303:
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tend to be supporters of the president. Similarly, at the state and local levels, governors and mayors retain appointments powers. Some scholars have argued that patronage may be used for laudable purposes, such as the "recognition" of minority communities through the appointment of their members to a high-profile position. Bearfield has argued that patronage be used for four general purposes: create or strengthen a political organization; achieve democratic or egalitarian goals; bridge political divisions and create coalitions, and to alter the existing patronage system.
807:
262:
1809:
969:-809), such books were translated into Arabic. Thus Khurasan and Transoxania were effectively bypassed in this transfer of learning from India to Islam, even though, undeniably the Barmakis cultural outlook owed something to their land of origin, northern Afghanistan, and Yahya al Barmaki's interest in medicine may have derived from no longer identifiable family tradition.
381:
also participated in the system to some degree; it was only with the rise of bourgeois and capitalist social forms in the middle 19th century that
European culture moved away from its patronage system to the more publicly supported system of museums, theaters, mass audiences and mass consumption that
917:". During Hugo Chávez's tenure, he seized thousands of properties and businesses while also reducing the footprint of foreign companies. Venezuela's economy was then largely state-run and was operated by military officers that had their business and government affairs connected. Senior fellow at the
894:
Political patronage is not always considered corrupt. In the United States, the U.S. Constitution provides the president with the power to appoint individuals to government positions. The president also may appoint personal advisers without congressional approval. Not surprisingly, these individuals
791:
In 2012, the
African National Congress (ANC) mayor of Beaufort West in the Western Cape Province wrote a letter that openly and illegally solicited funds from the Construction Education and Training Authority for the ANC's 2016 election campaign. This episode, amongst many others including instances
143:
systems were abolished, patronage was used to maintain rigid class structures. With the rise of a labor class, traditional patronage changed in the 20th century to allow some participation in power structures, but many systems still favor a small powerful elite, who distribute economic and political
968:
We know of Yahya b Khalid al
Barmaki (805) as a patron of physicians and, specifically, of the translation of Hindu medical works into both Arabic and Persian. In all likelihood, however, his activity took place in the orbit of the caliphal court in Iraq, where at the behest of Harun al Rashid (786
891:. Under these decrees, it was declared that the employment status of most public employees could not be affected positively or negatively based on political allegiance, with exceptions for politically inclined positions. The case is still in negotiation today, as there are points yet to be decided.
830:
was an
American politician who ran what is considered now to have been one of the most corrupt political machines in the country's history. Tweed and his corrupt associates ruled for a brief time with absolute power over the city and state of New York. At the height of his influence, Tweed was the
409:
Charitable and other non-profit making organizations often seek one or more influential figureheads to act as patrons. The relationship often does not involve money. As well as conferring credibility, these people can use their contacts and charisma to assist the organization to raise funds or to
1598:
La boliburguesĂa –un tĂ©rmino acuñado por el periodista Juan Carlos Zapata para definir a la oligarquĂa que ha crecido bajo protecciĂłn del gobierno chavista– consituye hoy una "nueva clase social" de empresarios y polĂticos que se han servido de la falta de control del
Parlamento, FiscalĂa y
887:, occurred involving political patronage and its constitutionality. Shakman claimed that much of the patronage going on in Chicago politics was unlawful on the grounds of the first and fourteenth amendments. Through a series of legal battles and negotiations, the two parties agreed upon
401:. In the latter part of the 20th century, the academic sub-discipline of patronage studies began to evolve, in recognition of the important and often neglected role that the phenomenon of patronage had played in the cultural life of previous centuries.
792:
revolving around
President Jacob Zuma, revealed how the African National Congress as ruling political party utilized patronage to reward supporters and strengthen the leading faction of the party's control over governmental institutions.
921:, Harold Trinkunas, stated that involving the military in business was "a danger", with Trinkunas explaining that the Venezuelan military "has the greatest ability to coerce people, into business like they have". According to
978:
In the same manner as commercial patronage, those who attend a sporting event may be referred to as patrons, though the usage in much of the world is now considered archaic—with some notable exceptions. Those who attend the
878:. Henceforth, applicants for most federal government jobs would have to pass an examination. Federal politicians' influence over bureaucratic appointments waned, and patronage declined as a national political issue.
422:
Sometimes consumers support smaller or local businesses or corporations out of loyalty even if less expensive options exist. Their regular custom is referred to as 'patronage'. Patronage may entitle members of a
123:, the system was designed to maintain an inexpensive, subservient labor force, which could be utilized to limit production costs and allow wealth and its privileges to be monopolized by a small elite. Long after
87:
and the heads of a number of commissions and agencies; in many cases, these appointments go to people who have supported the political party of the prime minister. As well, the term may refer to a type of
810:
A "Thank you for your patronage" message (in the sense "Thank you for being our customer") from
Orologio Restaurant in the Alphabet City area of the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City
883:
1296:
publiés pour la Société de l’histoire de l’art français, par M. Anatole de
Montaiglon, tome IX (1780–1788), Charvay Frères, Libraires de la Société, 4, rue de Furstenberg, Paris, 1889, p. 186
83:, which is the use of state resources to reward individuals for their electoral support. Some patronage systems are legal, as in the Canadian tradition of the prime minister to appoint
1349:
1405:
385:
This kind of system continues across many fields of the arts. Though the nature of the sponsors has changed—from churches to charitable foundations, and from aristocrats to
100:
or fraudulently awarded appointments or government contracts. The opposite of this structure, where all individuals advance based on their personal traits and abilities, is
656:
such as fraudulently awarding non-competitive government contracts to friends or relatives or pressuring the public service to hire an unqualified family member or friend.
2640:
2419:
288:
named a plant after the baron to thank him for his support. This plant had already received its scientific name a few years earlier and is therefore not known today as
47:, and other wealthy and influential people have provided to artists such as musicians, painters, and sculptors. It can also refer to the right of bestowing offices or
195:
Rulers, nobles, and very wealthy people used patronage of the arts to endorse their political ambitions, social positions, and prestige. That is, patrons operated as
2369:
2169:
999:, a "patron" is a person who puts together a team by hiring one or more professionals. The rest of the team may be amateurs, often including the patron themself.
1680:
267:
1294:
Procès-Verbaux de l’Académie Royale de peinture et de sculpture (1648–1793) – Nomination de M. le Baron de
Besenval comme Honoraire Amateur, le 7 février 1784,
1822:
1133:
192:
defined a patron as "one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and, when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help".
113:, concentrating economic and political power in a small minority which held privileges that the majority of the population did not. In this system, the
1663:
302:
2424:
1619:
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holds authority and influence over a less powerful person, whom he protects by granting favors in exchange for loyalty and allegiance. With roots in
572:
2132:
960:
927:, "y showering contracts on former military officials and pro-government business executives, Chavez put a new face on the system of patronage".
1847:
875:
848:
1791:
1440:
1264:
1088:
1033:
1353:
2446:
1577:
870:, a disappointed office-seeker, assassinated him. To prevent further political violence and to assuage public outrage, Congress passed the
544:
648:, this is not the case. Other types of political patronage may violate the laws or ethics codes, such as when political leaders engage in
318:
of artwork is the best-known aspect of the patronage system, other disciplines also benefited from patronage, including those who studied
1832:
35:
is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows on another. In the history of art,
2568:
1884:
773:
690:, it is expected that one gains political debts and dispenses political favor to advance one's career or gain influence, if not wealth.
587:
revenue, secondary funding sources include audience members and philanthropists who donate to for-profit and non-profit organizations.
2578:
2468:
844:
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2402:
1817:
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on the third Sunday of
November. To other places it is granted, on request, for some Sunday in November, to be designated by the
1043:
1038:
2689:
863:
515:, in memory of the victories obtained over the Saracens, heretics and other enemies from the sixth century to the reign of
2556:
2245:
1078:
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were patrons of the sciences, which greatly helped the propagation of Indian science and scholarship from the neighboring
750:
671:
2573:
2407:
2209:
687:
508:
2563:
2541:
2362:
1499:
1011:
964:; the vizier Ja'far appears in several stories, as well as a tale that gave rise to the expression "Barmecide feast".
707:
679:
624:. In most countries, the executive has the right to make many appointments, some of which may be lucrative (see also
1387:
2588:
2473:
1256:
988:
528:
24:
1109:
1116:
535:. The Office is taken entirely from the Common of the Blessed Virgin, and the Mass is the "Salve sancta parens".
69:
1172:
2627:
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have at their disposal a great deal of patronage, in the sense that they make decisions on the appointment of
414:
are especially prolific in this respect, devoting a large proportion of their time to a wide range of causes.
285:
96:
in which a party in power rewards groups, families, or ethnicities for their electoral support using illegal
2551:
2412:
2069:
1877:
1323:
374:
20:
1702:
199:. Many languages have terms for patrons (such as the English "mecenate") that are derived from the name of
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1852:
1837:
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621:
307:
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918:
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227:
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ContralorĂa, para enriquecerse y hacer toda suerte de negocios, algunas veces de dudosa solvencia moral
397:
than in politics. It may simply refer to direct support (often financial) of an artist, for example by
354:
1660:
855:. In 1873, Tweed was convicted for diverting between $ 40 million and $ 200 million of public monies.
2483:
2436:
2233:
2122:
1941:
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951:
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in order to sway the votes in his favour, making Stalin the effective leader of the country by 1929.
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411:
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277:
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89:
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2500:
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1911:
1209:
840:
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366:
93:
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2441:
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2117:
1870:
1748:
1624:
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BoliburguesĂa is a term that was coined by journalist Juan Carlos Zapata in order to "define the
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757:
645:
637:
568:
552:
516:
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323:
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110:
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For a recent study of political patronage in the People's Republic of China, see Hillman, Ben.
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706:'s retirement from politics in March 1923 following a stroke, a power struggle began between
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1951:
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1521:
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all sought and enjoyed the support of noble or ecclesiastical patrons. Figures as late as
153:
531:. In many places, the feast of the Patronage is held with an additional Marian title of
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2307:
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2086:
1921:
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859:
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218:, used artistic patronage to "cleanse" wealth that was perceived as ill-gotten through
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1255:. Vol. 1: The Colonial Era and the Short Nineteenth Century. New York, New York:
2678:
2456:
2345:
2335:
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2096:
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1990:
1780:
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987:, are still traditionally referred to as "patrons," largely at the insistence of the
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832:
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398:
231:
223:
204:
138:
44:
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935:
There are historical examples where the noble classes financed scientific pursuits.
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2022:
1946:
1106:
Patronage and Power: Local State Networks and Party-state Resilience in Rural China
992:
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710:
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524:
520:
362:
261:
235:
177:
97:
52:
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Mershman, Francis. "Feast of the Patronage of Our Lady." The Catholic Encyclopedia
280:(1791). As in the field of the arts, the baron was also a patron in the field of
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2005:
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1961:
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is the commonly used term for the right to present a candidate to a benefice.
386:
370:
338:
334:
255:
130:
1729:"Political Connections Reduce Job Creation: Firm-level Evidence from Lebanon"
1661:
Davis, Seth: The difference between patrons and fans, Golf.com, April 6 2007.
1374:
1225:
1152:
2049:
1966:
1897:
1251:. In Bulmer-Thomas, Victor; Coatsworth, John; Cortes-Conde, Roberto (eds.).
939:
910:
780:
742:
629:
583:
While most news companies, particularly in North America are funded through
346:
251:
243:
120:
1761:
1134:"The Role of Patronage in the Peasant Political Struggle in Latin America"
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2287:
2027:
2012:
1983:
1936:
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653:
649:
625:
613:
453:
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247:
215:
207:
48:
2144:
2054:
1931:
1916:
1406:"Power, patronage and gatekeeper politics in the time of Truman Prince"
1104:
1048:
1003:
350:
342:
326:
124:
1080:
Patronal Politics: Eurasian Regime Dynamics in Comparative Perspective
958:
in Baghdad. The power of the Barmakids in those times is reflected in
2112:
2064:
2059:
1978:
756:. Stalin used patronage to appoint many Stalinist delegates (such as
714:
617:
457:
427:
to a share of the surplus or profit generated by the co-op, called a
281:
211:
188:
dominated a society and controlled a significant share of resources.
181:
40:
109:
In many Latin American countries, patronage developed as a means of
1337:
Patronage, Politics, and Literary traditions in England, 1558–1658,
1973:
1377:
Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 11 November 2016
843:, and the New-York Printing Company, as well as proprietor of the
805:
512:
330:
301:
260:
219:
60:
1620:"Venezuela Sees Chavez Friends Rich After His Death Amid Poverty"
176:
kingdoms, and elsewhere—art patronage tended to arise wherever a
996:
984:
1866:
51:, the business given to a store by a regular customer, and the
559:, which led to the formation of the Associate Presbytery, the
16:
Support that one organization or individual bestows to another
954:. They are also credited with the establishment of the first
620:
in the UK). Patronage is therefore a recognized power of the
884:
Michael L. Shakman v. Democratic Organization of Cook County
222:. Art patronage was especially important in the creation of
632:, high-level appointments are reviewed or approved by the
310:, showing that it was commissioned by the Imperial family
1083:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–10.
946:
into the Arabic world. They patronized scholars such as
1309:
Blog Schweizerisches Nationalmuseum, 29. September 2021
682:
without mastery of the padrino system. From the lowest
511:
on 6 May 1679, for all the ecclesiastical provinces of
68:('patron'), one who gives benefits to his clients (see
1388:"Pew: Impact Of Billionaire Funded Journalism Is Tiny"
1200:
Hall, Anthony (July 1974). "Patron-Client Relations".
983:, one of the four major championships of professional
144:
favors in exchange for benefits to the lower classes.
1618:
Smith, Michael; Kurmanaev, Anatoly (12 August 2014).
881:
Beginning in 1969, a Supreme Court case in Chicago,
503:
of the Patronage of Our Lady was first permitted by
2509:
2378:
2316:
2180:
2105:
1904:
1779:
1431:. New York: Carrol & Graf Publishers. p.
1424:
1147:(6). Mepple, Belgium: J.A. Boom en Zoon: 411–419.
1320:Patronage, Art, and Society in Renaissance Italy,
991:. This insistence is occasionally made fun of by
670:", has been the source of many controversies and
160:. It is known in greatest detail in reference to
1774:This is the reference for the Canon law section.
1522:"SHAKMAN v. DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION OF COOK CTY"
2370:Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1539:Bearfield, Domonic A. (January–February 2009).
1253:The Cambridge Economic History of Latin America
966:
913:that has developed under the protection of the
851:, the New York City Board of Advisors, and the
644:); in other countries, such as those using the
533:Queen of All Saints, of Mercy, Mother of Graces
168:Europe, though patronage can also be traced in
156:onward, patronage of the arts was important in
75:In some countries the term is used to describe
1584:(in Spanish). 24 November 2009. Archived from
616:inside and outside government (for example on
1878:
1681:"'Rules' critics must look at bigger picture"
1541:"What Is Patronage? A Critical Reexamination"
1292:Académie Royale de peinture et de sculpture:
1127:
1125:
547:, (in force until 1874) resulted in multiple
136:
128:
114:
19:"Patron" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
1727:Diwan, Ishac; Haidar, Jamal Ibrahim (2021).
1339:Detroit, Wayne State University Press, 1993.
1195:
1193:
63:
1885:
1871:
1863:
1782:Spoils of Power: the Politics of Patronage
1307:Die Leidenschaften des Herrn von Besenval,
1283:, London: Thames and Hudson, 1987, p. 203.
822:, patronage became a controversial issue.
1648:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
1466:. New York. 4 July 2005. Archived from
1069:
961:The Book of One Thousand and One Nights
382:is familiar in the contemporary world.
306:19th-century Japanese vase bearing the
849:United States House of Representatives
353:. Artists as diverse and important as
127:, and other forms of bondage like the
1034:Civil service reform (disambiguation)
314:While sponsorship of artists and the
203:, generous friend and adviser to the
7:
1772:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1760:Sägmüller, Johannes Baptist (1913).
664:Political patronage, also known as "
571:, which led to the formation of the
563:, which led to the formation of the
545:Church Patronage (Scotland) Act 1711
1650:. Vol. 4, Part 2. p. 300.
2469:Index of painting-related articles
1350:"British Monarchy website, London"
847:. At times he was a member of the
680:political arena of the Philippines
14:
1807:
1766:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1705:. Irish Times. 21 September 2010
1679:McGee, Eugene (4 October 2010).
1578:"Auge y caĂda de un boliburguĂ©s"
1557:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.01941.x
1412:. Johannesburg. 3 February 2016.
1132:Huizer, Gerrit (November 1969).
1044:Corporate social responsibility
1039:Community-supported agriculture
1733:Journal of Development Studies
1646:Bosworth, C. E.; Asimov, M.S.
1202:The Journal of Peasant Studies
410:affect government policy. The
1:
1745:10.1080/00220388.2020.1849622
1703:"A new tradition in the GAA?"
1423:Ackerman, Kenneth D. (2005).
1279:Quoted in Michael Rosenthal,
523:ordered it to be kept in the
2408:Museum collection management
2331:Art history (academic study)
2210:alternative exhibition space
1763:"Patron and Patronage"
1545:Public Administration Review
1014:are referred to as patrons.
652:(hiring family members) and
509:Sacred Congregation of Rites
210:. Some patrons, such as the
2569:Colossal sculptures in situ
2273:Artist-in-residence program
1012:Gaelic Athletic Association
831:third-largest landowner in
433:. This refund is a form of
270:dans son salon de compagnie
39:refers to the support that
2713:
2579:Contemporary art galleries
2474:Outline of the visual arts
1257:Cambridge University Press
989:Augusta National Golf Club
902:
874:in 1883, which set up the
799:
594:
479:
25:Patronage (disambiguation)
18:
2649:
1778:Simpson, Jeffrey (1988).
1666:October 15, 2007, at the
1318:F. W. Kent et al., eds.,
1218:10.1080/03066157408437908
1117:Stanford University Press
688:President of the Republic
678:that one cannot join the
234:groups sponsored art and
70:patronage in ancient Rome
2633:Most expensive paintings
2420:Conservation-restoration
2222:Contemporary art gallery
1002:Also, people who attend
876:Civil Service Commission
2641:works by living artists
2403:Classificatory disputes
1823:Encyclopædia Britannica
1486:Encyclopedia of Chicago
1324:Oxford University Press
1247:Monteiro, John (2006).
1077:Hale, Henry E. (2014).
1010:games organised by the
573:Free Church of Scotland
375:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
290:Besenvalia senegalensis
21:Patron (disambiguation)
1853:Encyclopedia Americana
1838:Encyclopedia Americana
1826:(11th ed.). 1911.
1392:Silicon Valley Watcher
971:
944:Academy of Gundishapur
811:
311:
308:Imperial chrysanthemum
299:
137:
129:
115:
64:
53:guardianship of saints
2690:Political terminology
2278:Artist-run initiative
2165:Visual arts education
1812:Texts on Wikisource:
1769:Catholic Encyclopedia
1500:"The Shakman Decrees"
919:Brookings Institution
853:New York State Senate
809:
766:Grigory Ordzhonikidze
595:Further information:
495:Patronage of Our Lady
305:
286:Pierre-Joseph Buc'hoz
264:
228:Roman Catholic Church
2574:Contemporary artists
2437:Destination painting
2234:Single-artist museum
2123:Conservator-restorer
1786:. Toronto: Collins.
1356:on 21 September 2012
1259:. pp. 185–234.
1210:Taylor & Francis
995:and other media. In
952:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu
835:, a director of the
642:United States Senate
412:British royal family
379:Ludwig van Beethoven
278:Henri-Pierre Danloux
2564:Art reference books
2358:History of painting
1942:Fine-art photograph
1683:. Irish Independent
1588:on 25 November 2009
1178:on 23 February 2019
889:The Shakman Decrees
841:Tenth National Bank
490:Patronage festivity
393:has a more neutral
367:William Shakespeare
77:political patronage
2659:Visual arts portal
2589:National galleries
2442:Eclecticism in art
2397:Catalogue raisonné
2268:Artist cooperative
1625:Bloomberg Business
1582:talcualdigital.com
1510:on 26 August 2013.
1305:Andreas Affolter:
1249:"6. Labor Systems"
1141:Sociologische Gids
1112:2014-10-06 at the
981:Masters Tournament
924:Bloomberg Business
868:Charles J. Guiteau
845:Metropolitan Hotel
812:
758:Vyacheslav Molotov
646:Westminster system
638:advice and consent
569:Disruption of 1843
553:Church of Scotland
517:Philip IV of Spain
452:See main articles
355:Chrétien de Troyes
320:natural philosophy
312:
300:
172:, the traditional
111:population control
2672:
2671:
2263:Artist collective
2077:Site-specific art
1927:Cultural artifact
1793:978-0-00-217759-7
1482:"Shakman Decrees"
1470:on 27 April 2007.
1442:978-0-7867-1686-9
1335:Cedric C. Brown,
1266:978-0-521-81289-4
1090:978-1-107-07351-7
915:Chavez government
858:Six months after
751:General Secretary
737:, former Premier
674:. It has been an
610:Political leaders
597:Political machine
561:secession of 1761
557:secession of 1733
466:Church of England
359:Leonardo da Vinci
274:HĂ´tel de Besenval
268:Baron de Besenval
81:patronal politics
59:derives from the
2702:
2628:Stolen paintings
2496:Sociology of art
2447:Economics of art
2298:Sculpture garden
2283:Artist-run space
2082:Social sculpture
1952:Installation art
1887:
1880:
1873:
1864:
1857:
1842:
1827:
1811:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1765:
1756:
1739:(8): 1373–1396.
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1676:
1670:
1658:
1652:
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1643:
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1634:
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1615:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1506:. Archived from
1496:
1490:
1489:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1430:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1352:. Archived from
1346:
1340:
1333:
1327:
1316:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1171:. Archived from
1138:
1129:
1120:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1074:
1029:Benefactor (law)
948:Jabir ibn Hayyan
828:William M. Tweed
762:Lazar Kaganovich
747:Grigory Zinoviev
719:Nikolai Bukharin
686:official to the
622:executive branch
555:, including the
501:liturgical feast
430:patronage refund
142:
134:
118:
67:
49:church benefices
2712:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2654:Painting portal
2645:
2552:sculpture parks
2505:
2464:Elements of art
2432:Cultural policy
2374:
2326:Timeline of art
2312:
2303:Sculpture trail
2182:
2176:
2101:
2018:Performance art
1900:
1891:
1845:
1830:
1815:
1804:
1794:
1777:
1759:
1726:
1723:
1721:Further reading
1718:
1708:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1668:Wayback Machine
1659:
1655:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1617:
1616:
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1591:
1589:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1504:Cook FP Shakman
1498:
1497:
1493:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1330:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1114:Wayback Machine
1102:
1098:
1091:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1020:
1008:Gaelic football
976:
933:
907:
901:
804:
798:
789:
770:Mikhail Kalinin
696:
662:
607:
605:No-bid contract
593:
581:
541:
497:
492:
486:Cardinal nephew
480:Main articles:
478:
448:
443:
420:
407:
174:Southeast Asian
150:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2677:
2676:
2670:
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2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2604:by nationality
2601:
2591:
2586:
2584:Modern artists
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2534:
2529:
2527:Art techniques
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2486:
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2471:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2413:deaccessioning
2405:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2318:History of art
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2308:Virtual museum
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2238:
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2226:
2225:
2224:
2214:
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2205:Art exhibition
2202:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2162:
2157:
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2137:
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2135:
2130:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2087:Soft sculpture
2084:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1922:Conceptual art
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1867:
1861:
1860:
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1803:
1802:External links
1800:
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903:Main article:
900:
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860:James Garfield
800:Main article:
797:
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727:Mikhail Tomsky
708:Soviet Premier
704:Vladimir Lenin
695:
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667:padrino system
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295:Oncoba spinosa
201:Gaius Maecenas
190:Samuel Johnson
184:system and an
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2256:
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2119:
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2097:Artwork title
2095:
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2092:Stained glass
2090:
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2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1991:New media art
1989:
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1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
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1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
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1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:Appropriation
1910:
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1398:
1394:. March 2014.
1393:
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1208:(4). London:
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993:sportswriters
990:
986:
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949:
945:
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916:
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905:BoliburguesĂa
898:
896:
892:
890:
886:
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879:
877:
873:
872:Pendleton Act
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
833:New York City
829:
825:
821:
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816:United States
808:
803:
802:Spoils system
796:United States
795:
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786:
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754:Joseph Stalin
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565:Relief Church
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317:
316:commissioning
309:
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263:
259:
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238:, as seen in
237:
233:
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224:religious art
221:
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209:
206:
205:Roman Emperor
202:
198:
193:
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187:
183:
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175:
171:
167:
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154:ancient world
147:
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139:repartimiento
133:
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126:
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107:
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62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2685:Philanthropy
2547:most visited
2395:
2159:
2023:Plastic arts
1947:Found object
1851:
1836:
1821:
1781:
1767:
1736:
1732:
1707:. Retrieved
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1674:
1656:
1647:
1641:
1629:. Retrieved
1623:
1597:
1590:. Retrieved
1586:the original
1581:
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1551:(1): 64–76.
1548:
1544:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1508:the original
1503:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1468:the original
1463:
1460:"Boss Tweed"
1454:
1446:
1426:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1370:
1358:. Retrieved
1354:the original
1344:
1336:
1331:
1319:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1293:
1288:
1280:
1275:
1252:
1242:
1205:
1201:
1182:10 September
1180:. Retrieved
1173:the original
1144:
1140:
1105:
1099:
1079:
1072:
1001:
977:
967:
959:
937:
934:
922:
908:
893:
882:
880:
857:
837:Erie Railway
813:
790:
787:South Africa
735:Leon Trotsky
711:Alexei Rykov
697:
665:
663:
608:
582:
542:
539:Presbyterian
532:
525:Papal States
521:Benedict XIV
498:
469:
463:
451:
428:
421:
408:
390:
384:
363:Michelangelo
349:, and other
339:philosophers
313:
293:
289:
265:
236:architecture
194:
170:feudal Japan
151:
108:
101:
80:
76:
74:
56:
36:
32:
31:
29:
2664:Arts portal
2537:Art museums
2452:art finance
2253:Arts centre
2217:Art gallery
2200:Art commune
2190:Art auction
2033:Printmaking
1962:Mixed media
1957:Kinetic art
1894:Visual arts
1447:boss tweed.
1212:: 506–509.
818:during the
739:Lev Kamenev
676:open secret
660:Philippines
636:(as in the
634:legislature
630:democracies
628:). In some
601:Pork barrel
585:advertising
425:cooperative
395:connotation
347:astrologers
284:. In 1782,
256:handicrafts
186:aristocracy
166:Renaissance
158:art history
103:meritocracy
55:. The word
2679:Categories
2637:sculptures
2491:Provenance
2386:Art market
2293:Commission
2241:Art school
2229:Art museum
2195:Art colony
2183:and events
2043:street art
2038:Public art
1427:Boss Tweed
1234:4654622533
1161:1083129639
1065:References
956:paper mill
820:Gilded Age
723:Profintern
672:corruption
579:Journalism
567:, and the
549:secessions
418:Commercial
389:—the term
387:plutocrats
371:Ben Jonson
343:alchemists
324:pre-modern
244:cathedrals
232:Protestant
230:and later
214:family of
131:encomienda
94:favoritism
90:corruption
2616:Sculptors
2522:Art media
2484:sculpture
2425:paintings
2346:Criticism
2128:paintings
2118:Collector
2050:Sculpture
1967:bricolage
1898:art world
1848:Patronage
1753:229717871
1709:4 October
1687:4 October
1592:16 August
1562:19 August
1360:5 October
1281:Constable
1226:0306-6150
1153:0038-0334
940:Barmakids
911:oligarchy
899:Venezuela
866:in 1881,
864:president
781:Sovnarkom
777:Politburo
772:) to the
743:Comintern
626:sinecures
614:officials
551:from the
470:patronage
391:patronage
331:musicians
252:sculpture
152:From the
121:feudalism
33:Patronage
2695:The arts
2594:Painters
2479:painting
2391:The arts
2351:feminist
2288:Biennale
2028:Portrait
2013:Painting
1984:graffiti
1937:Fine art
1896:and the
1664:Archived
1631:16 April
1322:Oxford,
1169:58913901
1110:Archived
1059:Sinecure
1054:Premiere
1018:See also
733:founder
731:Red Army
684:barangay
654:cronyism
650:nepotism
591:Politics
529:ordinary
476:Catholic
454:Advowson
446:Anglican
435:dividend
351:scholars
248:painting
240:churches
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197:sponsors
182:imperial
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85:senators
65:patronus
2599:by name
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2145:Curator
2133:frescos
2070:tallest
2055:carving
2006:virtual
2001:digital
1996:history
1932:Drawing
1917:Collage
1905:Artwork
1856:. 1920.
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1326:, 1987.
1119:, 2014.
1049:Patreon
1004:hurling
931:Science
862:became
824:Tammany
814:In the
745:leader
725:leader
717:editor
702:leader
640:of the
618:quangos
519:. Pope
507:of the
464:In the
405:Charity
335:writers
327:science
292:but as
272:at the
125:slavery
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2621:female
2246:Europe
2181:Places
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2160:Patron
2150:Dealer
2140:Critic
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2065:statue
2060:relief
1979:fresco
1833:Patron
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974:Sports
839:, the
768:, and
749:, and
715:Pravda
700:Soviet
698:After
694:Russia
603:, and
505:decree
488:, and
458:Parish
399:grants
369:, and
282:botany
226:. The
212:Medici
116:patrĂłn
57:patron
2510:Lists
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2155:Model
2106:Roles
1974:Mural
1749:S2CID
1176:(PDF)
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1137:(PDF)
938:Many
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774:Party
513:Spain
276:, by
220:usury
178:royal
98:gifts
61:Latin
45:popes
1788:ISBN
1711:2010
1689:2010
1633:2015
1594:2010
1564:2009
1437:ISBN
1362:2012
1261:ISBN
1230:OCLC
1222:ISSN
1184:2020
1157:OCLC
1149:ISSN
1085:ISBN
997:polo
985:golf
950:and
779:and
543:The
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