555:, or display territorial behavior, in which they settle and defend desirable areas, such as those that either offer increased probability of females or those that provide ample amounts of good resources. The more desirable territories will be able to increase the males' chances of reproductive success. Thus, lekking maximizes the males' ability to attract the most female butterflies, either by being in a prime location to view them or to have a location that females would want to visit. Locations of choice typically include sunny perches near ravines, wood margins, parks, gardens, lakes, ponds, around stream edges, or canyons in which males can perch and defend for multiple days. These locations can be more than an area of 300 square meters. Given the male-male competition for mating, this strategy offers males an ideal location in order to maximize success in territorial protection, and thus mating. Despite the fact that butterflies, particularly the mourning cloak butterflies, have an affinity for perches on high objects, they are not known to display any
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317:, other than Britain, the name for this butterfly literally translates to "mourning cloak", such as German "Trauermantel", Dutch "rouwmantel", Swedish "sorgmantel", Finnish "suruvaippa" and Norwegian "sørgekåpe". This suggests it is a name which came with Scandinavian or German rather than with British settlers, for whom this species would be considerably less familiar. Other common names include: Czech "Černopláštník" . "Babočka osiková". Polish "Rusałka żałobnik". Russian "Траурница" . Japanese "キベリタテハ" . Chinese "黄縁立羽".
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588:. The larvae experience a fifth skin shed to produce a fully grown caterpillar. The next stage in the mourning cloak's life cycle is to morph into a pupa and then cocoon in a process that encases the creature in a tan or gray chrysalis, which will hang from the stems of grass. This pupa stage allows for resting and further maturation. This metamorphosis takes approximately fifteen days. Following development as the chrysalis is the emergence of an adult mourning cloak butterfly.
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571:, which is a suspension in development in response to certain conditions, such as environmental stimuli. They will break diapause once some, though not all, of the butterflies start to migrate through September and October. They then overwinter, and then restart their mating cycle throughout the spring, from April through June.
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On occasions, the gregarious mourning cloak larvae will completely defoliate ornamental trees, in nurseries, plantations, and parks. Some areas that this damage has been documented has been Oregon and Canada. The young willows and poplars could be completely defoliated due to the caterpillars, though
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This subspecies lays more amber-yellow eggs, instead of the olive-green. As the eggs develop, the coloration will change to lilac pinkish-purple. These larvae's spines are shorter and stouter than those of
European mourning cloak larvae. and the spots bordering the wing edges may be more of a violet
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The mourning cloak butterfly faces many predators throughout its development. The mourning cloak's eggs can be eaten by predators such as beetles, true bugs, ants, beetle larvae, wasps, assassin bugs, and mites. Some of the butterflies' major predators include praying mantises, assassin bugs, dragon
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Mourning cloak eggs are amber-yellow or pale olive-green when first laid. Upon further development, the coloration of the eggs will change, becoming lilac-pink, and darkening to almost black, as they mature prior to hatching. The eggs are generally 0.7 by 0.9 mm in size. Laid on terminal shoots
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The adult butterflies hibernate during the winter months. Typical locations of overwintering include tree cavities and on the ground underneath loose tree bark (covered by snow). They often emerge from hibernation before the snow has completely melted, making it one of the first butterflies to take
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Mourning cloaks, like all other butterflies, undergo complete metamorphosis. Egg →Larva (L1 ... L5) → Pupa → Adult. Before the leaves bud-out, Mourning cloaks are known to lay their eggs as ring clusters around the terminal twigs on host plants. The host plant selection is vital because it provides
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Butler, 1887. They can usually be found in hardwood forests, though they have been found in virtually all habitats. They may also be found as far as the northern part of South
America, though they are typically not seen as frequently in southern states such as Florida, Louisiana, or Texas. They are
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experiments testing to determine if the environment affects certain butterfly phenotypic characteristics. Scientists hypothesized that traumatic heat or cold shocks "during a critical period of its development can cause profound changes". The first experiments occurred in the 1890s. The mourning
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Mourning cloak pupae are on average 0.8 inches (2.0 cm) in length, though they can reach over 1.1 inches (2.8 cm) in length. They tend to be a tan or brown gray, with two rows of sharp, red-tipped spikes protruding from the ventro-lateral side of the pupae. The chrysalis has a "beak",
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Mourning cloak butterflies are protected by law in
Switzerland and Austria, though they generally have an increasing trend regarding population density in Finland. They also assume "safe" status in the Czech Republic. In general, the mourning cloak butterflies find areas that have experienced
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of its wings are a dark maroon, or occasionally brown, with ragged pale-yellow edges. Bright, iridescent blue spots line the black demarcation between the maroon and the yellow. The ventral side of the wings has gray striations, with the same pale-yellow edges. They are a part of the family
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The spiny caterpillars are striking in appearance, with black bodies and a line of eight reddish-orange dots running down the back (aposematic, warning coloration). The prolegs are dark red. The body is covered with short hairs and black spines and white dots. The fully grown mourning cloak
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The mourning cloak is a non-migratory species but some sources suggest that a portion of the North
American population migrates southward. Experiments carried out in Germany by Hubert Roer in 1962-68, documented a long-distance (one way) migration from Bonn to Greece (Chalkiditi).
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758:, by eating non-hatched eggs. The larvae also group together for the duration of their development, preventing some predation by numbers. The larvae and pupae can also respond to disturbances by twitching simultaneously – this may be performed as a defense mechanism.
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Herman, William S., and Diane C. Bennett. "Regulation of
Oogenesis, Female Specific Protein Production, and Male and Female Reproductive Gland Development by Juvenile Hormone in the Butterfly, Nymphalis Antiopa." Journal of Comparative Physiology B 99.4 (1975): 331-38.
1022:. The film is about the lead singer in a punk band, 'Camberwell Beauty', who undergoes plastic surgery to reconstruct her face after a motorbike accident, but is horrified to discover that she is now beautiful. It was originally a 1982 play, of the same name, by Ward.
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Mourning cloaks also play dead by closing their wings tightly together and tucking their legs up against their body for protection and holding completely still. They will maintain this for a few minutes before returning to their natural healthy and lively behavior.
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An anti-predation mechanism the mourning cloaks have employed as adult butterflies is camouflage. To do this, the butterflies fold their wings back when attached to trees as their folded wings will provide camouflage against the dark backdrop of the trees.
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The mourning cloak butterflies are distributed broadly around the northern hemisphere. They are commonly found throughout all of North
America and northern Eurasia. Three subspecies of mourning cloak butterflies are found throughout North America: northern
930:. The Camberwell Beauty was the emblem of the Samuel Jones paper company and was previously on their factory on nearby Southampton Way, but was moved when the factory was demolished in 1982. A photograph of the mosaic was used on the cover of Camberwell
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mating behavior, where an individual male will mate with multiple females throughout one breeding season. He will either use a display site to attract females or fly around searching for females that are more widely dispersed in a process called
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most years during summer and autumn, but numbers are usually very low. There is no evidence that the species breeds in
Britain; it is thought that mild, wet winters prevent them from surviving there for very long. The 'Butterfly Farmer'
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Spring marks the beginning of their mating season, when female mourning cloaks will find a host plant and begin to lay their eggs. Adult mourning cloak butterflies can first be seen in late spring through early summer. They then
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cloaks were temperature shocked at specific times in their development, which led to differences in pupae color. It was later learned that the color change was due to hormonal changes in response to varying temperatures.
394:, but none were seen the following spring. Specimens stored in his refrigerator for the winter, however, survived. In a book he said that Camberwell Beauty catches in England were suspiciously concentrated around London,
1948:
Konvicka, Martin; Monika
Maradova; Jiri Benes; Zdenek Fric; Pavel Kepka (September 2003). "Uphill shifts in distribution of butterflies in the Czech Republic: effects of changing climate detected on a regional scale".
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Mourning cloak butterflies are not known to be significant pollinators, since their primary food source is sap of deciduous trees rather than flowering plants. However, they still can occasionally act as pollinators.
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To protect themselves from the cold weather of their habitats, mourning cloaks will find areas under direct sunlight. This behavior, in conjunction with their darkly-colored wings, allow for maximum heat absorption.
595:, and male and female reproductive gland development. Juvenile hormone (JH) is involved in the regulation of oogenesis and development of the male and female reproductive glands in the mourning cloak butterfly.
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The mourning cloak butterfly is a large, unique butterfly, with special markings that do not match those of any other butterfly, making it easily distinguishable. It can have a wingspan up to four inches. The
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the food source for the young caterpillars. Females are known to have multiple broods, typically up to two to three. The newly hatched caterpillars will group together until they shed their skin—termed an
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An additional anti-predation tactic used by the mourning cloaks is to join together with other butterflies in a perch and fly menacingly towards their attackers—most often birds or other butterflies.
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to be more inviting, presumably because the fire breaks increase the amount of open space and clearings available to the butterflies, which is a more ideal habitat for these butterflies to live in.
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occasionally seen in the more temperate places in Asia, and a few have even been seen in Japan. However, the mourning cloaks tend to be found predominantly in cold, mountainous areas.
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for the summer, where they will enter into a "dormant" state similar to that of hibernation. In concordance with this is the mourning cloak butterflies' exhibition of
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Hall, Donald W., and Jerry F. Butler. "Mourning Cloak - Nymphalis
Antiopa (Linnaeus)." Featured Creatures. University of Florida, May 2009. Web. 14 Nov. 2013.
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Saarinen, K.; Lahti, T.; Marttila, O. (2003). "Population trends of
Finnish butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Palilionoidea) in 1991-2000".
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Upon hatching, the caterpillars will begin to eat the leaves of the larval food-plant. A large number of food-plant plants was recorded, such as
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Stamp, Nancy (March 1980). "Egg Deposition Patterns in Butterflies: Why Do Some Species Cluster Their Eggs Rather Than Deposit Them Singly?".
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Studies show that the mourning cloaks use endocrine mechanisms similar to other lepidopterans to regulate female specific protein synthesis,
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Huntzinger, Mikaela (September 2003). "Effects of fire management practices on butterfly diversity in the forested western United States".
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Adult mourning cloaks primarily feed on sap, ripe and fallen fruits and sugary exudate from aphids, very rarely seen nectaring on flowers.
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Dennis, Roger (May 2000). "Progressive bias in species status is symptomatic of fine-grained mapping units subject to repeated sampling".
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of the larval food-plant, encircling the stem. Later in season, when the leaves appear, females also lay the eggs on the upper surface.
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406:, and theorized that they had hibernated in stacks of timber which was then shipped to England, and had not traveled naturally.
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Hopkin, A; Cheliak (1996). "Pest Problems on immature Poplar and Willow in Ontario and Their Potential Threat to Plantations".
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716:. The caterpillars live gregariously in communal silken nest on the host-plant, until they disperse prior to pupation.
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in August 1748. Camberwell is in South London, about three miles south of London Bridge—in reporting this, the author
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These butterflies have a lifespan of 11 to 12 months, one of the longest lifespans for any butterfly. It is the
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467:, called the brush-footed butterflies due to their hairy front legs. The species does not display any obvious
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271:. A powerful flier, this species is sometimes found in areas far from its usual range during migration.
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Do Butterflies Bite?: Fascinating Answers to Questions about Butterflies and Moths (Animals Q&A)
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for each shedding. This shedding event occurs four times throughout development in a process called
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Further defense mechanisms include loud clicks when the mourning cloak flies away from a predator.
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1637:"Evidence for Reproductive Diapause in the Fritillary Speyeria idalia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)"
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Episode 10 Season 7 Fear The Walking Dead references the butterfly throughout the storyline
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Rutowski, Ronald (1991). "The Evolution of Male Mate-Locating Behavior in Butterflies".
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named the species grand surprise or Camberwell beauty (Bretherton & Emmet, 1990).
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flies, and vertebrate predators such as birds, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals.
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Morrison, H (1940). "Seasonal History of Hop pests on Oregon Hops during 1938".
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Newly hatched mourning cloak caterpillars can display selfish behavior, such as
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1900:
Feltwell, J. 1986. The Natural History of Butterflies. New York: Facts on File.
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1588:"Hilltopping as a Mating Mechanism to Aid the Survival of Low Density Species"
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The Camberwell Beauty figures in the short story "A Plague of Butterflies" by
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325:, defiantly let a few inches of a bright dress show below her mourning dress.
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Hall, Peter W.; Jones, Colin D.; Guidotti, Antonia; Hubley, Brad (2014).
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likened the butterfly's pattern to a girl who, disliking having to be in
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Kopper, Brian; Shengquiang Shu; Ralph Charlton; Sonny Ramaswamy (2001).
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The National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Butterflies
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There is a large mosaic of a Camberwell Beauty on the wall of the
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behavior, where male butterflies fly up to perch on hill summits.
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1507:"Sexual Selection and the Evolution of Butterfly Mating Behavior"
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2039:"Possible Subspecies of the Mourning Cloak (Nymphalis antiopa)"
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954:"The Adventure of the Camberwell Beauty" is a short story by
333:
The name originated from the discovery of two individuals at
2241:: Reference quality large format photographs and information
2204:
Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada
551:. This means that male mourning cloak butterflies primarily
1744:. Toronto, Canada: Royal Ontario Museum. pp. 284–285.
1654:
10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0427:EFRDIT]2.0.CO;2
926:, a large park that is close to the south London suburb of
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Plant and Insect Diagnostic Clinic. Iowa State University
1674:"The Virtual Nature Trail at Penn State New Kensington"
1385:"Notes on the Holotype of Nymphalis antiopa hyperborea"
911:
is a buddleia cultivar raised by Elizabeth Keep at the
872:(slightly larger than preceding; se Canada, eastern US)
838:
The nominotypical subspecies. Type-locality: "Sweden"
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Mourning cloak butterflies have been a part of some
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2298:
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1349:
1742:The ROM Field Guide to the Butterflies of Ontario
1465:(5). The University of Chicago Press: 1121–1139.
1177:"Butterflies of the Adirondacks: Mourning Cloak (
1025:"Camberwell Beauty" is a track on the 2017 album
402:, all these being ports in the timber trade with
2247:Butterflies of North America - Nymphalis antiopa
1124:. Fairfax County Public Schools. Archived from
1641:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
1444:. (4th ed.). West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
1440:Davies, N., Krebs, J., & West, S. (2012).
390:raised thousands for release at his 'farm' in
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1014:is a 2015 short film directed and written by
263:. Other older names for this species include
255:and North America. The immature form of this
8:
2262:, Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility
1565:Natural History of Orange County, California
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1908:
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1289:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
440:caterpillars attain two inches in length.
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56:
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31:
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2162:Butterflies through Binoculars: The West
1335:Butterflies Through Binoculars: The East
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905:, Adelaide, Australia, 28 December 1918.
1773:. Knopf; Chanticleer Press ed edition.
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2190:Life Histories of Cascadia Butterflies
2174:Guppy, Crispin S. and Shepard, Jon H.
2086:"Camberwell Online: Camberwell Beauty"
2064:"Camberwell Online: Camberwell Beauty"
1668:
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1595:Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera
1514:Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera
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986:) is a collection of short stories by
781:mature trees tend not to be affected.
2188:James, David G. and Nunnallee, David
1442:An introduction to behavioral ecology
1319:Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
1083:
1081:
1004:) is the first novel by the comedian
7:
2455:fa1e68bf-0d80-471b-865f-dc0f3d4a2c58
1834:Canadian Forest Service Publications
1383:Belicek, Joseph (12 February 2013).
1308:
1306:
1304:
1061:"Nymphalis antiopa - Mourning Cloak"
968:stories are pastiche stories of the
309:North American name "mourning cloak"
542:Mourning cloak butterflies display
313:In several European countries with
1567:. University of California, Irvine
1122:Study of Northern Virginia Ecology
25:
922:library, baths and wash house in
1971:10.1046/j.1466-822X.2003.00053.x
516:
500:
488:
476:
329:British name "Camberwell beauty"
103:
2176:Butterflies of British Columbia
1951:Global Ecology and Biogeography
1676:. Pennsylvania State University
449:tubercles, and two head horns.
1849:Journal of Economic Entomology
297:is thought to be derived from
1:
2735:Butterflies described in 1758
2135:"The Wire: Camberwell Beauty"
2014:10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00356-7
1915:Biodiversity and Conservation
1707:Biodiversity and Conservation
1356:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
961:Three Problems for Solar Pons
913:East Malling Research Station
549:scramble competition polygyny
354:The Papilios of Great Britain
2730:Butterflies of North America
1880:. Rutgers University Press.
620:Mourning cloak nectaring on
533:Reproduction and development
367:Nymphalis antiopa hyperborea
2740:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2276:Featured Creatures Web site
2218:The Butterflies of Cascadia
1333:Glassberg, Jeffrey (1999).
2761:
2710:NatureServe secure species
2256:at Butterfliesandmoths.org
2044:. Ontario Lepidoptera 2009
1561:"Mourning Cloak Butterfly"
1348:Latimer, Jonathan (2000).
1337:. Oxford University Press.
1148:"Mourning Cloak Butterfly"
373:Fitch, 1857; southwestern
259:is sometimes known as the
2108:"IMDB: Camberwell Beauty"
1505:Rutowski, Ronald (1984).
239:in North America and the
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198:
100:Scientific classification
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1231:. Butterfly Conservation
1065:explorer.natureserve.org
1994:Biological Conservation
1927:10.1023/A:1024189828387
1796:The American Naturalist
1719:10.1023/a:1016602309983
1459:The American Naturalist
1152:Montana State Butterfly
958:, published in 1952 in
2280:hosted by Ingo Daniels
2243:Cirrus Digital Imaging
1874:Davies, Hazel (2008).
1410:Cite journal requires
939:self-titled 1990 album
771:Relationship to people
624:
422:
356:
2725:Butterflies of Europe
2216:Pyle, Robert Michael
1765:Pyle, Robert (1981).
1586:Scott, James (1970).
1088:Spiny Elm Caterpillar
976:The Camberwell Beauty
619:
417:
369:Seitz, 1913; eastern
351:
278:of the U.S. state of
261:spiny elm caterpillar
2450:Fauna Europaea (new)
1368:butterflies latimer.
1287:Animal Diversity Web
1008:, published in 2000.
990:, published in 1974.
951:, published in 1935.
604:wing in the spring.
27:Species of butterfly
2720:Butterflies of Asia
2006:2003BCons.113....1H
1963:2003GloEB..12..403K
1861:10.1093/jee/33.1.70
1317:at Markku Savela's
1283:"Nymphalis antiopa"
1229:"Camberwell Beauty"
1185:wildadirondacks.org
1154:. State Symbols USA
381:Migrants arrive in
301:, a common name in
282:, adopted in 2001.
72:Conservation status
2745:Symbols of Montana
2159:Glassberg, Jeffrey
1281:Vanessa, Fonesca.
732:Defense mechanisms
669:Salix phylicifolia
628:Larval food-plants
625:
495:Male, ventral side
423:
357:
352:Illustration from
315:Germanic languages
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2694:
2639:Open Tree of Life
2354:Nymphalis-antiopa
2344:Nymphalis_antiopa
2330:Nymphalis antiopa
2300:Nymphalis antiopa
2292:Taxon identifiers
2253:Nymphalis antiopa
2239:Nymphalis antiopa
2202:Pelham, Jonathan
2198:978-0-87071-626-3
2088:. 6 December 2010
2066:. 6 December 2010
1921:(10): 2147–2159.
1751:978-0-88854-497-1
1314:Nymphalis antiopa
1179:Nymphalis antiopa
1128:on 4 October 2013
1012:Camberwell Beauty
1002:978-0-316-85318-7
994:Camberwell Beauty
984:978-0-701-12067-2
945:Camberwell Beauty
935:The House of Love
909:Camberwell Beauty
884:
871:
853:(Canada, Alaska)
852:
835:
483:Male, dorsal side
469:sexual dimorphism
420:Nymphalis antiopa
241:Camberwell beauty
232:Nymphalis antiopa
228:
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209:Nymphalis antiopa
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36:Nymphalis antiopa
16:(Redirected from
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2332:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2287:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2037:Layberry, Ross.
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1910:
1901:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1772:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1670:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1607:10.5962/p.333542
1592:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1556:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1526:10.5962/p.266754
1511:
1502:
1491:
1490:
1454:
1445:
1438:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1355:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1321:
1310:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1278:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1205:Savela, Markku.
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1118:"Mourning Cloak"
1114:
1091:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1057:
920:Passmore Edwards
878:
865:
846:
844:N. a. hyperborea
825:
703:Betula chinensis
697:Betula verrucosa
520:
504:
492:
480:
335:Coldharbour Lane
292:specific epithet
211:
108:
107:
87:
84:
83:
60:
46:
32:
21:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2683:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2656:Papilio antiopa
2650:
2642:
2637:
2629:
2624:
2616:
2613:Observation.org
2611:
2603:
2598:
2590:
2585:
2577:
2572:
2564:
2562:
2554:
2549:
2541:
2539:
2531:
2526:
2518:
2513:
2505:
2500:
2492:
2487:
2479:
2474:
2466:
2461:
2453:
2448:
2440:
2435:
2427:
2422:
2414:
2409:
2401:
2396:
2388:
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2375:
2370:
2362:
2360:
2352:
2350:
2342:
2337:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2294:
2234:
2155:
2153:Further reading
2150:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2023:2027/uc1.x63602
1991:
1990:
1986:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1662:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1559:Bryant, Peter.
1558:
1557:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1494:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1409:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1364:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1311:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1280:
1279:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1116:
1115:
1094:
1086:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1049:
970:Sherlock Holmes
899:, published in
892:
890:Popular culture
863:N. a. lintnerii
813:
800:
787:
778:
773:
764:
734:
725:
645:Salix pentandra
630:
622:cherry blossoms
614:
601:
577:
540:
535:
528:
521:
512:
505:
496:
493:
484:
481:
455:
446:
437:
428:
418:Caterpillar of
412:
371:N. a. lintnerii
362:
331:
311:
303:Greek mythology
288:
269:white petticoat
235:, known as the
224:
213:
207:
194:
191:N. antiopa
102:
94:
85:
81:
74:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2758:
2756:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2702:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2676:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2635:
2631:mourning-cloak
2622:
2609:
2596:
2583:
2570:
2560:
2547:
2537:
2524:
2511:
2498:
2485:
2472:
2459:
2446:
2437:Fauna Europaea
2433:
2420:
2407:
2394:
2381:
2368:
2358:
2348:
2335:
2320:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2277:
2266:Mourning cloak
2263:
2260:Mourning cloak
2257:
2249:
2244:
2233:
2232:External links
2230:
2229:
2228:
2214:
2200:
2186:
2184:978-0774808095
2172:
2170:978-0195106695
2154:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2126:
2099:
2077:
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2029:
1984:
1957:(5): 403–410.
1940:
1902:
1893:
1886:
1866:
1839:
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1808:10.1086/283567
1802:(3): 367–380.
1786:
1780:978-0394519142
1779:
1757:
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1732:
1713:(4): 483–494.
1697:
1687:
1660:
1647:(3): 427–432.
1627:
1601:(4): 191–204.
1578:
1546:
1520:(2): 125–142.
1492:
1471:10.1086/285273
1446:
1430:
1421:
1412:|journal=
1372:
1363:978-0395979440
1362:
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1300:
1242:
1227:Eeles, Peter.
1219:
1197:
1165:
1139:
1092:
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1051:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1037:Mourning Cloak
1034:
1023:
1020:Lindsay Armaou
1018:and featuring
1009:
991:
973:
956:August Derleth
952:
947:is a novel by
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523:Aberrant form
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507:Aberrant form
506:
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475:
454:
451:
445:
442:
436:
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427:
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411:
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388:L. Hugh Newman
375:N. a. thomsoni
361:
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319:L. Hugh Newman
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265:grand surprise
237:mourning cloak
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18:Mourning cloak
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2015:
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1995:
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1932:
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1887:9780813545073
1883:
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1078:
1066:
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1056:
1053:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:Sarah Angliss
1028:
1027:Ealing Feeder
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
992:
989:
985:
981:
977:
974:
971:
967:
963:
962:
957:
953:
950:
949:Louis Golding
946:
943:
940:
936:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
914:
910:
907:
904:
903:
902:The Chronicle
898:
897:Fred M. White
894:
893:
889:
882:
877:
874:
869:
864:
861:
855:
854:
850:
845:
842:
837:
836:
833:
829:
824:
823:N. a. antiopa
821:
820:
819:
817:
810:
808:
806:
797:
795:
792:
784:
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738:
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705:
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698:
693:
692:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:
665:
664:
663:Salix cinerea
659:
658:
653:
652:
647:
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641:
640:
635:
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623:
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583:
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566:
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545:
538:Mating system
537:
532:
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514:
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486:
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389:
384:
383:Great Britain
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250:
247:, is a large
246:
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233:
222:
218:
212:
210:
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201:
200:Binomial name
197:
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68:
63:
59:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
2697:
2655:
2299:
2252:
2238:
2217:
2203:
2189:
2175:
2161:
2138:. Retrieved
2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2111:
2102:
2090:. Retrieved
2080:
2068:. Retrieved
2058:
2046:. Retrieved
2032:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1918:
1914:
1896:
1876:
1869:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1833:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1768:
1760:
1741:
1735:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1690:
1678:. Retrieved
1644:
1640:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1598:
1594:
1581:
1569:. Retrieved
1564:
1537:. Retrieved
1517:
1513:
1462:
1458:
1441:
1424:
1403:cite journal
1391:. Retrieved
1367:
1351:
1343:
1334:
1318:
1313:
1291:. Retrieved
1286:
1233:. Retrieved
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1200:
1188:. Retrieved
1184:
1178:
1156:. Retrieved
1151:
1142:
1130:. Retrieved
1126:the original
1121:
1070:19 September
1068:. Retrieved
1064:
1055:
1040:
1036:
1029:by composer
1026:
1011:
1006:Jenny Eclair
993:
988:VS Pritchett
975:
959:
944:
924:Burgess Park
900:
876:N. a. asopos
875:
862:
843:
822:
814:
801:
798:Conservation
788:
779:
765:
753:
749:
746:
742:
739:
735:
726:
718:
709:Alnus incana
707:
701:
695:
689:
674:American elm
667:
661:
657:Salix aurita
655:
651:Salix caprea
649:
643:
637:
631:
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578:
561:
541:
524:
508:
456:
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419:
380:
374:
370:
366:
363:
360:Distribution
353:
343:Moses Harris
332:
312:
294:
289:
276:state insect
273:
268:
264:
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240:
236:
231:
230:
229:
208:
206:
190:
189:
177:
35:
29:
2574:NatureServe
2476:iNaturalist
2324:Wikispecies
2282:(in German)
2048:22 November
2000:(1): 1–12.
1393:22 November
1352:Butterflies
1235:15 November
1212:15 November
1207:"Nymphalis"
881:Fruhstorfer
805:fire breaks
791:epigenetics
762:Pollination
639:Salix nigra
557:hilltopping
465:Nymphalidae
460:dorsal side
404:Scandinavia
167:Nymphalidae
157:Lepidoptera
90:NatureServe
2704:Categories
2671:Q109585732
2566:NymphAntio
2140:14 January
2119:14 January
2092:14 January
2070:14 January
1836:: 113–118.
1047:References
1016:Chris Ward
966:Solar Pons
932:indie band
928:Camberwell
816:Subspecies
811:Subspecies
575:Life cycle
544:polygynous
410:Morphology
339:Camberwell
251:native to
137:Arthropoda
65:Underside
51:Upperside
2715:Nymphalis
2212:0022-4324
1855:: 70–71.
1680:4 October
1620:4 October
1615:248730081
1571:4 October
1539:4 October
1534:109921652
1293:4 October
1158:4 October
1132:4 October
937:on their
818:include:
756:siblicide
723:Predation
694:species (
686:wild rose
678:hackberry
593:oogenesis
565:aestivate
286:Etymology
249:butterfly
185:Species:
178:Nymphalis
123:Kingdom:
117:Eukaryota
2665:Wikidata
2579:2.114902
2563:MaBENA:
2528:LepIndex
2494:10275524
2385:BugGuide
2361:BioLib:
2351:BAMONA:
2309:Wikidata
1979:55097253
1935:24501830
1816:83926042
1727:11768461
1487:85292598
1190:13 March
828:Linnaeus
785:Research
682:hawthorn
599:Behavior
569:diapause
525:Ex larva
509:Ex larva
323:mourning
217:Linnaeus
163:Family:
133:Phylum:
127:Animalia
113:Domain:
2685:4535831
2468:5130682
2315:Q503989
2268:on the
2220:(2002)
2206:(2008)
2192:(2011)
2178:(2001)
2164:(2001)
2002:Bibcode
1959:Bibcode
1479:2462511
885:(Japan)
883:, 1909)
870:, 1857)
851:, 1913)
612:Ecology
586:ecdysis
400:Harwich
299:Antiope
295:antiopa
280:Montana
257:species
253:Eurasia
245:Britain
173:Genus:
153:Order:
147:Insecta
143:Class:
88: (
86:Secure
2644:444085
2605:171592
2533:157445
2520:174452
2507:188597
2442:441666
2416:NYPLAN
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1360:
1000:
982:
972:tales.
964:. The
857:color.
714:poplar
691:Betula
634:willow
582:instar
435:Larvae
392:Bexley
2540:LoB:
2489:IRMNG
2481:56832
2429:90979
2424:EUNIS
2403:486GN
2377:17451
2364:51593
2042:(PDF)
1975:S2CID
1931:S2CID
1812:S2CID
1723:S2CID
1643:. 3.
1611:S2CID
1597:. 4.
1591:(PDF)
1530:S2CID
1516:. 2.
1510:(PDF)
1483:S2CID
1475:JSTOR
1388:(PDF)
868:Fitch
849:Seitz
776:Pests
453:Adult
444:Pupae
2680:GBIF
2626:ODNR
2600:NCBI
2556:4432
2551:MONA
2543:4267
2515:IUCN
2502:ITIS
2463:GBIF
2411:EPPO
2390:3188
2372:BOLD
2274:IFAS
2222:ISBN
2208:ISSN
2194:ISBN
2180:ISBN
2166:ISBN
2142:2021
2121:2021
2113:IMDb
2094:2021
2072:2021
2050:2013
1882:ISBN
1775:ISBN
1746:ISBN
1682:2013
1622:2013
1573:2013
1541:2013
1416:help
1395:2013
1358:ISBN
1295:2013
1237:2013
1214:2013
1192:2021
1160:2013
1134:2013
1072:2020
998:ISBN
980:ISBN
832:1758
712:and
527:♂ △
426:Eggs
398:and
396:Hull
290:The
267:and
221:1758
2618:659
2587:NBN
2398:CoL
2339:ADW
2018:hdl
2010:doi
1998:113
1967:doi
1923:doi
1857:doi
1804:doi
1800:115
1715:doi
1649:doi
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