Hudson Volcano - Knowledge (XXG)

981:. Such tephra layers can be used to compare the timing of events across wide regions. Tephra particles from Hudson have varying shapes and colours, but similar compositions. The closest tephra record to Hudson is the Laguna Miranda record 50 kilometres (30 mi) away, which shows on average one tephra layer every 225 years although it only records eruptions that distributed ash in the direction of the lake. Several Hudson tephra layers from Juncal Alto 92 kilometres (57 mi) have been named T1 through T9, and another set from lakes in the 148: 539: 47: 1551: 141: 1627:. The ash fall buried vegetation and roads and caused house roofs to collapse. Animals saw their pastures buried and food contaminated by ash, their wools weighed down, and people reported problems with breathing and eyesight owing to the irritating ash. Ailments caused by the ash and preceding harsh winter killed about half of all grazing animals in the directly affected areas such as Argentina's 801:, with mean annual temperatures of 8 to 10 °C (46 to 50 °F). Precipitation at the coast reaches 3,000 millimetres (10 ft) per year, increasing to 10,000 millimetres (30 ft) in the Andes and declining to 800 millimetres (31 in) in the eastern valleys. Precipitation is brought by westerly winds and enhanced on the western slopes of the Andes by 1770:

Other high-risk areas are the northern, southwestern and southeastern slopes of the volcano. Medium hazards occur in the rest of the valleys around Hudson Volcano, with low hazard areas in the more distant valleys east of the volcano. As of 2023, the municipal planning of the municipalities on the Chilean side close to the volcano largely ignores volcanic hazards.

6853: 465:, and has an eroded appearance, with steep valleys cutting as much as 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) into the outer reaches of the volcano. The total volume of the volcano is about 147 cubic kilometres (35 cu mi), larger than other SVZ volcanoes, and it covers an area of about 300 square kilometres (120 sq mi). 1361:

layers have been attributed to two eruptions in 11,910 and 9,960 years before present. These are isolated occurrences, indicating that they are not the products of very intense eruptions that would be expected to leave widespread deposits. Westward spread of Hudson tephras was more common in the earliest Holocene, when the

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commenced on August 8 at 18:20 in the northwestern sector of the caldera. The phreatomagmatic phase formed a 4-kilometre-long (2.5 mi) fissure and a 400-metre-wide (1,300 ft) crater. On August 12, a Plinian eruption formed an 800-metre-wide (2,600 ft) crater in the southwestern sector.

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took place at that time. The melting of the ice would have depressurized the buried magma systems, thus enhancing volcanic activity immediately after deglaciation. After deglaciation was complete, the volumes of the intense Hudson eruptions decreased. On the other hand, glaciation has removed most of

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activity, the latter lasting for a few days. The eruption began on October 26 and ended on November 1. Three vents formed in the southern sector of the caldera. Ash columns rose to almost 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) altitude. Lahars ran along several valleys surrounding the volcano, probably caused by

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The tephra was emplaced northeastward. Its thickness exceeded 50 centimetres (20 in) up to present-day Coihaique and the border with Argentina. Tephra from the H0 eruption has been found in Lago Churasco, Lago Élida, Lago Mellizas, Lago Quijada, Lago Toro, Lago Shaman and Lago Unco northeast of

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probably associated with the formation of the caldera occurs all around Hudson. A Holocene lava flow extends along the Huemules valley and is 1 to 5 metres (3 to 16 ft) thick. The flow may be either 1,000 or 13,000 years old; it was possibly the product of multiple eruptions. The volcanic cones

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outside of the caldera, especially in the Sorpresa Sur valley. There are two cones northeast of the caldera and one in the far southwest. The landscape of the Andes around Hudson is formed by numerous mountains (including the Cerros Hudson 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) south of the volcano) with deep,

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On the morning of 12 August 1971, tremors heralded the onset of a new eruption. It lasted for three days and reached a volcanic explosivity index of 3 to 4, smaller than the 1991 eruption. An eruption column rose 5 to 12 kilometres (3 to 7 mi) above the volcano and deposited tephra to the east

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within the caldera. A 4-kilometre-long (2.5 mi) lava flow was emplaced on the caldera ice and flowed down the Huemules River. Part of the ice cap melted. A lahar with a volume of about 0.04 to 0.045 cubic kilometres (0.0096 to 0.0108 cu mi) ran for 40 kilometres (25 mi) down the

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exceeding 55 kilometres (34 mi) height or to strong winds. Similar to the 1991 eruption, the H1 eruption would have buried food and water resources and caused various health ailments. This would have caused a collapse of the terrestrial ecosystems in Patagonia, possibly causing a lasting shift

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of Antarctica have been attributed to Hudson, but for the older eruption there is no evidence in South America of an appropriately sized event. The Las Guanacas cave 100 kilometres (62 mi) southeast of Hudson preserves ash from Hudson more than 10,000 years old. On the Taitao Peninsula, tephra

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cut through the downgoing plate, one of which (either the Taitao or the Darwin fracture zone) may project under Hudson. South of the volcano, the Tres Montes Fracture Zone forms the northern boundary of the slab window. The subducted plate is still young and hot. The position of Hudson just east of

514:. During eruptions, pyroclastic material and lava can melt the ice. Other glaciers emanating from the ice cap are the Desplayado, Bayo, Ibáñez, El Frio, Sorpresa Sur and Sorpresa Norte glaciers. They were up to 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long in 1974 but have retreated since then. Together with the 1579:

and magma mixing. Initially, basaltic magma rose in the edifice and entered a trachyandesitic reservoir at 2 to 3 kilometres (1.2 to 1.9 mi) depth, until the stresses opened up another pathway along local-scale fractures. This formed the northwestern vent and associated lava flows. Later, the

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published a volcano hazard map in 2014, which shows areas threatened by lahars, lava flows, pyroclastic fall, pyroclastic flows, tephra fallout and volcanic bombs. According to the map, the highest hazards exist in the Huemules and Sorpresas valleys, in the caldera and its immediate surroundings.

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Between 1991 and 2008, uplift took place at the volcano. Initially at a pace of 5 centimetres per year (2 in/year), after 2004 it decreased to a rate of 2 centimetres per year (0.8 in/year). The uplift was probably caused by the entry of new magma in Hudson's plumbing system. Presently,

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wiped out. After the eruption, activities at the Túnel 1 archaeological site changed from a terrestrial lifestyle to one that relied on coastal food sources which were less vulnerable to volcanic impacts. A hypothesis claim that the island may have been resettled over a millennium later by people

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There are reports of historical eruptions in the late 19th century, but only an 1891 eruption can be attributed to Hudson. There are single reports of eruptions in 1930 and 1965. A crater in the centre-western sector of the caldera may have been active around 1973. A lahar in that year killed a

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The green-brown tephra deposits in Tierra del Fuego were produced by this eruption. On Tierra del Fuego, the H1 tephra covers an area exceeding 40,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi). Thicknesses reach 4 to 20 centimetres (2 to 8 in), thicker than deposits closer to the volcano.

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The 1991 eruption has drawn attention to hazards stemming from Hudson and other Patagonian volcanoes. About 84,000 people live within 50 kilometres (31 mi) of Hudson. Despite the low population density in the regions of Argentina downwind of Hudson, ash fall could cause serious impacts on

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The H0 eruption took place between 17,440–17,300 BP during late glacial times. It is the largest known eruption of Hudson, yielding more than 20 cubic kilometres (4.8 cu mi) of tephra, and may have initiated the growth of the caldera. The eruption occurred during deglaciation and was

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took place during the Holocene, including three intense eruptions among the largest of Holocene South America. There is a regularity, with intense explosive eruptions occurring about every 3,870 years, but their volumes have decreased over time and erupted rocks have become less mafic. Smaller

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that ascended through the window can take part. Magmas ascending into Hudson halt about 6 to 24 kilometres (4 to 15 mi) underground and undergo a first phase of differentiation. Later the magma ascends into shallower reservoirs and is then stored at a few kilometres depth before the large

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Koffman, Bess G.; Goldstein, Steven L.; Winckler, Gisela; Kaplan, Michael R.; Bolge, Louise; Biscaye, Pierre (April 2023). "Abrupt changes in atmospheric circulation during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age recorded by Sr-Nd Isotopes in the Siple Dome Ice Core, Antarctica".

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The largest Holocene eruption of Hudson – and the largest in the southern Andes – took place in 7,750 BP, and is known as the H1 eruption. It produced about 18 cubic kilometres (4.3 cu mi) of trachydacitic or trachyandesitic rocks, thus reaching a

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that rises 1,000 to 1,200 metres (3,300 to 3,900 ft) above the surrounding terrain. Only the western and southern margins are well-defined. The highest point reaches 1,905 metres (6,250 ft) elevation. The edifice consists partly of volcanic rocks and partly of uplifted

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passes 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the volcano. The volcano can be accessed either from the sea along the Huemules River valley or by land via the valley of the Blanco River from Lago Elizalde-Lago Claro. Small populations, mostly farmers, live in the surrounding valleys.

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The H2 eruption occurred about 4,200 years ago. Pumices form three or four distinct layers, which consist mostly of trachydacite and/or trachyrhyolite. The eruption was smaller than the H1 eruption, but larger than the H3, reaching a volcanic explosivity index of six. It or

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of Aysen; the eastern and southern parts are in the municipalities of Coihaique and Rio Ibáñez, respectively. Owing to its remoteness and the dense vegetation at its foot, the volcano is poorly studied; it was recognized as a volcano only in 1970. The closest cities are

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Evangelista, Heitor; Castagna, Alexandre; Correia, Alexandre; Potocki, Mariusz; Aquino, Francisco; Alencar, Alexandre; Mayewski, Paul; Kurbatov, Andrei; Jaña, Ricardo; Nogueira, Juliana; Licinio, Marcus; Alves, Elaine; Simões, Jefferson C. (8 April 2022).

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Bertrand, Sébastien; Daga, Romina; Bedert, Robin; Fontijn, Karen (December 2014). "Deposition of the 2011-2012 Cordón Caulle tephra (Chile, 40°S) in lake sediments: Implications for tephrochronology and volcanology: Tephra deposition in lake sediments".

429:; erroneously, it is often referred to as the southernmost. Farther south there is the 350-kilometre-long (220 mi) Patagonian Volcanic Gap in the Andean Volcanic Belt, which separates Hudson from the Austral Volcanic Zone and its first volcano, 1427:

on the volcano, drove the phreatomagmatic activity. Water interaction was more intense during H1 than during the H2 and H3 eruptions, which may imply that the caldera collapse occurred during this eruption, causing effective magma-ice interaction.

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The H1 eruption had a severe impact on the environment of Tierra del Fuego, with the vegetation being buried by ash fall. The impact on human populations in Tierra del Fuego would have been severe, possibly causing the total extinction of

1619:. The northern ash was produced by the phreatomagmatic phase and the southeastern one by the Plinian phase. Ash fell over an area of about 150,000 square kilometres (58,000 sq mi) in Chile and Argentina, reaching as far as the 1382:

probably caused by the unloading of the magmatic system, when the overlying ice melted. The eruption occurred in several stages that yielded distinct rock compositions, and like the 1991 AD eruption it included two distinct chemistries.

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and lies 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of the volcano. The LOFZ moves at a rate of about 1 to 2 centimetres per year (0.4 to 0.8 in/year) in the area. Recently active faults around the volcano can be recognized in the vegetation.

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The initial phreatomagmatic eruption was basaltic. The chemistry of the erupted rocks changed during the course of the eruption from trachyandesite to trachydacite, perhaps due to fractional crystallization of phenocrysts or

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Kurbatov, A. V.; Zielinski, G. A.; Dunbar, N. W.; Mayewski, P. A.; Meyerson, E. A.; Sneed, S. B.; Taylor, K. C. (27 June 2006). "A 12,000 year record of explosive volcanism in the Siple Dome Ice Core, West Antarctica".

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De Pascale, Gregory P.; Froude, Melanie; Penna, Ivanna; Hermanns, Reginald L.; Sepúlveda, Sergio A.; Moncada, Daniel; Persico, Mario; Easton, Gabriel; Villalobos, Angelo; Gutiérrez, Francisco (17 December 2021).

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is at its beginning and occupies a crater of the 1991 eruption. Most of the ice in the caldera was destroyed by the 1971 eruption, but by 1979 it had built up again. During the 1991 eruption, cones surrounded by

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at a rate—at Hudson's latitude—of about 9 centimetres per year (3.5 in/year). This subduction is responsible for volcanism in the SVZ and the rest of the Andean Volcanic Belt except for the AVZ, where the

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Vanneste, Kris; Wils, Katleen; Van Daele, Maarten (November 2018). "Probabilistic Evaluation of Fault Sources Based on Paleoseismic Evidence From Mass-Transport Deposits: The Example of Aysén Fjord, Chile".

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Panaretos, Panayiotis; Albert, Paul G.; Thomas, Zoë A.; Turney, Chris S.M.; Stern, Charles R.; Jones, Gwydion; Williams, Alan N.; Smith, Victoria C.; Hogg, Alan G.; Manning, Christina J. (August 2021).

530:, the Rio Sorpresa Sur, Rio Sorpresa Norte all to the southeast, and the Huemules River to the northwest. Volcanic activity might be responsible for fluctuations in the discharge of the Huemules River. 5946:"Registro Histórico de Antecedentes Volcánicos y Sísmicos en la Patagonia Austral y la Tierra del Fuego. Historic Record of Volcanic and Seismic Precedents in Southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego" 4968:

Del Carlo, Paola; Di Roberto, Alessio; D'Orazio, Massimo; Petrelli, Maurizio; Angioletti, Andrea; Zanchetta, Giovanni; Maggi, Valter; Daga, Romina; Nazzari, Manuela; Rocchi, Sergio (September 2018).

4970:"Late Glacial-Holocene tephra from southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego (Argentina, Chile): A complete textural and geochemical fingerprinting for distal correlations in the Southern Hemisphere" 1352:. The 1,000 years ago date of the Huemules lava flow may correlate it to a mafic eruption 1,000 years ago, which also deposited tephra east and northeast from the volcano. Tephra layers from 1035 785:

Holocene eruptions. During historical eruptions, the vents opened up in the southwestern sector of the caldera. Some magmas can bypass the magma chamber and directly ascend to the surface through

5162:"Relationships between terrestrial animal exploitation, marine hunter-gatherers and palaeoenvironmental conditions during the Middle-Late Holocene in the Beagle Channel region (Tierra del Fuego)" 858:

Hudson has been active for more than one million years. The northeastern sector of the volcano is older than the southeastern, which has yielded ages of 120,000–100,000 years, but the incomplete

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for the H2 eruption. Unlike the H1 and H3 eruptions, the H2 ash was dispersed mainly to the east and at larger distances to the southeast, forming a wider deposit. It has been identified in the

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Marzocchi, Warner; Casarotti, Emanuele; Piersanti, Antonio (November 2002). "Modeling the stress variations induced by great earthquakes on the largest volcanic eruptions of the 20th century".

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Cooper, Emma-Louise; Thorndycraft, Varyl R.; Davies, Bethan J.; Palmer, Adrian P.; García, Juan-Luis (1 December 2021). "Glacial geomorphology of the former Patagonian Ice Sheet (44–46 °S)".

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had already spread worldwide when Hudson erupted. Unlike the Pinatubo eruption, Hudson mostly produced volcanic ash which fell out more quickly. However, the Hudson cloud led to substantial

493:, forming an ice surface at about 1,505 to 1,520 metres (4,940 to 4,990 ft) elevation. Ice flows out of the northwestern margin of the caldera and forms the Ventisquero de los Huemules 1611:

More than 4 cubic kilometres (1 cu mi) of tephra fell along two axes: A narrow northern one and a much wider and longer east-southeast trending axis from the volcano in southern

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Watt, Sebastian F.L.; Pyle, David M.; Mather, Tamsin A. (July 2013). "The volcanic response to deglaciation: Evidence from glaciated arcs and a reassessment of global eruption records".

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Smith, Rebecca E.; Smith, Victoria C.; Fontijn, Karen; Gebhardt, A. Catalina; Wastegård, Stefan; Zolitschka, Bernd; Ohlendorf, Christian; Stern, Charles; Mayr, Christoph (August 2019).

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during the Holocene. A smaller eruption occurred in 1971. The 7,750 BP and 1991 eruptions had a substantial impact on the human population of Patagonia and (for the 7,750 BP eruption)

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eruption. With a volcanic explosivity index of 5, it is one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the 20th century. It formed a 12-kilometre-high (7.5 mi) eruption column and

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descended the Huemules River, killing at least five people and damaging houses and farms. The lahar dragged blocks of ice along, swept the valley clear of trees and produced a

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occur about every 500 to 1000 years. Having erupted 55 times during the past 22,000 years, Hudson Volcano is the most active volcano in Patagonia and of the southernmost SVZ.

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and a gap to open up between the SVZ and the AVZ. The collision began 14 million years ago; since then, the triple junction and the volcanic gap are migrating north. Several

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region produced continued ash fall, which was sometimes mistaken for renewed activity, and 1.5-metre-thick (4.9 ft) wind-blown dust accumulations formed in some areas.

497:. The Huemules Glacier is the largest glacier of Hudson Volcano, being 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) long, and the headwater of the Huemules River. The glacier is covered by 6191:"Distal ash fall from the mid-Holocene eruption of Mount Hudson (H2) discovered in the Falkland Islands: New possibilities for Southern Hemisphere archive synchronisation" 6354:

La cordillera de los Andes entre las latitude 46:̊ 50 ̊S. Luis Riso Patrón S.: ex-injeniero jefe de la segunda subcomisión chilena de limites con la República arjentina

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ice interacting with the hydrothermal system of the volcano. Chilean authorities evacuated about 140 people from the region due to the threat from ash fall and lahars.

5810:"Single particle mineralogy of microparticles from Himalayan ice-cores using SEM/EDX and ATR-FTIR imaging techniques for identification of volcanic ash signatures" 1580:

roof of the reservoir failed, allowing the trachyandesitic magma to ascend to the surface and form the southwestern vent. The eruption may have been triggered by

1542:, Cerro Tres Tetas and La María archaeological sites; evidence at the Los Toldos archaeological site indicates that humans left the area after the H2 eruption. 2971: 2969: 4864:"Tephrostratigraphy of a deep-sea sediment sequence off the south Chilean margin: New insight into the Hudson volcanic activity since the last glacial period" 5777:"First seismic record for intra-arc strike-slip tectonics along the Liquiñe-Ofqui fault zone at the obliquely convergent plate margin of the southern Andes" 5160:

Fernández, Marilén; Ponce, Juan Federico; Zangrando, Francisco J.; Borromei, Ana María; Musotto, Lorena Laura; Alunni, Daniela; Vázquez, Martín (May 2020).

1631:, where damage exceeded 10,000,000 dollars. Along with other climatic and economic crises, the Hudson eruption led to a severe depopulation in the region. 337:: The 7,750 BP eruption devastated the local ecosystem and may have caused substantial shifts in human settlement and lifestyle. During the 1991 eruption, 1715:

in the sea off the mouth of the Huemules River. No pyroclastic flows formed during this eruption, while subglacial lava flows may or may not have formed.

6885: 5430:"The Hudson Volcano and surrounding monogenetic centres (Chilean Patagonia): An example of volcanism associated with ridge–trench collision environment" 889:

that covered the entire region with ice more than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) thick. Tephra from its eruptions fell on the ice and was carried away by

893:, ending up in their moraines. The deglaciation that began 17,900 years ago may have enhanced volcanic activity; the largest eruptions of Hudson, 1813:

While it is often stated that the 1971 eruption led to its recognition as a volcano, an unpublished report about the caldera was written in 1970.

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takes place under Hudson and south of it, between 0 to 10 kilometres (0 to 6 mi) underground, and is probably related to volcanic activity.

526:. Numerous rivers originate on Hudson; clockwise from north to south they include the Rio Desplayado to the north, the Rio Bayo to the east, the 501:

and its surface is at too low an altitude for the tephra to be buried under snow; thus from the air the glacier looks like a lava flow. A small

5494: 7589: 7564: 7549: 5988: 4852: 6773:"Sources of dissolved silica to the fjords of northern Patagonia (44–48°S): the importance of volcanic ash soil distribution and weathering" 942:; they occur mostly on the northeastern and southern sides of the caldera. Outside of the caldera, especially to the south, are widespread 758: 79: 6034: 5247: 6008:"Upper crustal decompression due to deglaciation-induced flexural unbending and its role on post-glacial volcanism at the Southern Andes" 5209:

Franklin, William L. (July 2022). "Guanaco colonisation of Tierra del Fuego Island from mainland Patagonia: Walked, swam, or by canoe?".

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Most eruptions led to tephra fallout around the volcano, with more intense eruptions producing pyroclastic flows outside of the caldera.

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and the ignimbrite surrounding Hudson probably came from this eruption. The tephra deposits have three layers; an intermediary aggregate

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activity from a tall eruption column, and two overlying and underlying layers of pumiceous lapilli. Water, presumably from glaciers and

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eruptions produced uniform magmas with temperatures of 943 to 972 °C (1,729 to 1,782 °F), a few percent water by weight and a

657:(LOFZ) which runs parallel to the volcanic belt. In the Hudson area, the LOFZ is formed by two branches connected through perpendicular 5019:"The 2011 Hudson volcano eruption (Southern Andes, Chile): Pre-eruptive inflation and hotspots observed with InSAR and thermal imagery" 846:

with grasses, herbs and scrubs. Since the 19th century, the vegetation has been altered by human intervention. South of Hudson is the

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Masiokas, Mariano H.; Rivera, Andrés; Espizua, Lydia E.; Villalba, Ricardo; Delgado, Silvia; Aravena, Juan Carlos (October 2009).

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A revised age of 7430±250 14C yrs BP for the very large mid-Holocene explosive H1 eruption of the Hudson volcano, southern Chile

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Orihashi, Yuji; Naranjo, José A.; Motoki, Akihisa; Sumino, Hirochika; Hirata, Daiji; Anma, Ryo; Nagao, Keisuke (December 2004).

6288:"The peopling of the Fuego-Patagonian fjords by littoral hunter–gatherers after the mid-Holocene H1 eruption of Hudson Volcano" 4689:(Report). Carta Geológica de Chile, Serie Geología Ambiental 20 (in Spanish). Santiago: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería 1679: 4916:"Aprovisionamiento, explotación y circulación de obsidianas durante el holoceno tardío en Pali Aike (provincia de Santa Cruz)" 598:

the triple junction may be responsible for the unusually high activity of the volcano. Older volcanism in the region includes

6878: 1628: 1463:. The Patagonian-Tierra del Fuego Tephra II originated in this eruption. The wide dispersal of the ash was either due to the 511: 140: 922:

The Hudson caldera probably formed during the Holocene and grew incrementally. Pre-caldera outcrops are rare and consist of

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Lachowycz, S.; Fontijn, K.; Smith, V.; Pyle, D. M.; Mather, T. A.; Mee, K.; Rawson, H. L.; Naranjo, J. A. (December 2016).

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Agurto-Detzel, Hans; Rietbrock, Andreas; Bataille, Klaus; Miller, Matthew; Iwamori, Hikaru; Priestley, Keith (April 2014).

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One source claims that it is technically the correct name of the volcano, giving the name "Hudson" to a different mountain.

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outside of the caldera are weathered and covered by vegetation; they are of Holocene age. Other geologic processes such as

7579: 6416:"Refining the Late Quaternary tephrochronology for southern South America using the Laguna Potrok Aike sedimentary record" 6367:"Climate change and resilience of deciduous Nothofagus forests in central–east Chilean Patagonia over the last 3200 years" 6232:"Aplicación de un modelo de advección-difusión para dispersión de ceniza volcánica:\ erupción volcán Hudson (1991), Chile" 1647:, circling the continent in a month and reaching Chile again after a week. Ash from the eruption was found in snow at the 847: 1758:

caused by melting of ice or erosion of tephra and pyroclastic deposits have occurred in the Huemules and Ibáñez valleys.

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of the edifice, which is largely covered with ice, precludes establishing a proper history of its growth. There are few

72: 5061:"Author Correction: Liquiñe-Ofqui's fast slipping intra-volcanic arc crustal faulting above the subducted Chile Ridge" 218: 5679:"Role of cryptic amphibole crystallization in magma differentiation at Hudson volcano, Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile" 1431:

Ash from the H1 eruption fell south-southeast from the volcano, extending over all of southern Patagonia and part of

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Malek, Md Abdul; Eom, Hyo-Jin; Hwang, Heejin; Hur, Soon Do; Hong, Sungmin; Hou, Shugui; Ro, Chul-Un (January 2019).

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Hudson. After the eruption had ended, winds redeposited the tephras over distances of 400 kilometres (250 mi).

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and small lakes formed in the ice. The recovery of the ice after the 1991 eruption was slower, and by 2002 Huemules

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deposits both in the proximity of Hudson and in the wider region. Four large eruptions took place in 17,300–17,440

7341: 6910: 1404: 610: 450: 6321:"Recent glacier variations on active ice capped volcanoes in the Southern Volcanic Zone (37°–46°S), Chilean Andes" 5522:"Hazardous processes and events from glacier and permafrost areas: lessons from the Chilean and Argentinean Andes" 5463:"Age and origin of tephras recorded in postglacial lake sediments to the west of the southern Andes, 44°S to 47°S" 1259:

Also found southeast of the volcano and with an estimated volume of 0.05 cubic kilometres (0.012 cu mi)

7554: 7228: 6871: 6531:

Stern, Charles R. (February 2018). "Obsidian sources and distribution in Patagonia, southernmost South America".

6124:"Quaternary volcanic activity of Hudson and Lautaro volcanoes, Chilean Patagonia: New constraints from K-Ar ages" 6089:

Narcisi, Biancamaria; Petit, Jean Robert; Delmonte, Barbara; Scarchilli, Claudio; Stenni, Barbara (August 2012).

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Pyroclastic fall and tephra deposits from Hudson and other volcanoes have been identified in marine cores in the

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Huemules River to the Pacific Ocean. Ash deposited by the volcano was eroded by rivers and redeposited in their

7584: 5408: 5113:"The 1991 explosive Hudson volcanic eruption as a geochronological marker for the Northern Antarctic Peninsula" 1722:

release killed animals in the Huemules valley. They do not appear to be linked to (visible) volcanic activity.

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into the South Atlantic Ocean. Ashfall buried pastures and left deposits in lakes of the Chonos Archipelago. A

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under the volcano is about 30 kilometres (19 mi) thick. The volcanism in the SVZ is heavily influenced by

7411: 5323:"Prehistoric human occupation of Southern Andean forests: Evidence from Alero Largo, Aysén, Chilean Patagonia" 6857: 6516:

Along arc petrochemical variations in the southernmost Andean SVZ (43.5-46°S): implications for Magma Genesis

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Estimated volume of 0.05 cubic kilometres (0.012 cu mi). The attribution of a tephra layer in the

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The caldera is filled with about 2.5 cubic kilometres (0.6 cu mi) of 40-metre-thick (130 ft)

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Vandekerkhove, Elke; Bertrand, Sébastien; Reid, Brian; Bartels, Astrid; Charlier, Bernard (30 March 2016).

726:. The composition of Hudson rocks diverges from that of other SVZ volcanoes, with higher concentrations of 518:, the Hudson glaciers make up a large part of the regional glacier inventory, and have left well-preserved 7093: 5759:

Revision of the Post-Glacial explosive eruption history of Hudson Volcano (Chile) using tephrostratigraphy

4804:"Sedimentology and event timing of a catastrophic volcaniclastic mass flow, Volcan Hudson, Southern Chile" 4703: 746: 426: 418: 410: 409:

includes four volcanic zones separated by gaps without recent volcanoes. From north to south they are the

382: 345:, causing high mortality in farm animals, aggravating an existing economic crisis, and reaching as far as 263: 211: 189: 574: 7083: 7043: 578: 515: 422: 414: 287: 7406: 7351: 6091:"A 16,000-yr tephra framework for the Antarctic ice sheet: a contribution from the new Talos Dome core" 6415: 6320: 6287: 6190: 6156: 6090: 5912: 5809: 5776: 5462: 5429: 4969: 4863: 4724: 4650: 7446: 7416: 7386: 7346: 7283: 7268: 7158: 7020: 6894: 6784: 6743: 6702: 6669: 6632: 6540: 6485: 6427: 6378: 6332: 6299: 6202: 6168: 6102: 6061: 5924: 5891: 5821: 5788: 5763: 5736: 5690: 5641: 5600: 5533: 5474: 5441: 5285: 5218: 5173: 5072: 5030: 4981: 4940: 4902: 4875: 4815: 4736: 4704:"Imágenes y contenidos. Un caso de Cueva de las Manos, 9400-7700 años AP. (Río Pinturas, Santa Cruz)" 4662: 1690:

loss over Antarctica and had comparable effects in the southern hemisphere to the Pinatubo eruption.

1616: 1581: 898: 882: 813: 739: 502: 406: 283: 6474:"Holocene tephrochronology record of large explosive eruptions in the southernmost Patagonian Andes" 5850: 5273: 4651:"Seismicity distribution in the vicinity of the Chile Triple Junction, Aysén Region, southern Chile" 1480:

lineages. More controversially, the eruption may have caused a cessation of the southern Patagonian

7371: 6975: 5501: 5321:

Garvey, Raven; Carrasco, Eduardo Silva; Solís, Constanza Roa; Bortolaso, Camila Charó (June 2023).

1700: 1656: 1456: 1452: 1432: 1362: 835: 750: 614: 554: 5112: 1527: 1501:

on Tierra del Fuego or even of all human life on the island. Vertebrates were decimated and large

373:. Another name of the volcano is Cerro de los Ventisqueros. Politically, Hudson Volcano is in the 286:. South of Hudson is a smaller volcano, followed by a long gap without active volcanoes, then the 7504: 7336: 7063: 6808: 6759: 6718: 6648: 6501: 6460: 6443: 6402: 6218: 6077: 5994: 5945: 5837: 5757: 5714: 5665: 5616: 5549: 5391: 5350: 5309: 5234: 5197: 5148: 5046: 5005: 4956: 4896: 4831: 4790: 4752: 4723:

Barr, Iestyn D.; Lynch, Colleen M.; Mullan, Donal; De Siena, Luca; Spagnolo, Matteo (July 2018).

1884: 1473: 1440: 982: 911: 830: 462: 6730:

Weller, D. J.; Miranda, C. G.; Moreno, P. I.; Villa-Martínez, R.; Stern, C. R. (December 2015).

5363: 527: 6040: 5677:

Kratzmann, David J.; Carey, Steven; Scasso, Roberto A.; Naranjo, Jose-Antonio (February 2010).

5251: 670:

Hudson has erupted a wide range of volcanic rocks. The cones outside the caldera have produced

7494: 7451: 7426: 7288: 6965: 6930: 6915: 6833: 6731: 6690: 6610: 6590: 6577: 6473: 6272: 6243: 6143: 5984: 5957: 5870: 5678: 5629: 5578: 5568: 5383: 5342: 5301: 5140: 5132: 5098: 5018: 4848: 4711: 1940: 1535: 1444: 1349: 671: 430: 395: 358: 298:

emerges from the northwestern side of the caldera. The volcano has erupted rocks ranging from

6560:

Torrent, Juan Carlos Rodríguez; Herrera, Sonia Reyes; Bustamante, Fernando Mandujano (2016).

4898:

Deconvolving the atmospheric impacts of the 1991 eruptions of Mount Pinatubo and Cerro Hudson

1591:

The eruption is the second-largest historic volcanic eruption in Chile, only behind the 1932

7509: 7499: 7421: 7401: 7356: 7233: 7198: 6960: 6935: 6800: 6792: 6772: 6751: 6710: 6677: 6640: 6602: 6569: 6548: 6523: 6493: 6435: 6394: 6386: 6366: 6340: 6307: 6264: 6255:

Perucca, Laura P.; Moreiras, Stella M. (2009). "Seismic and Volcanic Hazards in Argentina".

6210: 6176: 6135: 6110: 6069: 6019: 5976: 5932: 5899: 5862: 5851:"Holocene glacial variations in Central Patagonia, Aisen, Chile: geomorphological evidences" 5829: 5796: 5744: 5706: 5698: 5657: 5649: 5608: 5541: 5521: 5482: 5449: 5375: 5334: 5293: 5226: 5189: 5181: 5124: 5088: 5080: 5038: 4997: 4989: 4948: 4883: 4823: 4782: 4774: 4744: 4670: 1620: 1596: 943: 939: 916: 566: 362: 334: 233: 122: 5775:

Lange, D.; Cembrano, J.; Rietbrock, A.; Haberland, C.; Dahm, T.; Bataille, K. (July 2008).

5567:. Géodynamique Andine : Symposium International, 2. Oxford: ORSTOM. pp. 385–388. 809:. Winds usually blow from the north or northwest and are strong; easterly winds are rare. 7326: 7298: 7163: 6985: 6925: 6365:

Simi, E.; Moreno, P. I.; Villa-Martínez, R.; Vilanova, I.; de Pol-Holz, R. (August 2017).

6049: 6007: 5630:"Compositional variations and magma mixing in the 1991 eruptions of Hudson volcano, Chile" 5264: 5017:

Delgado, Francisco; Pritchard, Matthew; Lohman, Rowena; Naranjo, José Antonio (May 2014).

2956: 2954: 2375: 2373: 2371: 1652: 1571:

activity continued for the next months, and small eruptions may have occurred in October.

1498: 1464: 1460: 1420: 956: 798: 786: 766: 754: 723: 658: 650: 646: 559: 267: 7391: 6689:

Weller, D.; Miranda, C. G.; Moreno, P. I.; Villa-Martínez, R.; Stern, C. R. (June 2014).

6231: 5972:

Archaeology of Piedra Museo Locality: An Open Window to the Early Population of Patagonia

6788: 6747: 6706: 6673: 6636: 6561: 6544: 6489: 6431: 6382: 6336: 6303: 6206: 6172: 6106: 6065: 5928: 5895: 5825: 5792: 5767: 5740: 5694: 5645: 5604: 5537: 5478: 5445: 5428:

Gutiérrez, F.; Gioncada, A.; González Ferran, O.; Lahsen, A.; Mazzuoli, R. (July 2005).

5289: 5222: 5177: 5076: 5034: 4985: 4944: 4906: 4879: 4819: 4740: 4666: 2978:, Discussion and conclusion: Evolution of Hudson and Lautaro volcanoes - Hudson Volcano. 2599: 2597: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 1510:. These immigrants would then have reintroduced mammals such as guanacos on the island. 7218: 7143: 5093: 5060: 4803: 1927: 1914: 1861:

Formerly it was thought that it had been largely inactive during the past 10,000 years.

1387: 821: 780:

Magma genesis processes can be complex in slab window areas, as melts derived from the

735: 618: 586: 374: 322: 170: 6268: 5970: 5628:

Kratzmann, David J; Carey, Steven; Scasso, Roberto; Naranjo, Jose-Antonio (May 2009).

5486: 7543: 7466: 7461: 7441: 7073: 6945: 6763: 6652: 6505: 6447: 6222: 6081: 5998: 5841: 5718: 5669: 5620: 5553: 5453: 5395: 5354: 5313: 5238: 5201: 5152: 5050: 5009: 4960: 4887: 4835: 4794: 4756: 3037: 3035: 1668: 1624: 963: 950:. Lahar deposits contain blocks of lava embedded within a fine-grained substrate. An 927: 839: 781: 715: 699: 683: 594: 438: 330: 206: 6812: 6722: 6681: 6439: 6406: 6214: 6139: 6114: 5520:

Iribarren Anacona, Pablo; Mackintosh, Andrew; Norton, Kevin Patrick (January 2015).

4993: 4748: 7514: 7476: 7253: 7193: 7118: 6464: 6357: 5975:. The Latin American Studies Book Series. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 1726: 1719: 1644: 1448: 1436: 1408: 1274:

Estimated volume of 0.5 cubic kilometres (0.12 cu mi). Also found in the

859: 770: 731: 634: 470: 387: 378: 370: 366: 338: 202: 5849:

Mardones, Maria; Gonzalez, Liubow; King, Robert; Campos, Eduardo (9 August 2011).

5833: 5368:

Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos sobre Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres REDER

5128: 4952: 4334: 4332: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2737: 2735: 2626: 2624: 1895:

Conversion of CE to BP by adding 1950, and from AD by subtracting the AD from 1950

606:

rocks in the Taitao Peninsula that were emplaced during the last 4 million years.

6552: 6344: 6311: 6180: 5936: 5562: 5274:"Towards the development of the first permanent volcano observatory in Argentina" 5185: 4674: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 7471: 7321: 7188: 7183: 7173: 7113: 6920: 5800: 2021: 2019: 2017: 1766: 1712: 1484:

trade, and a shift towards the use of coastal resources by people in Patagonia.

1412: 875: 867: 842:

occur in the coastal areas. To the east there is a transition to the Patagonian

719: 582: 570: 547: 466: 434: 325:("H0 eruption"), 7,750 BP ("H1 eruption"), 4,200 BP ("H2 eruption") and in 1991 310: 279: 5913:"Glacier fluctuations in extratropical South America during the past 1000years" 5564:

Geology, geochemistry and recent activity of the Hudson volcano, Southern Chile

5403: 5161: 5084: 4915: 1699:

number of animals and two shepherds; it may either be non-volcanic or due to a

1523:

climate change may have caused changes in the vegetation close to the volcano.

7381: 7213: 7208: 7168: 7138: 7048: 7015: 7010: 6970: 6755: 6714: 6497: 5980: 5702: 5653: 5250:(Report). Revistas de Recursos Naturales de Chile (in Spanish). Archived from 5042: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 3652: 3650: 3648: 2886: 2884: 2882: 1739: 1648: 1640: 1520: 1507: 1424: 1365: 1357: 1353: 1295: 1275: 951: 806: 727: 707: 687: 686:

rock suite straddling the alkaline-subalkaline line. Rocks contain only a few

642: 346: 275: 6837: 6581: 6562:"El proyecto nueva Chaitén: La asincronía entre Estado, academia y comunidad" 6247: 6147: 5961: 5874: 5582: 5387: 5346: 5305: 5136: 4715: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4229: 4227: 3103: 3101: 2821: 2819: 2321: 2319: 2317: 94: 81: 7331: 7316: 7293: 7258: 7238: 7223: 7078: 7058: 6573: 6036:

La erupción del volcán Hudson en 1991 (46°S) : Región IX, Aisén, Chile.

5866: 5379: 5297: 4684:

Peligros del volcán Hudson, Región Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo

3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3608: 3606: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 1850: 1664: 1612: 1576: 1568: 1558:

The 1991 Plinian eruption is known as the H3 eruption. After a few hours of

1531: 975: 886: 761:, possibly along with the assimilation of crustal material. The three major 679: 523: 474: 391: 342: 329:("H3 eruption"); the second is among the most intense volcanic eruptions in 116: 17: 6940: 6732:"Tephrochronology of the southernmost Andean Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile" 6614: 5144: 5102: 2065: 2063: 538: 473:

reach heights of 200 to 300 metres (660 to 980 ft) and are sources of

6852: 6691:"The large late-glacial Ho eruption of the Hudson volcano, southern Chile" 6073: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4178: 4176: 4163: 4161: 757:- or sediment-derived components, while the caldera magmas formed through 46: 7519: 7456: 7396: 7366: 7273: 7203: 7133: 7128: 7098: 7068: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6980: 6644: 6024: 5903: 5748: 5612: 4778: 1672: 1660: 1605: 1481: 978: 967: 871: 762: 703: 691: 675: 638: 603: 599: 507: 446: 314: 303: 5338: 5001: 4786: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 773:

composition. The H2 eruption led to a change of magma chemistry to more

7361: 7278: 7263: 7248: 7153: 7123: 6955: 6950: 6804: 6606: 6398: 6286:

Prieto, Alfredo; Stern, Charles R.; Estévez, Jordi E. (December 2013).

6157:"Mid-Holocene littoral adaptation at the southern end of South America" 5710: 5661: 5500:. International Commission on Stratigraphy. August 2018. Archived from 5193: 4827: 3447: 3411: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1871: 1762: 1755: 1730: 1683: 1592: 1559: 1526:

Ash layers have been found at various sites close to the volcano, with

1469: 1416: 923: 890: 817: 711: 695: 630: 622: 590: 550: 522:. The path of some of the glaciers may be influenced by local tectonic 519: 494: 483: 479: 457: 398: 295: 291: 259: 194: 6039:, Revistas de Recursos Naturales de Chile (in Spanish), archived from 3167: 2873: 2810: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2726: 2666: 2642: 2603: 2510: 2450: 2419: 2266: 2254: 2126: 1765:

initiated a monitoring programme for Argentine volcanoes. The Chilean

1725:

The last eruption was in October 2011, and was preceded by increasing

1550: 7436: 7376: 7243: 7178: 7148: 7108: 7088: 7053: 7025: 6796: 6390: 5545: 5230: 4862:

Carel, Mélanie; Siani, Giuseppe; Delpech, Guillaume (December 2011).

1601: 1502: 1383: 947: 894: 874:

transition time close to the volcano, but several have been found in

863: 843: 626: 498: 318: 299: 62: 4559: 3754: 3752: 3256: 1962: 1960: 6863: 4895:

Case, P. A.; Colarco, P. R.; Toon, B.; Aquila, V. (December 2017).

3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 425:(AVZ). Hudson is the second-southernmost volcano of the SVZ, after 306:, but large parts of the caldera are formed by non-volcanic rocks. 7103: 6990: 4295: 4293: 1708: 1687: 1549: 1152:

Estimated volume of 0.05 cubic kilometres (0.012 cu mi)

1136:

Estimated volume of 0.05 cubic kilometres (0.012 cu mi)

1120:

Estimated volume of 0.05 cubic kilometres (0.012 cu mi)

994:

Date BP, sources unless given otherwise, margins of error omitted

931: 825: 777:

compositions, followed by a reversal during the last 1,000 years.

774: 537: 271: 177: 4479: 4386: 4362: 4350: 4338: 4323: 4194: 4137: 4125: 4089: 3555: 3543: 3531: 3507: 3483: 3375: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3203: 3179: 3092: 3041: 2798: 2741: 2630: 2431: 2308: 2210: 2208: 2151: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2025: 1567:

The eruption continued for the following three days. Seismic and

1328:

Estimated volume of 0.1 cubic kilometres (0.024 cu mi)

1313:

Estimated volume of 0.1 cubic kilometres (0.024 cu mi)

1213:

Estimated volume of 0.1 cubic kilometres (0.024 cu mi)

357:

Hudson Volcano lies in the Andes of southern Chile, northwest of

6830:

La erupcion del volcan Hudson (Andes Patagonicos) en agosto 1991

5259:

Fuenzalida-Ponce, R (September 1974). Gonzalez-Ferran, O (ed.).

4256: 4254: 4148: 4146: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3271: 3269: 2933: 2921: 2474: 971: 935: 6867: 6050:"Holocene explosive activity of Hudson Volcano, southern Andes" 6033:

Naranjo S., José A.; Moreno R., Hugo; Banks, Norman G. (1993),

4443: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3878: 3830: 3731: 3623: 3621: 3191: 3010: 3008: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2095: 2093: 1678:

The 1991 eruption of Hudson took place in the same year as the

4847:. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer, Dordrecht. 3578: 3576: 3435: 3387: 2584: 2582: 2573: 2561: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2174: 2172: 1667:

in Australia. Particles from Hudson have been found in ice at

902:

the volcanic record of Patagonia pre-dating 14,500 years ago.

490: 442: 5364:"Los peligros volcánicos en la planificación urbana en Chile" 4518: 4502: 4500: 4077: 2861: 2678: 2537: 2337: 1228:

Estimated volume of 1 cubic kilometre (0.24 cu mi)

1182:

Estimated volume of 1 cubic kilometre (0.24 cu mi)

274:, having erupted most recently in 2011. It was formed by the 5561:

Kilian, R.; Ippach, P.; Lopez-Escobar, L. (September 1993).

2890: 2521: 2519: 7531:

Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south

5969:

Miotti, Laura; Salemme, Monica; Hermo, Darío, eds. (2022).

4245: 4113: 4101: 4022: 3969: 3656: 3107: 2975: 2960: 2849: 2825: 2702: 2654: 2379: 2325: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2080: 2078: 326: 5248:

Hallazgo de una caldera volcánica en la Provincia de Aisén

3998: 3691: 3689: 3593: 3591: 3026: 2999: 456:

The volcano is a 10-kilometre-wide (6 mi) ice-filled

5263:. Proc Symp Andean & Antarctic Volcanology Problems. 4725:"Volcanic impacts on modern glaciers: A global synthesis" 3612: 3567: 3495: 2987: 2837: 2615: 6513:

Stern, Charles R; Naranjo, José Antonio (October 2015).

4431: 4419: 4206: 4182: 4058: 4046: 2362: 2008: 1831:

The epoch between 23.03 and 5.333 million years ago

1786:

The epoch between 2,58 million and 11,700 years ago

1604:, enlarging them. Wind-driven erosion of the ash in the 6832:. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. 6048:

Naranjo, José A.; Stern, Charles R. (4 February 1998).

4167: 2549: 6591:"Fueguian crania and the circum-Pacific rim variation" 5461:

Haberle, Simon G.; Lumley, Susie H. (September 1998).

2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 1822:

It appears to consist of two or three nested calderas.

290:. Hudson has the form of a 10-kilometre-wide (6-mile) 6230:

Parra, Juan A.; Figueroa, Dante M. (1 January 1999).

5362:

Geoffroy, Carolina; Ciocca, Isabella (20 July 2023).

5272:

Garcia, Sebastian; Badi, Gabriela (1 November 2021).

4398: 3639: 6589:

Turbon, D.; Arenas, C.; Cuadras, C. M. (June 2017).

5246:

Fuenzalida, Ricardo P.; Espinosa, Walter N. (1974).

1840:

The epoch between about 145 and 66 million years ago

959:

have modified the appearance of the Hudson volcano.

7485: 7307: 7034: 6901: 4920:

Relaciones de la Sociedad Argentina de Antropología

3794: 1703:. Other lahars may have occurred in 1972 and 1979. 217: 200: 188: 183: 169: 128: 115: 110: 71: 61: 56: 34: 4311: 3938: 3926: 3758: 3743: 3719: 2462: 2163: 2054: 5917:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 5762:. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2016. 4901:. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2017. 3471: 3260: 3065: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1761:After the 1991 eruption of Hudson, the Argentine 1348:An uncertain eruption may have occurred in 8,010 789:, forming the volcanic cones surrounding Hudson. 4374: 2690: 2214: 6319:Rivera, Andrés; Bown, Francisca (August 2013). 4480:Iribarren Anacona, Mackintosh & Norton 2015 4299: 4195:Iribarren Anacona, Mackintosh & Norton 2015 985:and Taitao Peninsula is named HW1 through HW7. 390:58 kilometres (36 mi) north-northeast and 341:covered a large area in Chile and neighbouring 309:The volcano erupted numerous times in the late 5467:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 5434:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 4868:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 4767:Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 4631: 4607: 4583: 4260: 3351: 3053: 3014: 2945: 2099: 1651:, arriving there in December, in ice cores of 6879: 6356:(in Spanish). Imprenta Cervantes – via 6006:Mora, David; Tassara, Andrés (1 March 2019). 4467: 3363: 3275: 3227: 3215: 2909: 2396: 581:. The subduction of the ridge has produced a 445:95 kilometres (59 mi) from Hudson, then 251: 243: 8: 6625:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 5884:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 5729:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 4010: 3986: 3866: 3680: 3668: 3627: 3459: 3399: 2714: 2588: 2285: 2178: 1926:Older estimates of its age are 3600 or 3920 546:Off the western coast of South America, the 4619: 4506: 3582: 3519: 3423: 3155: 3143: 2231: 2084: 6886: 6872: 6864: 4595: 4547: 2525: 805:, while the eastern slopes are within the 641:) that were variously emplaced during the 394:75 kilometres (47 mi) northeast; the 31: 6595:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 6455:Stern, Charles R.; Weller, Derek (2012). 6023: 5683:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 5495:"International Chronostratigraphic Chart" 5092: 4114:Marzocchi, Casarotti & Piersanti 2002 3131: 1372:Significant eruptions and recent activity 6325:Journal of South American Earth Sciences 5117:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 4655:Journal of South American Earth Sciences 4034: 3950: 3914: 3902: 3890: 3770: 3695: 3597: 1534:. The occurrence at Lago Quijada is the 1435:. It has been recovered from lakes like 987: 6257:Developments in Earth Surface Processes 3842: 3806: 3782: 2616:Kilian, Ippach & Lopez-Escobar 1993 2037: 1956: 1779: 1655:, and in various sites of the northern 613:, a 1,000-kilometre-long (600 mi) 4432:Torrent, Herrera & Bustamante 2016 4420:Naranjo S., Moreno R. & Banks 1993 4207:Naranjo S., Moreno R. & Banks 1993 4183:Naranjo S., Moreno R. & Banks 1993 4059:Naranjo S., Moreno R. & Banks 1993 4047:Naranjo S., Moreno R. & Banks 1993 2363:Naranjo S., Moreno R. & Banks 1993 2009:Naranjo S., Moreno R. & Banks 1993 1913:Older date estimates are 8260 or 6700 1643:and in the westerlies surrounding the 885:, Hudson was at the centre of a large 433:. The next volcanoes to the north are 147: 6777:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 5593:Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology 5526:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 4571: 3854: 3818: 3707: 1000:Chonos Archipelago lacustrine tephra 666:Composition and magma plumbing system 7: 4702:Aschero, Carlos (16 December 2021). 4491: 2199: 1795:The epoch beginning 11,700 years ago 1639:Winds transported the plume towards 1554:Cerro Hudson after the 1991 eruption 589:, causing volcanism to cease in the 6522:. XIV Chilean Geological Congress. 6472:Stern, Charles R. (February 2008). 6155:Orquera, Luis Abel (January 2005). 4535: 4455: 4284: 4272: 4233: 4218: 4152: 3640:Vanneste, Wils & Van Daele 2018 3298: 3119: 2493: 2069: 1985: 1966: 1472:populations, a population shift at 989:Selected tephra layers from Hudson 6459:. 13th Chilean Geologic Congress. 25: 6352:Sánchez, Luis Risopatrón (1905). 6012:Geophysical Journal International 3795:Turbon, Arenas & Cuadras 2017 6851: 5944:Mateo, Mateo (9 December 2008). 5454:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.01.014 4888:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.09.011 4312:Miotti, Salemme & Hermo 2022 4287:, Bulletin Report BGVN 16:09-10. 3939:Prieto, Stern & Estévez 2013 3927:Prieto, Stern & Estévez 2013 3759:Prieto, Stern & Estévez 2013 3744:Prieto, Stern & Estévez 2013 3720:Prieto, Stern & Estévez 2013 381:. Most of the volcano is in the 146: 139: 45: 6682:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.03.007 6440:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.06.001 6215:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107074 6140:10.4067/S0716-02082004000200002 6115:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.06.011 4994:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.07.028 4845:Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards 4749:10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.04.008 3472:Carel, Siani & Delpech 2011 3261:Carel, Siani & Delpech 2011 3066:Carel, Siani & Delpech 2011 1680:1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo 1298:of Antarctica is questionable. 1167:Tentatively assigned to Hudson 437:35 kilometres (22 mi) and 6828:Bitschene, Peter René (1995). 5211:Geo: Geography and Environment 4682:Amigo, A.; Bertin, D. (2014). 2463:Fuenzalida & Espinosa 1974 2164:Fuenzalida & Espinosa 1974 2055:Fuenzalida & Espinosa 1974 1751:farming and animal husbandry. 1718:During the 1990s, episodes of 1663:noted the ash cloud as far as 1659:, where it arrived in August. 1635:Intercontinental spread of ash 1390:were the dominant components. 1368:were located north of Hudson. 542:Schematic of a subduction zone 361:. The name "Hudson" refers to 294:filled with ice; the Huemules 1: 6371:Journal of Quaternary Science 6269:10.1016/S0928-2025(08)10014-1 5834:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.11.010 5487:10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00037-7 5129:10.1590/0001-3765202220210810 4953:10.1080/17445647.2021.1986158 4843:Bobrowsky, P.T., ed. (2013). 4538:, Bulletin Report BGVN 38:12. 4458:, Bulletin Report CSLP 43-73. 4275:, Bulletin Report BGVN 16:10. 4236:, Bulletin Report BGVN 16:09. 4221:, Bulletin Report BGVN 16:11. 3122:, Bulletin Report BGVN 20:02. 2496:, Bulletin Report BGVN 16:07. 2072:, Bulletin Report CSLP 80-71. 1904:Which may be an overestimate. 1455:. More distant sites include 1377:H0 eruption: 17,300–17,440 BP 848:Northern Patagonian Ice Field 7550:20th-century volcanic events 6553:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.07.030 6345:10.1016/j.jsames.2013.02.004 6312:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.06.024 6181:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.07.019 5937:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.08.006 5186:10.1016/j.quaint.2018.05.032 4802:Best, James L (April 1992). 4675:10.1016/j.jsames.2013.12.011 3352:Watt, Pyle & Mather 2013 3054:Watt, Pyle & Mather 2013 3015:Watt, Pyle & Mather 2013 2946:Watt, Pyle & Mather 2013 262:in the southern part of the 67:1,905 m (6,250 ft) 5801:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.04.014 4300:Perucca & Moreiras 2009 602:volcanoes in Patagonia and 353:Geography and geomorphology 7606: 6568:(in Spanish) (19): 73–79. 6420:Quaternary Science Reviews 6236:Revista Mexicana de Física 6195:Quaternary Science Reviews 6128:Revista Geológica de Chile 6095:Quaternary Science Reviews 5085:10.1038/s41598-021-03919-z 4974:Quaternary Science Reviews 4632:Geoffroy & Ciocca 2023 4608:Geoffroy & Ciocca 2023 4584:Geoffroy & Ciocca 2023 4261:Geoffroy & Ciocca 2023 2100:Geoffroy & Ciocca 2023 1943:, as is commonly reported. 1488:Impact on Tierra del Fuego 1405:volcanic explosivity index 1003:Juncal Alto tephra layers 997:Taitao marine core tephra 946:deposits formed by banded 759:fractional crystallization 7590:Volcanoes of Aysén Region 7565:Mountains of Aysén Region 7528: 6756:10.1007/s00445-015-0991-2 6715:10.1007/s00445-014-0831-9 6498:10.1007/s00445-007-0148-z 5981:10.1007/978-3-030-92503-1 5703:10.1007/s00410-009-0426-1 5654:10.1007/s00445-008-0234-x 5267:: IAVCEI. pp. 78–87. 5043:10.1007/s00445-014-0815-9 4710:(in Spanish) (8): 48–76. 4560:Agurto-Detzel et al. 2014 4468:Haberle & Lumley 1998 3364:Haberle & Lumley 1998 3276:Haberle & Lumley 1998 3228:Haberle & Lumley 1998 3216:Haberle & Lumley 1998 2910:Haberle & Lumley 1998 2475:Vandekerkhove et al. 2016 2397:Parra & Figueroa 1999 1694:Other historical activity 1443:, peat bogs including at 966:, sediments in lakes and 812:The region is covered by 797:The climate at Hudson is 678:. The Hudson rocks are a 133: 44: 39: 7575:Stratovolcanoes of Chile 7560:Holocene stratovolcanoes 6533:Quaternary International 6292:Quaternary International 6161:Quaternary International 5409:Global Volcanism Program 5327:Latin American Antiquity 5166:Quaternary International 4914:Charlin, Judith (2009). 4011:Naranjo & Stern 1998 3987:Naranjo & Stern 1998 3867:Naranjo & Stern 1998 3681:Naranjo & Stern 1998 3669:Naranjo & Stern 1998 3628:Naranjo & Stern 1998 3460:Naranjo & Stern 1998 3400:Naranjo & Stern 1998 2715:Stern & Naranjo 2015 2589:Stern & Naranjo 2015 2286:Naranjo & Stern 1998 2179:Naranjo & Stern 1998 1586:1960 Valdivia earthquake 1564:phreatomagmatic eruption 1476:, and the extinction of 803:orographic precipitation 655:Liquine-Ofqui Fault Zone 451:Puyuhuapi volcanic field 6736:Bulletin of Volcanology 6695:Bulletin of Volcanology 6574:10.4206/aus.2016.n19-12 6478:Bulletin of Volcanology 6054:Bulletin of Volcanology 5867:10.5027/andgeoV38n2-a07 5634:Bulletin of Volcanology 5414:Smithsonian Institution 5380:10.55467/reder.v7i2.123 5298:10.30909/vol.04.S1.2148 5023:Bulletin of Volcanology 4808:Bulletin of Volcanology 4620:Amigo & Bertin 2014 4507:Amigo & Bertin 2014 4387:Evangelista et al. 2022 4363:Evangelista et al. 2022 4351:Evangelista et al. 2022 4339:Evangelista et al. 2022 4324:Evangelista et al. 2022 4138:Evangelista et al. 2022 4126:Evangelista et al. 2022 3583:Stern & Weller 2012 3520:Mora & Tassara 2019 3424:Amigo & Bertin 2014 3156:Amigo & Bertin 2014 3144:Amigo & Bertin 2014 2232:Amigo & Bertin 2014 2085:Amigo & Bertin 2014 1478:human mitochondrial DNA 745:The cone lavas include 565:West of Hudson and the 7308:Southern Volcanic Zone 7094:Andagua volcanic field 6902:Northern Volcanic Zone 5123:(suppl 1): e20210810. 4596:Garcia & Badi 2021 4548:Rivera & Bown 2013 2679:De Pascale et al. 2021 2526:Rivera & Bown 2013 2338:De Pascale et al. 2021 1969:, General Information. 1870:A lahar is a volcanic 1584:changes caused by the 1555: 793:Climate and vegetation 753:components as well as 747:mid-ocean ridge basalt 609:Hudson rises from the 543: 482:carved valleys. Thick 419:Southern Volcanic Zone 411:Northern Volcanic Zone 282:under the continental 264:Southern Volcanic Zone 252: 244: 237: 212:Southern Volcanic Zone 51:Aerial photo from 1991 7486:Austral Volcanic Zone 7412:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle 7084:Huambo volcanic field 7035:Central Volcanic Zone 6662:Earth-Science Reviews 6074:10.1007/s004450050193 6043:on September 25, 2023 5254:on November 23, 2023. 4729:Earth-Science Reviews 4246:Kratzmann et al. 2010 4102:Kratzmann et al. 2009 4023:Panaretos et al. 2021 3970:Panaretos et al. 2021 3879:Fernández et al. 2020 3831:Fernández et al. 2020 3657:Kratzmann et al. 2010 3448:Del Carlo et al. 2018 3412:Del Carlo et al. 2018 3168:Gutiérrez et al. 2005 3108:Kratzmann et al. 2010 2874:Gutiérrez et al. 2005 2850:Kratzmann et al. 2010 2838:Lachowycz et al. 2016 2826:Kratzmann et al. 2010 2811:Gutiérrez et al. 2005 2778:Gutiérrez et al. 2005 2766:Gutiérrez et al. 2005 2754:Gutiérrez et al. 2005 2727:Gutiérrez et al. 2005 2703:Kratzmann et al. 2010 2691:Fuenzalida-Ponce 1974 2667:Gutiérrez et al. 2005 2655:Kratzmann et al. 2010 2643:Gutiérrez et al. 2005 2604:Gutiérrez et al. 2005 2511:Gutiérrez et al. 2005 2451:Gutiérrez et al. 2005 2420:Gutiérrez et al. 2005 2326:Kratzmann et al. 2009 2267:Gutiérrez et al. 2005 2255:Gutiérrez et al. 2005 2215:Fuenzalida-Ponce 1974 2127:Gutiérrez et al. 2005 1553: 1514:H2 eruption: 4,200 BP 1398:H1 eruption: 7,750 BP 1141:12,000/11,060/11,428 1125:14,110/13,890/13,798 1109:16,100/14,560/14,533 974:, and potentially in 814:temperate rainforests 740:incompatible elements 579:Chile Triple Junction 541: 423:Austral Volcanic Zone 415:Central Volcanic Zone 317:, forming widespread 288:Austral Volcanic Zone 258:) is the most active 7580:Subduction volcanoes 7021:Licto volcanic field 6860:at Wikimedia Commons 6645:10.1029/2018jb016289 5904:10.1029/2001jb001391 5749:10.1029/2005jd006072 5613:10.1029/2022pa004543 4779:10.1002/2014jf003321 3999:Mardones et al. 2011 3732:Kurbatov et al. 2006 3558:, pp. 7, 8, 13. 3496:Bertrand et al. 2014 3192:Kurbatov et al. 2006 3027:Mardones et al. 2011 3000:Mardones et al. 2011 2976:Orihashi et al. 2004 2961:Orihashi et al. 2004 2538:Masiokas et al. 2009 2380:Orihashi et al. 2004 2269:, pp. 209, 216. 1617:South Atlantic Ocean 1546:H3 eruption: 1991 AD 1453:archaeological sites 1356:and 9,216 BC in the 883:last glacial maximum 836:Magellanic moorlands 611:Patagonian Batholith 407:Andean Volcanic Belt 284:South American Plate 7570:South Volcanic Zone 6789:2016ESPL...41..499V 6748:2015BVol...77..107W 6707:2014BVol...76..831W 6674:2013ESRv..122...77W 6637:2018JGRB..123.9842V 6545:2018QuInt.468..190S 6490:2008BVol...70..435S 6432:2019QSRv..218..137S 6383:2017JQS....32..845S 6337:2013JSAES..45..345R 6304:2013QuInt.317....3P 6207:2021QSRv..26607074P 6173:2005QuInt.132..107O 6107:2012QSRv...49...52N 6066:1998BVol...59..291N 5929:2009PPP...281..242M 5896:2002JGRB..107.2320M 5826:2019ChGeo.504..205M 5793:2008Tectp.455...14L 5768:2016AGUFM.V11A2757L 5741:2006JGRD..11112307K 5695:2010CoMP..159..237K 5646:2009BVol...71..419K 5605:2023PaPa...38.4543K 5538:2015ESPL...40....2I 5479:1998JVGR...84..239H 5446:2005JVGR..145..207G 5339:10.1017/laq.2022.18 5290:2021Volca...4S..21G 5223:2022GeoGE...9E.110F 5178:2020QuInt.549..208F 5077:2021NatSR..1124405D 5035:2014BVol...76..815D 4986:2018QSRv..195..153D 4945:2021JMaps..17..661C 4907:2017AGUFM.A21I2275C 4880:2011JVGR..208...99C 4820:1992BVol...54..299B 4741:2018ESRv..182..186B 4667:2014JSAES..51....1A 4519:Delgado et al. 2014 4078:Delgado et al. 2014 4013:, pp. 291–292. 3671:, pp. 305–306. 3436:Koffman et al. 2023 3388:Narcisi et al. 2012 3301:, Eruption history. 2963:, Hudson Volcano 2. 2862:Delgado et al. 2014 2780:, pp. 225–226. 2756:, pp. 215–216. 2382:, Hudson Volcano 1. 1701:subglacial eruption 1657:Antarctic Peninsula 1629:Santa Cruz Province 1457:Isla de los Estados 1363:Southern Hemisphere 990: 912:explosive eruptions 751:ocean island basalt 555:South America Plate 486:occur in the area. 91: / 7407:Carrán-Los Venados 7352:Nevados de Chillán 7337:Descabezado Grande 6607:10.1002/ajpa.23207 6461:Antofagasta, Chile 6025:10.1093/gji/ggy473 5261:The Hudson volcano 5065:Scientific Reports 4828:10.1007/bf00301484 4090:Weller et al. 2014 4061:, pp. 25, 27. 3556:Weller et al. 2014 3544:Weller et al. 2014 3532:Weller et al. 2014 3508:Weller et al. 2014 3484:Weller et al. 2014 3376:Weller et al. 2015 3204:Weller et al. 2015 3180:Weller et al. 2015 3093:Weller et al. 2014 3042:Weller et al. 2014 2891:Garvey et al. 2023 2799:Weller et al. 2014 2742:Weller et al. 2014 2631:Weller et al. 2015 2574:Cooper et al. 2021 2562:Cooper et al. 2021 2432:Weller et al. 2015 2309:Weller et al. 2014 2152:Weller et al. 2014 2026:Weller et al. 2014 1885:argon-argon dating 1556: 1474:Cueva de las Manos 1459:and Siple Dome in 1441:Laguna Potrok Aike 988: 983:Chonos Archipelago 831:Nothofagus pumilio 544: 57:Highest point 7537: 7536: 7347:Nevado de Longaví 7289:Cueros de Purulla 7269:Cordón del Azufre 6931:Nevado del Tolima 6856:Media related to 6631:(11): 9842–9865. 5990:978-3-030-92502-4 4854:978-1-4020-4399-4 4773:(12): 2555–2573. 4444:Lange et al. 2008 4375:Malek et al. 2019 3746:, pp. 10–11. 3613:Smith et al. 2019 3568:Smith et al. 2019 3044:, pp. 13–14. 2988:Smith et al. 2019 1597:pyroclastic flows 1536:reference section 1445:Puerto del Hambre 1346: 1345: 940:pyroclastic rocks 917:Plinian eruptions 672:basaltic andesite 585:in the downgoing 575:Peru–Chile Trench 396:Carretera Austral 359:Lago Buenos Aires 227: 226: 27:Mountain in Chile 16:(Redirected from 7597: 7555:Active volcanoes 7532: 7402:Mocho-Choshuenco 6936:Nevado del Huila 6895:Andean volcanoes 6888: 6881: 6874: 6865: 6855: 6841: 6816: 6797:10.1002/esp.3840 6767: 6726: 6685: 6656: 6618: 6585: 6556: 6527: 6521: 6509: 6468: 6451: 6410: 6391:10.1002/jqs.2948 6361: 6348: 6315: 6282: 6251: 6226: 6184: 6151: 6118: 6085: 6044: 6029: 6027: 6018:(3): 1549–1559. 6002: 5965: 5940: 5923:(3–4): 242–268. 5907: 5878: 5845: 5814:Chemical Geology 5804: 5771: 5752: 5722: 5673: 5624: 5586: 5557: 5546:10.1002/esp.3524 5516: 5514: 5512: 5506: 5499: 5490: 5473:(3–4): 239–256. 5457: 5440:(3–4): 207–233. 5424: 5422: 5420: 5399: 5358: 5317: 5268: 5255: 5242: 5231:10.1002/geo2.110 5205: 5156: 5106: 5096: 5054: 5013: 4964: 4927: 4910: 4891: 4858: 4839: 4798: 4760: 4719: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4688: 4678: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4402: 4399:Case et al. 2017 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4171: 4168:Barr et al. 2018 4165: 4156: 4155:, Photo Gallery. 4150: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3973: 3967: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3616: 3610: 3601: 3595: 3586: 3580: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3302: 3296: 3279: 3273: 3264: 3258: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3146:, pp. 9–10. 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3096: 3090: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2964: 2958: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2934:Simi et al. 2017 2931: 2925: 2922:Simi et al. 2017 2919: 2913: 2907: 2894: 2888: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2592: 2586: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2550:Barr et al. 2018 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2514: 2508: 2497: 2491: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2400: 2394: 2383: 2377: 2366: 2360: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2312: 2306: 2289: 2283: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2235: 2229: 2218: 2212: 2203: 2197: 2182: 2176: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2130: 2124: 2103: 2097: 2088: 2082: 2073: 2067: 2058: 2052: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2012: 2006: 1989: 1983: 1970: 1964: 1944: 1937: 1931: 1924: 1918: 1911: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1868: 1862: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1802: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1621:Falkland Islands 1499:hunter-gatherers 991: 944:pyroclastic fall 878:west of Hudson. 854:Eruption history 653:, including the 567:Taitao Peninsula 363:Francisco Hudson 335:Tierra del Fuego 257: 249: 173: 150: 149: 143: 123:Francisco Hudson 106: 105: 103: 102: 101: 96: 92: 89: 88: 87: 84: 49: 32: 21: 7605: 7604: 7600: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7594: 7585:VEI-6 volcanoes 7540: 7539: 7538: 7533: 7530: 7524: 7487: 7481: 7309: 7303: 7299:Ojos del Salado 7229:Aguas Calientes 7036: 7030: 6926:Nevado del Ruiz 6903: 6897: 6892: 6848: 6827: 6824: 6819: 6770: 6729: 6688: 6659: 6621: 6588: 6559: 6530: 6519: 6512: 6471: 6454: 6413: 6364: 6351: 6318: 6285: 6279: 6254: 6229: 6187: 6154: 6121: 6088: 6047: 6032: 6005: 5991: 5968: 5943: 5910: 5881: 5848: 5807: 5774: 5755: 5725: 5676: 5627: 5589: 5575: 5560: 5519: 5510: 5508: 5507:on 31 July 2018 5504: 5497: 5493: 5460: 5427: 5418: 5416: 5402: 5361: 5320: 5271: 5265:Santiago, Chile 5258: 5245: 5208: 5159: 5109: 5057: 5016: 4967: 4933:Journal of Maps 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3702: 3694: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3646: 3642:, p. 9862. 3638: 3634: 3626: 3619: 3611: 3604: 3596: 3589: 3581: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3522:, p. 1556. 3518: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3498:, p. 2571. 3494: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3305: 3297: 3282: 3274: 3267: 3259: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3099: 3091: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2982: 2974: 2967: 2959: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2897: 2889: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2740: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2595: 2587: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2517: 2509: 2500: 2492: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2403: 2395: 2386: 2378: 2369: 2361: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2324: 2315: 2307: 2292: 2284: 2273: 2265: 2261: 2253: 2238: 2230: 2221: 2213: 2206: 2198: 2185: 2177: 2170: 2162: 2158: 2150: 2133: 2125: 2106: 2098: 2091: 2083: 2076: 2068: 2061: 2053: 2044: 2036: 2032: 2024: 2015: 2007: 1992: 1984: 1973: 1965: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1947: 1938: 1934: 1925: 1921: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1748: 1696: 1682:. The Pinatubo 1653:East Antarctica 1637: 1582:tectonic stress 1548: 1516: 1506:arriving using 1490: 1465:eruption column 1461:West Antarctica 1421:phreatomagmatic 1419:formed through 1411:deposit in the 1400: 1379: 1374: 957:glacial erosion 908: 856: 822:broadleaf trees 795: 767:trachyandesitic 724:titanomagnetite 668: 619:intrusive rocks 560:Antarctic Plate 536: 516:Queulat Ice Cap 355: 278:of the oceanic 268:Andes Mountains 171: 165: 164: 163: 162: 161: 158: 157: 156: 155: 151: 99: 97: 95:45.92°S 72.95°W 93: 90: 85: 82: 80: 78: 77: 52: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7603: 7601: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7542: 7541: 7535: 7534: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7491: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7313: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7219:Purico complex 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7040: 7038: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6907: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6847: 6846:External links 6844: 6843: 6842: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6783:(4): 499–512. 6768: 6727: 6686: 6657: 6619: 6601:(2): 295–316. 6586: 6557: 6528: 6510: 6484:(4): 435–454. 6469: 6452: 6411: 6377:(6): 845–856. 6362: 6349: 6316: 6283: 6277: 6252: 6242:(5): 466–471. 6227: 6185: 6167:(1): 107–115. 6152: 6134:(2): 207–224. 6119: 6086: 6060:(4): 291–306. 6045: 6030: 6003: 5989: 5966: 5952:(in Spanish). 5941: 5908: 5879: 5861:(2): 371–392. 5857:(in Spanish). 5855:Andean Geology 5846: 5805: 5787:(1–4): 14–24. 5781:Tectonophysics 5772: 5753: 5723: 5689:(2): 237–264. 5674: 5640:(4): 419–439. 5625: 5587: 5573: 5558: 5517: 5491: 5458: 5425: 5404:"Cerro Hudson" 5400: 5370:(in Spanish). 5359: 5333:(2): 366–384. 5318: 5269: 5256: 5243: 5206: 5157: 5107: 5055: 5014: 4965: 4939:(2): 661–681. 4928: 4922:(in Spanish). 4911: 4892: 4859: 4853: 4840: 4814:(4): 299–318. 4799: 4761: 4720: 4699: 4679: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4624: 4612: 4600: 4588: 4576: 4564: 4552: 4550:, p. 348. 4540: 4523: 4511: 4496: 4494:, p. 303. 4484: 4472: 4470:, p. 244. 4460: 4448: 4436: 4424: 4403: 4391: 4379: 4377:, p. 207. 4367: 4355: 4343: 4328: 4316: 4314:, p. 426. 4304: 4302:, p. 288. 4289: 4277: 4265: 4250: 4248:, p. 240. 4238: 4223: 4211: 4199: 4187: 4172: 4170:, p. 193. 4157: 4142: 4130: 4118: 4106: 4104:, p. 436. 4094: 4082: 4063: 4051: 4039: 4027: 4015: 4003: 4001:, p. 389. 3991: 3989:, p. 301. 3974: 3955: 3943: 3931: 3919: 3907: 3895: 3883: 3881:, p. 210. 3871: 3869:, p. 299. 3859: 3857:, p. 451. 3847: 3845:, p. 110. 3835: 3833:, p. 214. 3823: 3821:, p. 196. 3811: 3799: 3797:, p. 310. 3787: 3775: 3763: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3710:, p. 444. 3700: 3685: 3683:, p. 306. 3673: 3661: 3659:, p. 239. 3644: 3632: 3630:, p. 300. 3617: 3615:, p. 142. 3602: 3587: 3585:, p. 878. 3572: 3570:, p. 152. 3560: 3548: 3536: 3524: 3512: 3500: 3488: 3476: 3474:, p. 109. 3464: 3462:, p. 305. 3452: 3450:, p. 167. 3440: 3428: 3416: 3414:, p. 166. 3404: 3402:, p. 297. 3392: 3380: 3368: 3366:, p. 250. 3356: 3303: 3280: 3278:, p. 253. 3265: 3263:, p. 104. 3232: 3230:, p. 247. 3220: 3218:, p. 254. 3208: 3196: 3184: 3172: 3170:, p. 231. 3160: 3148: 3136: 3132:Bobrowsky 2013 3124: 3112: 3110:, p. 237. 3097: 3070: 3058: 3046: 3031: 3029:, p. 381. 3019: 3004: 3002:, p. 376. 2992: 2990:, p. 150. 2980: 2965: 2950: 2938: 2936:, p. 847. 2926: 2924:, p. 846. 2914: 2912:, p. 241. 2895: 2893:, p. 367. 2878: 2876:, p. 228. 2866: 2854: 2852:, p. 262. 2842: 2830: 2828:, p. 261. 2815: 2813:, p. 227. 2803: 2782: 2770: 2768:, p. 222. 2758: 2746: 2731: 2729:, p. 216. 2719: 2717:, p. 424. 2707: 2705:, p. 255. 2695: 2683: 2671: 2669:, p. 211. 2659: 2657:, p. 238. 2647: 2645:, p. 210. 2635: 2620: 2618:, p. 386. 2608: 2606:, p. 229. 2593: 2591:, p. 426. 2578: 2576:, p. 674. 2566: 2564:, p. 663. 2554: 2552:, p. 196. 2542: 2540:, p. 245. 2530: 2528:, p. 350. 2515: 2513:, p. 212. 2498: 2479: 2477:, p. 504. 2467: 2455: 2453:, p. 213. 2436: 2424: 2422:, p. 215. 2401: 2399:, p. 468. 2384: 2367: 2342: 2330: 2328:, p. 420. 2313: 2290: 2288:, p. 292. 2271: 2259: 2257:, p. 209. 2236: 2219: 2204: 2202:, p. 301. 2183: 2181:, p. 291. 2168: 2156: 2131: 2129:, p. 208. 2104: 2089: 2074: 2059: 2042: 2030: 2013: 1990: 1971: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1932: 1919: 1906: 1897: 1888: 1876: 1863: 1854: 1842: 1833: 1824: 1815: 1806: 1797: 1788: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1747: 1744: 1695: 1692: 1636: 1633: 1547: 1544: 1515: 1512: 1489: 1486: 1399: 1396: 1388:trachyandesite 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1344: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1333:−21 (1971 AD) 1330: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 907: 904: 855: 852: 840:cushion plants 794: 791: 736:titanium oxide 667: 664: 645:-Miocene. The 595:fracture zones 577:, forming the 535: 532: 512:was retreating 484:volcanic soils 421:(SVZ) and the 375:Aysen Province 354: 351: 230:Hudson Volcano 225: 224: 221: 215: 214: 209: 198: 197: 192: 186: 185: 181: 180: 175: 167: 166: 159: 154:Hudson Volcano 153: 152: 145: 144: 138: 137: 136: 135: 134: 131: 130: 126: 125: 119: 113: 112: 108: 107: 100:-45.92; -72.95 75: 69: 68: 65: 59: 58: 54: 53: 50: 42: 41: 37: 36: 35:Hudson Volcano 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7602: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7527: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7484: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7442:Michinmahuida 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7284:San Francisco 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7194:Aucanquilcha‎ 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7074:Hualca Hualca 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7033: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6904:(6° N – 3° S) 6900: 6896: 6889: 6884: 6882: 6877: 6875: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6859: 6854: 6850: 6849: 6845: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6529: 6525: 6518: 6517: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6284: 6280: 6278:9780444531179 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6037: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5973: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5890:(B11): 2320. 5889: 5885: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5760: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5574:2-7099-1154-X 5570: 5566: 5565: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5503: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5426: 5415: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5284:(S1): 21–48. 5283: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4899: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4708:Anuario TAREA 4705: 4700: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4634:, p. 49. 4633: 4628: 4625: 4622:, p. 27. 4621: 4616: 4613: 4610:, p. 44. 4609: 4604: 4601: 4598:, p. 23. 4597: 4592: 4589: 4586:, p. 41. 4585: 4580: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4544: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4521:, p. 16. 4520: 4515: 4512: 4509:, p. 11. 4508: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4488: 4485: 4482:, p. 15. 4481: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4449: 4446:, p. 16. 4445: 4440: 4437: 4434:, p. 73. 4433: 4428: 4425: 4422:, p. 10. 4421: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4356: 4353:, p. 10. 4352: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4266: 4263:, p. 43. 4262: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4212: 4209:, p. 27. 4208: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4188: 4185:, p. 12. 4184: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4140:, p. 12. 4139: 4134: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4095: 4092:, p. 15. 4091: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4052: 4049:, p. 11. 4048: 4043: 4040: 4037:, p. 12. 4036: 4035:Franklin 2022 4031: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3953:, p. 26. 3952: 3951:Franklin 2022 3947: 3944: 3941:, p. 12. 3940: 3935: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3920: 3917:, p. 15. 3916: 3915:Franklin 2022 3911: 3908: 3905:, p. 28. 3904: 3903:Franklin 2022 3899: 3896: 3893:, p. 16. 3892: 3891:Franklin 2022 3887: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3812: 3809:, p. 58. 3808: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3788: 3785:, p. 51. 3784: 3779: 3776: 3773:, p. 23. 3772: 3771:Franklin 2022 3767: 3764: 3761:, p. 11. 3760: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3737: 3734:, p. 14. 3733: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3701: 3698:, p. 14. 3697: 3696:Franklin 2022 3692: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3600:, p. 13. 3599: 3598:Franklin 2022 3594: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3513: 3510:, p. 13. 3509: 3504: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3393: 3390:, p. 60. 3389: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3357: 3354:, p. 82. 3353: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3209: 3206:, p. 11. 3205: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3161: 3158:, p. 10. 3157: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3068:, p. 99. 3067: 3062: 3059: 3056:, p. 87. 3055: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3020: 3017:, p. 84. 3016: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2948:, p. 83. 2947: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2867: 2864:, p. 14. 2863: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2804: 2801:, p. 16. 2800: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2747: 2744:, p. 12. 2743: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2696: 2693:, p. 80. 2692: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2636: 2633:, p. 22. 2632: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2217:, p. 79. 2216: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2102:, p. 40. 2101: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2040:, p. 33. 2039: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1950: 1942: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1910: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1846: 1843: 1837: 1834: 1828: 1825: 1819: 1816: 1810: 1807: 1801: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1752: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1702: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1669:Mount Everest 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1625:South Georgia 1622: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1572: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1552: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1530:reaching the 1529: 1524: 1522: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1494: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1278:, Antarctica 1277: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1212: 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700:clinopyroxene 697: 693: 689: 685: 684:calc-alkaline 681: 677: 673: 665: 663: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 607: 605: 601: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 563: 561: 556: 552: 549: 540: 533: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 504: 500: 496: 492: 487: 485: 481: 476: 472: 471:spatter cones 468: 464: 459: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 403: 400: 397: 393: 389: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 352: 350: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 331:South America 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 256: 255: 248: 247: 241: 240: 239:Volcán Hudson 235: 231: 222: 220: 219:Last eruption 216: 213: 210: 208: 204: 199: 196: 193: 191: 190:Mountain type 187: 182: 179: 176: 174: 168: 142: 132: 127: 124: 120: 118: 114: 109: 104: 76: 74: 70: 66: 64: 60: 55: 48: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 7392:Quetrupillán 7254:Llullaillaco 7119:Huaynaputina 6858:Cerro Hudson 6829: 6822:Bibliography 6780: 6776: 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Retrieved 5502:the original 5470: 5466: 5437: 5433: 5417:. Retrieved 5407: 5374:(2): 36–56. 5371: 5367: 5330: 5326: 5281: 5277: 5260: 5252:the original 5214: 5210: 5169: 5165: 5120: 5116: 5071:(1): 24405. 5068: 5064: 5026: 5022: 5002:11568/926084 4977: 4973: 4936: 4932: 4923: 4919: 4897: 4871: 4867: 4844: 4811: 4807: 4787:11336/180546 4770: 4766: 4732: 4728: 4707: 4691:. Retrieved 4658: 4654: 4627: 4615: 4603: 4591: 4579: 4574:, p. 6. 4567: 4562:, p. 8. 4555: 4543: 4514: 4487: 4475: 4463: 4451: 4439: 4427: 4394: 4389:, p. 1. 4382: 4370: 4365:, p. 9. 4358: 4346: 4341:, p. 2. 4326:, p. 8. 4319: 4307: 4280: 4268: 4241: 4214: 4202: 4197:, p. 2. 4190: 4133: 4128:, p. 7. 4121: 4116:, p. 7. 4109: 4097: 4085: 4080:, p. 2. 4054: 4042: 4030: 4025:, p. 3. 4018: 4006: 3994: 3972:, p. 4. 3946: 3934: 3929:, p. 9. 3922: 3910: 3898: 3886: 3874: 3862: 3850: 3843:Orquera 2005 3838: 3826: 3814: 3807:Charlin 2009 3802: 3790: 3783:Aschero 2021 3778: 3766: 3739: 3727: 3722:, p. 4. 3715: 3703: 3676: 3664: 3635: 3563: 3551: 3546:, p. 8. 3539: 3534:, p. 6. 3527: 3515: 3503: 3491: 3486:, p. 9. 3479: 3467: 3455: 3443: 3438:, p. 6. 3431: 3426:, p. 8. 3419: 3407: 3395: 3383: 3378:, p. 6. 3371: 3359: 3223: 3211: 3199: 3194:, p. 7. 3187: 3182:, p. 1. 3175: 3163: 3151: 3139: 3127: 3115: 3095:, p. 5. 3061: 3049: 3022: 2995: 2983: 2941: 2929: 2917: 2869: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2806: 2773: 2761: 2749: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2686: 2681:, p. 1. 2674: 2662: 2650: 2638: 2611: 2569: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2470: 2465:, p. 2. 2458: 2434:, p. 5. 2427: 2365:, p. 9. 2340:, p. 9. 2333: 2311:, p. 3. 2262: 2234:, p. 7. 2166:, p. 3. 2159: 2154:, p. 4. 2087:, p. 6. 2057:, p. 1. 2038:Sánchez 1905 2033: 2028:, p. 2. 2011:, p. 6. 1935: 1922: 1909: 1900: 1891: 1879: 1866: 1857: 1845: 1836: 1827: 1818: 1809: 1800: 1791: 1782: 1760: 1753: 1749: 1736: 1727:hydrothermal 1724: 1720:volcanic gas 1717: 1705: 1697: 1677: 1645:polar vortex 1638: 1610: 1590: 1573: 1562:activity, a 1557: 1528:cryptotephra 1525: 1517: 1495: 1491: 1449:Punta Arenas 1437:Lago Cardiel 1430: 1409:mass wasting 1401: 1392: 1380: 1347: 1303:1,090/1,072 1283:1,920/1,560 1264:2,070/2,054 1249:2,740/2,558 1244:H2 eruption 1218:4,200/4,717 1203:5,840/7,221 1198:H1 eruption 1187:6,700/7,540 1172:6,910/7,765 961: 921: 909: 880: 876:marine cores 860:stratigraphy 857: 829: 811: 796: 779: 744: 732:sodium oxide 690:, including 669: 635:granodiorite 608: 564: 553:beneath the 545: 488: 455: 404: 388:Puerto Aysen 383:municipality 379:Aysen Region 371:hydrographer 369:captain and 367:Chilean Navy 356: 339:volcanic ash 308: 254:Monte Hudson 253: 246:Cerro Hudson 245: 238: 229: 228: 172:Parent range 121:Named after 40:Cerro Hudson 29: 18:Mount Hudson 7488:(49°–55° S) 7472:Mate Grande 7322:Tupungatito 7310:(33°–46° S) 7189:Olca-Paruma 7184:Irruputuncu 7174:Tata Sabaya 7114:Pichu Pichu 7044:Quimsachata 7037:(14°–27° S) 6921:Cerro Bravo 6805:2268/198359 6742:(12): 107. 6539:: 190–205. 6426:: 137–156. 6399:11336/48452 6331:: 345–356. 6263:: 267–300. 5956:(2): 5–18. 5820:: 205–215. 5711:11336/68727 5662:11336/75682 5532:(1): 2–21. 5419:23 November 5194:11336/86435 5172:: 208–217. 4980:: 153–170. 4735:: 186–203. 1767:SERNAGEOMIN 1713:pumice raft 1508:bark canoes 1413:Aysen Fjord 881:During the 868:Pleistocene 720:plagioclase 688:phenocrysts 617:made up of 583:slab window 573:enters the 571:Chile Ridge 548:Nazca Plate 503:crater lake 435:Mate Grande 377:of Chile's 311:Pleistocene 280:Nazca Plate 98: / 73:Coordinates 7544:Categories 7432:Hornopirén 7417:Casablanca 7387:Villarrica 7382:Sollipulli 7342:Cerro Azul 7214:Licancabur 7209:Sairecabur 7169:Guallatiri 7159:Parinacota 7139:Purupuruni 7049:Auquihuato 7016:Tungurahua 7011:Chimborazo 6971:Reventador 6946:Doña Juana 6668:: 77–102. 6201:: 107074. 5950:Magallania 5511:22 October 4693:4 February 4572:Mateo 2008 3855:Stern 2008 3819:Stern 2018 3708:Stern 2008 1951:References 1849:Including 1740:seismicity 1649:South Pole 1641:Antarctica 1540:Los Toldos 1521:neoglacial 1433:Magallanes 1425:permafrost 1366:westerlies 1358:Siple Dome 1296:Talos Dome 1276:Talos Dome 952:ignimbrite 926:formed by 899:Villarrica 816:formed by 807:rainshadow 728:iron oxide 708:oligoclase 643:Cretaceous 562:subducts. 528:Rio Ibáñez 524:lineaments 475:lava flows 347:Antarctica 276:subduction 7452:Corcovado 7372:Lonquimay 7332:Calabozos 7317:Tupungato 7294:Incahuasi 7259:Lastarria 7239:Chiliques 7079:Sabancaya 7059:Sara Sara 6976:Pichincha 6911:Paipa-Iza 6838:883455940 6764:264200335 6653:134520351 6582:0718-7262 6524:La Serena 6506:140710192 6448:197679210 6248:2683-2224 6223:237258918 6148:0716-0208 6101:: 52–63. 6082:129252515 5999:246573778 5962:0718-2244 5875:0718-7106 5842:134692024 5719:129692378 5670:195240386 5621:257683043 5583:0767-2896 5554:129032404 5396:260044573 5388:0719-8477 5355:248787969 5347:1045-6635 5314:240436373 5306:2610-3540 5278:Volcanica 5239:250635602 5202:134055720 5153:248139547 5137:0001-3765 5051:129659146 5010:135055583 4961:245064581 4836:140699337 4795:134154972 4757:135327483 4716:2469-0422 4492:Best 1992 2200:Best 1992 1941:fluorosis 1851:amphibole 1665:Melbourne 1613:Patagonia 1577:amphibole 1569:fumarolic 1532:Falklands 979:ice cores 976:Antarctic 968:peat bogs 910:Numerous 887:ice sheet 866:from the 680:potassium 615:formation 508:crevasses 480:glacially 427:Rio Murta 392:Coihaique 343:Argentina 201:Volcanic 129:Geography 117:Etymology 63:Elevation 7520:Fueguino 7505:Aguilera 7457:Mentolat 7367:Callaqui 7204:Zapaleri 7134:Yucamane 7129:Tutupaca 7099:Chachani 7069:Coropuna 7064:Solimana 7006:Quilotoa 7001:Cotopaxi 6996:Illiniza 6981:Antisana 6813:54943497 6723:53612778 6615:28374500 6407:55547438 6298:: 3–13. 5145:35442299 5103:34921212 4661:: 1–11. 4536:GVP 2023 4456:GVP 2023 4285:GVP 2023 4273:GVP 2023 4234:GVP 2023 4219:GVP 2023 4153:GVP 2023 3299:GVP 2023 3134:, Lahar. 3120:GVP 2023 2494:GVP 2023 2070:GVP 2023 1986:ICC 2018 1967:GVP 2023 1756:Mudflows 1738:shallow 1684:aerosols 1673:Himalaya 1661:Aircraft 1615:and the 1606:semiarid 1482:obsidian 1407:of 6. A 1318:210/252 934:, mafic 924:breccias 906:Holocene 891:glaciers 872:Holocene 818:conifers 763:Holocene 704:ilmenite 692:andesine 676:andesite 639:tonalite 604:adakitic 600:back-arc 551:subducts 520:moraines 463:basement 449:and the 447:Mentolat 315:Holocene 304:rhyolite 7495:Lautaro 7447:Chaitén 7427:Calbuco 7362:Copahue 7279:Peinado 7264:Lazufre 7249:Socompa 7154:Taapaca 7124:Ticsani 6966:Cayambe 6956:Azufral 6951:Galeras 6916:Romeral 6785:Bibcode 6744:Bibcode 6703:Bibcode 6670:Bibcode 6633:Bibcode 6541:Bibcode 6486:Bibcode 6428:Bibcode 6379:Bibcode 6333:Bibcode 6300:Bibcode 6203:Bibcode 6169:Bibcode 6103:Bibcode 6062:Bibcode 5925:Bibcode 5892:Bibcode 5822:Bibcode 5789:Bibcode 5764:Bibcode 5737:Bibcode 5735:(D12). 5691:Bibcode 5642:Bibcode 5601:Bibcode 5534:Bibcode 5475:Bibcode 5442:Bibcode 5286:Bibcode 5219:Bibcode 5174:Bibcode 5094:8683415 5073:Bibcode 5031:Bibcode 4982:Bibcode 4941:Bibcode 4903:Bibcode 4876:Bibcode 4816:Bibcode 4737:Bibcode 4663:Bibcode 4642:Sources 1872:mudflow 1763:SEGEMAR 1746:Hazards 1731:seismic 1593:Quizapu 1560:seismic 1503:mammals 1470:guanaco 1417:lapilli 1157:10,750 1095:17,350 1081:18,750 1067:18,900 1053:19,450 1039:19,600 1025:19,660 1011:19,860 864:tephras 826:beeches 799:oceanic 712:olivine 696:apatite 631:granite 623:diorite 591:Miocene 534:Geology 495:Glacier 458:caldera 431:Lautaro 399:highway 296:Glacier 292:caldera 266:of the 260:volcano 234:Spanish 195:Caldera 184:Geology 86:72°57′W 83:45°55′S 7515:Burney 7510:Reclus 7500:Viedma 7477:Hudson 7437:Huequi 7422:Osorno 7377:Llaima 7357:Antuco 7244:Aracar 7234:Lascar 7224:Pacana 7199:Azufre 7179:Isluga 7149:Tacora 7144:Casiri 7109:Ubinas 7089:Ampato 7054:Firura 7026:Sangay 6961:Chiles 6941:Puracé 6836: 6811: 6762: 6721: 6651: 6613: 6580: 6504: 6446: 6405: 6275: 6246: 6221: 6146: 6080: 5997: 5987: 5960: 5873: 5840: 5717: 5668: 5619: 5581: 5571: 5552: 5394: 5386: 5353: 5345: 5312: 5304: 5237: 5200: 5151: 5143: 5135: 5101: 5091: 5049: 5008: 4959: 4851: 4834: 4793: 4755: 4714: 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