16:(Redirected from 6906: 6661: 6577: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6442: 6376: 6369: 6362: 6291: 6284: 6277: 6268: 6215:Semi-submersible 6200:Pipe-laying ship 5897: 5880:Maritime history 5828: 5821: 5814: 5805: 5789: 5694: 5673: 5652: 5634: 5613: 5601: 5588: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5570: 5563: 5552: 5533: 5531: 5520: 5509:. Hoover Press. 5495: 5493: 5492: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5422: 5403: 5391: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5346:"OSG Fleet List" 5341: 5339: 5338: 5332: 5325: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5236: 5234: 5233: 5211: 5200: 5182: 5180: 5179: 5173: 5166: 5157: 5136: 5117: 5098: 5092: 5082: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5062:. Archived from 5038: 5026: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5002: 4990: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4939: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4788: 4773: 4760: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4734: 4725: 4723: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4694:10.2118/11808-pa 4677: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4667: 4648: 4629: 4626: 4615: 4612: 4597: 4594: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4573: 4567:. Archived from 4552: 4548:"Afloat Support" 4544: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4534: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4457: 4454: 4448: 4445: 4426: 4423: 4417: 4414: 4403: 4400: 4389: 4386: 4355: 4352: 4333: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4312: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4294: 4291: 4278: 4275: 4269: 4266: 4257: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4234: 4231: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4206: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4176: 4171: 4154: 4149: 4132: 4130: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4086: 4080: 4077: 4064: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4014: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3984: 3981: 3972: 3969: 3958: 3957: 3951: 3943: 3941: 3940: 3934: 3923: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3888: 3879: 3876: 3863: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3838: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3801: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3780: 3777: 3766: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3736: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3715: 3714: 3706: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3681: 3675: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3617: 3612: 3597: 3594: 3579: 3576: 3567: 3564: 3558: 3555: 3544: 3541: 3535: 3532: 3521: 3518: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3450: 3426:referred to the 3420: 3414: 3411: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3394: 3388: 3377: 3368: 3362: 3352: 3346: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3326: 3320: 3309: 3300: 3289: 3286: 3277: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3249: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3236: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3211: 3196: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3183: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3158: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3129: 3113: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3074: 3065: 3054: 3043: 3042: 3010: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2997: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2966: 2945: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2907: 2901: 2898: 2892: 2889: 2868: 2865: 2854: 2851: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2754: 2751: 2742: 2739: 2726: 2723: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2700: 2677: 2671: 2668: 2659: 2656: 2645: 2642: 2631: 2628: 2619: 2616: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2603: 2587: 2581: 2578: 2567: 2564: 2551: 2548: 2447:Hydraulic tanker 2429: 2427:Transport portal 2424: 2423: 2388: 2366: 2233:of 180,000 2203:The OBO-carrier 1987:Cargo operations 1959:Inert gas system 1773: 1680:Marshall Islands 1566:Chevron Shipping 1439: 1202: 1195: 1192: 1186: 1174: 1173: 1166: 1132:bareboat charter 971:320,000–550,000 965:320,000–549,999 951:200,000–320,000 945:160,000–319,999 937:120,000–200,000 824: 806: 667:Daniel K. Ludwig 660:Stavros Niarchos 461:Others point to 451:Blue Point Beach 148:petroleum tanker 101: 48: 41: 21: 6914: 6913: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6874: 6873: 6870: 6865: 6777: 6746: 6706: 6685: 6648: 6627: 6606: 6568: 6552: 6516: 6500: 6474: 6469: 6439: 6434: 6405: 6340: 6302: 6295: 6265: 6260: 6224: 6205:Research vessel 6195:Narco-submarine 6143: 6087: 6029: 6015:Hydrogen tanker 6000:Chemical tanker 5986: 5947:Heavy-lift ship 5898: 5889: 5875:Merchant marine 5838: 5832: 5779: 5770:Wayback Machine 5701: 5691: 5676: 5670: 5655: 5644: 5641: 5639:Further reading 5631: 5616: 5592: 5582: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5536: 5529: 5523: 5517: 5498: 5490: 5488: 5474: 5466: 5464: 5463:. Tribune India 5452: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5425: 5419: 5406: 5382: 5374: 5372: 5363: 5355: 5353: 5344: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5323: 5319: 5311: 5309: 5296: 5288: 5286: 5273: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5239: 5231: 5229: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5185: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5139: 5133: 5120: 5114: 5101: 5090: 5085: 5077: 5069: 5067: 5041: 5035: 5024: 5017: 5009: 5007: 4993: 4987: 4960: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4932: 4929: 4924: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4877: 4875: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4852: 4850: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4800: 4799: 4795: 4786: 4784: 4775: 4774: 4763: 4751: 4749: 4736: 4735: 4728: 4717: 4716: 4709: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4665: 4663: 4650: 4649: 4632: 4627: 4618: 4613: 4600: 4595: 4586: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4565: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4496: 4494: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4406: 4401: 4392: 4387: 4358: 4353: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4260: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4219: 4204: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4157: 4150: 4135: 4128: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4049: 4047: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4012: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3987: 3982: 3975: 3970: 3961: 3944: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3921: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3902: 3900: 3890: 3889: 3882: 3877: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3845: 3836: 3834: 3827:"FOC Countries" 3825: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3783: 3778: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3718: 3708: 3707: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3620: 3613: 3600: 3595: 3582: 3577: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3524: 3519: 3512: 3502: 3500: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3448: 3446: 3445:on May 31, 2008 3431: 3428:Universe Apollo 3421: 3417: 3412: 3401: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3375: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3353: 3349: 3337: 3333: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3307: 3302: 3301: 3292: 3287: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3262: 3260: 3251: 3250: 3243: 3234: 3232: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3209: 3207: 3198: 3197: 3190: 3181: 3179: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3156: 3154: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3127: 3125: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3081: 3072: 3070: 3056: 3055: 3046: 3012: 3011: 3004: 2995: 2993: 2992:on May 21, 2008 2978: 2977: 2973: 2964: 2962: 2961:on May 31, 2008 2947: 2946: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2917: 2915: 2914:. Ship spotting 2909: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2871: 2866: 2857: 2852: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2801: 2799: 2798:on 14 June 2012 2786: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2757: 2752: 2745: 2740: 2729: 2724: 2707: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2662: 2657: 2648: 2643: 2634: 2629: 2622: 2617: 2610: 2601: 2599: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2570: 2565: 2554: 2549: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2477:Merchant vessel 2462:List of tankers 2425: 2418: 2415: 2399: 2392: 2389: 2380: 2367: 2289: 2283: 2253: 2247: 2217:ballast voyages 2197: 2191: 2151: 2145: 2136: 2120:confined spaces 2117: 2077: 2060: 2058:Unloading cargo 2039: 2022: 1989: 1961: 1945:mid-deck tanker 1904: 1891: 1885: 1771: 1700: 1648: 1619: 1437: 1430: 1352: 1350: 1287: 1285: 1213: 1196: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1175: 1171: 1164: 1124: 1118: 1075: 1021:General Purpose 929:80,000–159,999 915:80,000–120,000 860: 855: 822: 817: 815:Size categories 804: 782:Hellespont Tara 734:English Channel 679:British Admiral 675:Universe Leader 671:Universe Apollo 644:Spyros Niarchos 601: 497: 411:Mariinsk Canals 359:Motala Verkstad 305: 284: 239: 233: 168:product tankers 55: 39: 36:747 Supertanker 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6912: 6910: 6902: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6876: 6875: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6837: 6832: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6787: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6758:Inclining test 6754: 6752: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6718: 6716: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6702:Moorsom System 6699: 6693: 6691: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6683: 6673: 6667: 6665: 6658: 6654: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6583: 6581: 6574: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6508: 6506: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6486:Length overall 6482: 6480: 6476: 6475: 6470: 6468: 6467: 6460: 6453: 6445: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6416: 6414: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6378:Gas separation 6374: 6367: 6364:Regasification 6354: 6352: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6312: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6271: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6175:Fishing vessel 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6039: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5996: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5957:Lake freighter 5954: 5949: 5944: 5942:Container ship 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5908: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5839: 5836:merchant ships 5833: 5831: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5777: 5772: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5744: 5736: 5728: 5718: 5713: 5710:ship-photos.de 5707: 5700: 5699:External links 5697: 5696: 5695: 5689: 5674: 5668: 5653: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5629: 5614: 5604:Chisholm, Hugh 5590: 5580: 5553: 5547: 5534: 5521: 5515: 5496: 5472: 5450: 5438: 5423: 5417: 5404: 5394:Chisholm, Hugh 5380: 5361: 5342: 5317: 5294: 5271: 5259: 5237: 5201: 5195: 5183: 5158: 5152: 5137: 5131: 5118: 5112: 5099: 5083: 5075: 5039: 5033: 5015: 4991: 4985: 4958: 4946: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4884: 4859: 4833: 4820: 4793: 4761: 4726: 4707: 4688:(4): 695–700. 4672: 4630: 4616: 4598: 4584: 4563: 4539: 4526: 4503: 4481:(April 2008). 4470: 4458: 4449: 4427: 4418: 4404: 4390: 4356: 4334: 4325: 4313: 4304: 4295: 4279: 4270: 4258: 4249: 4235: 4226: 4192: 4177: 4155: 4133: 4126: 4099: 4081: 4065: 4056: 4044:SeaNews Turkey 4031: 4019: 3997: 3985: 3973: 3959: 3909: 3880: 3864: 3855: 3843: 3818: 3802: 3793: 3781: 3767: 3758: 3749: 3737: 3728: 3716: 3698: 3686: 3653: 3639: 3630: 3618: 3598: 3580: 3568: 3559: 3545: 3536: 3522: 3510: 3484: 3455: 3415: 3399: 3363: 3347: 3331: 3290: 3278: 3269: 3241: 3216: 3188: 3163: 3147:Press Releases 3134: 3108: 3091: 3079: 3044: 3002: 2971: 2937: 2925: 2910:Meare, David. 2902: 2893: 2869: 2855: 2821: 2809: 2779: 2755: 2743: 2727: 2705: 2692: 2672: 2660: 2646: 2632: 2620: 2608: 2582: 2568: 2552: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2487:Slosh dynamics 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2432: 2431: 2430: 2414: 2411: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2393: 2390: 2383: 2381: 2368: 2361: 2337:Following the 2314:, about 1,000 2285:Main article: 2282: 2279: 2249:Main article: 2246: 2243: 2193:Main article: 2190: 2187: 2147:Main article: 2144: 2141: 2135: 2132: 2115: 2076: 2073: 2059: 2056: 2038: 2035: 2021: 2018: 1988: 1985: 1960: 1957: 1903: 1900: 1884: 1881: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1791: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1770: 1769:Vessel pricing 1767: 1699: 1696: 1682:(234) and the 1647: 1644: 1618: 1617:Cargo movement 1615: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1596:Minerva Marine 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1526:Maersk Tankers 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1208: 1198: 1197: 1178: 1176: 1169: 1163: 1162:Recent markets 1160: 1120:Main article: 1117: 1114: 1074: 1071: 973: 972: 969: 966: 963: 959: 958: 955: 952: 949: 946: 943: 939: 938: 935: 930: 927: 923: 922: 919: 916: 913: 908: 907:45,000–79,999 905: 901: 900: 899:60,000–80,000 897: 892: 891:25,000–44,999 889: 885: 884: 881: 878: 877:10,000–60,000 875: 873:Product tanker 870: 869:10,000–24,999 867: 863: 862: 857: 852: 849: 846: 840: 836: 835: 830: 820: 816: 813: 729:length overall 629:oil refineries 600: 597: 496: 493: 393:by way of the 335:in the world. 315:, brothers of 304: 301: 283: 280: 261:In the 1860s, 247:Falls of Clyde 232: 229: 215:. Combination 156:bulk transport 138: 137: 134: 130: 129: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 104: 103: 97: 93: 92: 74: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 60:Class overview 57: 56: 49: 34:aircraft, see 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6911: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6872: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6856:VLCC and ULCC 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6780: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6768:Angle of loll 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6749: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6713: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6688: 6681: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6655: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6609: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6592:Gross tonnage 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6533:Moulded depth 6531: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6466: 6461: 6459: 6454: 6452: 6447: 6446: 6443: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6300: 6297:Transport of 6292: 6287: 6285: 6280: 6278: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6246:Admiralty law 6244: 6242: 6241:Affreightment 6239: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5896: 5886: 5885:Shipping line 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5829: 5824: 5822: 5817: 5815: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5730:Bill Willis. 5729: 5726: 5724: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5690:0-396-07527-4 5686: 5682: 5681: 5675: 5671: 5669:0-415-15309-3 5665: 5661: 5660: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5648:Ships Monthly 5643: 5642: 5638: 5632: 5630:1-55821-681-2 5626: 5622: 5621: 5615: 5611: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5594:Watts, Philip 5591: 5586: 5581: 5571:on 2011-07-28 5567: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5550: 5548:0-87033-056-X 5544: 5540: 5535: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5518: 5516:0-8179-6581-5 5512: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5487:on 2008-04-02 5486: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5441: 5435: 5432:. iUniverse. 5431: 5430: 5424: 5420: 5418:0-86138-055-X 5414: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5371:on 2016-01-23 5370: 5366: 5362: 5352:on 2008-12-09 5351: 5347: 5343: 5333:on 2007-02-21 5329: 5322: 5318: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5285:on 2008-05-05 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5262: 5260:0-309-06370-1 5256: 5252: 5251:10.17226/5798 5248: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5208: 5207: 5202: 5198: 5196:1-85609-081-7 5192: 5188: 5184: 5174:on 2005-12-08 5170: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5145: 5144: 5138: 5134: 5132:0-87033-528-6 5128: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5113:0-87033-549-9 5109: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5066:on 2008-06-11 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5040: 5036: 5034:0-9776479-0-0 5030: 5023: 5022: 5016: 5006: 5001: 4999: 4992: 4988: 4986:0-11-290320-7 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4959: 4949: 4943: 4938: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4885: 4874:on 2006-09-25 4873: 4869: 4863: 4860: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4837: 4834: 4823: 4817: 4813: 4812:10.17226/5798 4809: 4805: 4804: 4797: 4794: 4783:on 2020-12-16 4782: 4778: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4748:on 2007-06-11 4747: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4676: 4673: 4662:on 2008-10-18 4661: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4574:on 2016-01-23 4570: 4566: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4543: 4540: 4529: 4527:0-16-002030-1 4523: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4507: 4504: 4493:on 2013-05-16 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4471: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4450: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4419: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4320: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4305: 4299: 4296: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4271: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4222:on 2008-10-29 4218: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4175: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4123: 4119: 4118:10.17226/5798 4115: 4111: 4110: 4103: 4100: 4096:. 2003-12-05. 4095: 4091: 4085: 4082: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4057: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4020: 4008: 4001: 3998: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3949: 3935:on 2007-03-30 3931: 3927: 3920: 3913: 3910: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3833:on 2010-07-18 3832: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3794: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3696:, p. B7. 3695: 3690: 3687: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3459: 3456: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3422:For example, 3419: 3416: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3389:on 2007-09-30 3385: 3381: 3374: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3321:on 2007-09-30 3317: 3313: 3306: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3259:on 2010-09-03 3258: 3254: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3230: 3229:Group History 3226: 3220: 3217: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3178:on 2015-06-20 3177: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3153:on 2016-01-23 3152: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3109: 3102: 3095: 3092: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2935:, p. 25. 2934: 2929: 2926: 2913: 2906: 2903: 2897: 2894: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2810: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2780: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2695: 2693:9780810862883 2689: 2685: 2684: 2676: 2673: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2597: 2593: 2586: 2583: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2428: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2397:Air pollution 2396: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2372: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2329: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2307: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2288: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2257: 2252: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2231: 2224: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2176: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2155: 2150: 2142: 2140: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2081: 2075:Tank cleaning 2074: 2072: 2064: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2043: 2037:Loading cargo 2036: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2026:chief officer 2019: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 1998: 1993: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1966: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1917:double hulled 1908: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1704: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1623: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1284:West Africa – 1283: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1194: 1182: 1177: 1168: 1167: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128:charter party 1123: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1073:VLCC and ULCC 1072: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1058: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1006: 1002: 998: 991: 987: 983: 979: 967: 961: 960: 947: 941: 940: 934: 931: 925: 924: 912: 909: 903: 902: 896: 893: 887: 886: 874: 871: 865: 864: 858: 853: 850: 847: 845: 841: 838: 837: 834: 829: 825: 814: 812: 811:at the pump. 810: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 768: 763: 761: 757: 753: 750:in 1991, and 749: 745: 741: 740:Seawise Giant 737: 735: 730: 726: 722: 721: 720:Seawise Giant 716: 712: 704: 703:Seawise Giant 700: 699: 694: 690: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 598: 596: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 557: 555: 551: 547: 543: 542: 537: 532: 530: 526: 525:Marcus Samuel 522: 514: 510: 506: 501: 494: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 465: 456: 452: 448: 447: 442: 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 351: 344: 340: 336: 334: 333:oil companies 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 302: 300: 297: 293: 289: 282:Early designs 281: 279: 276: 272: 268: 264: 259: 257: 249: 248: 243: 238: 230: 228: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 205: 203: 199: 195: 192: 188: 184: 179: 177: 173: 169: 165: 164:crude tankers 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 135: 132: 131: 128: 124: 121: 120: 117: 114: 111: 110: 105: 98: 95: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 75: 72: 71: 67: 64: 63: 58: 53: 47: 42: 37: 33: 19: 6871: 6722:Displacement 6371:Liquefaction 6321:Oil terminal 6315: 6160:Crane vessel 6024: 5952:Hopper barge 5917:Bulk carrier 5794:Tanker ships 5785: 5738: 5733:Supertankers 5731: 5722: 5679: 5658: 5646: 5619: 5607: 5599:"Ship" 5584: 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Retrieved 2595: 2585: 2517:Type C3 ship 2512:Type C2 ship 2507:Type C1 ship 2436: 2400: 2371:Exxon Valdez 2370: 2352: 2347: 2339:Exxon Valdez 2338: 2336: 2332: 2325: 2306:Exxon Valdez 2305: 2301: 2290: 2272: 2269:Shell España 2266: 2262: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2213:bulk cargoes 2210: 2204: 2180: 2173: 2166: 2159: 2137: 2111: 2107: 2105: 2094: 2089: 2086: 2069: 2052: 2048: 2031: 2023: 2002: 1981: 1969: 1962: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1913: 1902:Hull designs 1896: 1892: 1878: 1873: 1847: 1832: 1732: 1709: 1649: 1640: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1604: 1496:Tsakos Group 1434: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383:Persian Gulf 1379: 1286:Caribbean or 1205: 1188: 1180: 1156: 1147:freight rate 1144: 1125: 1108: 1092: 1089: 1081: 1059: 1052: 1037: 1032: 1029:Medium Range 1028: 1020: 1016: 1010: 1004: 1000: 985: 981: 851:Size in DWT 832: 827: 802: 797: 781: 777: 773: 769: 764: 755: 751: 748:Jahre Viking 747: 743: 742:was renamed 739: 738: 718: 713:shipyard by 708: 702: 696: 687:Elizabeth II 678: 674: 670: 664: 643: 633: 602: 588: 558: 549: 545: 540: 533: 518: 507:dock in the 484: 481:sister ships 473:ballast tank 463: 460: 445: 434: 430: 426: 419: 382: 354: 352: 348: 342: 317:Alfred Nobel 313:Robert Nobel 306: 291: 285: 260: 253: 246: 206: 180: 167: 163: 147: 143: 141: 102:1963–present 54:, in ballast 51: 6884:Oil tankers 6842:(Qatar-max) 6611:Specialized 6602:Net tonnage 6358:LNG carrier 6299:hydrocarbon 6155:Cable layer 6148:Other types 6129:Salvage tug 6083:Train ferry 6073:Ocean liner 6058:Cruiseferry 6053:Cruise ship 6048:Cargo liner 6043:Cable ferry 6020:LNG carrier 6010:Gas carrier 5982:Train ferry 5972:Reefer ship 4998:Knock Nevis 4975:. pp. 4487:Fact Sheets 3503:19 February 3061:Knock Nevis 2817:Spyrou 2011 2351:(1999) and 2274:Knock Nevis 1874:Knock Sheen 1646:Flag states 1591:SK Shipping 1581:Titan Ocean 1571:COSCO Group 1531:BP Shipping 1516:BW Shipping 1491:MISC Berhad 1349:Caribbean – 1083:Knock Nevis 752:Knock Nevis 744:Happy Giant 698:Knock Nevis 685:in 1965 by 625:Middle East 605:Suez Crisis 495:Asian trade 455:Fire Island 415:Volga River 399:Lake Ladoga 363:metric tons 267:Edwin Drake 256:James Young 194:metric tons 18:Oil tankers 6894:Ship types 6878:Categories 6821:Malaccamax 6331:Tank truck 6316:Oil tanker 6185:Icebreaker 6068:Narrowboat 6025:Oil tanker 5927:Chain boat 5855:Cargo ship 5740:Intertanko 5575:2008-04-13 5491:2008-04-07 5467:2008-04-07 5445:2013-02-07 5375:2008-04-08 5356:2008-04-08 5337:2007-03-17 5312:2008-04-08 5289:2008-04-08 5266:2007-04-10 5232:2010-06-12 5178:2008-04-26 5070:2008-04-07 5010:2016-05-17 5000:(7381154)" 4953:2008-02-22 4878:2008-10-08 4853:2008-02-22 4827:2012-06-22 4787:2008-10-08 4752:2008-04-10 4666:2008-10-08 4578:2013-08-01 4533:2008-02-23 4497:2008-04-08 4050:2013-04-21 4013:2011-03-04 3939:2007-05-29 3903:2007-05-29 3837:2010-07-02 3680:2008-10-21 3449:2008-04-08 3393:2008-02-27 3325:2008-02-27 3263:2008-04-08 3235:2008-04-08 3210:2008-04-08 3182:2008-04-08 3157:2008-04-08 3128:2010-01-08 3073:2016-05-17 3063:(7381154)" 2996:2008-04-08 2965:2008-04-08 2788:"Gluckauf" 2699:2013-02-07 2602:2008-02-24 2529:References 2407:bunker oil 2405:, such as 2316:sea otters 2230:Derbyshire 2167:Kitty Hawk 2158:HMAS 2014:lightering 1747:Chittagong 1668:flag state 1660:deadweight 1652:flag state 1556:Thenamaris 1536:Sovcomflot 1191:April 2020 1151:Worldscale 1116:Chartering 1099:lightering 1033:Long Range 1025:deadweight 1005:Florence B 988:), a ULCC 828:AFRA Scale 774:TI Oceania 593:Suez Canal 521:Suez Canal 469:cofferdams 403:Lake Onega 395:Baltic Sea 329:Azerbaijan 319:, founded 288:River Tyne 275:Break-bulk 225:oil spills 198:short tons 183:deadweight 176:refineries 144:oil tanker 73:Subclasses 68:Oil tanker 6846:Seawaymax 6816:Handysize 6751:Stability 6580:Worldwide 6564:Air draft 6538:Freeboard 6210:Riverboat 6170:Drillship 6035:Passenger 5922:Car float 5904:Dry cargo 5843:Overviews 3948:cite book 3039:253161552 2502:T3 Tanker 2497:T2 tanker 2492:T1 tanker 2403:fuel oils 2287:Oil spill 2281:Pollution 2172:USS 2165:USS 2112:gas freed 1943:like the 1735:scrapping 1676:Singapore 1455:Frontline 1410:Frontline 1374:$ 21,000 1371:$ 12,000 1368:$ 11,000 1365:$ 11,000 1362:$ 21,400 1359:$ 25,240 1356:$ 24,550 1341:$ 37,000 1338:$ 25,000 1335:$ 15,000 1332:$ 20,000 1329:$ 31,750 1326:$ 39,000 1323:$ 43,915 1309:$ 46,000 1306:$ 28,000 1303:$ 18,000 1300:$ 31,000 1297:$ 46,000 1294:$ 47,500 1291:$ 64,800 1273:$ 57,000 1270:$ 28,000 1267:$ 20,000 1264:$ 38,000 1261:$ 51,550 1258:$ 59,070 1255:$ 95,250 1013:Shell Oil 1011:In 1954, 1001:Tatiana B 770:TI Europe 746:in 1989, 613:T2 tanker 577:Hong Kong 565:Singapore 556:company. 513:Indonesia 383:Zoroaster 367:long tons 355:Zoroaster 343:Zoroaster 292:Vaderland 202:pipelines 172:crude oil 116:Tank ship 77:Handysize 6861:Yamalmax 6806:Chinamax 6801:Capesize 6796:Baltimax 6657:Capacity 6326:Tank car 6220:Snagboat 6114:Fireboat 5766:Archived 5596:(1911). 5386:(1911). 5095:Surveyor 4514:(1959). 4027:WSJ 2013 3694:WSJ 2013 3477:7 August 3473:. 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