1341:
southward it ruptured a fundamental unity of speech. East, west, and south of
Castile, in both Islamic and Christian lands, the most characteristic traits of HispanoRomance recur. Were it not for the historical accident of Castilian expansion, Spanish would sound very different today, and its contrasts with Portuguese and Catalan would stand out in less sharp relief... Andalusi Romance, virtually untouched by outside linguistic influences in the first centuries of its history, may have been doomed from the moment in 1085 when Alfonso VI and his Castilian troops entered Toledo. The dialect of Castile had been forged in the northern mountains, where Basque speakers had never been subjugated and the veneer of Latinization was thin, and many of its features were anomalous within Hispano-Romance. Yet Castile proved as vigorous and expansionist in language as it was in politics and arms. Like an advancing wedge, the kingdom and its language pressed into Arab-held territory. The neighboring kingdoms were also marching southward: Galicia moved down the Atlantic coast, conquering what was to become Portugal, and the Catalan speakers of the northeast expanded along the Mediterranean and across to the Balearic Islands. But Castile encroached on the territory to its west and east, gaining particularly at the expense of León and Navarre, so that the "wedge" soon became a bulge. Within it Castilian, once an isolated minor dialect, came to be the tongue of the whole central peninsula.
357:
43:
687:, which would have been carried over to the Iberian Peninsula by the Berbers who made up most of the Islamic army that conquered it and remained prominent in the Andalusi administration and army for centuries to come. The possible interaction between these two Romance varieties has yet to be investigated.
1340:
Romance speakers from all over the peninsula, had they been asked, would have identified their spoken tongue as ladino, certainly not as leonés, navarro, or any other variety. All shades of
Hispano-Romance share many linguistic features; only Castilian was anomalous, and in its eventual expansion
360:
Consuelo López
Morillas criticizes this kind of a representation of the linguistic landscape in medieval Iberia for equating linguistic frontiers with political frontiers, and for deceptively fragmenting Romance into several varieties—throughout the peninsula people described their language as
626:
What is known or hypothesized of the particular linguistic features of
Andalusi Romance is based on relatively sparse evidence, including Romance topographical and personal names, legal documents from the Mozarabs of Toledo, names in botanical texts, occasional isolated romance words in the
490:
It has been objected that the term straddles ambiguously the realms of religion and language, and further implies, erroneously, that the dialect was spoken only by
Christians. The very form of the word suggests (again a false perception) that it denotes a language somehow related to
1204:'Arabized', a term used to refer to Christians in al-Andalus. Despite being called Mozarabic, the local Romance vernaculars were spoken by Christians, Jews, and Muslims, and these Romance varieties—while having loanwords from Arabic—are not Arabic languages.
425:
The medieval Ibero-Romance varieties were broadly similar (with
Castilian standing out as an outlier). Andalusi Romance was distinguished from the others not by its linguistic features primarily, but rather by virtue of being written in the
911:
whose interpretation is secure from beginning to end. It has been transcribed from a late thirteen-century copy in Hebrew script, but it is also attested (in rather poor condition) in an Arabic manuscript from the early twelfth century.
707:(natives converted to Islam), Jews, and possibly some of the ruling Arabs and Berbers. The cultural and literary language of the Mozarabs was at first Latin, but as time passed, it came to rather be Arabic, even among Christians.
782:
relied on diacritical points, quite often lost or distorted when copying manuscripts, to distinguish the following series of consonants: b-t-ṯ-n-y; ğ-ḥ-ḫ; d-ḏ; r-z; s-s̆; ṣ-ḍ; ṭ-ẓ; '-ġ; f-q; and h-a (word-finally)
1665:
1054:, like most others, presents numerous textual difficulties. Below is Jones's transcription of it, with vowels inserted and uncertain readings italicized. Note the discrepancies.
805:
The overall effect of this, combined with the rampant textual corruption, is that modern scholars can freely substitute consonants and insert vowels to make sense of the
3893:
859:, which in fact had both voiced and voiceless pronunciations in different varieties of Arabic. It is likely that both pronunciations were found in the Iberian Peninsula.
1269:
López-Morillas, Consuelo (2000). "Language". The literature of Al-Andalus. New York: Cambridge
University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521471596.004. ISBN 9781139177870.
3825:
710:
Due to the continual emigration of
Mozarabs to the Christian kingdoms of the north, Arabic toponyms are found even in places where Arab rule was ephemeral.
1936:
587:
prestige language and would remain the dominant vehicle of literature, high culture, and intellectual expression in Iberia for five centuries (8th–13th).
1811:
Marcos-Marín, Francisco A. 1998. Romance andalusí y mozárabe: Dos términos no sinónimos. In Andrés Suárez, Irene & López Molina, Luis (eds.),
785:
rendered the following consonants in similar ways: r-w-d, ḏ; '-l-k (word-initially); ', ġ-f, q-m (word-initially and medially); n-y (word-finally)
430:. What is known or hypothesized about the particular linguistic features of Andalusi Romance is based on relatively sparse evidence, of which the
2387:
3863:
1470:
1425:
1327:
524:
Speakers of
Andalusi Romance, like speakers of Romance anywhere else on the peninsula, would have described their spoken language simply as "
3883:
3878:
2061:
1949:
3868:
1781:
1750:
422:) gained ground at the expense of Andalusi Romance as well as Arabic. The final extinction of the former may be estimated to 1300 CE.
3176:
1905:
1886:
1834:
1393:
772:, less often the latter. This poses numerous problems for modern scholars attempting to interpret the underlying Mozarabic. Namely:
126:
60:
3236:
865:
has shown (sporadic) evidence of voicing in Latin inscriptions from the south of the
Iberian Peninsula in the second century AD.
2524:
2129:
1929:
329:
107:
671:, illuminated some morphological and syntactic features of Andalusi Romance, including sentence rhythms and phrasal patterns.
3888:
3873:
3324:
3225:
1861:
1144:
618:, in which more than 90% of the population had converted to Islam and Arabic-Romance bilingualism seems to have disappeared.
79:
64:
3132:
2810:
3259:
2662:
1450:
1405:
1307:
580:
407:
86:
3858:
3700:
3138:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2036:
1635:
3421:
2993:
2428:
1986:
1922:
862:
2920:
93:
53:
3008:
2529:
2370:
2337:
2085:
2014:
1996:
1979:
1974:
1964:
414:
as the main spoken language in the Muslim-controlled south. At the same time, as the northern Christian kingdoms
391:
215:
3713:
3617:
2490:
2217:
2165:
339:
3081:
75:
2626:
2507:
2480:
2356:
2302:
2009:
1969:
1587:
1218:
891:
883:
303:
200:
1449:
Morillas, Consuelo López (2000-08-31), Menocal, María Rosa; Scheindlin, Raymond P.; Sells, Michael (eds.),
1404:
Morillas, Consuelo López (2000-08-31), Menocal, María Rosa; Scheindlin, Raymond P.; Sells, Michael (eds.),
1306:
Morillas, Consuelo López (2000-08-31), Menocal, María Rosa; Scheindlin, Raymond P.; Sells, Michael (eds.),
356:
3799:
3195:
3015:
2433:
2379:
2031:
1187:
875:
869:
848:
788:
had no specific means to indicate the following Romance sounds: /p, v (β), ts, dz, s̺, z̺, tʃ, ʎ, ɲ, e, o/
466:
225:
3099:
2512:
837:
The following two features remain a matter of debate, largely due to the ambiguity of the Arabic script:
3831:
3776:
3582:
3577:
3230:
3208:
3027:
2850:
2319:
2275:
2222:
1842:
1659:
584:
3495:
2463:
3781:
3565:
3555:
3171:
3144:
3070:
2978:
2930:
2729:
2657:
2609:
2603:
2566:
2549:
2046:
889:
881:
873:
3529:
3266:
3158:
3126:
3120:
2962:
2741:
2701:
2667:
2571:
2495:
2438:
2259:
1730:
1199:
478:
2637:
1818:
Marcos Marín, Francisco. 2015. Notas sobre los bereberes, el afrorrománico y el romance andalusí.
683:
influence, and remnants of a pre-Roman substratum, early Mozarabic may also have been affected by
3771:
3500:
3356:
3314:
3280:
3274:
3164:
3107:
3064:
3047:
2785:
2778:
2672:
2614:
2419:
2402:
2343:
2199:
2187:
2066:
2004:
1710:
Corriente Córdoba, Federico & Sáenz-Badillos, Ángel. 1994. Nueva propuesta de lectura de las
1609:
718:
615:
31:
3549:
2677:
2041:
636:
610:
estimates that only 50% of the population of al-Andalus had converted to Islam by the death of
450:
The traditional term for the Romance varieties used in al-Andalus is "Mozarabic", derived from
3853:
3728:
3707:
3627:
3587:
3570:
3446:
3374:
3368:
3292:
3184:
3094:
3035:
2947:
2905:
2706:
2652:
2539:
2517:
2458:
2443:
2414:
2397:
2307:
2270:
2239:
2227:
2146:
2134:
2051:
2026:
2020:
1945:
1901:
1882:
1857:
1830:
1777:
1756:
1746:
1466:
1421:
1389:
1323:
1149:
611:
410:
in the early eighth century, but over the following centuries, it was gradually superseded by
399:
210:
100:
3681:
3671:
3656:
3644:
3560:
3509:
3473:
3451:
3438:
3432:
3406:
3361:
3254:
3219:
3203:
3052:
3040:
2973:
2937:
2925:
2893:
2818:
2790:
2763:
2593:
2588:
2576:
2556:
2544:
2485:
2392:
2349:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2244:
2175:
2159:
2056:
1849:
1738:
1647:
1599:
1458:
1413:
1381:
1315:
1154:
714:
495:
To describe the varieties of Romance in al-Andalus, Spanish scholars are increasingly using
406:, was the common tongue for the great majority of the Iberian population at the time of the
205:
183:
177:
3765:
3751:
3632:
3534:
3524:
3468:
3319:
3307:
3247:
3242:
3057:
2986:
2968:
2915:
2845:
2802:
2714:
2695:
2647:
2534:
2500:
2453:
2448:
2170:
2102:
2074:
1178:
722:
684:
668:
607:
457:
411:
192:
2768:
799:
rendered the following consonants in similar ways: r-d; g-n; y-w; k-f; s-m (word-finally)
614:
in 961, and 80% by 1100. By about 1260, Muslim territories in Iberia were reduced to the
3816:
3723:
3718:
3639:
3519:
3481:
3213:
2862:
2773:
2719:
2689:
2581:
2265:
2193:
2139:
1770:
1214:
1139:
537:
486:
Some scholars dislike the term for its ambiguity. According to Consuelo Lopez-Morillas:
252:
1651:
1604:
1282:
856:
319:
3847:
3758:
3661:
3649:
3381:
3089:
2746:
2684:
2180:
1914:
1613:
769:
765:
427:
296:
263:
220:
3540:
3400:
2795:
1375:
267:
3456:
1462:
1417:
1385:
1319:
17:
2942:
760:, which were otherwise written in Arabic. The script used to write the Mozarabic
3602:
3595:
3332:
2898:
2867:
419:
415:
42:
2880:
2872:
2473:
2232:
756:
658:
632:
603:
595:
437:
403:
395:
170:
1894:
1853:
3676:
3514:
2856:
2151:
1760:
1129:
312:
280:
259:
3302:
2840:
809:, leading to considerable leeway, and hence inaccuracy, in interpretation.
1742:
579:
Romance was the main language spoken by the population of Iberia when the
287:
3666:
3461:
3297:
3113:
2561:
2409:
1134:
748:
The bulk of surviving material in Mozarabic is found in the choruses (or
704:
561:
451:
347:
335:
606:
lamented in the 9th century that Christians were no longer using Latin,
3285:
3150:
2910:
2888:
2828:
2823:
2312:
2297:
1729:
Craddock, Jerry R. (2002). "Mozarabic Language". In Gerli, E. Michael;
1174:
827:
Palatalization and affrication of Latin /k/ before front vowels to /tʃ/
696:
483:'Arabized') a term used to refer to Christians in al-Andalus.
343:
1813:
Estudios de Lingüística y Filología Españolas: Homenaje a Germán Colón
872:
being represented with indisputably voiced consonants in Arabic, like
3487:
2833:
2756:
2736:
2468:
750:
738:
700:
680:
664:
652:
591:
431:
969:
is presented below, transcribed from Arabic script by García Gómez:
852:
2751:
2724:
742:
734:
628:
599:
529:
355:
1900:(2nd ed.), Biblioteca Romanica Hispanica, Editorial Gredos,
733:
Because Mozarabic was not a language of higher culture, such as
418:
into Al-Andalus, their respective Romance varieties (especially
386:
1918:
821:
The diphthongs /au̯, ai̯/, the latter possibly changed to /ei̯/
817:
It is widely agreed that Mozarabic had the following features:
36:
1879:
Late Latin and Early Romance in Spain and Carolingian France
721:, and served as a vehicle for the transmission of numerous
1636:"Las oclusivas sordas hispanolatinas: El testimonio árabe"
1457:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 31–59,
1412:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 31–59,
1314:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 31–59,
745:
documents written by early Mozarabs are, however, extant.
521:'of al-Andalus'), or Andalusi Romance in English.
346:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1096:
1068:
1007:
986:
941:
929:
713:
Mozarabic had a significant impact on the formation of
844:
Lenition of intervocalic Latin /p t k s/ to /b d ɡ z/
1806:
Romance kharjas in Andalusian Arabic muwaššaḥ poetry
1192:
656:
559:
547:
541:
509:
471:
3792:
3743:
3692:
3616:
3420:
3393:
3342:
3194:
3080:
3026:
3007:
2636:
2625:
2378:
2369:
2330:
2210:
2095:
2084:
1995:
1957:
1725:. UC Berkeley: Research Center for Romance Studies.
1588:"Lenition in the mozarabic dialects: A reappraisal"
1534:
1532:
310:
294:
278:
273:
249:
189:
176:
166:
141:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1893:
1841:
1792:Las jarchas romances de la serie árabe en su marco
1769:
847:Much of the controversy over the voicing of Latin
1664:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1568:
1829:2 vols. Madrid: Fundación Ramón Menendez Pidal.
536:has since come to have the specialized sense of
1794:. Madrid: Sociedad de Estudios y Publicaciones.
1549:
1547:
158:
152:
741:, it had no standard writing system. Numerous
402:under Islamic control. Romance, or vernacular
1930:
1230:N and y were, however, distinct word-finally.
1213:This coincides with the Italian name for the
496:
8:
954:What shall I do, or what shall become of me,
754:) of Andalusi lyrical compositions known as
553:
3826:languages with more than 5 million speakers
833:Shift of the feminine plural /-as/ to /-es/
583:in 711. Under Muslim rule, Arabic became a
516:
3409:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)
3023:
2633:
2375:
2092:
1937:
1923:
1915:
1377:Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period
841:Palatalization of Latin /nn, ll/ to /ɲ, ʎ/
830:Retention of Latin /j/ before front vowels
138:
1848:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1603:
824:Diphthongization of stressed Latin /ŏ, ĕ/
159:
153:
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3894:Languages attested from the 11th century
1538:
1056:
971:
914:
868:There are a few cases of original Latin
1243:
1166:
651:The discovery in the late 1940s of the
340:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
27:Medieval Romance dialects of Al-Andalus
1657:
1723:The language of the Mozarabic jarchas
1714:de la serie árabe con texto romance.
1581:
1579:
1577:
1564:
1562:
1553:
796:also did not reliably indicate vowels
7:
1444:
1442:
1369:
1367:
1277:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1820:Hesperia: Culturas del Mediterráneo
1182:
851:has centered on the Arabic letters
554:
502:
461:
3830:Languages between parentheses are
1768:Galmés de Fuentes, Alvaro (1983).
1586:Hanlon, David (15 February 2019).
1374:Bulliet, Richard W. (1979-12-31).
907:Presented below is one of the few
598:, primarily through conversion to
436:, or closing lines of an Andalusi
25:
3710:(unknown further classification)
1652:10.19130/iifl.adel.24.0.1986.1094
1605:10.3989/alqantara.1997.v18.i1.518
1283:"Mozarabic language | Britannica"
1735:Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia
779:did not reliably indicate vowels
41:
1892:Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967),
1844:Variation and change in Spanish
1827:Historia de la lengua española.
1799:Corpus scriptorum muzarabicorum
943:ke farayo aw ke s̆erad de mibe,
52:needs additional citations for
3834:of the language on their left.
3704:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
1145:Mozarabic art and architecture
1037:If not, if you do not want to,
540:. Arab writers used the terms
442:poem, are the most important.
1:
1881:. Liverpool: Francis Cairns.
1825:Menéndez Pidal, Ramón. 2005.
1716:Revista de filología española
1463:10.1017/chol9780521471596.004
1418:10.1017/chol9780521471596.004
1386:10.4159/harvard.9780674732810
1320:10.1017/chol9780521471596.004
958:Don't take yourself from me.
390:, refers to the varieties of
3864:Pyrenean-Mozarabic languages
1790:García Gómez, Emilio. 1965.
1634:Torreblanca, Máximo (1986).
1455:The Literature of Al-Andalus
1410:The Literature of Al-Andalus
1312:The Literature of Al-Andalus
1097:
1069:
1008:
987:
942:
930:
663:poetry otherwise written in
398:, the parts of the medieval
3701:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
1490:Francisco Marcos-Marín 2015
1193:
931:ky fr'yw 'w ky s̆yr'd dmyby
657:
581:Umayyads conquered Hispania
560:
548:
542:
510:
472:
3910:
3884:Extinct languages of Spain
3879:Christianity in al-Andalus
3403:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
2429:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
2223:Central−Southern Calabrian
1815:. 335–341. Madrid: Gredos.
29:
3869:Extinct Romance languages
3808:
2958:
1721:Craddock, Jerry R. 1980.
1221:spoken in northern Italy.
655:, refrains in Romance in
326:
151:
146:
2711:North American dialects
2218:Extreme Southern Italian
1854:10.1017/CBO9781139164566
1840:Penny, Ralph J. (2000).
1687:García Gómez 1965: 82–85
947:non te twelgas̆ de mibe.
695:Mozarabic was spoken by
30:Not to be confused with
2130:Central−Northern Latian
1808:. London: Ithaca Press.
1801:. 2 vols. Madrid: CSIC.
1219:Rhaeto-Romance language
679:Other than the obvious
2434:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
1896:Dialectología española
1772:Dialectología mozárabe
1654:(inactive 2024-09-12).
1569:Galmés de Fuentes 1983
1017:In nōn, si nōn kērís̆,
699:(Christians living as
497:
493:
374:
328:This article contains
3889:Languages of Portugal
3874:Culture of al-Andalus
2921:Poitevin–Saintongeais
1877:Wright, Roger. 1982.
1743:10.4324/9781315161594
1737:. London: Routledge.
1361:Wright 1982: 156, 158
1085:in nūn s̆i-nūn kāris̆
1063:Possible emendations
813:Phonological features
488:
359:
2730:St. Marys Bay French
2254:Neapolitan–Calabrese
1731:Armistead, Samuel G.
1517:Craddock 1980: 13–14
863:Ramón Menéndez Pidal
594:spread gradually in
590:Over the centuries,
61:improve this article
3082:Galician–Portuguese
2108:Central Marchigiano
1804:Jones, Alan. 1988.
1089:gar mī <a> ūb
996:in nwn s̆ nwn k'rs̆
3859:Medieval languages
3496:Catalan Ribagorçan
3343:Pyrenean–Mozarabic
2615:Judaeo-Piedmontese
2525:Bustocco–Legnanese
2320:Northern Calabrian
1776:. Madrid: Gredos.
1718:73 (3–4). 283–289.
1678:Craddock 1980: 4–6
1287:www.britannica.com
1050:However the above
1009:Mew sīdī 'Ibrāhīm,
935:nwn tyṭwlgs̆ dmyby
719:Andalusian Spanish
616:Emirate of Granada
604:Alvarus of Cordoba
501:(from the Arabic:
394:that developed in
375:
226:Pyrenean–Mozarabic
76:"Andalusi Romance"
32:Andalusian Spanish
18:Mozarabic language
3841:
3840:
3817:extinct languages
3739:
3738:
3416:
3415:
3375:Navarro-Aragonese
3260:Peruvian Ribereño
3185:Judaeo-Portuguese
3100:Galician–Asturian
3003:
3002:
2994:Old Gallo-Romance
2948:Wisconsin Walloon
2365:
2364:
2338:Dalmatian Romance
1946:Romance languages
1797:Gil, Juan. 1973.
1640:Anuario de Letras
1526:Craddock 1980: 15
1472:978-0-521-47159-6
1427:978-0-521-47159-6
1329:978-0-521-47159-6
1203:
1191:
1150:Andalusian Arabic
1121:
1120:
1048:
1047:
1011:yā nuēmne dolz̊e,
963:
962:
725:terms into both.
612:Abd al-Rahman III
520:
508:
482:
470:
400:Iberian Peninsula
354:
353:
336:rendering support
332:phonetic symbols.
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3901:
3362:Judaeo-Aragonese
3351:Andalusi Romance
3204:Amazonic Spanish
3041:Western Asturian
3024:
2963:Franco-Provençal
2634:
2530:Comasco–Lecchese
2388:Emilian–Romagnol
2376:
2176:Regional Italian
2166:Italo-Australian
2093:
2015:Megleno-Romanian
1939:
1932:
1925:
1916:
1910:
1899:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1847:
1787:
1775:
1764:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1655:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1607:
1583:
1572:
1566:
1557:
1551:
1542:
1536:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1508:Wright 1982: 161
1506:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1399:
1371:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1352:Wright 1982: 158
1350:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1279:
1270:
1267:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1211:
1205:
1198:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1171:
1155:History of Spain
1117:
1093:
1057:
1041:—tell me where!—
1039:I will go to you
1029:My lord Ibrahim,
1025:
1021:—gar-me 'a 'ob!—
1004:
988:mw sīdī 'ibrāhīm
972:
949:
937:
915:
895:
887:
879:
871:
850:
662:
575:Umayyad conquest
565:
557:
556:
551:
545:
518:
515:
513:
507:romanized:
506:
504:
500:
498:romance andalusí
477:
475:
465:
463:
408:Umayyad conquest
378:Andalusi Romance
322:
306:
290:
283:
255:
231:Andalusi Romance
195:
184:Late Middle Ages
162:
161:
156:
155:
142:Andalusi Romance
139:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3804:
3788:
3766:Pannonian Latin
3752:African Romance
3735:
3688:
3619:
3612:
3550:Judeo-Provençal
3423:
3412:
3389:
3338:
3248:Chilean Chilote
3190:
3076:
3017:
3013:
3010:
2999:
2987:Moselle Romance
2954:
2803:Missouri French
2764:Franco-Ontarian
2639:
2628:
2621:
2361:
2326:
2303:Southern Latian
2206:
2171:Maltese Italian
2103:Central Italian
2087:
2080:
2075:Common Romanian
1991:
1975:Italo-Dalmatian
1953:
1943:
1913:
1908:
1891:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1839:
1784:
1767:
1753:
1728:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1656:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1585:
1584:
1575:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1403:
1396:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1212:
1208:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1126:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1074:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1031:oh sweet name,
1030:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
978:Interpretation
957:
955:
946:
944:
934:
932:
921:Interpretation
905:
815:
793:Hebrew script:
776:Arabic script:
764:was invariably
731:
723:Andalusi Arabic
693:
685:African Romance
677:
649:
637:Pedro de Alcalá
624:
622:Archival record
608:Richard Bulliet
577:
572:
566:, 'non-Arab').
448:
412:Andalusi Arabic
334:Without proper
318:
302:
299:
286:
279:
266:
262:
256:
251:
245:
216:Western Romance
196:
193:Language family
191:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3907:
3905:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3846:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3828:
3819:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3705:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3624:
3622:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3517:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3490:
3485:
3482:Judaeo-Catalan
3478:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3449:
3441:
3428:
3426:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3404:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3354:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3237:Latin American
3233:
3228:
3216:
3214:Judaeo-Spanish
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3141:
3136:
3129:
3117:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3032:
3030:
3021:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2860:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2709:
2704:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2631:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2384:
2382:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2357:Judaeo-Italian
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2099:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2017:
2012:
2010:Istro-Romanian
2007:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1958:Major branches
1955:
1954:
1950:classification
1944:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1889:
1875:
1862:
1837:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1783:978-8424909161
1782:
1765:
1752:978-0415939188
1751:
1726:
1719:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:Jones 1988: 33
1689:
1680:
1671:
1642:(in Spanish).
1626:
1598:(1): 121–135.
1573:
1558:
1543:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1471:
1438:
1426:
1394:
1380:. De Gruyter.
1363:
1354:
1345:
1328:
1298:
1271:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1223:
1215:Ladin language
1206:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1140:Mozarabic Rite
1137:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1094:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:Transcription
1046:
1045:
1026:
1005:
983:
982:
979:
976:
975:Transcription
961:
960:
951:
938:
926:
925:
922:
919:
918:Transcription
904:
901:
900:
899:
898:
897:
866:
860:
842:
835:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
814:
811:
803:
802:
801:
800:
797:
791:
790:
789:
786:
783:
780:
730:
727:
692:
689:
676:
673:
648:
645:
623:
620:
576:
573:
571:
568:
447:
444:
380:, also called
352:
351:
338:, you may see
324:
323:
316:
308:
307:
300:
295:
292:
291:
284:
276:
275:
274:Language codes
271:
270:
257:
253:Writing system
250:
247:
246:
244:
243:
242:
241:
240:
239:
238:
237:
236:
235:
234:
233:
199:
197:
190:
187:
186:
180:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
149:
148:
144:
143:
135:
134:
117:September 2021
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3906:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3801:
3800:Proto-Romance
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:Reconstructed
3791:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3759:British Latin
3756:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3615:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3578:Vivaro-Alpine
3576:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3419:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3383:
3382:Old Navarrese
3379:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3231:Equatoguinean
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3012:
3006:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:Frainc-Comtou
2683:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
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2506:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2481:Judeo-Italian
2479:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
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2301:
2299:
2296:
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2284:
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2279:
2277:
2276:Castelmezzano
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2255:
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2246:
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2226:
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2213:
2209:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
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2186:
2182:
2181:Swiss Italian
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2119:
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2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
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2100:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:Transylvanian
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2021:Daco-Romanian
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
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1971:
1970:Italo-Western
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1909:
1907:9788424911157
1903:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1887:0-905205-12-X
1884:
1880:
1876:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1835:84-89934-11-8
1832:
1828:
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1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
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1796:
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1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
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1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:Craddock 2002
1535:
1533:
1529:
1523:
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1487:
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1397:
1395:9780674732803
1391:
1387:
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1379:
1378:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1299:
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1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1078:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1044:
1027:
1024:
1006:
1003:
985:
984:
980:
977:
974:
973:
970:
968:
959:
952:
950:
948:
939:
936:
928:
927:
923:
920:
917:
916:
913:
910:
902:
893:
885:
877:
867:
864:
861:
858:
854:
846:
845:
843:
840:
839:
838:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
819:
818:
812:
810:
808:
798:
795:
794:
792:
787:
784:
781:
778:
777:
775:
774:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:
753:
752:
746:
744:
740:
736:
728:
726:
724:
720:
717:, especially
716:
711:
708:
706:
702:
698:
690:
688:
686:
682:
674:
672:
670:
666:
661:
660:
654:
646:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
621:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
574:
569:
567:
564:
563:
550:
544:
539:
538:Judeo-Spanish
535:
531:
527:
522:
512:
499:
492:
487:
484:
480:
474:
468:
459:
455:
454:
445:
443:
441:
440:
435:
434:
429:
428:Arabic script
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:Ibero-Romance
389:
388:
383:
379:
372:
368:
364:
358:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
331:
325:
321:
317:
315:
314:
309:
305:
301:
298:
297:Linguist List
293:
289:
285:
282:
277:
272:
269:
265:
261:
258:
254:
248:
232:
229:
228:
227:
224:
223:
222:
221:Ibero-Romance
219:
218:
217:
214:
213:
212:
209:
208:
207:
204:
203:
202:
201:Indo-European
198:
194:
188:
185:
181:
179:
175:
172:
169:
165:
150:
145:
140:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3821:
3812:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3699:
3601:
3594:
3556:Languedocien
3548:
3541:Judeo-Gascon
3539:
3480:
3431:
3401:Barranquenho
3380:
3373:
3350:
3349:
3331:
3273:
3235:
3218:
3209:Extremaduran
3183:
3157:
3143:
3131:
3119:
3112:
3069:
3028:Asturleonese
2992:
2985:
2943:West Walloon
2931:Saintongeais
2879:
2855:
2851:Anglo-Norman
2809:
2742:Newfoundland
2702:Jersey Legal
2694:
2602:
2567:Southwestern
2550:Vallassinese
2439:Gallo-Picene
2380:Gallo-Italic
2342:
2258:
2253:
2192:
2158:
2073:
2019:
1895:
1878:
1867:. Retrieved
1843:
1826:
1822:19. 203–222.
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1771:
1734:
1722:
1715:
1711:
1704:Bibliography
1692:
1683:
1674:
1660:cite journal
1643:
1639:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1595:
1591:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1476:, retrieved
1454:
1431:, retrieved
1409:
1400:
1376:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1333:, retrieved
1311:
1301:
1290:. Retrieved
1286:
1226:
1209:
1169:
1101:sīdi ibrāhīm
1098:
1087:f/bīrīmə tīb
1076:
1073:sīdi ibrāhīm
1070:
1051:
1049:
1043:to see you.
1028:
990:y' nw'mn dlŷ
981:Translation
966:
964:
953:
940:
924:Translation
908:
906:
836:
816:
806:
804:
761:
755:
749:
747:
732:
712:
709:
694:
691:Language use
678:
650:
640:
625:
589:
578:
555:العَجَمِيَّة
533:
525:
523:
503:أَنْدَلُسِيّ
494:
489:
485:
456:, (from the
452:
449:
438:
432:
424:
416:pushed south
385:
381:
377:
376:
370:
366:
362:
327:
311:
230:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
3777:Campidanese
3603:Old Catalan
3596:Old Occitan
3333:Old Spanish
3267:Rioplatense
3071:Old Leonese
2899:Cotentinais
2863:Guernésiais
2786:Frenchville
2779:New England
2658:Bourbonnais
2610:Piedmontese
2604:Old Lombard
2496:Bergamasque
2420:Sammarinese
1177:, from the
1111:f-īrīmə tīb
1019:yirē-me tīb
903:Sample text
757:muwashshahs
647:The Kharjas
641:Vocabulista
585:superstrate
549:al-'ajamīya
532:. The term
462:مُسْتَعْرَب
365:instead of
342:instead of
3848:Categories
3824:indicates
3782:Logudorese
3315:Philippine
3281:Andalusian
3275:Peninsular
3165:Estremenho
3121:Portuguese
3048:Cantabrian
2881:Law French
2873:Sercquiais
2707:Meridional
2668:Champenois
2663:Burgundian
2474:Tabarchino
2464:Monégasque
2403:Parmigiano
2260:Neapolitan
2233:Manduriano
2200:Florentine
2067:Wallachian
2037:Bukovinian
1863:0521780454
1592:Al-Qanṭara
1554:Penny 2000
1478:2023-02-17
1451:"Language"
1433:2023-02-17
1406:"Language"
1335:2023-02-21
1308:"Language"
1292:2023-06-04
1238:References
1113:gari mi ūb
1033:come to me
1013:fēn-te mīb
956:my friend?
675:Influences
659:muwashshah
633:Ibn Quzman
631:poetry of
596:Al-Andalus
543:al-Lathinī
404:Late Latin
396:Al-Andalus
171:Al-Andalus
87:newspapers
3832:varieties
3815:indicate
3772:Sardinian
3729:Triestine
3677:Sursilvan
3588:Mentonasc
3566:Provençal
3515:Auvergnat
3501:Valencian
3457:Mallorcan
3447:Algherese
3422:Occitano-
3369:Navarrese
3357:Aragonese
3293:Castilian
3196:Castilian
3172:Uruguayan
3145:Brazilian
3108:Minderico
3102:/Eonavian
3065:Mirandese
2979:Valdôtain
2965:/Arpitan
2906:Orléanais
2857:Auregnais
2841:Mayennais
2791:Louisiana
2673:Ardennais
2653:Berrichon
2459:Intemelio
2415:Forlivese
2398:Bolognese
2344:Dalmatian
2308:Tarantino
2271:Benevento
2228:Salentino
2188:Sassarese
2152:Gallurese
2135:Romanesco
2088:Dalmatian
2052:Moldavian
2047:Maramureș
2005:Aromanian
1614:160621620
1194:musta‘rab
1188:romanized
1130:Aljamiado
1083:d̠ī nuxti
1081:fānta mīb
1035:at night.
1023:a fer-te.
1015:dē nojte.
473:musta‘rab
467:romanized
420:Castilian
382:Mozarabic
313:Glottolog
281:ISO 639-3
147:Mozarabic
3854:Mozarabs
3708:Venetian
3682:Vallader
3672:Surmiran
3645:Cadorino
3628:Friulian
3561:Limousin
3530:Béarnese
3492:Western
3474:Northern
3462:Menorcan
3452:Balearic
3443:Eastern
3439:dialects
3298:Castrapo
3255:Peruvian
3226:dialects
3159:European
3127:dialects
3114:Portugis
3095:Galician
3036:Asturian
2974:Savoyard
2926:Poitevin
2894:Cauchois
2868:Jèrriais
2715:Canadian
2594:Varesino
2589:Ticinese
2577:Novarese
2572:Cremunés
2562:Ossolano
2557:Milanese
2545:Lecchese
2513:Brianzöö
2444:Ligurian
2410:Romagnol
2291:Arianese
2286:Irpinian
2281:Cilentan
2245:Pantesco
2240:Sicilian
2211:Southern
2147:Corsican
2123:Macerata
2118:Fabriano
2057:Oltenian
2027:dialects
1987:Southern
1761:50404104
1733:(eds.).
1646:: 5–26.
1499:Gil 1973
1401:Cited in
1135:Mozarabs
1124:See also
1091:ləgar-ti
1000:grmy 'wb
998:yrym tyb
992:f'nt myb
965:Another
697:Mozarabs
602:. While
528:", i.e.
511:andalusī
439:muwaššaḥ
348:Help:IPA
320:moza1249
3813:Italics
3714:Chipilo
3657:Romansh
3620:Romance
3618:Rhaeto-
3583:Gardiol
3535:Landese
3525:Aranese
3510:Occitan
3469:Central
3433:Catalan
3424:Romance
3325:Creoles
3320:Saharan
3308:Murcian
3286:Llanito
3243:Chilean
3220:Spanish
3177:Creoles
3151:Mineiro
3133:African
3058:Riberan
3053:Leonese
3018:Iberian
3011:Romance
2938:Walloon
2911:Paydret
2889:Augeron
2829:Vosgien
2824:Gaumais
2819:Lorrain
2811:Creoles
2774:Muskrat
2720:Acadian
2648:Angevin
2638:Langues
2629:Romance
2535:Comasco
2508:Western
2501:Cremish
2491:Eastern
2486:Lombard
2454:Genoese
2449:Brigasc
2393:Emilian
2371:Western
2350:Istriot
2313:Vastese
2298:Molisan
2160:Italian
2096:Central
2042:Crișana
1997:Eastern
1980:Western
1965:Eastern
1869:21 June
1712:xarajât
1619:31 July
1571::91–100
1202:
1190::
1175:Mozarab
994:d̠y njt
945:habībī?
909:kharjas
807:kharjas
762:kharjas
751:kharjas
729:Scripts
715:Spanish
705:Muladis
701:dhimmis
653:Kharjas
570:History
558:, from
519:
491:Arabic.
481:
469::
453:Mozarab
433:kharjas
371:navarro
344:Unicode
211:Romance
182:by the
178:Extinct
101:scholar
3744:Others
3724:Talian
3719:Fiuman
3693:Others
3633:Fornes
3571:Niçard
3520:Gascon
3488:Patuet
3394:Others
3303:Castúo
3009:Ibero-
2969:Faetar
2916:Picard
2846:Norman
2834:Welche
2757:Magoua
2747:Quebec
2737:Brayon
2696:French
2678:Rémois
2627:Gallo-
2582:Pavese
2540:Laghée
2518:Canzés
2469:Royasc
2331:Others
2266:Barese
2194:Tuscan
2140:Sabino
2113:Ancona
2086:Italo-
1904:
1885:
1860:
1833:
1780:
1759:
1749:
1612:
1556::75–80
1469:
1424:
1392:
1326:
1183:مستعرب
1179:Arabic
1077:nwāmni
1052:kharja
967:kharja
888:, and
770:Hebrew
766:Arabic
739:Arabic
681:Arabic
669:Hebrew
665:Arabic
635:, and
592:Arabic
534:Ladino
526:ladino
458:Arabic
373:, etc.
367:leonés
363:ladino
264:Hebrew
260:Arabic
206:Italic
167:Region
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3667:Putèr
3662:Jauer
3650:Nones
3640:Ladin
3139:Asian
2796:Houma
2769:Métis
2752:Joual
2725:Chiac
2690:Gallo
2640:d'oïl
2032:Banat
1610:S2CID
1173:From
1161:Notes
1079:dalji
933:ḥbyby
894:]
890:[
886:]
882:[
878:]
874:[
849:/ptk/
743:Latin
735:Latin
629:zajal
600:Islam
562:ʿajam
530:Latin
446:Names
387:Ajami
268:Latin
108:JSTOR
94:books
3822:Bold
3407:Caló
3090:Fala
3016:West
1902:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1871:2022
1858:ISBN
1831:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1757:OCLC
1747:ISBN
1666:link
1621:2022
1541::588
1467:ISBN
1422:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1217:, a
1200:lit.
1002:'frt
870:/tk/
855:and
667:and
517:lit.
479:lit.
80:news
1850:doi
1739:doi
1648:doi
1600:doi
1459:doi
1414:doi
1382:doi
1316:doi
1075:yā
1071:fən
857:Ṭāʾ
853:Qāf
768:or
737:or
703:),
639:'s
546:or
384:or
330:IPA
304:mxi
288:mxi
160:لتن
154:לטן
63:by
3850::
1856:.
1755:.
1745:.
1662:}}
1658:{{
1644:24
1638:.
1608:.
1596:18
1594:.
1590:.
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1561:^
1546:^
1531:^
1465:,
1453:,
1441:^
1420:,
1408:,
1388:.
1366:^
1338:,
1322:,
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1285:.
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1246:^
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1185:,
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505:,
476:,
464:,
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1952:)
1948:(
1938:e
1931:t
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1763:.
1741::
1668:)
1650::
1623:.
1602::
1461::
1416::
1398:.
1384::
1318::
1295:.
1115:-
1109:-
1107:-
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1103:-
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892:ð
884:d
876:ɣ
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350:.
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105:·
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