Movable type - Knowledge (XXG)

810: 977:. Although the wooden type was more durable under the mechanical rigors of handling, repeated printing wore down the character faces, and the types could only be replaced by carving new pieces. This system was later enhanced by pressing wooden blocks into sand and casting metal types from the depression in copper, bronze, iron or tin. This new method overcame many of the shortcomings of woodblock printing. Rather than manually carving an individual block to print a single page, movable type printing allowed for the quick assembly of a page of text. Furthermore, these new, more compact type fonts could be reused and stored. Wang Zhen used two rotating circular tables as trays for laying out his type. The first table was separated into 24 trays in which each movable type was categorized based on a number corresponding with a rhyming pattern. The second table contained miscellaneous characters. 1419: 1242: 1362: 1053: 895:

oven, becomes hard and difficult to break, such that it remains intact after being dropped from a height of two metres onto a marble floor. The length of clay movable types in China was 1 to 2 centimetres, not 2 mm, thus hard as horn. But similar to metal type, ceramic type did not hold the water-based Chinese calligraphic ink well, and had an added disadvantage of uneven matching of the type which could sometimes result from the uneven changes in size of the type during the baking process.

65: 1415:. His method of casting type may have differed from the hand-mould used in subsequent decades. Detailed analysis of the type used in his 42-line Bible has revealed irregularities in some of the characters that cannot be attributed to ink spread or type wear under the pressure of the press. Scholars conjecture that the type pieces may have been cast from a series of matrices made with a series of individual stroke punches, producing many different versions of the same glyph. 908: 1350: 1467: 4278: 626: 38: 1453:, and other printers of late 15th-century Europe. Gutenberg's movable type printing system offered a number of advantages over previous movable type techniques. The lead-antimony-tin alloy used by Gutenberg had half the melting temperature of bronze, making it easier to cast the type and aided the use of reusable metal matrix moulds instead of the expendable sand and clay moulds. The use of 782:

recognized. Then, carvers cut away the parts of the board that were not part of the character, so that the characters were cut in relief, completely differently from those cut intaglio. When printing, the bulging characters would have some ink spread on them and be covered by paper. With workers' hands moving on the back of paper gently, characters would be printed on the paper. By the

4442: 1740: 642: 744:–1600 BC has been considered by one scholar as an early example of a body of text being reproduced with reusable characters: it may have been produced by pressing pre-formed hieroglyphic "seals" into the soft clay. A few authors even view the disc as technically meeting all definitional criteria to represent an early incidence of movable-type printing. 786:, woodblock printing came to its heyday. Although woodblock printing played an influential role in spreading culture, there were some significant drawbacks. Carving the printing plate required considerable time, labour, and materials. It also was not convenient to store these plates and was difficult to correct mistakes. 1645:. They both had their own type-height: Enschedé: 65 23/24 points Didot, and Amsterdam: 66 1/24 points Didot—enough difference to prevent a combined use of fonts from the two typefoundries: Enschede would be too light, or otherwise the Amsterdam-font would print rather bold. This was a way of keeping clients. 1546:; temporary prints made from a thin coating of carbon deposited on the punch surface by a candle flame. The finished letter punch is finally hardened to withstand the rigours of reproduction by striking. One counterpunch and one letterpunch are produced for every letter or glyph making up a complete font. 1403:

Before Gutenberg, scribes copied books by hand on scrolls and paper, or print-makers printed texts from hand-carved wooden blocks. Either process took a long time; even a small book could take months to complete. Because carved letters or blocks were flimsy and the wood susceptible to ink, the blocks

1330:

claimed that "The Asian priority of invention movable type is now firmly established, and that Chinese-Korean technique, or a report of it traveled westward is almost certain." However, Joseph P. McDermott claimed that "No text indicates the presence or knowledge of any kind of Asian movable type or

1426:

It has also been suggested that the method used by Gutenberg involved using a single punch to make a mould, but the mould was such that the process of taking the type out disturbed the casting, causing variants and anomalies, and that the punch-matrix system came into use possibly around the 1470s.

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The claim that Bi Sheng's clay types were "fragile" and "not practical for large-scale printing" and "short lived" was refuted by later experiments. Bao Shicheng (1775–1885) wrote that baked clay moveable type was "as hard and tough as horn"; experiments show that clay type, after being baked in an

850:

For each character there were several types, and for certain common characters there were twenty or more types each, in order to be prepared for the repetition of characters on the same page. When the characters were not in use he had them arranged with paper labels, one label for each rhyme-group,

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prohibition on the commercialization of printing" also obstructed the proliferation of movable type, restricting the distribution of books produced using the new method to the government. The technique was restricted to use by the royal foundry for official state publications only, where the focus

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in Washington, D.C., displays examples of this metal type. Commenting on the invention of metallic types by Koreans, French scholar Henri-Jean Martin described this as " to Gutenberg's". However, Korean movable metal type printing differed from European printing in the materials used for the type,

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When he wished to print, he took an iron frame and set it on the iron plate. In this he placed the types, set close together. When the frame was full, the whole made one solid block of type. He then placed it near the fire to warm it. When the paste was slightly melted, he took a smooth board and

1293:

At first, one cuts letters in beech wood. One fills a trough level with fine sandy of the reed-growing seashore. Wood-cut letters are pressed into the sand, then the impressions become negative and form letters . At this step, placing one trough together with another, one pours the molten bronze

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If one were to print only two or three copies, this method would be neither simple nor easy. But for printing hundreds or thousands of copies, it was marvelously quick. As a rule he kept two forms going. While the impression was being made from the one form, the type was being put in place on the

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was invented and worked as follows. First, the neat hand-copied script was stuck on a relatively thick and smooth board, with the front of the paper sticking to the board, the paper being so thin it was transparent, the characters showing in reverse distinctly so that every stroke could be easily

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The typical example of this kind of bronze movable type embedded copper-block printing is a printed "check" of the Jin dynasty with two square holes for embedding two bronze movable-type characters, each selected from 1,000 different characters, such that each printed paper note has a different

1750:

Sometimes, it is erroneously stated that printing with metal type replaced the earlier methods. In the industrial era printing methods would be chosen to suit the purpose. For example, when printing large scale letters in posters etc. the metal type would have proved too heavy and economically

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There has been an ongoing debate regarding the success of ceramic printing technology as there have been no printed materials found with ceramic movable types. However, it is historically recorded to have been used as late as 1844 in China from the Song dynasty through the Qing dynasty.

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for hardening) is poured into a cavity from the top. Antimony has the rare property of expanding as it cools, giving the casting sharp edges. When the type metal has sufficiently cooled, the mould is unlocked and a rectangular block approximately 4 cm (1.6 in) long, called a

1715:

is a block of type whose face is lower than the printing letters so that it does not itself print.). An em space was the width of a capital letter "M"—as wide as it was high—while an en space referred to a space half the width of its height (usually the dimensions for a capital "N").

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alloy increased hardness of the type compared to lead and tin for improved durability of the type. The reusable metal matrix allowed a single experienced worker to produce 4,000 to 5,000 individual types a day, while Wang Chen had artisans working 2 years to make 60,000 wooden types.

1400:. Gutenberg's key invention and contribution to movable-type printing in Europe, the hand mould, was the first practical means of making cheap copies of letterpunches in the vast quantities needed to print complete books, making the movable-type printing process a viable enterprise. 1298:

A potential solution to the linguistic and cultural bottleneck that held back movable type in Korea for 200 years appeared in the early 15th century—a generation before Gutenberg would begin working on his own movable-type invention in Europe—when

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At least 13 material finds in China indicate the invention of bronze movable type printing in China no later than the 12th century, with the country producing large-scale bronze-plate-printed paper money and formal official documents issued by the

1695:

Traditionally, the capital letters were stored in a separate drawer or case that was located above the case that held the other letters; this is why capital letters are called "upper case" characters while the non-capitals are "lower case".

1731:, a thin coating of viscous ink is applied, and impressions are made on paper under great pressure in the press. "Sorts" is the term given to special characters not freely available in the typical type case, such as the "@" mark. 1229: 1542:). The outer profile of the glyph is completed by scraping away with a graver the material outside the counter spaces, leaving only the stroke or lines of the glyph. Progress toward the finished design is checked by successive 809: 766:, writing materials became more portable and economical. Yet, copying books by hand was still labour-consuming. Not until the Xiping Era (172–178 AD), towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, did sealing print and 1688:, a drawer about 2 inches high, a yard wide, and about two feet deep, with many small compartments for the various letters and ligatures. The most popular and accepted of the job case designs in America was the 1134:, due to the loss of the two copper movable types. Song dynasty bronze block embedded with bronze metal movable type printed paper money was issued on a large scale and remained in circulation for a long time. 2864: 2791:

Buringh, Eltjo; van Zanden, Jan Luiten (2009). "Charting the 'Rise of the West': Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries".

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Scholarly debate and speculation has occurred as to whether Eastern movable type spread to Europe between the late 14th century and early 15th centuries. For example, authoritative historians

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of Central Asia used movable type, their script type adopted from the Mongol language, some with Chinese words printed between the pages—strong evidence that the books were printed in China.

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down into an opening. The fluid flows in, filling these negative moulds, one by one becoming type. Lastly, one scrapes and files off the irregularities, and piles them up to be arranged.

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unviable. Thus, large scale type was made as carved wood blocks as well as ceramics plates. Also in many cases where large scale text was required, it was simpler to hand the job to a

934:(1031–1095). However, this technology was abandoned in favour of clay movable types due to the presence of wood grains and the unevenness of the wooden type after being soaked in ink. 532:

in Europe may have been influenced by various sporadic reports of movable type technology brought back to Europe by returning business people and missionaries to China. Some of these

3863: 2878: 1418: 1311:) for use by the common people, which could have made the typecasting and compositing process more feasible. But Korea's cultural elite, "appalled at the idea of losing 509:

was made in 1161 during the Song dynasty. In 1193, a book in the Song dynasty documented how to use the copper movable type. The oldest extant book printed with movable

3024:" Typographical Printing-surfaces: The Technology and Mechanism of Their Production". Lucien Alphonse Legros, John Cameron Grant, 1916, Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 301 855:

other. When the printing of the one form was finished, the other was then ready. In this way the two forms alternated and the printing was done with great rapidity.

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Bones, shells, bamboo slips, metal tablets, stone tablets, silk, as well as other materials were previously used for writing. However, following the invention of

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Gutenberg's movable-type printing system spread rapidly across Europe, from the single Mainz printing press in 1457 to 110 presses by 1480, with 50 of them in

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Hou Jianmei (侯健美); Tong Shuquan (童曙泉) (20 December 2004). "《大夏寻踪》今展國博" ['In the Footsteps of the Great Xia' now exhibiting at the National Museum].

1538:). The counterpunch is then struck against the end of a similar rectangular steel bar—the letterpunch—to impress the counter shapes as recessed spaces ( 980:

The set of wafer-like metal stamp types could be assembled to form pages, inked, and page impressions taken from rubbings on cloth or paper. In 1322, a

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P.J.W. Oly, de grondslag van het bedrijf der lettergieterij Amsterdam, formerly N.Tetterode, edition: Stichting Lettergieten 1983, Westzaan, pp. 82–88

1797: 1344: 1080:(1127–1279) dynasties with embedded bronze metal types for anti-counterfeit markers. Such paper-money printing might date back to the 11th-century 2457: 1767:

methods, such as copper plates, were used for the images, then images and the text would have required separate print runs on different machines.

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The Dover edition is an abridged and corrected republication of the work originally published in 1950 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. under the title

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The techniques for bronze casting, used at the time for making coins (as well as bells and statues) were adapted to making metal type. The

1191: 684:. These metal punch types can be seen as precursors of the letter punches adapted in later millennia to printing with movable metal type. 2925:

There are printed materials from Holland that supposedly predate the Mainz shop. Early work on movable type in France was also under way.

1430:

This raises the possibility that the development of movable type in the West may have been progressive rather than a single innovation.

607: 3116: 863:, an officer of the Southern Song dynasty, made a set of clay movable-type method according to the method described by Shen Kuo in his 2480:, by Pan Jixing, Professor of the Institute for History of Science, Academy of Science, Beijing, China, English Abstract, p. 273. 959:, China, re-invented a method of making movable wooden types. He made more than 30,000 wooden movable types and printed 100 copies of 1039:(1139–1193). It is considered by many Chinese experts to be the earliest extant example of a book printed using wooden movable type. 563:

characters needed for European languages was an important factor. Gutenberg was the first to create his type pieces from an alloy of

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Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart: I. Einführung, Grundbegriffe, Deutsch in der frühbürgerlichen Zeit

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The type-height varied in different countries. The Monotype Corporation Limited in London UK produced moulds in various heights:

1323:

was on reprinting Chinese classics lost in 1126 when Korea's libraries and palaces had perished in a conflict between dynasties.

799: 2094:"the latter has cuneiform signs that look as if made with a movable type, and impressions from Assur display the same phenomenon 2342: 714:

Seals and stamps may have been precursors to movable type. The uneven spacing of the impressions on brick stamps found in the

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Compartments also held spacers, which are blocks of blank type used to separate words and fill out a line of type, such as

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A detailed examination of Gutenberg's life and invention, interwoven with the underlying social and religious upheaval of

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process. But by the late 15th century these concerns were resolved and bronze type was widely used in Chinese printing.

1057: 415: 1064: 4776: 4263: 3332: 730:, has been conjectured by some archaeologists as evidence that the stamps were made using movable type. The enigmatic 2962: 2713: 1684:

Modern, factory-produced movable type was available in the late 19th century. It was held in the printing shop in a

3843: 2024: 1300: 3033:"Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press", Diana Childress, 2008, Twenty-First Century Books, Minneapolis, p. 49 1392:

for making coins from moulds. Between 1436 and 1450 he developed hardware and techniques for casting letters from

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dynasty (1127–1279), but this was largely experimental. It was unsatisfactory due to its incompatibility with the

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The spread of both movable-type systems was, to some degree, limited to primarily East Asia. The creation of the

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While these books have not survived, the oldest book existing in the world printed in metallic movable types is

834:) (990–1051) developed the first known movable-type system for printing in China around 1040 AD during the 4786: 4247: 4064: 3735: 3672: 3377: 3300: 2910: 2499:近世又铸锡作字, 以铁条贯之 (rendering: In the modern times, there's melten Tin Movable type, and linked them with iron bar) 1727:, where all letter faces are exactly the same height to form a flat surface of type. The forme is mounted on a 331: 3279: 1289:

scholar Seong Hyeon (성현, 成俔, 1439–1504) records the following description of the Korean font-casting process:

1554:

The letterpunch is used to strike a blank die of soft metal to make a negative letter mould, called a matrix.

4495: 1073: 466: 4677: 3692: 3415: 1923: 1764: 1642: 1539: 1531: 1052: 1032: 634: 101: 4689: 4553: 4530: 4402: 4167: 3667: 3662: 3575: 3562: 3395: 2828: 1744: 1481: 818: 614: 590:. The metal type pieces were more durable and the lettering was more uniform, leading to typography and 506: 494: 221: 191: 2449: 2417: 2120: 1220:). Each set consisted of 5,040 volumes, making a total of 322,560 volumes printed using movable type. 1118:

there is an empty square hole—apparently the associated copper metal type was lost. Another sample of

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invented the metal movable-type printing press, along with innovations in casting the type based on a

4667: 4490: 4412: 4339: 4323: 4300: 3959: 3600: 3454: 2490: 1786: 1587:, is later removed to make the sort the precise height required for printing, known as "type height". 1507: 1152: 1094:

combination of markers. A copper-block printed note dated between 1215 and 1216 in the collection of

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quickly became the centre of typographic and printing activity. Significant contributions came from

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in the 15th century: Within several decades around 270 European towns took up movable-type printing.

64: 4791: 4672: 4485: 4334: 4281: 4242: 4155: 4049: 3904: 3882: 3872: 3740: 3347: 3337: 3293: 1692:, which took its name from the Pacific coast location of the foundries that made the case popular. 1689: 1354: 1278: 731: 281: 56: 4771: 4626: 4480: 4475: 4205: 4132: 4112: 4102: 4074: 4044: 4004: 3631: 3494: 3479: 3420: 3410: 3171: 2816: 2808: 2676: 2305: 1977: 1578: 1485: 1373: 1366: 970: 778: 753: 587: 548: 462: 81: 2995: 1261: 2848:

Agüera y Arcas, Blaise; Paul Needham (November 2002). "Computational analytical bibliography".

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government made 250,000 bronze movable-type characters and printed 64 sets of the encyclopedic

907: 860: 4381: 4150: 4069: 4024: 3954: 3425: 3244: 3220: 3210: 3184: 3174: 3138: 2914: 2741: 2616: 2520: 2409: 2384: 2348: 2326: 2272: 2240: 2203: 2191: 2083: 2058: 2000: 1904: 1837: 1549: 1527: 1393: 1081: 865: 727: 579: 552: 533: 470: 271: 251: 181: 3164: 3015:"Scientific American Supplement" Volume 86 July 13, 1918 page 26, HATHI Trust Digital Library 2610: 2150: 1960:

He, Zhou (1994). "Diffusion of Movable Type in China and Europe: Why Were There Two Fates?".

888: 4558: 4548: 4538: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4036: 3989: 3828: 3775: 3636: 3446: 3203: 3129:

Meggs, Philip B.; Purvis, Alston W. (2006). "Graphic Design and the Industrial Revolution".

2800: 2297: 1969: 1634: 1466: 1446: 1331:

movable type imprint in Europe before 1450. The material evidence is even more conclusive."

1011: 1000:). Wooden movable types were used continually in China. Even as late as 1733, a 2300-volume 599: 541: 396: 351: 311: 1603:

0.928 inches (23.6 mm): France, Germany, Switzerland and most other European countries

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spread rapidly. The printing press may be regarded as one of the key factors fostering the

4709: 4650: 4543: 4470: 4172: 4059: 4054: 3974: 3942: 3833: 3570: 3372: 3100: 2882: 2765: 2675:. Seoul, Korea: 72ND IFLA GENERAL CONFERENCE AND COUNCIL. table on page 15. Archived from 2642: 2252: 1720: 1633:

At the end of the 19th century there were only two typefoundries left in the Netherlands:

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In 1234 the first books known to have been printed in metallic type set were published in

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Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present

1189:

in 1490 used bronze type in printing books. In 1574 the massive 1000-volume encyclopedia

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than a printer. Images could be printed together with movable type if they were made as

1407:

Gutenberg and his associates developed oil-based inks ideally suited to printing with a

4684: 4645: 4572: 4417: 4177: 4122: 3999: 3802: 3626: 3580: 3514: 3484: 3352: 3237: 2635: 2233: 1760: 1728: 1535: 1450: 1442: 1408: 1381: 1286: 1253: 701: 656: 529: 341: 301: 111: 2080:

Aramaic and Figural Stamp Impressions on Bricks of the Sixth Century B.C. from Babylon

1613:

A Dutch printer's manual mentions a tiny difference between French and German Height:

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pressed it over the surface, so that the block of type became as even as a whetstone.

4765: 4719: 4662: 4422: 3969: 3937: 3927: 3807: 3131: 2820: 2433: 1981: 1752: 1175: 1171: 1160: 1087: 1077: 1018: 952: 835: 734: 709: 705: 685: 647: 2019: 1723:, and the whole assembly is tightly bound together to make up a page image called a 1660:) decided during a reorganisation to use a standard type-height of 63 points Didot. 625: 4714: 4655: 4427: 4227: 4107: 3994: 3949: 3909: 3892: 3646: 3616: 3590: 3499: 3342: 3324: 2587: 1812: 1802: 1519: 1501: 1389: 1319: 1205: 1182: 1148: 1119: 948: 923: 783: 774: 652: 583: 31: 37: 3093: 2904: 2719:

Historia de las cosas más notables, ritos y costumbres del gran reyno de la China

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Bi Sheng... who first devised, about 1045, the art of printing with movable type

1807: 1719:

Individual letters are assembled into words and lines of text with the aid of a

1675: 1174:(1206–1405), printing using movable type spread from China to Central Asia. The 1114:

there is a small character (輶) printed with movable copper type, while over the

1060: 1022: 880: 859:

After his death, the ceramic movable-type passed onto his descendants. In 1193,

763: 715: 689: 603: 502: 386: 171: 4441: 2941: 2738:

The Book Worlds of East Asia and Europe, 1450–1850: Connections and Comparisons

2325:, volume 5 part 1, Joseph Needham, 1985, Cambridge University Press, page 221. 1973: 4735: 4616: 4371: 4195: 4009: 3899: 3752: 3745: 3722: 3677: 3641: 3595: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3527: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3316: 3274: 2804: 2761: 2344:

The Book: A Cover-to-Cover Exploration of the Most Powerful Object of Our Time

1739: 1564:. The mould is clamped shut and molten type metal alloy (consisting mostly of 1397: 1095: 556: 510: 458: 450: 291: 231: 201: 2413: 17: 4465: 4386: 3687: 3682: 3459: 3387: 2856: 2370:

Pan Jixing, A history of movable metal type printing technique in China 2001

1901:

Cathedral, Forge, and Waterwheel: Technology and Invention in the Middle Age

1791: 1679: 1523: 1497:

Type-founding as practised in Europe and the West consists of three stages:

1385: 927: 598:(1455) established the superiority of movable type in Europe and the use of 490: 366: 141: 2404:[The world's oldest extant book printed with wooden movable type]. 1630:

Tiny differences in type-height can cause quite bold images of characters.

990:) in Zhejiang, made 100,000 wooden movable types and printed the 43-volume 813:

Chinese characters are arranged in the shape of buddha on a page remain of

2970: 4621: 4160: 4019: 3838: 3711: 3697: 3522: 3474: 2380: 1573: 1471: 1454: 1412: 1315:, the badge of their elitism", stifled the adoption of the new alphabet. 1304: 931: 919: 839: 825: 767: 572: 560: 498: 454: 161: 3043: 2812: 2562:"Did East Asian Printing Traditions Influence the European Renaissance?" 770:

appear. These were used to print designs on fabrics and to print texts.

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and its successors caused movable type to decline in the 20th century.

126: 27:

Printing technology and system based on reconfigurable blocks of glyphs

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The Gutenberg Revolution: The story of a genius that changed the world

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in 1991 is believed to have been printed sometime during the reign of

838:

dynasty, using ceramic materials. As described by the Chinese scholar

692:

to create an impression on a surface by rolling the seal on wet clay.

4597: 4587: 3887: 3504: 3243:, Harvard University Asia Center for the Harvard-Yenching Institute, 2054:

A Typographic Workbook: A Primer to History, Techniques, and Artistry

1475: 1438: 1308: 669: 522: 2202:. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 201–217. 1617:

62.027 points Didot = 23.30 mm (0.917 in) = English height

2301: 1623:

62.685 points Didot = 23.56 mm (0.928 in) = German height

1620:

62.666 points Didot = 23.55 mm (0.927 in) = French height

493:

materials and was invented around 1040 AD in China during the

4407: 3730: 3469: 3437: 3119:, by Richard Eckersley, Charles Ellerston, Richard Hendel, Page 18 1738: 1626:

66.047 points Didot = 24.85 mm (0.978 in) = Dutch Height

1583:, is extracted. Excess casting on the end of the sort, called the 1530:. The finished counterpunch is hardened by heating and quenching ( 1465: 1434: 1417: 1377: 1360: 1348: 1312: 1274: 1269: 1240: 1234: 1227: 1051: 956: 906: 808: 759: 723: 681: 673: 640: 624: 518: 514: 486: 474: 36: 4086: 3932: 3877: 3224: 3188: 2906:

Flying Buttresses, Entropy and O-Rings: the World of an Engineer

1565: 1010:) was printed with 253,500 wooden movable types on order of the 719: 591: 564: 4296: 3289: 3263: 2519:. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 211. 1666:, actually Belgium-height, but this fact was not widely known. 3201:

Moxon, Joseph (1683–84). Herbert Davies; Harry Carter (eds.).

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China, the oldest extant woodblock-printed book, 868 AD (

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A Social History of the Media: from Gutenberg to the Internet

2612:

The British Library Guide to Printing: History and Techniques

821:) by ceramic movable type. Found in Baixiang Pagoda, Wenzhou. 485:

The world's first movable type printing technology for paper

3071:, p. 26, Edecea, Hoorn, The Netherlands, 5th edition, ( 1763:

as long as the blocks were made to the same type height. If

1560:

The matrix is inserted into the bottom of a device called a

1282:

punch, matrix, mould and in method of making an impression.

536:

accounts are still preserved in the library archives of the

465:

to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual

3275:

Demonstration of Goryeo Period Korean Movable Type Printing

3195:

Lettering: The History and Technique of Lettering as Design

975:

A method of making moveable wooden types for printing books

973:. Soon afterwards, he summarized his invention in his book 680:

punch made of hard metal first developed around 3000 BC in

1928:

The Invention of Printing in China and its Spread Westward

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0.918 inches (23.3 mm): United Kingdom, Canada, U.S.

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around 1040 AD, as described by the Chinese scholar

41:

A case of cast metal type pieces and typeset matter in a

1919: 1917: 1110:—for the purpose of preventing counterfeiting; over the 3209:(1962 reprint ed.). New York: Dover Publications. 1834:

The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 4

1514:

is made. The counter shapes are transferred in relief (

575:—and these materials remained standard for 550 years. 1949:(in German). New York/Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. 1930:, The Ronald Press, NY 2nd ed. 1955, pp. 176–178 1384:, using a metal movable type system. Gutenberg, as a 2214:; also published in Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., 1986. 1892: 1890: 911:

A revolving typecase for wooden type in China, from

4702: 4635: 4609: 4580: 4571: 4529: 4458: 4449: 4395: 4357: 4348: 4256: 4188: 4141: 4095: 4035: 3918: 3858: 3816: 3793: 3761: 3721: 3710: 3655: 3609: 3561: 3513: 3445: 3436: 3386: 3323: 2963:"Melting Points of Metals | OnlineMetals.com®" 594:. The high quality and relatively low price of the 395: 385: 375: 365: 350: 340: 330: 320: 310: 300: 290: 280: 270: 260: 250: 240: 230: 220: 210: 200: 190: 180: 170: 160: 150: 140: 125: 110: 100: 90: 80: 3236: 3202: 3163: 3137:(4th ed.). Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. p. 139. 3130: 3048:McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology 2232: 1122:money of the same period in the collection of the 879:). The ceramic movable type was also mentioned by 2105:Herbert E. Brekle, "Das typographische Prinzip", 1794:– the first sheet music printed with movable type 505:with movable metal type to print the identifying 3205:Mechanick Exercises on the Whole Art of Printing 1102:, 1914, shows two special characters—one called 2288:Sohn, Pow-Key (1959). "Early Korean Printing". 1291: 844: 668:The technique of imprinting multiple copies of 2740:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 25–26. 2555: 2553: 2551: 2543:Chinese Paper and Printing, A Cultural History 2347:. W. W. Norton & Company. 22 August 2016. 2039:The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe 1506:If the glyph design includes enclosed spaces ( 1365:European output of movable-type printing from 1067:) with bronze movable type counterfeit markers 4308: 4238:Intellectual property protection of typefaces 3301: 2082:. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 11, 20, 160. 1215: 1211:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China 1196: 1142: 1005: 995: 985: 964: 942: 891:to print language primers using this method. 874: 829: 423: 8: 3780: 3229:The classic manual of hand-press technology. 2731: 2729: 2478:A History of Moveable Type Printing in China 1940: 1938: 1936: 1643:Lettergieterij Amsterdam, voorheen Tetterode 3271:– Articles related to typographical symbols 2658:, Polity, Cambridge, pp. 15–23, 61–73. 2615:. London: The British Library. p. 21. 2538: 2536: 2151:"从白象塔《佛说观无量寿佛经》的发现说起活字印刷与温州——看我国现存最早的活字印刷品" 2051:Clair, Kate; Busic-Snyder, Cynthia (2012). 1661: 1655: 1649: 1609:0.9785 inches (24.85 mm): Dutch height 1606:0.933 inches (23.7 mm): Belgium height 1232:Korean movable type from 1377 used for the 1100:Pictorial Paper Money of the Four Dynasties 1025:(1038–1227) period are known, of which the 4577: 4455: 4354: 4315: 4301: 4293: 3718: 3442: 3308: 3294: 3286: 2636:World Treasures of the Library of Congress 2402:"世界上現存最早的木活字印本—宁夏贺兰山方塔出土西夏文佛經《吉祥遍至口和本讀》介紹" 1836:. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. 1534:), or exposure to a hot cyanide compound ( 430: 416: 63: 47: 4264:Punctuation and other typographic symbols 2588:"Printing Since the 8th Century in Korea" 2366: 2364: 2263: 2261: 2078:Sass, Benjamin; Marzahn, Joachim (2010). 1881: 2699: 2697: 2290:Journal of the American Oriental Society 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 1798:Spread of European movable type printing 1345:Spread of European movable type printing 1256:Korea. They form a set of ritual books, 1201:) was printed with bronze movable type. 2109:, Vol. 72 (1997), pp. 58–63 (60f.) 1824: 1518:) onto the end of a rectangular bar of 1277:in 1377. The Asian Reading Room of the 1031:, which was discovered in the ruins of 1028:Auspicious Tantra of All-Reaching Union 55: 3264:International Printing Museum Web site 3166:The History and Technique of Lettering 3103:, Monthly Bundle Sample, Campane 194, 2879:"What Did Gutenberg Invent?—Discovery" 2826: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2119:Hogan, C. Michael (29 December 2007). 1735:Metal type combined with other methods 1159:movable type, used probably since the 449:in British English) is the system and 77: 2564:. Arts of Asia Magazine (to appear). 1743:Ceramic type from the collections of 7: 3069:Zetten, uitgebreide leerstof, deel 1 2938:"Machine Composition and Type Metal" 2654:Briggs, Asa and Burke, Peter (2002) 2239:. London: Headline Book Publishing. 2057:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 4. 1422:Editing with movable metal – c. 1920 1192:Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era 1002:Wuying Palace Collected Gems Edition 773:By about the 8th century during the 2850:Proceedings Bibliopolis Conference 2670:"Korean Typography in 15th Century" 1962:International Communication Gazette 637:to Wana (Yayoi Japan) in 57 AD 606:and, due to its effectiveness, its 3094:National Amateur Press Association 2772:from the original on 12 March 2011 2762:"Incunabula Short Title Catalogue" 2736:McDermott, Joseph P., ed. (2015). 2041:, Cambridge University Press, 1983 645:The intricate frontispiece of the 25: 2668:Hee-Jae LEE (20–24 August 2006). 2517:Science and Civilization in China 2200:Science and Civilization in China 1995:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). 1903:, New York : HarperCollins, 1126:has two empty square holes above 501:(990–1051). The earliest printed 4440: 4277: 4276: 3067:Blankenstein A.H.G., Wetser Ad: 2406:Library and Information (《書與情报》) 1777:History of printing in East Asia 800:History of printing in East Asia 2793:The Journal of Economic History 2568:from the original on 2019-08-11 2460:from the original on 2020-02-05 2131:from the original on 2016-04-16 1648:In 1905 the Dutch governmental 851:and kept them in wooden cases. 3269:Category:Typographical symbols 3044:"Answers.com page on antimony" 2852:The future history of the book 2255:on the eve of the Renaissance. 1999:. Princeton University Press. 1897:Gies, Frances and Gies, Joseph 1411:on paper, and the first Latin 1216: 1197: 1143: 1037:Emperor Renzong of Western Xia 1006: 996: 986: 969:), a book of more than 60,000 965: 943: 875: 830: 613:The 19th-century invention of 547:Around 1450, German goldsmith 1: 4233:History of Western typography 3239:Chinese History: A New Manual 3117:Glossary of Typesetting Terms 3072: 2645:. Retrieved 26 December 2006. 2586:Sohn, Pow-Key (Summer 1993). 2495:Zao Huozi Yinshufa (《造活字印書法》) 2149:Jin 金, 柏东 (1 February 2004). 1782:History of Western typography 1341:History of Western typography 1017:A number of books printed in 1014:, and completed in one year. 738: 356: 131: 116: 30:For the weblog software, see 4080:traditional point-size names 3235:Wilkinson, Endymion (2012), 1470:A piece of cast metal type, 1328:Frances Gies and Joseph Gies 3333:Canons of page construction 3162:Nesbitt, Alexander (1957). 2560:Thomas Christensen (2007). 2511:Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). 2400:Zhang Yuzhen (張玉珍) (2003). 1654:, later: "State-printery" ( 608:use spread around the globe 473:) usually on the medium of 4808: 3107:by Lewis A. Pryor (Edited) 2833:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 2037:Eisenstein, Elizabeth L., 1974:10.1177/001654929405300301 1945:von Polenz, Peter (1991). 1673: 1635:Johan Enschedé & Zonen 1396:using a device called the 1338: 926:also pioneered the use of 887:, who convinced his pupil 793: 751: 699: 621:Precursors to movable type 29: 4728: 4438: 4330: 4272: 3490:Subscript and superscript 3133:History of Graphic Design 3050:. McGraw-Hill. 2005-01-01 2992:"Hardness of Lead Alloys" 2805:10.1017/S0022050709000837 1572:, with a small amount of 1056:Copperplate printed 5000- 951:governmental official of 915:'s book published in 1313 377:Thermal-transfer printing 4248:Vox-ATypI classification 3378:Intentionally blank page 3280:Movable type of printing 3172:Dover Publications, Inc. 2911:Harvard University Press 2903:Adams, James L. (1993). 2714:Juan González de Mendoza 2609:Twyman, Michael (1998). 2323:Science and Civilization 1832:Needham, Joseph (1994). 1651:Algemeene Landsdrukkerij 1404:had a limited lifespan. 1380:, Germany, invented the 961:Records of Jingde County 252:Photostat and rectigraph 3105:The California Typecase 2865:Koninklijke Bibliotheek 2545:, by Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin 2025:Encyclopædia Britannica 869:, and printed his book 467:alphanumeric characters 51:Part of a series on the 3781: 2125:The Modern Antiquarian 1924:Thomas Franklin Carter 1747: 1663:Staatsdrukkerij-hoogte 1662: 1656: 1650: 1489: 1423: 1370: 1358: 1296: 1258:Sangjeong Gogeum Yemun 1249: 1238: 1068: 1033:Baisigou Square Pagoda 916: 871:Notes of The Jade Hall 857: 822: 664:Letter punch and coins 660: 638: 635:Emperor Guangwu of Han 559:. The small number of 102:Intaglio (printmaking) 45: 4668:Golding & Company 4531:Hot metal typesetting 2823:p. 417, table 2. 2020:Printing (publishing) 1745:University of Reading 1742: 1469: 1421: 1388:, knew techniques of 1364: 1352: 1303:devised a simplified 1245:Printed pages of the 1244: 1231: 1151:(1271–1368) official 1055: 910: 819:Northern Song dynasty 812: 794:Further information: 644: 628: 615:hot metal typesetting 495:Northern Song dynasty 222:Hot metal typesetting 40: 4673:Chandler & Price 4413:Logographic printing 4324:Letterpress printing 4118:Typographic features 2967:www.onlinemetals.com 2121:"Knossos Fieldnotes" 1787:Letterpress printing 1522:using a specialized 984:officer Ma Chengde ( 815:Amitayurdhyana Sutra 805:Ceramic movable type 796:Letterpress printing 631:King of Na gold seal 242:Daisy wheel printing 4782:History of printing 4335:History of printing 4243:Technical lettering 4142:Typography in other 3883:Hanging punctuation 3282:at Oxford Reference 2269:Moveable Type Books 1690:California Job Case 1592:National traditions 1355:Printing Revolution 1279:Library of Congress 1106:, the other called 928:wooden movable type 903:Wooden movable type 762:during the Chinese 544:among many others. 521:in 1377 during the 282:Dot matrix printing 57:History of printing 4777:Chinese inventions 4627:Composition roller 4459:Manual typesetting 4206:Handwriting script 4133:Desktop publishing 4103:Character encoding 4096:Digital typography 3610:Horizontal aspects 3563:Visual distinction 3421:Widows and orphans 3099:2007-11-02 at the 2641:2016-08-29 at the 2515:. Needham, Joseph 2513:Paper and Printing 2450:"韩国剽窃活字印刷发明权只是第一步" 2231:Man, John (2002). 2198:. Needham, Joseph 2196:Paper and Printing 2192:Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin 2107:Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 1748: 1490: 1424: 1374:Johannes Gutenberg 1371: 1359: 1307:of 24 characters ( 1250: 1239: 1139:Zao Huozi Yinshufa 1069: 1043:Metal movable type 971:Chinese characters 922:(990–1051) of the 917: 842:(沈括) (1031–1095): 823: 779:woodblock printing 754:Woodblock printing 748:Woodblock printing 726:, dating from the 661: 639: 588:woodblock printing 580:alphabetic scripts 549:Johannes Gutenberg 461:that uses movable 367:Solid ink printing 82:Woodblock printing 46: 4759: 4758: 4698: 4697: 4567: 4566: 4554:Intertype Machine 4436: 4435: 4396:Blocks and plates 4290: 4289: 4037:Typographic units 3955:For position only 3854: 3853: 3706: 3705: 3250:978-0-674-06715-8 3144:978-0-471-69902-6 2747:978-988-8208-08-1 2526:978-0-521-08690-5 2386:Dream Pool Essays 2246:978-0-7472-4504-9 2209:978-0-521-08690-5 2089:978-3-447-06184-1 2064:978-1-118-39988-0 2006:978-0-691-15034-5 1864:. pp. 41–54. 866:Dream Pool Essays 817:printed in 1103 ( 728:2nd millennium BC 586:was quicker than 542:Oxford University 534:medieval European 517:, was printed in 507:code of the money 471:punctuation marks 440: 439: 405: 404: 272:Spirit duplicator 182:Chromolithography 16:(Redirected from 4799: 4636:Types of presses 4581:Parts of a press 4578: 4559:Paige Compositor 4549:Ludlow Typograph 4539:Linotype machine 4456: 4444: 4355: 4317: 4310: 4303: 4294: 4280: 4279: 4257:Related template 4189:Related articles 3990:Phototypesetting 3844:reverse-contrast 3829:Display typeface 3786: 3763:Blackletter type 3719: 3656:Vertical aspects 3637:Sentence spacing 3447:Typeface anatomy 3443: 3310: 3303: 3296: 3287: 3253: 3242: 3228: 3208: 3192: 3169: 3149: 3148: 3136: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3091: 3085: 3082: 3076: 3074: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3055: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3003: 2994:. Archived from 2988: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2978: 2969:. Archived from 2959: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2949: 2940:. Archived from 2934: 2928: 2927: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2890: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2832: 2824: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2733: 2724: 2723: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2682:on 4 August 2020 2681: 2674: 2665: 2659: 2652: 2646: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2574: 2573: 2557: 2546: 2540: 2531: 2530: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2466: 2465: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2416:. 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A 1682: 1674:Main articles: 1672: 1657:Staatsdrukkerij 1594: 1495: 1464: 1390:cutting punches 1347: 1339:Main articles: 1337: 1226: 1124:Shanghai Museum 1050: 1045: 905: 807: 802: 792: 756: 750: 741: 712: 700:Main articles: 698: 666: 623: 596:Gutenberg Bible 582:, movable-type 483: 436: 407: 406: 359: 332:Dye-sublimation 322:Inkjet printing 262:Screen printing 212:Offset printing 152:Relief printing 134: 119: 75: 43:composing stick 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4805: 4803: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4764: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4685:Cylinder press 4682: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4584: 4582: 4575: 4573:Printing press 4569: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4535: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4513: 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1042: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1019:Tangut script 1015: 1013: 1003: 993: 983: 978: 976: 972: 962: 958: 954: 953:Jingde County 950: 940: 935: 933: 929: 925: 921: 914: 909: 902: 900: 896: 892: 890: 886: 882: 872: 868: 867: 862: 856: 852: 848: 843: 841: 837: 836:Northern Song 827: 820: 816: 811: 804: 801: 797: 789: 787: 785: 780: 776: 771: 769: 765: 761: 755: 747: 745: 736: 735:Phaistos Disc 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 711: 710:Phaistos Disc 707: 706:Cylinder seal 703: 695: 693: 691: 688:were used in 687: 683: 682:ancient Sumer 679: 675: 671: 663: 658: 654: 650: 649: 648:Diamond Sutra 643: 636: 632: 627: 620: 618: 616: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 576: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 526: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 480: 478: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 447:moveable type 445:(US English; 444: 433: 428: 426: 421: 419: 414: 413: 411: 410: 400: 398: 394: 390: 388: 384: 380: 378: 374: 370: 368: 364: 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