Hill people - Knowledge

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allow these people to live permanently in a mountain community some distance from where they work. Forestry and traditional agriculture is declining in the mountain areas of Japan, Europe and the eastern United States as government subsidies are withdrawn. Outside Europe and Japan the human population in mountains is rising as they are used as refuges, sources of minerals, for tourism, and for commercial forestry, farming and animal husbandry. Colonization and immigration in the last 400 years have been causing steady population growth in formerly less populated mountain areas in Africa, Australia, New Zealand, South America, Canada and the Western United States, also in some places such as

139:" for the formal definition. 22% of the world's land, or 29,000,000 square kilometres (11,000,000 sq mi) is classified as a mountain region, of which about half is below 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). Rugged land is considered a mountain region if it is at least 300 metres (980 ft) above sea level, but plateaus and broad valleys running through the mountains below 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) are not considered mountain regions. All land above 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) is classified as mountain, including plateaus. This accounts for 20% of the total. Mountain regions in a 2003 study by the 58: 349:

live more than 5 kilometres from a road. In Afghanistan and China 30% of mountain people live more than 5 kilometres from a road, compared to 20% of non-mountain people. In Peru the respective ratios are 20% and 13%. Population densities in inaccessible places are usually similar to accessible places. In Ethiopia and Afghanistan they are higher. The mountain people want land that can be farmed using traditional methods more than ease of travel to distant places. However, the lack of roads may be seen as evidence of discrimination.

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resorts. In mountain regions with seasonal climates, including Europe, North America, the southern Andes and most of the Himalayas, high pastures can only be used in the summer and the people work in the lower forest zones during the winter. Nearer the equator in the central Andes, East Africa and Southeast Asia there may be less seasonal variation, and permanent settlements as high as 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) are practical, with economies based on herding and cold-resistant grains and tubers.

440:, the body's ability to obtain oxygen, show that there is little difference between natives born at high elevations and lowlanders who move to high elevations when they were young children, although the lowlanders had more European ancestry than the high elevation natives. Aerobic capacity was lower with migrants who moved up in their adolescence, and lower again in those who moved as adults. Genetics are obviously important, but there is not yet evidence that inheritance is a strong factor in 706: 470: 548: 800: 539:

population density on grazing land below 3,500 metres (11,500 ft) meets or exceeds the critical density of 25 people per km. The growing mountain population in developing and transition countries is creating serious environmental problems in forest and grazing lands. Some of the forest or grazing land could be converted to crops for subsistence or cash, but 78% is unsuitable for this purpose, or only marginally suitable.

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they have often diversified into tourism and recreation services, mineral processing, manufacturing, administration and services. The mountain cities, particularly in developing countries, are magnets to migrants from the rural areas of the mountains seeking work, security and other benefits. Many are ringed by densely-populated squatter communities.

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mean annual temperatures, changes to precipitation patterns and more frequent extreme weather events. It is difficult to predict how well the mountain populations will adapt to changes in the resources on which they rely for subsistence, although it seems clear that there will be increased competition for use of the land for different purposes.

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for agriculture and domestic use are often found in valleys with flat ground suitable for cultivation of crops. These are prime locations for settlements. The streams could also be harnessed by mills to process grain. More recently they are used for hydroelectric plants, which provide overall social benefits but can be very disruptive locally.

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populations in South and Central America. 70% live below 1,500 metres (4,900 ft), and less than 10% above 2,500 metres (8,200 ft). A very small number of people in the Himalayas and the Andes live permanently at elevations over 4,500 metres (14,800 ft). The countries with the highest percentages of mountain people are

102:. The isolated communities are often culturally and linguistically diverse. Today about 720 million people, or 12% of the world's population, live in mountain regions, many of them economically and politically marginalized. The mountain residents have adapted to the conditions, but in the developing world they often suffer from 778:

in the western Himalayas. A similar seasonal pattern was followed by North American hunters and gatherers in the past. Other semi-permanent residents in the developed countries include young people who find jobs in the ski resorts or as tree planters and people with second homes in the mountains they

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and send part of their earnings home. Men in the Andes often find seasonal work in the lowland farms and oilfields, or work in developed countries such as Spain. This creates a fragile economy where the old people, women and children who remain behind depend on remittances from the men. The situation

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for sale in distant markets. In Africa there is strong pressure on the mid-elevation environment from commercial and subsistence farming. Rapid population growth in East Africa is mainly concentrated in the fertile farmlands of the mountain regions. Although the public has come to value the presence

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Later human settlers in the mountains practiced a combination of hunting and gathering, raising crops and tending livestock, with most families involved in all these activities. As specialist workers have emerged, the members of each household perform fewer activities, but there are more occupations

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The large cities are more or less influenced by the mountains, including the low-lying Vancouver and Chandigarh, but to a lesser degree than the smaller cities and towns within the mountains. The smaller cities, typically in mountain valleys, are more closely linked to the mountain culture, although

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in their blood and shorter limbs. There is no strong evidence that people who live at high elevations have become genetically adapted to the low levels of oxygen. They are not genetically isolated from the people of the lowlands, and typically move through a much wider range of elevations than other

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settlers migrated to the mountain areas in the southwest and west of China, while European settlers moved into South and North America. The indigenous people were often forced to work in commercial agricultural and mining enterprises. This transition was not entirely negative, but devastated many

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than lowlanders, and must adapt to wider temperature extremes between day and night. Seasonal weather imposes periods of low and high activity, and of scarce and plentiful food. Unpredictable droughts, periods of intense cold, plant and animal disease, and so on make food availability uncertain. An

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About 70% of the mountain population is rural and relies on farming, fishing and extraction from local forests. The permanent mountain population also includes itinerant mineral prospectors, miners, loggers, construction workers and others who move from place to place. Better roads and vehicles may

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on mountain environments is not well understood, but they seem to be more sensitive than the lowlands. The higher-level ecosystems will be forced up the mountains as temperatures rise, shrinking in size and at some point disappearing. Threats include environmental stress during adaptation to higher

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Mining has been an important part of mountain economies throughout history, with prospectors seeking precious stones, ores, coal and salt in the mountains of Europe and the Americas. In many places rock, gravel and sand quarries are also economically important. In North America, coal mining in the

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While mountain areas are more isolated than lower or flatter lands, when measured by the percentage of the population that lives more than 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from a road the difference is not great as might be expected. Thus in Ethiopia 50% of mountain people and 40% of non-mountain people

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People have lived in mountain regions for thousands of years. Some may have sought refuge from persecution or from changing climate, while others may have migrated in search of food. The new arrivals settled and developed prosperous farming communities. Streams, rivers and lakes that provide water

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In parts of the developing world the mountain communities depend on remittances from young men who have gone to work in the lowlands or overseas. Although 70% of mountain people live in rural areas, the rest live in cities, including large cities such as Mexico City, with a population of around 21

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estimated 245 million mountain people are thought to be at risk of food shortages. 87% of these live below 2,500 metres (8,200 ft). Water boils at lower temperatures at higher altitudes, so it takes longer to cook food and requires more water and fuel. Gathering fuel in turn requires energy.

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Temperatures tend to always be high on the lower slopes near the equator, and there is often heavy rainfall year-round. Higher up and outside the tropics, temperatures can soar in the daytime and plummet at night. Usually there are strong winds, frequent freezing and thawing at the higher levels,

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Near the equator the sun is almost overhead all year, so the orientation of slopes is unimportant. Further away, the amount of sunlight varies considerably. In the Alps the south-facing slopes are preferred for settlements and farming, while the north-facing slopes are used for forestry and ski

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Almost 28% of the world's forests grow on mountains. Forests are important in regulating water flows and providing fuel and construction material. Before humans arrived, most mountains in tropical and temperate climates would have been forested up to the tree line. Deforestation is not new, and

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calls "vertical control", in which groups of people use kinship and other arrangements to access the resources of a range of ecological zones at different elevations, and thus to access a variety of crops and animals. This gives more security than dependence on a single resource. The volcanic

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Compared to non-mountain populations, the mountain people suffer more from malnutrition due to food shortage and deficiencies in micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), and suffer from respiratory diseases caused by the severe climate and smoke in their shelters during the cold periods. These

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and poor health. They depend on crops, livestock and forest products, and tend to be poor. In the developed world the mountain people are generally prosperous, and the mountains may be used for tourism and outdoor recreation. Mining is also widespread and dates back to the pre-Christian era.

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17% of the mountain population grows crops or combines crop, livestock and tree farming. 19% subsist from sparsely vegetated barren land, protected areas and closed forests. 44% of mountain land is used for grazing and is home to 64% of rural mountain people. At a global level, the average

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The Food and Agriculture Organization estimated in their 2003 report that around 720 million, or 12% of the world population, live in the mountains. Of these, no more than 10% are in developed countries. About half of all mountain people are in Asia, and there are large and rapidly growing

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People have both adapted to mountain conditions and modified those conditions. For example, farmers in many areas use terracing to retain soil and water. Contour ploughing also helps stabilize the fragile soil. Often human activity has degraded the mountain environments. Humans have reduced

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The difficulty of movement between valleys in the past has isolated mountain communities and contributed to high levels of cultural diversity. Nearby communities may have different languages and dialects, traditions, costumes, cuisine and economic systems. This is seen in the

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Bigham, A; Bauchet, M; Pinto, D; Mao, X; Akey, JM; Mei, R; Scherer SW, Julian CG, Wilson MJ, López Herráez D, Brutsaert T, Parra EJ, Moore LG, Shriver MD (2010), "Identifying signatures of natural selection in Tibetan and Andean populations using dense genome scan data",

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within the community as a whole. This trend has accelerated in the last 400 years, driven by the industrial revolution and colonialism, the transition to commercial produce such as furs and minerals, and the recent growth of tourism. During this period large numbers of

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Mountain regions are classified by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) based on absolute elevation, slope and Local Elevation Range (LER), which is the range of elevations within a 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) radius, and indicates how hilly the land is.

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Almost 30% of mountain people live in towns or cities. The largest cities are on the margins of the mountains, or are on high plateaus, sometimes very high. Examples of large (over 1 million people) cities in or beside the mountains in Latin America include

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began 3,000 years ago in China. Mountain forests around the Mediterranean and in Britain had been cleared 1,500 years ago. More recently, in China and Europe there have been efforts to restore the mountain forests so as to reduce flooding and erosion.

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Today, new transport and communications technologies are bringing goods, services, infrastructure and information to even the most remote parts of the mountains. The mountain communities are being forced to integrate with the larger global society.

183:. Often these plants are low and store energy in spreading roots, with relatively little vegetation above ground. This vegetation may be cleared for cultivation or road building, or may be overgrazed, resulting in rapid soil loss through erosion. 91:. This includes all rugged land above 300 metres (980 ft) and all land (including plateaus) above 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) elevation. The climate is generally harsh, with steep temperature drops between day and night, high winds, 749:

Many of the mountain people in developing countries are poor and depend on scarce or diminishing food resources from agriculture or livestock. They may be partially employed in forestry, mining and service jobs. In the past

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contain fertile valleys with temperate climates that are densely farmed using traditional techniques. The 7.6 million people of the island speak almost 1,300 languages, many of which are spoken by only a few hundred people.

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Mountain environments vary depending on their latitude and their proximity to the edge of a landmass. The windward side will have greater rainfall than the leeward. The mountain environment can be harsh, particularly in the

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in the Andes. Often the mountain people are marginalized both politically and economically. The isolated mountain regions of the Atlas, Peru and Cuba have served as bases for guerrilla rebels.

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above the tree line at higher elevations and in the drier climates outside the tropics. No more than 3% of world's land that is highly suitable for agriculture lies in the mountain regions.

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supports dense populations who take advantage of the rich soils and diverse altitude-based ecological zones. They accept a trade-off against the high potential for disastrous eruptions.

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hunters and gatherers followed the mountain fauna as they moved from summer to winter pastures, fished, gathered edible plants and used the abundant timber for fire and shelter. The

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million. The cities attract temporary or permanent migrants from the rural areas. The smaller cities are more connected to the mountain culture and economy than the larger ones.

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use for recreation. In South and East Asia, much of the labor for construction, road building and road maintenance is supplied by poor laborers from the lowlands. The

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The cultural groups that live in the mountains are often minorities within their countries, although they may be in the majority in their region. This is true of the

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mountain species. However, studies have shown that some positive selected genes or gene regions do contribute to adaptation to high altitude in Andeans and Tibetans.

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Himalaya shows strong similarities. At low elevations crops in all three regions include fruits, and at mid elevations they all include cereals such as

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Many of the high-elevation people grow slowly and have small bodies. This may reduce their energy requirements without affecting their ability to handle

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in the Andes and Himalaya. Higher up the production gives way to tubers such as potatoes, then to forest, and then at high elevations to pasture for

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and mining for metal ores in the western mountains resulted in growth of settlements between 1850 and 1930. Many of these were abandoned during the

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Based on a detailed GIS survey, in mountain regions of developing and transitional countries the types of land cover and actual land use are:

123:. It is believed that hill people were the primary carriers of knowledge and culture that helped re-seed civilization after local collapses. 2874: 2847: 2827: 2780: 204: 132: 187:

biodiversity in many of the world's mountain regions. Areas with high biodiversity where the environment is under intense stress include

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snow, sleet and heavy rainfall in some areas, causing steady erosion. The thin soils on the slopes do not retain water, and only support

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Where crops were previously grown only for local consumption, with improved transportation it is practical to grow cash crops such as

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in Europe and North America used to be similar, but with improved transportation today the mountain people are quite prosperous.

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served as mercenaries in foreign countries. Today many people from the South Asian mountains work in other countries such as the

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The 2003 FAO report gives the following mountain area population densities by geographical region and class of mountain region:

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still follow a traditional hunting and gathering lifestyle, although they are under growing pressure from the outside world.

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Grover, Velma I.; Borsdorf, Axel; Breuste, Jürgen; Tiwari, Prakash Chandra; Frangetto, Flavia Witkowski (19 December 2014),

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People have used or lived in the mountains for thousands of years, first as hunter-gatherers and later as farmers and

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Switzerland is further from the equator than Peru or Nepal, so the altitude zones change at lower altitudes.

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Price, Martin F.; Byers, Alton C.; Friend, Donald A.; Kohler, Thomas; Price, Larry W. (24 August 2013),

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The 2003 FAO report gives the following mountain area populations by geographical region and elevation:

719: 35: 697:, the local people tend not share that view, since the wildlife preys upon their livestock and crops. 3032: 1911: 1854: 705: 2959: 547: 30:

This article is about people who live in the hills or mountains. For Appalachian hill people, see

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from melting snow and rain that cause high levels of erosion and thin, immature soils.

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Blyth, Simon; Groombridge, Brian; Lysenko, Igor; Miles, Lera; Newton, Adrian (2002),

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Mountain Watch: Environmental Change and Sustainable Development in Mountains

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The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide

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The mountains are visited seasonally by nomadic pastoralists such as the

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The 2003 FAO report gives the following area and population estimates:

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The people of the tropical high mountains experience more exposure to

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Towards a GIS-based analysis of mountain environments and populations

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Huddleston, Barbara; Ataman, Ergin; Fè d’Ostiani, Luca (2003),

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Impact of Global Changes on Mountains: Responses and Adaptation

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at 2,250 metres (7,380 ft), with about 21 million people,

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problems are compounded by poor access to primary health care.

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Grazing with some cropland, closed forest and barren land: 41%

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are spoken in the Alps. The rugged mountains of the island of

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among African mountain cities. The list in Asia includes

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So far, there has been relatively little mining in the

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The history of hill people can be traced to before the

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Climate Change 1995: The IPCC Second Assessment Report

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Population densities by geographical region and class

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at 3,500 to 3,800 metres (11,500 to 12,500 ft),

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and the western mountains of Canada. In the central

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Mixed use: closed forest, grazing and cropland: 11%

543:From hunting and gathering to farming and forestry 69:Map of the diverse ethno-linguistic groups in the 2839:Mountain Geography: Physical and Human Dimensions 1023:Populations by geographical region and elevation 27:General demonym for people who live at elevation 2674:"Impacts of Climate Change on Mountain Regions" 1041:Percentage of mountain population by elevation 402:there are people who still live on mountains . 83:, is a general term for people who live in the 597:have their origins in mountain regions, as do 2918: 34:. For the hill tribes of Southeast Asia, see 8: 2760:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 685:in the mountains of large predators such as 2529: 2302: 2116: 2077: 1755:Total developing & transition countries 609:. A comparison of crops grown in southern 2925: 2911: 2903: 2672:Beniston, Martin; Fox, Douglas G. (1995), 2656:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003 2644:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003 2420:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003 2403:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003 2373:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003 2267:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003 2255:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003 2243:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003 2231:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003 2216:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003 2204:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003 1960:Huddleston, Ataman & Fè d’Ostiani 2003 1383:Area and population by geographical region 193:California montane chaparral and woodlands 61:CIA hand-rendered terrain map of the world 2738: 2728: 575:of the traditional mountain communities. 1389: 1188: 1029: 917: 855:are among European mountain cities, and 741:, although this seems likely to change. 479: 1947: 1933: 2822:, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 2753: 2490: 2360: 2329: 2314: 2167: 2155: 2022: 648:The people of the Andes maintain what 235:Elderly Akha woman, Northeast Thailand 195:), the mixed forest ecoregion in the 199:, and in northwest South America the 7: 133:World Conservation Monitoring Centre 48:Ik people § The Mountain People 2863:Webber, Patrick J (8 March 2019), 1699:Commonwealth of Independent States 949:LER > 300 metres (980 ft) 473:High altitude in the Chilean Andes 442:high-altitude adaptation in humans 25: 823:at 2,850 metres (9,350 ft), 819:at 2,650 metres (8,690 ft), 141:Food and Agriculture Organization 38:. For the role-playing game, see 2890: 2816:Palmer, Bill (4 December 2017), 835:. In North America they include 201:Magdalena Valley montane forests 147:follow the WCMC classification. 791:workers for most manual tasks. 406:Physical adaptation and health 1: 1080:Latin America & Caribbean 209:Western Ecuador moist forests 205:Magdalena–Urabá moist forests 136: 2842:, Univ of California Press, 2730:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001116 1860:Northeast Indian Hill tribes 1100:Near East & North Africa 273:. Many distinct dialects of 1251:Latin America and Caribbean 787:can often afford to employ 3059: 1277:Near East and North Africa 910:Classes of mountain region 709:Round Mountain gold mine, 137:Classes of mountain region 29: 2940: 1772:Total developed countries 1692: 1419: 1194: 1191: 1040: 1035: 1032: 926: 923: 920: 625:and wheat, and maize and 551:Terraced farming in Nepal 2869:, Taylor & Francis, 2866:High Altitude Geoecology 1693:Countries in transition 524:Mainly closed forest: 9% 220:impact of climate change 181:drought-resistant plants 2530:Beniston & Fox 1995 2303:Beniston & Fox 1995 2117:Beniston & Fox 1995 2078:Beniston & Fox 1995 1329:Countries in transition 1140:Countries in Transition 191:'s montane ecoregions ( 1917:Southeast Asian Massif 807: 714: 617:Andes and the Central 552: 474: 421: 257:there are speakers of 236: 167: 162:village and the river 79:, also referred to as 73: 62: 52:Mountain People (song) 2985:Agricultural/Agrarian 1815:Appalachian Americans 1420:Developing countries 1403: % of total area 802: 708: 550: 472: 413: 234: 158: 68: 60: 42:. For the book named 36:Hill tribe (Thailand) 2899:at Wikimedia Commons 1912:Andean civilizations 1060:Asia & Pacific 760:Scottish highlanders 50:. For the song, see 2610:, pp. 270–271. 2568:, pp. 272–273. 2544:, pp. 275–276. 1355:Developed countries 1160:Developed Countries 783:in the region near 653:mountain region of 436:Studies in Peru of 44:The Mountain People 2934:Types of societies 2632:Grover et al. 2014 2556:, p. 286–287. 2466:, p. 285–286. 2342:Bigham et al. 2010 2132:Grover et al. 2014 2090:Grover et al. 2014 1808:Hill people groups 1303:Sub-Saharan Africa 1120:Sub-Saharan Africa 808: 715: 641:, and in Peru for 553: 530:Mainly cropland 1% 521:Mainly grazing: 3% 512:Mainly barren: 26% 475: 422: 237: 168: 74: 63: 3020: 3019: 2895:Media related to 2876:978-0-429-72735-1 2849:978-0-520-95697-1 2829:978-3-11-029525-2 2782:978-1-4822-0891-7 2620:Price et al. 2013 2608:Price et al. 2013 2593:Price et al. 2013 2578:Price et al. 2013 2566:Price et al. 2013 2554:Price et al. 2013 2542:Price et al. 2013 2518:Price et al. 2013 2506:Price et al. 2013 2479:Price et al. 2013 2464:Price et al. 2013 2452:Price et al. 2013 2437:Price et al. 2013 2388:Price et al. 2013 2284:Price et al. 2013 2218:, pp. 20–21. 2189:Price et al. 2013 2144:Price et al. 2013 2105:Price et al. 2013 2063:Price et al. 2013 2040:Price et al. 2013 2011:Blyth et al. 2002 1994:Blyth et al. 2002 1975:Blyth et al. 2002 1805: 1804: 1380: 1379: 1179: 1178: 1020: 1019: 650:John Victor Murra 536: 535: 353:Present situation 16:(Redirected from 3050: 3002:Proto-Industrial 2927: 2920: 2913: 2904: 2894: 2879: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2832: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2804: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2765: 2759: 2751: 2742: 2732: 2710: 2709: 2708: 2702: 2690: 2689: 2688: 2678: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2596: 2590: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2440: 2434: 2423: 2417: 2406: 2400: 2391: 2385: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2287: 2281: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2192: 2186: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2093: 2087: 2081: 2075: 2066: 2060: 2043: 2037: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 1997: 1991: 1978: 1972: 1963: 1957: 1941: 1938: 1922:Talysh Mountains 1865:Polish Uplanders 1676:Total developing 1415:% of total pop. 1390: 1225:Asia and Pacific 1189: 1030: 918: 724:Great Depression 480: 449:solar irradiance 438:aerobic capacity 325:and the east of 321:in the north of 291:Papua New Guinea 21: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3048: 3047: 3043:Montane ecology 3023: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3012:Post-industrial 2950:Hunter-gatherer 2936: 2931: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2862: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2835: 2830: 2815: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2795: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2768: 2752: 2723:(9): e1001116, 2713: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2686: 2684: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2599: 2591: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2450: 2443: 2435: 2426: 2418: 2409: 2401: 2394: 2386: 2379: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2328: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2290: 2282: 2273: 2265: 2261: 2257:, pp. 8–9. 2253: 2249: 2241: 2237: 2229: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2195: 2187: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2154: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2130: 2123: 2115: 2111: 2103: 2096: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2069: 2061: 2046: 2038: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2000: 1992: 1981: 1973: 1966: 1958: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1908: 1903: 1889:Thai Hill tribe 1810: 1639:Southern Africa 1525:Central America 1414: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1385: 1219: 1184: 1037: 1025: 924:Elevation range 912: 905: 797: 747: 703: 545: 467: 462: 408: 355: 242: 229: 153: 129: 117: 104:food insecurity 81:mountain people 71:Caucasus region 55: 28: 23: 22: 18:Mountain People 15: 12: 11: 5: 3056: 3054: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3025: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2945:Pre-industrial 2941: 2938: 2937: 2932: 2930: 2929: 2922: 2915: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2886: 2885:External links 2883: 2881: 2880: 2875: 2860: 2848: 2833: 2828: 2813: 2793: 2781: 2766: 2711: 2691: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2660: 2648: 2636: 2624: 2622:, p. 271. 2612: 2597: 2595:, p. 270. 2582: 2580:, p. 273. 2570: 2558: 2546: 2534: 2532:, p. 197. 2522: 2520:, p. 280. 2510: 2508:, p. 275. 2495: 2483: 2481:, p. 284. 2468: 2456: 2454:, p. 285. 2441: 2439:, p. 286. 2424: 2407: 2392: 2390:, p. 278. 2377: 2365: 2346: 2334: 2319: 2307: 2305:, p. 196. 2288: 2286:, p. 272. 2271: 2269:, p. iii. 2259: 2247: 2235: 2220: 2208: 2193: 2191:, p. 268. 2172: 2160: 2148: 2146:, p. 282. 2136: 2121: 2119:, p. 199. 2109: 2107:, p. 283. 2094: 2082: 2080:, p. 193. 2067: 2065:, p. 276. 2044: 2042:, p. 267. 2027: 2015: 1998: 1979: 1964: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1737:Eastern Europe 1733: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1601:Central Africa 1597: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1445:Southeast Asia 1441: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1416: 1409: 1404: 1401:Mountain area 1399: 1394: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1195:People per km 1193: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1034: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1004: 1002: 999: 996: 992: 991: 989: 986: 983: 979: 978: 977:Slope > 2° 975: 972: 969: 965: 964: 961: 958: 955: 951: 950: 947: 944: 941: 937: 936: 933: 929: 928: 925: 922: 911: 908: 904: 901: 796: 793: 746: 743: 702: 699: 544: 541: 534: 533: 532: 531: 528: 525: 522: 519: 516: 513: 508: 507: 506: 503: 500: 497: 496:Protected: 10% 494: 488: 487: 484: 466: 463: 461: 458: 407: 404: 354: 351: 317:in China, the 241: 238: 228: 225: 173:alpine regions 152: 149: 145:United Nations 128: 125: 116: 113: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3055: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2980:Horticultural 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2916: 2914: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2868: 2867: 2861: 2851: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2814: 2801: 2800: 2794: 2784: 2778: 2775:, CRC Press, 2774: 2773: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2717:PLOS Genetics 2712: 2699: 2698: 2692: 2682: 2675: 2670: 2669: 2664: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2637: 2634:, p. 82. 2633: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2405:, p. 10. 2404: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2375:, p. iv. 2374: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2236: 2233:, p. 21. 2232: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2209: 2206:, p. 20. 2205: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2137: 2134:, p. 90. 2133: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2092:, p. 88. 2091: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2013:, p. 15. 2012: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1977:, p. 14. 1976: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1937: 1934: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1850:Merina people 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1825:Gorani people 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1718:Baltic states 1716: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1544:South America 1542: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1506:North America 1504: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1396:Mountain area 1395: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1382: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1220:pop. density 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1190: 1187: 1181: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1031: 1028: 1022: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1001:11,500–14,800 1000: 997: 994: 993: 990: 987: 984: 981: 980: 976: 973: 970: 967: 966: 962: 959: 956: 953: 952: 948: 945: 942: 939: 938: 934: 931: 930: 927:Slope or LER 919: 916: 909: 907: 902: 900: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 805: 801: 794: 792: 790: 786: 785:Mount Everest 782: 777: 773: 768: 765: 761: 757: 753: 744: 742: 740: 736: 732: 727: 725: 721: 712: 707: 700: 698: 696: 695:snow leopards 692: 688: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 662: 658: 656: 651: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 573: 567: 565: 561: 557: 549: 542: 540: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 515:Protected: 9% 514: 511: 510: 509: 504: 501: 498: 495: 492: 491: 490: 489: 485: 482: 481: 478: 471: 464: 460:Rural economy 459: 457: 453: 450: 445: 443: 439: 434: 431: 427: 420: 416: 412: 405: 403: 401: 397: 396:Talysh people 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 359: 352: 350: 346: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 295: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 246: 239: 233: 226: 224: 221: 216: 212: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 184: 182: 176: 174: 165: 161: 157: 150: 148: 146: 143:(FAO) of the 142: 138: 134: 126: 124: 122: 121:Halaf culture 114: 112: 108: 105: 101: 96: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 72: 67: 59: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 3038:Anthropology 2954: 2865: 2853:, retrieved 2838: 2818: 2807:, retrieved 2798: 2786:, retrieved 2771: 2720: 2716: 2705:, retrieved 2696: 2685:, retrieved 2680: 2658:, p. 8. 2651: 2646:, p. 6. 2639: 2627: 2615: 2573: 2561: 2549: 2537: 2525: 2513: 2486: 2459: 2422:, p. 5. 2368: 2337: 2310: 2262: 2250: 2245:, p. 4. 2238: 2211: 2170:, p. 1. 2163: 2158:, p. 2. 2151: 2139: 2112: 2085: 2018: 1996:, p. 8. 1962:, p. 2. 1936: 1582:North Africa 1386: 1185: 1052:2,500-3,500m 1049:1,100-2,500m 1026: 988:8,200–11,500 913: 906: 897: 809: 769: 748: 728: 720:Appalachians 716: 663: 659: 647: 577: 568: 554: 537: 505:Cropland: 7% 502:Grazing: 25% 476: 454: 446: 435: 423: 392: 360: 356: 347: 296: 247: 243: 217: 213: 185: 177: 169: 130: 118: 109: 100:pastoralists 97: 80: 76: 75: 43: 3033:Hill people 2960:Circumpolar 2897:Hill people 2491:Webber 2019 2361:Webber 2019 2330:Webber 2019 2315:Webber 2019 2168:Palmer 2017 2156:Palmer 2017 2023:Webber 2019 1798:718,790,000 1789:Total world 1764:662,792,000 1685:630,710,000 1658:West Africa 1620:East Africa 1436:228,016,000 1083:113,000,000 1063:333,000,000 1055:>3,500m 1014:> 14,800 1011:> 4,500 998:3,500–4,500 985:2,500–3,500 974:4,900–8,200 971:1,500–2,500 960:3,300–4,900 957:1,000–1,500 857:Addis Ababa 813:Mexico City 795:Urban areas 764:Gulf States 611:Switzerland 572:Han Chinese 556:Paleolithic 499:Forest: 25% 493:Barren: 33% 151:Environment 77:Hill people 3027:Categories 3007:Industrial 2809:2019-05-28 2707:2019-05-28 2687:2019-05-28 1928:References 1870:Sącz Lachs 1855:Montagnard 1845:Lao Theung 1835:Khmer Loeu 1820:Caucasians 1792:29,384,000 1781:55,998,000 1758:22,542,000 1747:14,804,000 1709:17,278,000 1679:17,237,000 1649:13,035,000 1630:61,955,000 1592:15,525,000 1573:81,714,000 1554:61,253,000 1535:18,732,000 1516:29,658,000 1478:52,953,000 1468:South Asia 1459:52,101,000 1413:population 1408:population 1393:Sub-region 1163:56,000,000 1143:32,000,000 1123:88,000,000 1103:97,000,000 1046:<1,000m 1038:Population 903:Statistics 873:Chandigarh 731:Hindu Kush 564:Kalimantan 483:Land cover 465:Land usage 430:hemoglobin 386:(63%) and 384:Costa Rica 271:Burushaski 227:Population 189:California 164:Dudh Koshi 131:Under the 2965:Subarctic 1775:6,842,000 1703:4,966,000 1668:4,046,000 1624:1,016,000 1611:8,944,000 1567:2,202,000 1563:Near East 1548:2,996,000 1497:2,779,000 1487:Caribbean 1472:1,051,000 1453:1,729,000 1430:5,514,000 1426:East Asia 946:980–3,280 943:300–1,000 885:Kathmandu 841:Vancouver 806:, Bolivia 745:Migration 739:Himalayas 735:Karakoram 486:Land use 417:Woman in 398:lands in 380:Guatemala 255:Karakoram 240:Diversity 89:mountains 32:Hillbilly 2975:Pastoral 2756:citation 2749:20838600 2493:, PT129. 2363:, PT128. 2332:, PT126. 2317:, PT127. 2025:, PT123. 1906:See also 1840:Lao Sung 1411:Mountain 1406:Mountain 1036:Mountain 881:Siliguri 877:Dehradun 833:Santiago 643:camelids 615:Peruvian 591:tomatoes 587:potatoes 337:and the 335:Ethiopia 299:Tibetans 287:Romansch 197:Caucasus 166:in Nepal 40:Hillfolk 2995:Complex 2970:Nomadic 2955:Montane 2740:2936536 2665:Sources 1741:340,000 1662:120,000 1643:681,000 1605:308,000 1586:478,000 1529:213,000 1510:881,000 1449:Oceania 1218:Average 1215:Class 6 1212:Class 5 1209:Class 4 1206:Class 3 1203:Class 2 1200:Class 1 1008:Class 6 995:Class 5 982:Class 4 968:Class 3 954:Class 2 940:Class 1 893:Kunming 889:Chengdu 869:Bandung 861:Nairobi 845:Calgary 829:Caracas 781:Sherpas 776:Gurjars 752:Gurkhas 670:cabbage 666:carrots 426:hypoxia 415:Quechua 390:(61%). 382:(64%), 378:(70%), 376:Armenia 374:(73%), 372:Lesotho 370:(75%), 366:(89%), 339:Quechua 315:Uyghurs 283:Italian 160:Jorsale 115:History 2990:Feudal 2873: 2855:28 May 2846: 2826: 2788:29 May 2779: 2747: 2737: 1899:Vlachs 1882:Lemkos 1877:Rusyns 1830:Gorals 1491:46,000 1192:Region 1033:Region 932:Meters 865:Tehran 853:Zürich 849:Geneva 837:Denver 825:La Paz 817:Bogotá 804:La Paz 772:Gaddis 711:Nevada 701:Mining 691:wolves 682:apples 678:garlic 635:cattle 623:barley 613:, the 607:quinoa 603:coffee 583:millet 560:Dayaks 368:Rwanda 364:Bhutan 343:Aymara 331:Amhars 329:, the 327:Turkey 279:German 275:French 127:Extent 93:runoff 46:, see 2803:(PDF) 2701:(PDF) 2677:(PDF) 935:Feet 921:Class 821:Quito 756:Swiss 713:, USA 687:bears 674:beans 639:goats 631:sheep 619:Nepal 595:wheat 579:Maize 388:Yemen 319:Kurds 259:Shina 251:Andes 85:hills 2871:ISBN 2857:2019 2844:ISBN 2824:ISBN 2790:2019 2777:ISBN 2762:link 2745:PMID 1893:List 1447:and 891:and 859:and 851:and 843:and 831:and 774:and 758:and 737:and 693:and 680:and 655:Java 627:rice 605:and 593:and 419:Peru 400:Iran 341:and 323:Iraq 313:and 307:Miao 303:Naxi 285:and 269:and 267:Waki 263:Urdu 218:The 207:and 87:and 2735:PMC 2725:doi 1801:12 1767:13 1750:12 1688:14 1652:16 1633:29 1614:11 1595:11 1576:33 1557:18 1538:53 1519:30 1462:10 1439:17 1324:41 1315:124 1298:36 1272:27 1246:40 1169:21% 1166:79% 1149:22% 1146:78% 1135:1% 1132:14% 1129:66% 1126:19% 1109:57% 1106:38% 1095:7% 1092:17% 1089:38% 1086:38% 1075:2% 1069:35% 1066:60% 789:Rai 599:tea 562:of 333:in 3029:: 2758:}} 2754:{{ 2743:, 2733:, 2719:, 2679:, 2600:^ 2585:^ 2498:^ 2471:^ 2444:^ 2427:^ 2410:^ 2395:^ 2380:^ 2349:^ 2322:^ 2291:^ 2274:^ 2223:^ 2196:^ 2175:^ 2124:^ 2097:^ 2070:^ 2047:^ 2030:^ 2001:^ 1982:^ 1967:^ 1950:^ 1795:22 1784:6 1778:20 1761:23 1744:29 1731:0 1712:6 1706:23 1682:23 1671:2 1646:13 1627:16 1570:34 1551:17 1532:41 1513:45 1500:9 1494:22 1481:4 1475:24 1456:35 1433:50 1398:km 1376:8 1358:13 1350:6 1321:10 1318:53 1312:80 1309:34 1306:20 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