437:. The research provides an examination of Ik culture based on his fieldwork during a drought and famine in 1965–66. He depicts the Ik as a people forced into radical individualism to survive, such that they take no care or responsibility for others, sharing nothing, never cooperating on anything, and treating the elderly, infirm and even their own children as little more than burdens. He relies on the few surviving elderly Ik as sources for describing the earlier, less dysfunctional Ik society, including hunter-gatherer practices, marriage, childbirth, death rituals/taboos, and religion.
308:, or “blessing of the seeds.” The holiday is celebrated over three days, generally in January, and marks the beginning of the agricultural season. On the first day of the holiday, a sacred tree is planted and people bring their seeds to be blessed under it, which includes dancing around the tree. Beer is brewed, and the following morning elder members taste it, after which it is drunk. No individual may drink until all older members of the tribe have done so first.
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forage, standing guard over them to prevent others from stealing their food. The book raises questions about human nature, and the abandonment of love and altruism in time of severe hardship; it also suggests parallels to the individualism of
Western society. His time with the Ik exasperated Turnbull and aggravated his innate melancholy, yet he dedicated his work "to the Ik, whom I learned not to hate".
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the groom's family visits the bride bearing livestock and grain. They are welcomed with beer and any remaining problems between the two families are discussed. After a few days of celebration, the bride returns with the groom's family. In subsequent ceremonies, the groom is expected to provide food or beer to various other members of the clan, in order to help integrate the newlyweds into society.
25:
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in which the engaged are rubbed with oil. The groom then throws a spear at a tree, in order to test his abilities as a hunter. Following this, the bride is expected to cook and perform domestic duties for the groom's clan, while they assess her ability to integrate among them. In the second ceremony,
537:
and was directed by Soling and David
Hilbert. The film depicts the Ik people in a positive light by showing how easily befriended they are, how they survive and live as families, their music and dancing, and their ability to step into acting roles. The documentary concludes with members of the tribe
461:
Evidence indicates
Turnbull possessed limited knowledge of the rapidly-evolving Ik language and tradition and virtually no knowledge of the flora and fauna of the region. He asserted the Ik had been hunter-gatherers but were forced to learn farming after being expelled from their homeland by the
440:
Turnbull records his horror at many of the events he witnesses, such as their disregard for familial bonds, leading to the death of children and the elderly by starvation. He writes warmly about certain Ik, and describes his "misguided" efforts to give food and water to those too weak to farm or
486:
This book cannot be discussed in any proper sociological terms, for we are provided with only snatches of data. Rather than being a study of the Ik, this is an autobiographical portrait of the author using the Ik as counters for expressing his personal feelings and experiences in the
481:
Heine concluded, "...Turnbull's account of Ik culture turned out to be at variance with most observations we made - to the extent that at times I was under the impression that I was dealing with an entirely different people." Heine endorsed the conclusion of T.O. Beidelman:
362:
A habitually peaceful people, the Ik are frequently raided by neighboring tribes. They have a ritual dance in which they practice responding to an attack, in which the men defend the village and women help lead children to hidden positions, as well as caring for wounded.
444:
Given the Ik's subsistence crisis and (apparent) cultural collapse, Turnbull advocated to the
Ugandan government that the tribe be broken up and resettled "with no more than ten people in any re-located group" to alleviate the Ik tendency of alienating their neighbors.
229:
an inherited position. Marriages between members of different clans occur; in these cases, according to Heine, women retain their original clan identity, while their children are born members of the father's clan. Clans live in small, walled villages known as
275:
are considered the highest members of the Ik: no decisions can be made without their consent, and they are entitled to respect from those younger. As of 1985, this tradition may be endangered due to the expense of purchasing cattle from neighboring groups.
191:
The Ik, along with various other
Ugandan tribes, have been subject to forced eviction from their ancestral lands without compensation. They continue to face numerous challenges due to their small population and isolation. The road system in rural
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may not be completed by a man until all of his older brothers have gone through it. Once this has occurred, his hair will be shaved and he will be taken to live in the bush for a month, as well as slaughtering a bull. Men who have completed
469:
Some of
Turnbull's informants were not Ik but Diding'a, including Turnbull's translator, named Lomeja, who Heine claimed spoke a broken form of Ik. Moreover, half of the six villages Turnbull studied were headed by
476:
Heine's own research contradicted
Turnbull's claim of frequent non-monogamy among the Ik. In fact, during the two years Turnbull stayed among them, there was only one documented instance of non-monogamous sexual
196:
is poor, and access to education and health services is scarce: in 2016, only one Ik student completed their O-level examinations. In 2016, Hillary
Lokwang became the first member of the tribe to be elected to
316:
the meeting place of the elders, along with all their agricultural tools. The beer is drunk and then sprinkled over the tools to bless them. It is usually celebrated in
November or December.
201:; however, they continue to be politically marginalized. Due to their reliance on agriculture, they are vulnerable to drought and famine. The tribe is considered endangered by some.
339:
described the Ik as "unfriendly, uncharitable, inhospitable and generally mean as any people can be." This perception of the Ik was reflected in other publications, including
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is generally arranged between families, and engagements may be decided when the bride is as young as seven to ten years old. The groom's family is expected to pay a
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214:, which described a culture of extreme individualism in which love and altruism were virtually unknown. Later ethnographic research has challenged that portrayal.
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which reward generosity. According to
Townsend, Turnbull's perception of the Ik may have been partly due to the famine the group was experiencing at the time.
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1025:"Matthew Syed examines the work of the controversial anthropologist Colin Turnbull who claimed to have discovered 'the most selfish people on earth' ."
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Turnbull's research is controversial among other researchers, who question the accuracy of many 'vivid' claims by his study subjects. In 1983,
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means "head of migration"; they are traditionally believed by locals to have been some of the region's earliest settlers from Kenya.
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young men must slaughter a male goat instantaneously, using a spear that may not penetrate the other side of the goat's body.
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or “beer of the axes”, is the second most important Ik holiday. Beer is brewed by individual families and brought to the
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a coming-of-age ritual in which young men must cleanly slaughter a male goat with a spear. The Ik are predominantly
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351:, a common anthropological test, the Ik demonstrated generosity on par with most other cultures. The Ik believe in
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466:. However, linguistic and cultural evidence suggests that the Ik had been farmers long before that displacement.
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who described the Ik as a "haunting flower of evil." A twenty-first century report by Catherine Townsend of
291:; the groom is obligated to work for the bride's family for a period. The first marriage ceremony is called
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The Ik are divided into patrilineal clans, of which Heine in 1985 noted twelve. Clans are led by the
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180:("blessing the seeds"), a three-day festival that marks the beginning of the agricultural year, and
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Turnbull's claim of extensive Ik cattle stealing is contradicted by official government reports.
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is celebrated around August. Harvested grains are cooked communally and eaten by the men at the
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516:. The group toured the United States in 1976 as a bi-centennial gift from French tax-payers.
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They may trade with neighboring groups for products such as cattle. The Ik are known to brew
403:. Their diets are supplemented with hunting as well as gathering of certain foods, including
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Heine, Bernd (1985). "The Mountain People: Some Notes on the Ik of North-Eastern Uganda".
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Three major holidays were noted by Heine in his report, the most important of which is
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1989:
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Beidelman, T. O. (1973). "Reviewed work: The Mountain People, Colin M. Turnbull".
512:, the play premiered in Paris in 1975, and was produced in London in 1976 by the
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There are known rituals in Ik culture, the most significant of which are
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800:"Why were the Ik people vilified as selfish and nasty? | Aeon Essays"
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415:, and the drink plays an important role in some of their traditions.
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Both are considered rights of passage and are practiced by only men:
157:. Their population is estimated between 10,000 and 15,000. The word
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670:"Uganda - IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs"
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695:"Education frustrates parliamentary hopefuls among Ik community"
412:
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Knight, John (1994). "'The Mountain People' as Tribal Mirror".
592:"Meet the Ik, Karamoja's original tribe on verge of extinction"
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567:"the ik tribe - uganda tribes and culture, tribes near kidepo"
18:
457:
argued that Turnbull's methods and conclusions were flawed:
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1013:
Blog post "Meet the Ik Endangered Tribe in Mount Morungole"
496:
Turnbull's book provided material for a 1975 play called
772:"Visiting the Ik Tribe - The Mountain People of Uganda"
748:"Uganda: Endangered tribe puts hope in rookie lawmaker"
1008:
2000 scholarly article "The Mountain People Revisited"
922:
Turnbull, Colin (1 January 1976). "Turnbull Replies".
881:
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
628:
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
347:, however, fully repudiated these claims. Using the
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
204:In 1972, they were the subject of anthropologist
484:
1312:
1044:
1018:2019 Spanish-language feature story on the Ik
8:
533:(2011). It was produced in the mid-2000s by
527:read as a child and sparked a documentary,
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407:, various fruits and white ants, known as
238:. Ik villages may be visited by tourists.
145:, most Ik live in small clan villages, or
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1023:Podcast BBC Radio 4 "Sideways" 28 minute
826:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972.
548:as a Western metaphor for 'redemption'.
370:
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262:the initiation to elderhood. In
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258:marks the beginning of manhood, and
141:, near the Kenyan border. Primarily
47:adding citations to reliable sources
952:Higgins, Colin and Cannan, Dennis.
16:Ethnic group in northeastern Uganda
5028:Religions and spiritual traditions
1341:Religious groups and denominations
538:mimicking a staged performance of
14:
125:Ik people in Eastern Uganda, 2020
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5992:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5134:Democratic Republic of the Congo
523:wrote an essay, "The Ik", which
137:or tribe native to northeastern
23:
4599:Evolutionary origin of religion
693:Independent, The (2020-08-28).
34:needs additional citations for
4950:Separation of church and state
3630:Polytheistic reconstructionism
590:Musasizi, Simon (2013-10-08).
1:
2673:Traditional Sabahan religions
176:. Notable traditions include
320:, or “opening the harvest”,
4808:National religiosity levels
4055:Nauruan Indigenous religion
3610:Hellenism (modern religion)
571:Kidepo Valley National Park
387:Their staple crops include
6231:
978:. Bookrags.com. 2010-11-02
149:, in the area surrounding
6174:
5065:
5054:
4223:
4212:
3797:
3784:
3514:Transcendental Meditation
1347:
1334:
1066:
776:Kabiza Wilderness Safaris
514:Royal Shakespeare Company
208:'s highly contested book
5119:Central African Republic
2220:Vietnamese folk religion
1611:Charismatic Christianity
425:In 1972, anthropologist
6215:Ethnic groups in Uganda
5013:New religious movements
4651:Theories about religion
4604:Evolutionary psychology
3655:Modern Finnish paganism
1687:Independent Catholicism
1060:Ethnic groups in Uganda
975:Colin Higgins Biography
519:The physician and poet
375:Ik village in northern
221:Communities and culture
5662:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3670:Erzyan native religion
3519:Unitarian Universalism
2925:Native American Church
1731:Oneness Pentecostalism
699:The Independent Uganda
489:
380:
174:Nilo-Saharan languages
126:
5982:Saint Kitts and Nevis
5279:São Tomé and Príncipe
5139:Republic of the Congo
3367:Aboriginal Australian
2083:Chinese folk religion
596:The Observer - Uganda
383:The Ik are primarily
374:
124:
5604:United Arab Emirates
4395:Religious experience
3791:Historical religions
2240:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
1572:Schwenkfelder Church
565:polly (2019-05-15).
464:Kidepo National Park
385:subsistence farmers.
43:improve this article
5997:Trinidad and Tobago
5892:Antigua and Barbuda
5060:Religion by country
4121:Cult of Magna Mater
2710:Philippine Dayawism
2291:Nimbarka Sampradaya
2039:Chinese Manichaeism
1711:Jehovah's Witnesses
1516:Proto-Protestantism
1002:The Mountain People
824:The Mountain People
822:Turnbull, Colin M.
724:"Ik/Teus of Uganda"
492:Cultural references
435:The Mountain People
420:The Mountain People
341:The New York Times,
211:The Mountain People
168:is a member of the
143:subsistence farmers
5932:Dominican Republic
4978:Abrahamic prophets
4094:Proto-Indo-Iranian
2683:Aliran Kepercayaan
1886:Non-denominational
1808:Modernist Salafism
1494:Oriental Orthodoxy
846:Anthropology Today
381:
127:
6202:
6201:
6170:
6169:
6166:
6165:
5154:Equatorial Guinea
5050:
5049:
5046:
5045:
4589:Cognitive science
4208:
4207:
4141:Mysteries of Isis
3937:Frankish paganism
3780:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3524:White Brotherhood
3390:
3389:
3355:
3354:
2744:Sundanese Wiwitan
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2286:Brahma Sampradaya
2248:
2247:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2029:Assianism/Uatsdin
1947:
1946:
1716:British Israelism
1702:Nontrinitarianism
1665:Plymouth Brethren
1660:Nondenominational
1594:Congregationalism
1482:Eastern Orthodoxy
1430:Reconstructionist
1294:
1293:
541:A Christmas Carol
345:Baylor University
119:
118:
111:
93:
6222:
6192:
6182:
6181:
6060:Papua New Guinea
6035:Marshall Islands
5862:Northern Ireland
5067:
5056:
4940:Secular theology
4935:Secular humanism
4225:
4214:
3786:
3405:
3082:
2572:
2328:Shaiva Siddhanta
2259:
2192:Korean shamanism
2071:
2062:
1958:
1871:Mahdawi movement
1741:Swedenborgianism
1721:Christadelphians
1367:
1358:
1349:
1336:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1298:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1030:
987:
986:
984:
983:
970:
964:
950:
944:
943:
919:
913:
912:
876:
870:
869:
841:
835:
820:
814:
813:
811:
810:
796:
787:
786:
784:
783:
768:
762:
761:
759:
758:
744:
738:
737:
735:
734:
720:
709:
708:
706:
705:
690:
684:
683:
681:
680:
666:
660:
659:
623:
606:
605:
603:
602:
587:
581:
580:
578:
577:
562:
335:Turnbull's 1972
155:Kaabong district
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6162:
6089:
6070:Solomon Islands
6006:
5878:
5782:North Macedonia
5623:
5348:
5061:
5042:
5003:Mass gatherings
4971:
4966:
4959:
4898:
4893:
4884:
4823:Religiocentrism
4803:National church
4671:
4668:
4660:
4575:
4568:
4505:
4427:Bodies of water
4219:
4204:
4011:Jamaican Maroon
3793:
3768:
3705:
3535:
3528:
3399:
3397:
3386:
3351:
3325:Trinidad Orisha
3110:
3103:
3076:
3069:
2996:
2959:
2755:
2748:
2644:
2626:
2553:
2527:Srilankan Vedda
2478:
2406:
2281:Sri Vaishnavism
2244:
2206:
2178:
2136:
2043:
2017:
1984:
1943:
1897:
1822:Twelver Shi'ism
1764:
1626:Neo-charismatic
1599:Presbyterianism
1451:
1343:
1330:
1325:
1295:
1290:
1151:Great Lakes Twa
1062:
1057:
996:
991:
990:
981:
979:
972:
971:
967:
951:
947:
932:10.2307/3031968
921:
920:
916:
893:10.2307/1159341
878:
877:
873:
858:10.2307/2783153
843:
842:
838:
821:
817:
808:
806:
798:
797:
790:
781:
779:
770:
769:
765:
756:
754:
746:
745:
741:
732:
730:
722:
721:
712:
703:
701:
692:
691:
687:
678:
676:
668:
667:
663:
640:10.2307/1159836
625:
624:
609:
600:
598:
589:
588:
584:
575:
573:
564:
563:
559:
554:
546:Charles Dickens
535:Spectacle Films
494:
451:
423:
369:
333:
310:Dzíber-ika mεs,
302:
282:
244:
223:
217:
151:Mount Morungole
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6228:
6226:
6218:
6217:
6207:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6186:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6099:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6016:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5888:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5852:United Kingdom
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5633:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5358:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5075:
5073:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4945:Secularization
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4925:Deconstruction
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4901:
4899:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4778:Fundamentalism
4775:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4256:
4254:Call to prayer
4251:
4246:
4241:
4239:Disaffiliation
4231:
4229:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4113:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3959:Greco-Buddhism
3956:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3919:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3689:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3540:
3538:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3402:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3320:Tambor de Mina
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3097:Guanche church
3088:
3086:
3079:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
3002:Tibeto-Burmese
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2935:Nuu-chah-nulth
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2739:Sumbese Marapu
2736:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2660:
2658:Batak Parmalim
2654:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2580:
2578:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2267:
2265:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2146:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1970:Ilm-e-Khshnoom
1966:
1964:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1774:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1707:Bible Students
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1677:Restorationism
1674:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1640:
1635:
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887:(2): 170–171.
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433:about the Ik,
427:Colin Turnbull
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2632:Austroasiatic
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2603:Vattisen Yaly
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503:
502:Colin Higgins
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
5599:Turkmenistan
5559:Saudi Arabia
5304:South Africa
5294:Sierra Leone
5099:Burkina Faso
5008:Names of God
4955:Unaffiliated
4910:Antireligion
4771:Universalism
4719:Assimilation
4584:Anthropology
4459:Supernatural
4454:Spirituality
4422:Sacred space
4410:Purification
4283:Denomination
4237: /
4067:Paleo-Balkan
4033:Mesopotamian
3873:Cook Islands
3844:Old Prussian
3757:UFO religion
3696:
3692:Zalmoxianism
3620:Neoshamanism
3477:Spiritualism
3360:Other ethnic
3249:
3175:
3075:Traditional
3035:Bongthingism
2888:Mesoamerican
2650:Austronesian
2471:
2467:Neo-Buddhism
2399:
2395:Neo-Hinduism
2316:Swaminarayan
2154:
2103:Salvationist
2088:Confucianism
1939:Samaritanism
1909:Ali-Illahism
1890:
1757:
1751:Unitarianism
1692:Old Catholic
1499:Nestorianism
1457:Christianity
1444:
1410:Conservative
1165:
1001:
980:. Retrieved
974:
968:
953:
948:
923:
917:
884:
880:
874:
849:
845:
839:
823:
818:
807:. Retrieved
803:
780:. Retrieved
778:. 2022-08-18
775:
766:
755:. Retrieved
751:
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731:. Retrieved
727:
702:. Retrieved
698:
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677:. Retrieved
673:
664:
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599:. Retrieved
595:
585:
574:. Retrieved
570:
560:
539:
528:
525:Cevin Soling
521:Lewis Thomas
518:
497:
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177:
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158:
146:
135:ethnic group
130:
128:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
6050:New Zealand
5987:Saint Lucia
5937:El Salvador
5842:Switzerland
5777:Netherlands
5549:Philippines
5477:South Korea
5472:North Korea
5362:Afghanistan
5309:South Sudan
5199:Ivory Coast
4983:Deification
4930:Objectivism
4905:Agnosticism
4863:Persecution
4853:Video games
4818:Populations
4729:Proselytism
4697:Monasticism
4688:Clericalism
4678:Agriculture
4669:and society
4634:Soteriology
4594:Comparative
4564:Transtheism
4549:Panentheism
4333:Monasticism
4126:Gallo-Roman
4050:Micronesian
4016:Manichaeism
3964:Hermeticism
3932:Continental
3927:Anglo-Saxon
3807:Paleolithic
3802:Prehistoric
3752:Scientology
3615:Italo-Roman
3470:Radha Soami
3450:New Thought
3290:Espiritismo
3231:Waaqeffanna
3171:Fon and Ewe
3109:Sub-Saharan
2992:Satsana Phi
2779:Californian
2769:Anishinaabe
2700:Karo Pemena
2679:Indonesian
2353:Lingayatism
2301:Mahanubhava
2271:Vaishnavism
2202:Jeungsanism
2125:Folk Taoism
2108:Xiantiandao
1962:Zoroastrian
1621:Charismatic
1616:Pentecostal
1579:Anglicanism
1530:Waldensians
1465:Catholicism
926:(16): 4–6.
728:Pray Africa
634:(1): 3–16.
510:Peter Brook
455:Bernd Heine
431:ethnography
337:ethnography
289:bride price
166:Ik language
58:"Ik people"
6040:Micronesia
5917:Costa Rica
5812:San Marino
5772:Montenegro
5752:Luxembourg
5609:Uzbekistan
5584:Tajikistan
5489:Kyrgyzstan
5462:Kazakhstan
5412:East Timor
5382:Bangladesh
5372:Azerbaijan
5289:Seychelles
5254:Mozambique
5239:Mauritania
5224:Madagascar
5114:Cape Verde
4896:irreligion
4891:Secularism
4798:Minorities
4766:Toleration
4761:Syncretism
4746:Fanaticism
4736:Disability
4724:Missionary
4714:Conversion
4702:Ordination
4624:Psychology
4619:Philosophy
4559:Polytheism
4539:Monotheism
4534:Henotheism
4375:Orthopraxy
4365:Ordination
4328:Meditation
4323:Indigenous
4288:Entheogens
4273:Conversion
4038:Babylonian
4028:Melanesian
3954:Gnosticism
3839:Lithuanian
3732:Fourth Way
3586:Circassian
3564:Dievturība
3487:Tensegrity
3420:Falun Gong
3065:Sanamahism
3045:Donyi-Polo
2722:Polynesian
2668:Kaharingan
2593:Burkhanism
2532:Ravidassia
2510:Śvetāmbara
2296:Pushtimarg
2276:Krishnaism
2212:Vietnamese
2197:Cheondoism
2130:Yao Taoism
2066:East Asian
1832:Isma'ilism
1788:Maturidism
1567:Mennonites
1562:Hutterites
1547:Anabaptism
1440:Humanistic
1186:Karamojong
1000:Review of
982:2016-08-06
962:0871293064
852:(6): 1–3.
832:0671217240
809:2023-07-08
782:2023-07-09
757:2023-07-07
733:2023-07-09
704:2023-07-07
679:2023-07-07
601:2023-07-07
576:2024-02-12
552:References
367:Livelihood
331:Generosity
199:parliament
69:newspapers
6158:Venezuela
6103:Argentina
6020:Australia
5972:Nicaragua
5947:Guatemala
5747:Lithuania
5569:Sri Lanka
5564:Singapore
5544:Palestine
5432:Indonesia
5422:Hong Kong
5244:Mauritius
4965:Overviews
4920:Criticism
4868:Terrorism
4843:Theocracy
4788:Happiness
4756:Pluralism
4741:Education
4667:Religion
4639:Salvation
4629:Sociology
4574:Religious
4554:Pantheism
4544:Nontheism
4437:Mountains
4415:Sacrifice
4370:Orthodoxy
4360:Mythology
4355:Mysticism
4244:Behaviour
4153:Canaanite
4136:Mithraism
4021:Mazdakism
3996:Hungarian
3969:Mysteries
3878:Dravidian
3660:Hungarian
3576:Caucasian
3547:Godianism
3507:Agni Yoga
3497:Theosophy
3460:Rastafari
3435:Modekngei
3415:Brahmoism
3408:Syncretic
3400:movements
3398:religious
3310:Quimbanda
3258:Candomblé
3251:Diasporic
3030:Bathouism
3020:Benzhuism
2945:Tsimshian
2915:Midewiwin
2908:Purépecha
2846:Longhouse
2774:Blackfoot
2705:Malaysian
2695:Kapitayan
2505:Digambara
2490:Ayyavazhi
2455:Vajrayana
2420:Theravada
2333:Ganapatya
2306:Ramanandi
2235:Hoahaoism
2113:Yiguandao
2008:Yarsanism
2003:Shabakism
1990:Yazdânism
1980:Zurvanism
1975:Mazdaznan
1934:Rastafari
1929:Mandaeism
1803:Wahhabism
1783:Ash'arism
1746:Tolstoyan
1736:Spiritual
1726:Mormonism
1697:Judaizers
1670:Quakerism
1648:Methodist
1638:Irvingism
1589:Calvinism
1542:Adventism
1525:Moravians
1362:Abrahamic
1101:Bafumbira
909:147480591
656:143368170
477:activity.
449:Criticism
357:kíʝáwika,
318:Inúmúm-έs
264:ipéyé-és,
186:Christian
182:ipéyé-és,
131:Ik people
99:July 2023
6209:Category
6184:Category
6148:Suriname
6138:Paraguay
6123:Colombia
6030:Kiribati
5957:Honduras
5927:Dominica
5902:Barbados
5867:Scotland
5827:Slovenia
5822:Slovakia
5797:Portugal
5667:Bulgaria
5589:Thailand
5539:Pakistan
5519:Mongolia
5514:Maldives
5509:Malaysia
5397:Cambodia
5344:Zimbabwe
5319:Tanzania
5169:Ethiopia
5164:Eswatini
5144:Djibouti
5109:Cameroon
5094:Botswana
5038:Timeline
5033:Scholars
4993:Founders
4858:Violence
4813:Politics
4683:Business
4646:Theology
4390:Prophecy
4380:Paganism
4268:Covenant
4235:Apostasy
4170:Scythian
4111:Rapa Nui
4087:Thracian
4082:Illyrian
4072:Albanian
4043:Sumerian
3986:Harappan
3922:Germanic
3917:Georgian
3910:Selk'nam
3895:Etruscan
3883:Egyptian
3861:Druidism
3824:Armenian
3747:Satanism
3727:Eckankar
3650:Estonian
3635:Romanian
3625:Ossetian
3605:Germanic
3554:Armenian
3543:African
3536:paganism
3465:Sant Mat
3455:Rajneesh
3430:Meivazhi
3425:Japanese
3382:Siberian
3315:Santería
3285:Convince
3151:Bushongo
3055:Kiratism
2982:Hmongism
2863:Jivaroan
2841:Iroquois
2831:Ho-Chunk
2801:Cherokee
2756:American
2727:Hawaiian
2640:Sarnaism
2610:Tungusic
2598:Tengrism
2588:Mongolic
2517:Sarnaism
2448:Nichiren
2425:Mahayana
2412:Buddhism
2390:Sant Mat
2380:Sauraism
2375:Smartism
2370:Shaktism
2363:Balinese
2348:Kaumaram
2343:Kapalika
2338:Kashmiri
2323:Shaivism
2263:Hinduism
2230:Caodaism
2174:Ryukyuan
2169:Tenrikyo
2164:Shugendō
2142:Japanese
2013:Yazidism
1998:Ishikism
1876:Quranism
1849:Khawarij
1798:Salafism
1793:Atharism
1682:Esoteric
1653:Holiness
1643:Lutheran
1604:Reformed
1584:Baptists
1557:Brethren
1521:Hussites
1509:Assyrian
1425:Haymanot
1379:Orthodox
1328:Religion
956:. 1985.
306:itówé-és
300:Holidays
293:tsan-es,
285:Marriage
280:Marriage
256:ipéyé-és
252:tasapet.
248:ipéyé-és
178:itówé-és
6153:Uruguay
6128:Ecuador
6108:Bolivia
6085:Vanuatu
6012:Oceania
5962:Jamaica
5942:Grenada
5897:Bahamas
5857:England
5847:Ukraine
5802:Romania
5762:Moldova
5722:Ireland
5717:Iceland
5712:Hungary
5702:Germany
5692:Finland
5687:Estonia
5682:Denmark
5677:Czechia
5672:Croatia
5657:Belgium
5652:Belarus
5647:Austria
5642:Andorra
5637:Albania
5614:Vietnam
5524:Myanmar
5499:Lebanon
5417:Georgia
5377:Bahrain
5367:Armenia
5329:Tunisia
5299:Somalia
5284:Senegal
5269:Nigeria
5259:Namibia
5249:Morocco
5214:Liberia
5209:Lesotho
5159:Eritrea
5129:Comoros
5104:Burundi
5079:Algeria
5023:Outline
4988:Deities
4915:Atheism
4833:Science
4751:Freedom
4609:History
4576:studies
4529:Dualism
4519:Animism
4484:Worship
4464:Symbols
4405:Liturgy
4318:Goddess
4278:Deities
4259:Laicism
4249:Beliefs
4228:Aspects
4200:Zapotec
4195:Vainakh
4163:Yahwism
4148:Semitic
4099:Iranian
4001:Hurrian
3991:Hittite
3981:Guanche
3974:Orphism
3905:Fuegian
3900:Finnish
3888:Atenism
3834:Latvian
3819:Arabian
3762:Raëlism
3742:Jediism
3737:Goddess
3710:De novo
3598:Druidry
3492:Thelema
3445:New Age
3330:Umbanda
3221:Tumbuka
3206:Odinala
3191:Lugbara
3111:African
3077:African
3025:Bimoism
3015:Burmese
2883:Mapuche
2856:Wyandot
2821:Guarani
2811:Choctaw
2806:Chilote
2764:Abenaki
2715:Tagalog
2688:Kejawèn
2537:Sikhism
2500:Jainism
2460:Tibetan
2443:Amidism
2311:Warkari
2225:Đạo Mẫu
2075:Chinese
2057:Eastern
2034:Roshani
1953:Iranian
1861:Alevism
1854:Ibadism
1827:Zaydism
1504:Ancient
1475:Eastern
1435:Renewal
1420:Karaite
1401:Zionist
1389:Hasidic
1371:Judaism
1353:Western
1286:Wahinda
1271:Songora
1236:Nubians
1216:Lugbara
1131:Bunyoro
1126:Baruuli
1121:Banyole
1116:Banyala
1106:Baganda
940:3031968
901:1159341
866:2783153
648:1159836
470:non-Ik.
401:tobacco
389:sorghum
355:called
273:tasapet
268:Tasapet
260:tasapet
242:Rituals
194:Kaabong
153:in the
133:are an
83:scholar
6194:Portal
6133:Guyana
6113:Brazil
6080:Tuvalu
5977:Panama
5967:Mexico
5912:Canada
5907:Belize
5837:Sweden
5817:Serbia
5807:Russia
5792:Poland
5787:Norway
5767:Monaco
5737:Latvia
5732:Kosovo
5707:Greece
5697:France
5629:Europe
5594:Turkey
5579:Taiwan
5484:Kuwait
5457:Jordan
5447:Israel
5407:Cyprus
5392:Brunei
5387:Bhutan
5339:Zambia
5334:Uganda
5274:Rwanda
5229:Malawi
5189:Guinea
5179:Gambia
5084:Angola
5071:Africa
4880:Wealth
4828:Schism
4783:Growth
4707:Priest
4692:Clergy
4511:Theism
4494:Nature
4489:Astral
4432:Groves
4400:Ritual
4385:Prayer
4343:Novice
4293:Ethnic
4218:Topics
4190:Urartu
4185:Tongan
4180:Somali
4175:Slavic
4077:Dacian
3856:Celtic
3851:Basque
3829:Baltic
3680:Udmurt
3645:Uralic
3640:Slavic
3593:Celtic
3581:Abkhaz
3569:Romuva
3559:Baltic
3534:Modern
3377:Papuan
3340:Voodoo
3295:Kumina
3236:Yoruba
3226:Urhobo
3196:Maasai
3181:Lotuko
3129:Baluba
3119:Akamba
3092:Berber
3050:Heraka
3040:Dongba
2940:Pawnee
2930:Navajo
2920:Muisca
2878:Lenape
2873:Lakota
2851:Seneca
2789:Ohlone
2754:Native
2620:Manchu
2615:Evenki
2576:Altaic
2567:Ethnic
2542:Khalsa
2495:Kalash
2385:Śrauta
2254:Indian
2184:Korean
2150:Shinto
2120:Taoism
2093:Luoism
1919:Baháʼí
1914:Bábism
1866:Ahmadi
1844:Sufism
1837:Alawis
1487:Church
1415:Reform
1396:Modern
1384:Haredi
1251:Oropom
1231:Masaba
1161:Hororo
1141:Dodoth
1136:Busoga
1096:Aringa
1091:Ankole
1076:Adhola
960:
954:The Ik
938:
907:
899:
864:
830:
654:
646:
530:Ikland
498:The Ik
487:field.
393:millet
379:, 2005
377:Uganda
322:
170:Kuliak
139:Uganda
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
6118:Chile
6075:Tonga
6065:Samoa
6055:Palau
6045:Nauru
5952:Haiti
5872:Wales
5832:Spain
5757:Malta
5727:Italy
5619:Yemen
5574:Syria
5554:Qatar
5529:Nepal
5504:Macau
5467:Korea
5452:Japan
5427:India
5402:China
5314:Sudan
5264:Niger
5219:Libya
5204:Kenya
5184:Ghana
5174:Gabon
5149:Egypt
5089:Benin
4998:Index
4969:lists
4838:State
4656:Women
4524:Deism
4499:Place
4479:Water
4474:Truth
4442:Trees
4298:Faith
4263:Laity
4158:Punic
4116:Roman
4104:Vedic
4062:Olmec
3949:Greek
3942:Norse
3866:Irish
3687:Wicca
3482:Subud
3372:Inuit
3345:Winti
3335:Vodou
3300:Obeah
3280:Comfa
3263:Bantu
3216:Serer
3201:Mbuti
3161:Dogon
3156:Dinka
3139:Kongo
3134:Bantu
3060:Qiang
2903:Olmec
2893:Aztec
2826:Haida
2816:Creek
2784:Miwok
2732:Māori
2663:Dayak
2584:Turko
2547:Sects
2483:Other
2438:Thiền
2022:Other
1924:Druze
1902:Other
1778:Sunni
1770:Islam
1552:Amish
1470:Latin
1281:Tooro
1266:Sebei
1261:Samia
1256:Pokot
1246:Nyoro
1241:Nkole
1206:Lango
1201:Kumam
1196:Konjo
1181:Kakwa
1176:Kadam
1156:Gwere
1111:Bagwe
1071:Acoli
936:JSTOR
905:S2CID
897:JSTOR
862:JSTOR
652:S2CID
644:JSTOR
409:danj.
405:honey
236:asaks
232:odoks
147:odoks
90:JSTOR
76:books
6143:Peru
6025:Fiji
5922:Cuba
5534:Oman
5494:Laos
5442:Iraq
5437:Iran
5354:Asia
5324:Togo
5234:Mali
5124:Chad
4967:and
4894:and
4469:Text
4449:Soul
4338:Monk
4303:Fire
4006:Inca
3814:Ainu
3698:list
3675:Sámi
3305:Palo
3273:Ketu
3268:Jejé
3186:Lozi
3166:Efik
3144:Zulu
3124:Akan
2977:Ahom
2969:Miao
2967:and
2955:Zuni
2898:Maya
2836:Hopi
2794:Pomo
2473:list
2430:Chan
2401:list
2358:Nath
2156:list
1892:list
1817:Shia
1759:list
1446:list
1276:Teso
1226:Madi
1211:Logo
1191:Kiga
1146:Gisu
1086:Amba
1081:Alur
958:ISBN
924:RAIN
828:ISBN
804:Aeon
504:and
413:beer
399:and
397:corn
250:and
164:The
129:The
62:news
4873:War
4348:Nun
4313:God
3396:New
3241:Ifá
3211:San
3010:Bon
2965:Tai
2950:Ute
2434:Zen
2098:Nuo
1221:Luo
1171:Jie
928:doi
889:doi
854:doi
636:doi
544:by
500:by
326:di.
314:di,
234:or
45:by
6211::
4690:/
4261:/
3176:Ik
2987:Mo
1166:Ik
934:.
903:.
895:.
885:43
883:.
860:.
850:10
848:.
802:.
791:^
774:.
750:.
726:.
713:^
697:.
672:.
650:.
642:.
632:55
630:.
610:^
594:.
569:.
395:,
391:,
188:.
159:Ik
3253::
2586:-
2436:/
2432:/
1709:/
1523:/
1320:e
1313:t
1306:v
1052:e
1045:t
1038:v
985:.
942:.
930::
911:.
891::
868:.
856::
834:.
812:.
785:.
760:.
736:.
707:.
682:.
658:.
638::
604:.
579:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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