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According to
Halliwell, "popular resistance was fierce," and both the government and the Roman Catholic Church (previously an opponent) took stern measures to promote vaccination. The first relative of Mozart's known to have been vaccinated was Johanna Berchtold von Sonnenberg, called "Jeannette" (1789–1805), Nannerl's youngest child; she was vaccinated during the 1802 campaign in Salzburg.
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to conduct an inoculation program. Ingenhousz's program worked first among poor people, with the goal of developing a weakened strain of the disease; poor parents in Vienna were paid a ducat to have their children inoculated. The inoculations performed with this weakened strain on the imperial family
98:
Inoculation offered immunity to smallpox, but the procedure carried a definite risk that the inoculated person could die from smallpox as a result. Thus, many parents felt that they would rather do nothing, risking future smallpox arriving at random, rather than carry out a deliberate act that might
221:
The
Mozarts were renting rooms in the home of the goldsmith Johann Schmalecker, and were horrified when all three of Schmalecker's children came down with smallpox. Alarmed, Leopold first left Schmalacker's house, taking Wolfgang (only) with him (17 October). Six days later (23 October), the entire
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From the modern perspective—with most children now made safe from several terrible diseases by vaccination—it is easy to make the superficial interpretation that
Leopold was acting foolishly, relying on divine will when direct action was available that would have helped his children. However, since
332:
revolutionized the ability of medicine to deal with smallpox. Vaccination reached Vienna around 1800, when yet another local epidemic created impetus for its adoption. One of the doctors trained in the Vienna campaign, named
Doutrepout, then brought vaccination to Mozart's native city of Salzburg.
255:
Wolfgang was complaining of his eyes. I noticed his head was warm, that his cheeks were hot and very red, but that his hands were cold as ice. Moreover, his pulse was not right. So we gave him some black powder and put him to bed. During the night he was rather restless and in the morning he still
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They are trying to persuade me to let my boy be inoculated with smallpox. But as I have expressed sufficiently clearly my aversion to this impertinence they are leaving me in peace. Here inoculation is the general fashion. But for my part I leave the matter to the grace of God. It depends on His
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By 10 November, Wolfgang was feeling better, but then
Nannerl also contracted smallpox, and was ill for three weeks. The Mozart children were thereafter safe from the disease, which confers immunity on its survivors. According to Leopold, both children were pitted in the locations of the former
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to the disease, and his mother Maria
Theresa also caught it (she survived). The imperial bride-to-be Maria Josepha caught the disease in October and died of it on the 15th, the day after she had been scheduled to be married. In the following week, presumably before the onset of his illness, the
46:
Smallpox in 18th-century Europe was a devastating disease, recurring frequently in epidemics and killing or disfiguring millions of people. The 18th century was probably a particularly terrible time for smallpox in Europe: urbanization had increased crowding, making it easier for the disease to
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With both children's illness to contend with, the
Mozarts spent a total of four months away from Vienna. They eventually returned there and were received in the Imperial court on 19 January 1768. The Empress, who had by now lost three children to smallpox, conversed with Frau Mozart about the
248:. Leopold had known Podstatsky when the Count had previously worked in Salzburg. The count, learning that Wolfgang was showing symptoms of smallpox, insisted that the Mozarts move into his home, and he placed Mozart under the excellent care of his personal physician, Dr. Joseph Wolff.
546:
The implication that
Leopold valued Wolfgang's survival over Nannerl's is not necessarily correct; according to Sadie and Zaslaw (2006, 132), the parents "suspected, wrongly, that Nannerl had already had smallpox as a child and so was in less danger"; see also
419:, 62 observes that inoculation was a very controversial practice in Paris at the very time of the Mozarts' visit. The visiting Italian physician Angelo Gatti noted in 1761 that in Paris there were "more brochures for and against inoculation than inoculations."
268:
Although blindness was indeed a common result of smallpox, ophthalmologist
Richard H. C. Zegers suggests that Mozart's symptoms did not represent actual blindness, but rather resulted from the pustular rash of the disease affecting his eyelids.
78:
The physical appearance of the disease was frightening to patients and to their caretakers: the patient's skin became covered with large, bulging pustules, which often left conspicuous pitting on the skin of patients who survived the disease.
66:
but worse. In fact it is not related to chickenpox, and it was unimaginably worse. In an unvaccinated population, something like 10–30 percent of all patients with smallpox would be expected to die. And dying was not easy; smallpox was, as
320:
Smallpox struck the Mozart family again in the next generation: Nannerl's eldest son
Leopold and two of her stepchildren caught the disease during an outbreak in the Salzburg area in 1787. All three children survived.
287:
The remainder of the trip was not especially successful. Leopold apparently misinterpreted a chance remark of the Emperor as a firm invitation for Wolfgang to compose an opera; this resulted in Wolfgang writing
241:). It was there that, on 26 October, Wolfgang showed the first symptoms of smallpox. Given the incubation period of the disease (roughly, 12 days), it can be ascertained that he had already caught it in Vienna.
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24:. Like all smallpox victims, he was at serious risk of dying, but he survived the disease. This article discusses smallpox as it existed in Mozart's time, the decision taken in 1764 by Mozart's father
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in Leopold's day it was not firmly established that inoculation was beneficial, his remarks can be seen to be more of appeal to religion to resolve what must have seemed an impossible dilemma.
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which later succeeded in eradicating the disease; rather, an inoculated person was treated with live smallpox virus, taken from pustules of the mildest variety of smallpox that could be found.
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148:" of Europe, performing in England, France, and elsewhere, and hoped to achieve even greater recognition (and income) in the Imperial capital. The forthcoming marriage of the 16-year-old
237:. Count Schrattenbach invited them to give a concert, but Leopold, impelled by an "inner urge," wanted to go farther, and the family continued northward after two days to OlmĂĽtz (today
260:
A frightening symptom of Wolfgang's illness, not made explicit in Leopold's letter, was an inability to see. In a letter written much later (1800), his sister Nannerl reported:
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233:(then called by its German name, BrĂĽnn), where they called on the Count Franz Anton Schrattenbach, brother of Leopold's employer in Salzburg, the Prince-Archbishop
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Those who survived smallpox did not always survive intact; it frequently inflicted blindness on its survivors. The survival rate was particularly low for children.
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The experience of losing three of her children to smallpox led Empress Maria Theresa to become a convert to inoculation. In 1768, she engaged the Dutch physician
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He caught the smallpox, which made him so ill that he could see nothing for nine days and had to spare his eyes for several weeks after his recovery.
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points out, it is in this context that we must interpret a letter sent by Leopold Mozart on 22 February 1764 to his landlord and friend
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Medicine had made only slight progress against the disease in Mozart's time. Around the second decade of the 18th century the method of
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With vaccination, great progress was made in reducing incidence of the disease, and it was eventually confirmed as eradicated in 1979.
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on 11 September 1767. They had been there before, exhibiting the children's talents, in 1762; by this time they had completed their "
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grace whether He wishes to keep this prodigy of nature in this world in which He placed it or to take it to Himself.
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Leopold consulted an acquaintance, Count Leopold Anton Podstatsky, who was dean of the cathedral and rector of the
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11-year-old composer wrote an inexplicably cheerful elegy, a fragmentary duet for two sopranos in F major (
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Unfortunately, there was an outbreak of smallpox in Vienna at the time. On 28 May of that year, Emperor
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not to inoculate his children against the disease, the course of Mozart's illness, and the aftermath.
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During his recovery, Wolfgang, who needed to spare his eyes, spent the time learning card tricks and
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eventually was premiered in Salzburg, following the Mozarts' return there on 5 January 1769.
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620:; they had the effect of reducing fever, and were a staple of the Mozarts' medicine chest";
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were successful, and led to greater public acceptance for the procedure.
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The address was at #3 Weihburggasse; the building no longer exists
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432:, 70–72, which discusses Leopold's dilemma in greater detail.
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In 1796, the discovery of vaccination—the use of the related
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The Mozart family (Wolfgang, his father Leopold, his mother
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So what was it like? As children, we were told it was like
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was discovered only at the end of the century (see below).
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wrote, 'the most terrible of all the ministers of death.'
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spread; yet effective protection from smallpox through a
976:
Zegers, Richard H. C. (2007). "Mozart and smallpox".
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587:Source for this paragraph except where indicated:
901:The Mozart Family: Four Lives in a Social Context
54:The disease was a terrible one for its victims.
929:"Mozart and medicine in the eighteenth century"
511:University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna
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225:They headed north, into what today is the
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934:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
912:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
910:The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History
633:Letter of 10 November 1767; quoted from
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207:She gives herself to be death's offering
978:Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology
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502:"Ach, was mĂĽssen wir erfahren!" (audio)
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428:The primary source for this section is
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853:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
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328:virus to immunize against smallpox—by
217:Protects her from the cold stretcher.
99:well kill their children immediately.
83:Leopold's decision against inoculation
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839:The Letters of Mozart and his Family
509:, soloists of the WebernKammerchor,
163:Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria
180:Anh.24a/43a) to an anonymous text:
215:To which she was wholly dedicated,
16:In 1767, the 11-year-old composer
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273:pustules, but neither seriously.
198:SchĂĽtzt sie vor der kalten Bahr.
192:Nicht die Glut der frohen Jugend,
1412:
1411:
1272:Maria Anna Thekla Mozart (Bäsle)
990:10.1111/j.1442-9071.2007.01488.x
211:Neither the glow of happy youth,
188:Sie gibt in den schönsten Jahren
123:
1389:Beethoven–Haydn–Mozart Memorial
851:Mozart: A Documentary Biography
209:In the most beautiful of years.
882:The Life and Death of Smallpox
1:
862:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
485:Ach, was mĂĽssen wir erfahren!
194:Nicht die angestammte Tugend,
186:Wie? Josepha lebt nicht mehr!
184:Ach, was mĂĽssen wir erfahren!
1298:(paternal great-grandfather)
1141:Concert arias, songs, canons
860:Mozart: A Cultural Biography
1278:Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart
1260:Maria Anna Mozart (Nannerl)
984:(4pages=372–373): 372–373.
971:. New York: Harper Collins.
908:Hopkins, Donald R. (2002).
308:Smallpox § Eradication
235:Sigismund von Schrattenbach
205:How? Josepha lives no more.
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903:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
858:Gutman, Robert W. (2000).
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196:Der sie ganz gewidmet war,
35:
1407:
1384:Mozart in popular culture
1196:Relationship with G minor
880:; Glynn, Jenifer (2004).
809:World Health Organization
190:Sich zum Todesopfer mehr.
171:had lost his second wife
150:Archduchess Maria Josepha
124:Mozart's case of smallpox
58:and Jenifer Glynn write:
1113:Appearance and character
899:Halliwell, Ruth (1998).
618:pulvis epilecticus niger
616:"The black powders were
213:Nor the ancestral virtue
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32:Smallpox in Mozart's day
1438:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
1399:Mozart Monument, Vienna
1044:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
927:Jenkins, J. S. (1995).
132:, and his older sister
18:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
1292:(paternal grandfather)
758:Glynn & Glynn 2004
364:Glynn & Glynn 2004
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222:family fled the city.
203:Oh, what we must know!
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152:, daughter of Empress
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136:) left their home in
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110:concerning smallpox:
102:As Mozart biographer
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1448:Health by individual
1191:Compositional method
1171:Works for solo piano
704:For discussion, see
246:University in OlmĂĽtz
1290:Johann Georg Mozart
1225:Neue Mozart-Ausgabe
1218:Alte Mozart-Ausgabe
847:Deutsch, Otto Erich
42:History of smallpox
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1284:Karl Thomas Mozart
818:2007-09-21 at the
813:Factsheet Smallpox
256:had the dry fever.
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1453:Health in Austria
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296:La finta semplice
291:La finta semplice
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518:
515:
512:
508:
504:
497:
494:
490:
486:
481:
478:
474:
469:
466:
462:
457:
454:
450:
445:
443:
441:
439:
435:
431:
425:
422:
418:
413:
410:
406:
405:Anderson 1985
402:
396:
393:
389:
384:
381:
377:
372:
369:
365:
360:
357:
353:
348:
345:
339:
337:
334:
331:
330:Edward Jenner
327:
322:
318:
315:
309:
302:Later history
301:
299:
297:
293:
292:
285:
281:
279:
274:
270:
265:
261:
257:
252:
249:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
218:
199:
181:
179:
174:
173:Maria Josepha
170:
161:
157:
155:
154:Maria Theresa
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
121:
116:
111:
109:
105:
100:
96:
94:
90:
80:
76:
72:
70:
65:
59:
57:
52:
50:
43:
39:
29:
27:
23:
19:
1379:Georg Nissen
1326:Sophie Weber
1302:Joseph Lange
1296:Franz Mozart
1223:
1216:
1118:Pet starling
1092:
981:
977:
968:
938:
932:
909:
900:
881:
859:
850:
838:
804:
792:
780:
749:
742:Deutsch 1965
737:
730:Deutsch 1965
725:
718:Solomon 1995
713:
706:Solomon 1995
700:
688:
677:Hopkins 2002
672:
660:
653:Solomon 1995
651:Quoted from
635:Solomon 1995
629:
617:
612:
605:Deutsch 1965
596:
583:
576:Hopkins 2002
571:
564:Deutsch 1965
542:
530:
523:Deutsch 1965
517:
496:
484:
480:
468:
461:Solomon 1995
456:
424:
417:Hopkins 2002
412:
401:Jenkins 1995
395:
383:
371:
359:
352:Hopkins 2002
347:
335:
323:
319:
311:
295:
289:
286:
282:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
250:
243:
224:
220:
202:
183:
166:
127:
118:
113:
101:
97:
86:
77:
74:
61:
53:
45:
15:
1353:Freemasonry
1078:Nationality
1058:Biographies
693:Gutman 2000
681:Gutman 2000
665:Zegers 2007
603:, 124–125;
93:vaccination
89:inoculation
1432:Categories
1336:Influences
1181:Symphonies
1068:Grand tour
1063:Birthplace
878:Glynn, Ian
306:See also:
146:Grand Tour
130:Anna Maria
64:chickenpox
1343:Beethoven
1088:Scatology
1083:Residence
1051:Biography
284:disease.
169:Joseph II
1443:Smallpox
1417:Category
1262:(sister)
1256:(mother)
1250:(father)
1205:Editions
1093:Smallpox
998:17539792
967:(1995).
849:(1965).
837:(1985).
816:Archived
463:, 40–42.
390:, 71–72.
138:Salzburg
69:Macaulay
38:Smallpox
22:smallpox
1372:Related
1363:Salieri
1176:Sonatas
1006:7238140
957:7562811
948:1295274
828:Sources
760:, 82–83
756:, 126,
708:, 73–74
507:YouTube
278:fencing
239:Olomouc
134:Nannerl
26:Leopold
1268:(wife)
1240:Family
1161:Operas
1156:Masses
1146:Dances
1108:Prague
1103:Berlin
1004:
996:
955:
945:
916:
888:
866:
799:, 685.
787:, 617.
695:, 233.
679:, 63,
667:, 372.
624:, 294.
537:, 123.
475:, 122.
326:cowpox
142:Vienna
1358:Haydn
1286:(son)
1280:(son)
1133:Music
1123:Death
1098:Italy
1002:S2CID
775:, 573
744:, 86.
732:, 89.
720:, 71.
683:, 233
637:, 70.
591:, 124
578:, 63.
551:, 125
525:, 77.
489:Score
451:, 120
378:, 70.
354:, 62.
340:Notes
1073:Name
994:PMID
953:PMID
914:ISBN
886:ISBN
864:ISBN
655:, 70
607:, 77
566:, 77
366:, 2.
231:Brno
140:for
40:and
986:doi
943:PMC
505:on
56:Ian
1434::
1000:.
992:.
982:35
980:.
951:.
939:88
937:.
931:.
811::
765:^
642:^
556:^
437:^
280:.
178:K.
1036:e
1029:t
1022:v
1008:.
988::
959:.
922:.
894:.
872:.
841:.
491:)
487:(
407:.
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