34:
1131:
401:
237:
369:
in 272 AD, although it is not known with certainty how much of the original buildings existed at the time. Scattered references in later sources suggest that another comparable institution was established in the 4th century at a different location, but little is known about its organisation and it is
347:
Despite the fact that the
Mouseion continued as an institution under Roman rule, it never regained its former glory. Membership of the Mouseion was not limited to prominent scholars under the Roman emperors but included politicians, athletes, and other people rewarded for their support to the state.
292:
According to this description, the
Mouseion featured a roofed walkway, an arcade of seats, and a communal dining room where scholars routinely ate and shared ideas. The building may have also hosted private study rooms, residential quarters, and lecture halls, based on
495:
The members of the
Mouseion ensured the preservation and production of historical, literary, and scientific works, which would remain part of the Western heritage for centuries, and thanks to their efforts today one can still read Homer and the tragedians.
297:
that were built much later in
Alexandria. However, it is unclear if the premises provided accommodations for anatomical research or astronomical observations. In addition to the Library of Alexandria, another smaller library was housed in the nearby
200:
It is uncertain how many scholars lived in the
Mouseion at any given time, as surviving reports are few and rather brief. Nonetheless, it appears that scholars and staff members were salaried by the State and paid no taxes. According to
364:
The last known references to the old
Mouseion still functioning occur in the 260s AD. The Brucheion, the complex of palaces and gardens that included the Mouseion, was probably destroyed by fire on the orders of Emperor
1485:
324:, at a time of territorial losses and political turmoil in Egypt, most intellectuals were either killed or expelled from the city, including the last recorded head librarian of the Library of Alexandria,
1495:
513:, it denoted as much a community of scholars brought together under one roof as it did the collections themselves. French and English writers often referred to these collections originally as a "
405:
1500:
1555:
1515:
1490:
1480:
150:(309–246 BC) saw to its completion. As a community gathered together under the protection of the Muses, the Mouseion remained supported over the centuries by the
169:, the Mouseion of Alexandria did not have a collection of sculpture and painting presented as works of art, as was assembled by the Ptolemies' rival
972:
Majcherek, G. (2018). 'Crumbs from the table'-archeological remains of
Hellenistic Alexandria. In C. S. Zerefos & M. V. Vardinoyannis (Eds.),
212:
and other similar activities took place there. In addition to Greek works, some foreign texts were translated from
Egyptian, Assyrian, Persian,
1201:
1115:
1055:
715:
655:
607:
1045:
228:
forward, exist in editions that were collated and corrected by the scholars assembled in the
Mouseion and the Library of Alexandria.
1520:
1510:
814:
33:
628:
1136:, Quattuor Lustra: Papers celebrating the 20th anniversary of the re-establishment of classical studies at the University of Tartu
332:
and other
Byzantine sources do not mention any further directors after him, albeit four obscure 'caretakers' are mentioned in an
1287:
1545:
1540:
481:
Aristarchus of Samothrace, arguably the greatest grammarian of antiquity, who invented conventional signs nowadays used in
1505:
114:
reputedly established their Mouseion and Library with the intention of bringing together some of the best scholars of the
186:
1560:
879:
522:
491:, known as βιβλιολάθας (“Book-Forgetting”), who reportedly composed more than 4,000 commentaries on classical authors.
341:
1530:
1535:
1258:
Lee, Paula Young, "The Musaeum of Alexandria and the formation of the 'Museum' in eighteenth-century France," in
518:
421:, during the passage from a predominantly oral to a more literary culture. The scholars gathered there included:
325:
1565:
1459:
217:
178:
115:
475:
118:
and collect all the books known at the time. Although it did not imply a collection of works of art, the word
535:
147:
80:
20:
682:
The Ancient Library of Alexandria. A Model for Classical Scholarship in the Age of Million Book Libraries 1
794:
752:.4 (December 2002:348-362) p. 348. We rely instead on the self-confident but unreliable Byzantine scholar
685:
514:
315:
299:
56:
563:
The relation of the institutions is still a matter of debate. The Mouseion is discussed by P.M. Fraser,
471:
467:
190:
72:
1070:
488:
451:
321:
194:
91:, often related to the study of music or poetry, but later associated with sites of learning such as
690:
470:
and a polymath, who worked on literary criticism, philosophy, geography, and mathematics (e.g., his
400:
1280:
445:
371:
174:
328:, who supposedly was forced to resign his position in 145 BC and died in exile a few years later.
1525:
1026:
1018:
418:
410:
333:
209:
104:
41:
27:
632:
1550:
1376:
1197:
1111:
1104:
Hatzimichali, M. (2013). König, J.; Oikonomopoulou, A.; Oikonomopoulou, K.; Woolf, G. (eds.).
1051:
1010:
942:
934:
858:
838:
810:
721:
711:
651:
603:
482:
248:
described the Mouseion as part of a bigger, richly decorated campus of buildings and gardens:
111:
384:
as "the man from the Mouseion," but it is not clear what connection he actually had with it.
177:. Instead, it was an institution of learning that attracted some of the best scholars of the
1411:
1401:
1002:
926:
850:
802:
753:
742:
595:
526:
385:
329:
213:
135:
96:
589:
236:
170:
76:
1132:
Did it burn or not? Caesar and the Great Library of Alexandria: a new look at the sources
138:, the Mouseion was an institution founded by Ptolemy I Soter (c. 367 BC – c. 283 BC) at
1449:
1273:
389:
64:
1022:
990:
1474:
1454:
1345:
1030:
930:
208:
Based on extant works of scholars associated with the Mouseion, it seems likely that
182:
155:
1047:
Herophilus: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria: Edition, Translation and Essays
591:
The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had to Be Reborn
741:
There is no ancient source for the founding either of the Library or the Mouseion,
463:
1416:
1191:
1105:
352:
added an additional building in the first century AD, and much later the emperor
1381:
1340:
456:
425:
392:
both speak of a physical space known as the "Mouseion" in the late 5th century.
294:
166:
19:"Temple of the Muses" redirects here. For the novel by John Maddox Roberts, see
1335:
806:
599:
139:
1014:
938:
862:
1438:
1371:
1330:
1193:
The Arab Conquest of Egypt – And the Last Thirty Years of the Roman Dominion
914:
854:
441:
437:
353:
151:
100:
1006:
946:
887:
725:
344:
in 47 BC, parts of the library collection caught fire and were destroyed.
1386:
1310:
370:
unlikely to have had the resources of its predecessor. The mathematician
366:
349:
1320:
705:
539:
430:
417:
The Ptolemies founded the original Mouseion at a time of transition in
375:
303:
428:, a poet and the first to publish a comprehensive book catalogue (the
336:, and an inscription from the 80s BC speaks of a certain Onesander of
1396:
1391:
1350:
543:
530:
510:
505:
337:
245:
225:
202:
162:
123:
306:), which may have been open to people other than Mouseion scholars.
1239:
The Library of Alexandria: Centre of learning in the ancient world,
340:
being appointed to the Library. There are reports that, during the
1406:
1366:
1325:
1296:
645:
399:
235:
221:
143:
92:
88:
37:
32:
1432:
1315:
380:
284:(assembly) has property in common and a priest in charge of the
1269:
991:"Archaeological Work on Hellenistic and Roman Egypt, 2000–2009"
154:
of the royal family of the Ptolemies, and later by that of the
707:
Aristotle's school; a study of a Greek educational institution
765:
The Ptolemaic dynasty displayed these in their palace nearby.
205:, they also received free room and board, and free servants.
799:
The Dead Sea Scrolls at Qumran and the Concept of a Library
444:
of the Library of Alexandria, who laid the foundations for
1073:, "Tradition's Destruction: On the Library of Alexandria"
216:, and other languages. Many of the edited versions of the
1486:
Buildings and structures completed in the 3rd century BC
1265:
1246:
The life and fate of the ancient library of Alexandria,
1496:
Buildings and structures demolished in the 3rd century
569:
The Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of Alexandria
1223:
City and School in Late Antique Athens and Alexandria
1178:
City and School in Late Antique Athens and Alexandria
1149:
City and School in Late Antique Athens and Alexandria
650:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
374:(ca. 335 – ca. 405), father of the philosopher
356:
temporarily suspended Mouseion membership in 216 AD.
288:, formerly appointed by the kings, but now by Caesar.
16:
Hellenistic educational and philosophical institution
1253:
The Vanished Library: A Wonder of the Ancient World,
915:"The Alexandrian Library: crucible of a renaissance"
567:(1972: vol. I: 213–219 etc), and Mostafa el-Addabi,
1425:
1359:
1303:
538:: or, a Collection of Rarities. Preserved at South-
499:As an institution dedicated to the Muses, the word
1081:, Obsolescence (Spring 2002: 133–1530 esp. p. 140.
795:"Greek and Roman Libraries in the Hellenistic Age"
75:, was an institution said to have been founded by
747:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
517:." A catalogue of the 17th century collection of
406:Ptolemy Philadelphus in the Library of Alexandria
240:A map of Alexandria at the time of the Ptolemies.
272:(dining hall), in which the common table of the
454:, epic poet and author of the ground-breaking
244:In the first century AD, the Greek geographer
1281:
122:is the root for the modern usage of the word
8:
710:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1217:
1215:
1213:
1172:
1170:
1110:. Cambridge University Press. p. 173.
839:"The Alexandrian Library and its Aftermath"
745:notes, in "Alexandria: Library of Dreams",
1501:270s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
1288:
1274:
1266:
1151:, page 148. University of California Press
963:17.1.8, noted by Bagnall 2002: 57 note 39.
756:' remarks in an introduction to Aristotle.
165:in the sense that has developed since the
87:meant any place that was dedicated to the
689:
1556:Burned buildings and structures in Egypt
1516:Former buildings and structures in Egypt
1225:, p. 150. University of California Press
1180:, p. 147. University of California Press
40:statue, a common scholarly motif in the
556:
1491:3rd-century disestablishments in Egypt
1481:3rd-century BC establishments in Egypt
503:became the source for the modern word
984:
982:
908:
906:
904:
874:
872:
832:
830:
828:
826:
788:
786:
784:
7:
737:
735:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
623:
621:
619:
583:
581:
579:
577:
476:measure of the Earth's circumference
1190:Butler, Alfred J. (November 2008).
989:Bagnall, R. S.; Davoli, P. (2011).
378:, is described in the 10th century
185:puts it, "analogous to the modern
14:
1134:. In I. Volt & J. Päll (Eds.)
931:10.1097/00006123-200107000-00001
146:, though it is more likely that
995:American Journal of Archaeology
260:(palace complex), possessing a
71:), which arguably included the
1050:. Cambridge University Press.
647:Aristotle: His Life and School
1:
680:Berti, M.; Costa, V. (2009),
525:was the founding core of the
276:, men who are members of the
187:Institute for Advanced Study
1196:. Read Books. p. 411.
523:John Tradescant the Younger
268:(columned hall), and large
1582:
1221:Edward Jay Watts, (2008),
1176:Edward Jay Watts, (2008),
1147:Edward Jay Watts, (2008),
1130:Nesselrath, H. G. (2012).
976:(pp. 71–85). Archaeopress.
313:
60:
25:
18:
1094:(Vol. 1), p. 333. Oxford.
807:10.1163/9789004305069_005
600:10.1007/978-3-642-18904-3
519:John Tradescant the Elder
326:Aristarchus of Samothrace
322:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II
220:that we know today, from
61:Μουσεῖον τῆς Ἀλεξανδρείας
1521:History museums in Egypt
1511:Defunct museums in Egypt
1460:Muses in popular culture
1044:von Staden, H. (1989).
913:Chapman, P. H. (2001).
855:10.1179/lib.1999.15.1.5
536:Musaeum Tradescantianum
472:sieve for prime numbers
466:, head librarian under
148:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
83:. Originally, the word
81:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
21:The Temple of the Muses
1090:Fraser, P. M. (1972).
1023:10.3764/aja.115.1.0103
1007:10.3764/aja.115.1.0103
974:Hellenistic Alexandria
533:. It was published as
515:cabinet of curiosities
464:Eratosthenes of Cyrene
414:
316:Serapeum of Alexandria
290:
241:
68:
45:
1546:Library of Alexandria
1541:Museums in Alexandria
704:Lynch, J. P. (1972).
489:Didymos of Alexandria
468:Ptolemy III Euergetes
403:
250:
239:
73:Library of Alexandria
36:
26:For the journal, see
1506:Ptolemaic Alexandria
1244:El-Abbadi, Mostafa,
1092:Ptolemaic Alexandria
1071:Daniel Heller-Roazen
884:www.dailywriting.net
571:(Paris 1990: 84–90).
565:Ptolemaic Alexandria
452:Apollonius of Rhodes
334:Oxyrhynchus fragment
320:During the reign of
256:is also part of the
69:Musaeum Alexandrinum
1138:(pp. 56–74). Tartu.
837:Jochum, U. (1999).
644:Natali, C. (2013).
633:Liddell & Scott
372:Theon of Alexandria
342:Siege of Alexandria
280:, is located. This
175:Library of Pergamum
1561:History of museums
1251:Canfora, Luciano,
793:Berti, M. (2016).
588:Russo, L. (2004).
546:by John Tradescant
509:. In early modern
415:
411:Vincenzo Camuccini
295:similar structures
242:
210:literary criticism
161:Unlike the modern
46:
28:Mouseion (journal)
1531:Muses (mythology)
1468:
1467:
1260:The Art Bulletin,
1237:MacLeod, Roy M.,
1203:978-1-4437-2783-9
1117:978-1-107-01256-1
1107:Ancient Libraries
1057:978-0-521-23646-1
717:978-0-520-02194-5
657:978-1-4008-4600-9
609:978-3-540-20068-0
483:critical editions
446:Homeric philology
195:Collège de France
179:Hellenistic world
116:Hellenistic world
1573:
1536:Types of museums
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1034:
986:
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910:
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895:
886:. Archived from
876:
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866:
834:
821:
820:
790:
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772:
766:
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754:Johannes Tzetzes
743:Roger S. Bagnall
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527:Ashmolean Museum
386:Zacharias Rhetor
330:Johannes Tzetzes
136:Johannes Tzetzes
62:
1581:
1580:
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1575:
1574:
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1566:Ptolemy I Soter
1471:
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1299:
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1262:September 1997.
1234:
1232:Further reading
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843:Library History
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77:Ptolemy I Soter
42:Hellenistic age
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1001:(1): 103–157.
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776:The Museum Age
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442:head librarian
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890:on 2011-07-21
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