55:
538:(cutting off ears), burial up to the neck and being left to starve, or being shut up in a hut to be eaten by a pack of starving dogs. Execution by beheading was certainly carried out, as witnessed by the heads placed on poles. Ironically the Stairs expedition meted out the same treatment to Msiri himself (and Leopold's regime in the Congo Free State hung heads and bodies of villagers on fences as a warning to others of what happened to those who did not fulfil their rubber quota).
570:, the only exception being Arnot and his missionary colleagues, the closest there were to neutral observers. Arnot referred to Msiri as "a thorough gentleman," and established a working relationship with him, with a certain amount of mutual respect. Msiri gave Arnot land to build his own hut, a small clinic, a church, and a school. When Arnot returned to London he recruited three more missionaries to go to Msiri in Bunkeya.
200:
521:
20:
377:. He obtained a brief letter signed by Msiri and witnessed by Swan (and probably drafted by him), that Msiri would accept CFS agents in his territory. It did not mention agreeing to the CFS flag being hoisted nor to recognising Leopold's sovereignty, and its lack of precision was probably designed to keep Leopold at bay, so a few months later the
360:
Arnot was still in
Britain but Charles Swan and Dan Crawford were present. Msiri and his officials could not read English and Sharpe described the agreement favourably, but Arnot had advised Msiri to have any treaties translated, and Swan now gave the same advice. For this the missionaries were later
58:
Southern
Central Africa in 1890 showing the central position of Msiri's Yeke Kingdom and the principal trade routes, with the approximate territories of Msiri's main allies (names in yellow) and the approximate areas occupied by European powers (names in orange — does not show spheres of influence or
596:
Moloney, the Stairs
Expedition's doctor, wrote up his account on his return to London in 1892. Influenced by the writings of men such as Livingstone, public opinion in Britain began to clamor for reforms which benefited the indigenous subjects of the British Empire. Moloney noted that Msiri had his
477:
The expedition's askaris massacred many of Msiri's people that day at Munema, and the population dispersed. On condition he sign CFS treaties, Stairs installed Msiri's adopted son as chief in his place but of a much reduced area, and restored the
Wasanga chieftainships which Msiri had overthrown 30
452:
six months later on the return journey, and it was alleged he had with him Msiri's head in a can of kerosene. The history of Msiri's successors says that the head was buried under a hill of stones in Zambia, but it also says Msiri's successor 'caught and killed all the
Europeans on the expedition'.
227:
with hundreds of other tribes, rulers and traders. He did this through his wives, who numbered more than 500. He took a wife from the village of each subordinate chief, making the chief think this gave him an advocate at Msiri's court, but the wife was used to spy on the chief instead and to obtain
287:
Thus, the first missionaries in
Katanga did not decide to go there at their own initiative. Msiri's strategy worked: the missionaries' advice prevented him being taken in by the first British and Belgian expeditions (see below). It is also possible that Msiri had the idea to hold the missionaries
605:, so a justification for the killing of Msiri was required. The Stairs Expedition's reports were used in Europe to emphasise self-defence as the reason for his death, coupled with the claim he was a bloodthirsty tyrant. Moloney's quotation of Bodson's dramatic dying words helped in this respect.
443:
In an article published in Paris in 1892, de
Bonchamps revealed that having carried Msiri's body back to their camp, the expedition cut off his head and hoisted it on a pole as a 'barbaric lesson' to the Garanganze. Moloney's book is silent on the subject. Dan Crawford was at a Belgian outpost
191:. Tippu Tip wanted revenge on Kazembe for killing six of his men, and he formed an alliance with Msiri to attack and kill Mwata Kazembe in 1870, and Msiri subsequently influenced the appointment of his successors. Msiri's control of south-east Katanga and its copper resources was consolidated.
577:... the quietness and peace that reigns is remarkable. The fear of Msidi is great. He is sharp and severe in his government, though I see or hear of nothing in the way of torture or cruelty ... executions are common, but death is inflicted at once ... have been those of actual crime....
419:, with negotiations at stalemate, Msiri reacted to an ultimatum and to Stairs flying the CFS flag without his consent, by departing in the night to a fortified village at Munema on the outskirts of Bunkeya. The next day, 20 December 1891, Stairs sent his second-in-command, Belgian Lieutenant
482:) arrived from north. It was too small to maintain effective control, and moved to eastern Katanga. Left without any CFS troops to keep the peace, disorder and instability occupied the vacuum left by Msiri for some time as the chiefs fought among themselves, and Dan Crawford moved to
489:
The
British accepted the Congo Free State's possession of Katanga (the administration of which Leopold vested in the Compagnie du Katanga) and an Anglo-Belgian agreement was signed in 1894. The slave trade from south-east Katanga to Lake Tanganyika declined, though in the
1035:. London: Oliphants. Bodson had been shot in the abdomen and spine immediately after killing Msiri, so it was not he who decapitated Mziri. The Garanganze oral history mixes up the European officers in other places, sometimes confusing Stairs and Bodson for example.
1085:. Retrieved 8 February 2007. The purpose of this history page is to portray the current Mwami Mwenda chiefs and their founder, Msiri, in a heroic light. Three out of the five Europeans returned to Europe. Stairs reached the lower Zambezi but died there of malaria.
447:
Garanganze oral history says that the body returned to them by Stairs for burial was headless, and that the expedition kept the head. One account says that it cursed and killed everyone who carried it and eventually, this included Stairs himself, who died of
510:
There can be little doubt, judging from various contemporary accounts, that his rule was arbitrary, vindictive, cruel, and despotic. He was a warlord who enslaved his neighbours and whose capital was surrounded by palisades on which hung the skulls of his
324:
with Msiri to fulfil their colonial ambitions and competed to do so. Some of Msiri's subordinate chiefs and trading competitors took the opportunity of the arrival of new powers in the region to start rebellions against his authority. In
November 1890
179:
who controlled the land route between Lake
Tanganyika and the coast, and he sought to emulate them. Msiri achieved what other tribes and the Portuguese had tried without as much success, which was to trade across the continent, with both coasts.
147:
He depended on the east coast trade for his guns and gunpowder, which passed through the territory of his rivals, making supplies expensive and unreliable. Instead he turned to the west coast, sending his nephew Molenga to the
427:
to arrest Msiri. Despite de Bonchamps' concerns about the danger, Bodson went into Munema with a dozen men and confronted Msiri in front of about 300 of his warriors. Msiri said nothing but in anger started to draw the
608:
The question remains as to whether Msiri was being described as a bloodthirsty tyrant to the same extent before he was killed, when his signature to a treaty was being assiduously courted by the imperial powers.
545:
and surrounding villages had a population estimated at 60,000–80,000 in 1891. A year after Msiri's death, it was 10,000–20,000. In that part of Africa people disperse into the bush when threatened. For instance,
361:
the subject of resentment and anger on behalf of the BSAC, because when the treaty's real contents were revealed to Msiri, enraged, he sent Sharpe away empty-handed. Sharpe was sure Msiri would not sign away his
1237:
381:
followed up to try to achieve those objectives, but again Msiri refused. Expecting that the BSAC would try again with Thomson, Leopold resolved to take stronger action with his third expedition of 1891.
432:
which had been a gift from Stairs. Bodson drew his revolver and shot Msiri three times, killing him. A fight erupted, and Bodson was shot and mortally wounded by one of Msiri's men, dying later.
906:
Stairs thought the missionaries were hostages, and said Msiri referred to them as his 'white slaves'. See letter of William Stairs Letter to Frederick Arnot, 29 December 1891, reproduced in:
494:
as practiced by King Leopold II's agents did not end until after the country was taken over by the Belgian state in 1908. Some of the Garanganze people returned to Bunkeya and continued the
1022:
However, Dr Moloney confirmed that Bodson was killed by a musket ball not a spear, and de Bonchamps wrote that Bodson told him before he died that he had shot Msiri, and had then been shot.
554:
so tyrannised his people that many had moved away, and he could muster scarcely 1000 men. Continuing the contrast with Msiri, when the assassins sent by Msiri and Tippu Tib advanced on his
435:
The oral history of the Garanganze people contains some contradictions about the incident. In one story, Msiri speared Bodson to death and was shot by other members of the expedition.
408:, ordered by Leopold to raise the CFS flag and claim Katanga by force if necessary. Negotiations commenced and Msiri indicated he might agree to a treaty if supplied with gunpowder.
530:
at Bunkeya. The objects on top of the four poles, below which some of Msiri's warriors are gathered, are heads of his enemies. More skulls are on the stakes forming the stockade.
1010:. Retrieved 5 May 2007. This was a 19th-century travel magazine published and edited by Edouard Charton in Paris. The article includes extracts from the journal of de Bonchamps.
444:
40 km away and, relying on a Garanganze report, he wrote that after shooting Msiri, 'Bodson' cut off his head and shouted "I have killed a tiger! Vive le Roi!".
42:) from about 1856 to 1891. His name is sometimes spelled 'M'Siri' in articles in French. Other variants are "Mziri", "Msidi", and "Mushidi"; and his full name was
498:
which, despite internal exile for some years, continues to this day, using the name 'Mwami Mwenda' after Msiri's first name, ruling a population of about 20,000.
468:
In all truth, we don't know where this head went. Is it in Europe, in some Museum, in the house of Leopold II, or with whom? Up to this day, we don't know."
590:
I don't mind dying now that I've killed Msiri. Thank God my death will not be in vain. I've delivered Africa from one of her most detestable tyrants.
1217:
1048:
Fabian, Johannes (11 November 1998). "The history of Zaire as told and painted by Tshibumba Kanda Matulu in conversation with Johannes Fabian."
1227:
825:
Gordon, David (2000). "Decentralized Despots or Contingent Chiefs: Comparing Colonial Chiefs in Northern Rhodesia and the Belgian Congo".
881:
1222:
136:
Msiri realised access to guns was the key to power, and in Katanga, he had copper and ivory resources to trade for them. He formed a
1117:
754:
950:
939:
999:
566:
Of the contemporary written accounts of Msiri, all were by or based on accounts of people in the pay of either Leopold or the
1242:
175:, who controlled the eastern Congo from Lake Tanganyika up to what is now Uganda in the north-east, and the Nyamwezi leader
697:
567:
391:
305:
239:
Msiri also cemented alliances with other powerful trading partners through marriage. His favourite wife was said to be
211:
In a region and age dominated by armed traders, Msiri was very successful. His control of the trade routes between the
1232:
168:
to his north-west had controlled the west coast trade, but Msiri took it over and halted their southwards expansion.
997:
De Pont-Jest, René (1892). "L'Expédition du Katanga, d'après les notes de voyage du marquis Christian de Bonchamps"
769:
1078:
797:
729:
350:
288:
hostage in case of any war with the Europeans, in the same way that he held hostage the women of subject tribes.
281:
847:
353:
was sent by the BSAC to meet up with and reinforce Sharpe's mission in Bunkeya, but its route was blocked by a
276:. In 1886 Arnot arrived and was the first white person to settle in Katanga. After three years he went back to
54:
1108:
265:
670:
461:
416:
334:
219:
took ruthlessness and arms (and over his neighbours, Msiri had what would be called in the west ‘superior
68:
64:
1207:
378:
313:
243:, sister of his Portuguese-Angolan trading partner Coimbra. Msiri married one of his own daughters to
1212:
618:
405:
346:
101:
479:
187:
in 1867, Msiri had taken control of most of the Mwata's territory and trade on the west bank of the
220:
1006:. (The Katanga Expedition, According to the Travel Notes of the Marquess Christian de Bonchamps),
171:
Msiri now had the power and influence to form alliances as more of an equal with warlords such as
338:
105:
60:
1061:
1129:
1149:
1113:
1057:
843:
750:
680:
623:
602:
547:
495:
397:
224:
650:
645:
640:
598:
555:
526:
491:
478:
years before. The Stairs Expedition left after seven weeks when another CFS expedition (the
317:
240:
204:
35:
949:. Retrieved 28 March 2007. This is an extract from a history of the Belgian mining company
1103:
1082:
1003:
943:
733:
374:
141:
121:
81:
1145:
665:
412:
342:
277:
212:
113:
936:
1201:
685:
675:
655:
326:
273:
188:
223:’). But it also took a strategic eye, and the guile and persuasion required to form
1047:
1019:
996:
630:
365:
to any other power, and he advised Johnston to wait until he was 'out of the way'.
301:
216:
31:
1183:
Ravenstein, E. G. (1893). "Recent Explorations in the South-Eastern Congo Basin",
558:, Chinkonkole Kafuti's people did not warn him, but let him be taken by surprise.
1094:
Moloney 1893, Chapter X. Moloney does not say from where this information comes.
660:
635:
420:
362:
254:
165:
97:
852:
The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death
199:
586:
A political quotations website offers these as the last words of Omer Bodson:
535:
520:
483:
261:
125:
19:
228:
information about his dealings and loyalty. The wife could also be used as a
907:
792:
775:
British Broadcasting Corporation (World Service). Retrieved 8 February 2007.
330:
244:
233:
172:
149:
207:, who died a grisly death at the hand of Msiri's adopted son and successor.
703:
Official website of Msiri's successors as chiefs of the Garanganze people.
486:
and set up a mission to which many Garanganze moved to escape the strife.
457:
354:
321:
258:
250:
In 1884, wishing to gain some advice on how to deal with the approaching
157:
153:
89:
39:
1163:
The Audit of War: The Illusion and Reality of Britain as a Great Nation
551:
542:
449:
309:
269:
229:
184:
176:
137:
1073:
723:
424:
401:
251:
161:
93:
85:
373:
On 18 April 1891 Leopold sent an expedition of about 350 men led by
1144:
Moloney 1893. For more information on the author and the book, see
519:
429:
400:
of the CFS arrived in Bunkeya with 400 troops and porters, led by
198:
117:
109:
34:(also called the Garanganze or Garenganze kingdom) in south-east
140:
and started to conquer his neighbours. He also married into the
534:
Msiri was said to punish his enemies and other miscreants by
164:, and a trader there called Coimbra became his supplier. The
144:
royal family, starting his practice of using wives as spies.
1130:"Omer Bodson, dying words to Military Doctor Moloney, 1892".
268:, who he had heard was in Angola, to come to his capital at
597:"apologists" in London. King Leopold had to legitimise his
1238:
Deaths by firearm in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
937:"Le Capitaine Paul le Marinel & Alexandre Delcomune."
749:, pp. 172−3, London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company (
280:
to recruit more missionaries, including Charles Swan and
1033:
Dan Crawford: Missionary and Pioneer in Central Africa
592:— Omer Bodson, dying words to Military Doctor Moloney.
92:
and a trader, like his father Kalasa, involved in the
369:
Belgian Expeditions (Le Marinel and Delcommune), 1891
59:
borders). The east coast trade was controlled by the
30:(c. 1830 – December 20, 1891) founded and ruled the
827:KwaZulu-Natal History and African Studies Seminar.
771:The Story of Africa: The East African Slave Trade
805:(5) (1958), 428−434. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
588:
575:
508:
466:
203:Msiri's favourite wife, the Portuguese-Angolan
386:The Stairs Expedition and the killing of Msiri
297:British Expeditions (Sharpe and Thomson), 1890
1133:Eigen's Political & Historical Quotations
292:The scramble for Katanga and killing of Msiri
8:
603:Berlin Conference's Principle of Effectivity
411:According to the Stairs Expedition's doctor
183:By the time of David Livingstone's visit to
63:. Areas of influence of other tribes and of
719:
717:
908:Arnot, R. S. (1958). "F S Arnot and Msidi"
882:Keir Howard, J: "Arnot, Frederick Stanley"
573:Arnot's diaries say of living in Bunkeya:
1043:
1041:
886:Dictionary of African Christian Biography
49:
918:(5), 428−434. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
53:
18:
787:
785:
783:
781:
713:
992:
990:
988:
986:
980:Moloney 1893, Chapter XI pp. 182−194.
765:
763:
116:agents. The main trade route went to
16:Founder and ruler of the Yeke Kingdom
7:
839:
837:
835:
561:
552:Mwata Kazembe VII Chinkonkole Kafuti
357:epidemic and it could not continue.
854:. Two Volumes. London: John Murray.
550:reported twenty years earlier that
349:treaty for signature. The explorer
506:According to one European source:
14:
745:Moloney, Joseph Augustus (1893).
50:Msiri's origins and rise to power
23:Msiri portrayed in an 1886 book.
1218:19th-century monarchs in Africa
1075:Mwami Msiri, King of Garanganze
725:Mwami Msiri, King of Garanganze
699:Mwami Msiri, King of Garanganze
582:The Stairs Expedition's reports
396:On December 14, 1891 the armed
44:Mwenda Msiri Ngelengwa Shitambi
747:With Captain Stairs to Katanga
601:'s claim to Katanga under the
333:on behalf of the BSAC and the
1:
1135:. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
951:Union Minière du Haut Katanga
337:in Central Africa/Nyasaland,
1228:People from Katanga Province
888:. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
829:Durban: University of Natal.
562:Arnot's description of Msiri
392:Stairs Expedition to Katanga
306:British South Africa Company
1051:Archives of Popular Swahili
1259:
736:Retrieved 8 February 2007.
423:with de Bonchamps and 100
389:
320:(CFS) both wanted to sign
272:, 180 km west of the
1223:People from Tabora Region
1161:Barnett, Corelli (1986).
912:Northern Rhodesia Journal
798:Northern Rhodesia Journal
681:1884–85 Berlin Conference
343:mineral rights concession
1185:The Geographical Journal
947:Les Expatries Lubumbashi
927:Moloney 1893, Chapter I.
863:Moloney 1893, pp. 174−5.
492:Congo Free State slavery
439:The fate of Msiri's head
329:arrived in Bunkeya from
194:
102:East African slave trade
1031:Tilsley, G. E. (1929).
971:Moloney 1893, pp. 9−12.
581:
266:Frederick Stanley Arnot
962:Moloney 1893, pp. 6−9.
671:Christian de Bonchamps
594:
579:
531:
513:
496:Garanganze chieftaincy
470:
462:Tshibumba Kanda-Matulu
417:Christian de Bonchamps
208:
76:From Tabora to Katanga
72:
24:
1243:African slave traders
1174:Moloney 1893, p. 178.
897:Moloney 1893, p. 180.
793:"F S Arnot and Msidi"
523:
379:Delcommune Expedition
202:
57:
22:
1165:. London: Macmillan.
1109:King Leopold's Ghost
619:William Grant Stairs
438:
406:Captain W. G. Stairs
347:British protectorate
335:British Commissioner
473:Katanga after Msiri
221:military technology
1233:History of Katanga
1081:2019-07-18 at the
1002:2010-02-05 at the
942:2005-02-11 at the
844:Livingstone, David
732:2019-07-18 at the
532:
415:and third officer
339:Sir Harry Johnston
209:
185:Mwata Kazembe VIII
106:Sultan of Zanzibar
104:controlled by the
73:
61:Sultan of Zanzibar
25:
1150:Stairs Expedition
624:Stairs Expedition
548:David Livingstone
516:Cruel punishments
398:Stairs Expedition
1250:
1192:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1159:
1153:
1142:
1136:
1127:
1121:
1104:Hochschild, Adam
1101:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1071:
1065:
1045:
1036:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1008:Le Tour du Monde
994:
981:
978:
972:
969:
963:
960:
954:
934:
928:
925:
919:
904:
898:
895:
889:
879:
864:
861:
855:
841:
830:
823:
806:
789:
776:
767:
758:
743:
737:
721:
651:Maria de Fonseca
646:Congo Free State
641:Katanga Province
599:Congo Free State
541:Msiri's capital
318:Congo Free State
241:Maria de Fonseca
205:Maria de Fonseca
195:Msiri's strategy
1258:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1156:
1143:
1139:
1128:
1124:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1083:Wayback Machine
1072:
1068:
1046:
1039:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1004:Wayback Machine
995:
984:
979:
975:
970:
966:
961:
957:
944:Wayback Machine
935:
931:
926:
922:
905:
901:
896:
892:
880:
867:
862:
858:
842:
833:
824:
809:
790:
779:
768:
761:
744:
740:
734:Wayback Machine
722:
715:
710:
694:
615:
591:
584:
564:
518:
504:
475:
441:
394:
388:
375:Paul Le Marinel
371:
299:
294:
257:, he invited a
255:colonial powers
236:by that chief.
232:in case of any
197:
156:traders around
134:
122:Lake Tanganyika
78:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1256:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1176:
1167:
1154:
1146:Joseph Moloney
1137:
1122:
1096:
1087:
1066:
1037:
1024:
1012:
982:
973:
964:
955:
929:
920:
899:
890:
865:
856:
848:Waller, Horace
831:
807:
777:
759:
738:
712:
711:
709:
706:
705:
704:
693:
692:External links
690:
689:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
666:Joseph Moloney
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
627:
626:
614:
611:
583:
580:
563:
560:
517:
514:
503:
500:
480:Bia Expedition
474:
471:
440:
437:
413:Joseph Moloney
390:Main article:
387:
384:
370:
367:
351:Joseph Thomson
298:
295:
293:
290:
196:
193:
133:
132:Military power
130:
88:in modern-day
77:
74:
71:are not shown.
51:
48:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1255:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:0-330-49233-0
1115:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
993:
991:
989:
987:
983:
977:
974:
968:
965:
959:
956:
952:
948:
945:
941:
938:
933:
930:
924:
921:
917:
913:
909:
903:
900:
894:
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
866:
860:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
838:
836:
832:
828:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
799:
794:
791:Arnot, R. S.
788:
786:
784:
782:
778:
774:
772:
766:
764:
760:
756:
755:0-9553936-5-5
752:
748:
742:
739:
735:
731:
728:
726:
720:
718:
714:
707:
702:
700:
696:
695:
691:
687:
686:Mwata Kazembe
684:
682:
679:
677:
676:Congo Pedicle
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
656:Alfred Sharpe
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
625:
622:
621:
620:
617:
616:
612:
610:
606:
604:
600:
593:
587:
578:
574:
571:
569:
559:
557:
553:
549:
544:
539:
537:
529:
528:
522:
515:
512:
507:
501:
499:
497:
493:
487:
485:
481:
472:
469:
465:
463:
459:
454:
451:
445:
436:
433:
431:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
393:
385:
383:
380:
376:
368:
366:
364:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:Alfred Sharpe
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
296:
291:
289:
285:
283:
279:
275:
274:Luapula River
271:
267:
263:
260:
256:
253:
248:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
226:
222:
218:
217:Indian Oceans
214:
206:
201:
192:
190:
189:Luapula River
186:
181:
178:
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
145:
143:
139:
131:
129:
128:and Katanga.
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
75:
70:
66:
62:
56:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
1208:1830s births
1188:
1184:
1179:
1170:
1162:
1157:
1140:
1132:
1125:
1107:
1099:
1090:
1074:
1069:
1053:
1050:
1032:
1027:
1020:Fabian 1998.
1015:
1007:
976:
967:
958:
953:, 1906−1956.
946:
932:
923:
915:
911:
902:
893:
885:
859:
851:
826:
802:
796:
770:
746:
741:
724:
698:
631:Yeke Kingdom
607:
595:
589:
585:
576:
572:
565:
540:
533:
525:
509:
505:
488:
476:
467:
455:
446:
442:
434:
410:
395:
372:
359:
302:Cecil Rhodes
300:
286:
282:Dan Crawford
249:
238:
210:
182:
170:
146:
135:
124:and then to
80:Msiri was a
79:
43:
32:Yeke Kingdom
27:
26:
1213:1891 deaths
661:Omer Bodson
636:Yeke people
421:Omer Bodson
404:mercenary,
363:sovereignty
308:(BSAC) and
166:Luba people
1202:Categories
708:References
536:mutilation
502:Evaluation
484:Lake Mweru
314:Leopold II
262:missionary
154:Portuguese
126:Lake Mweru
1062:1570-0178
458:Congolese
341:, with a
331:Nyasaland
245:Tippu Tip
234:rebellion
225:alliances
173:Tippu Tip
150:Ovimbundu
1106:(1999).
1079:Archived
1000:Archived
940:Archived
730:Archived
613:See also
524:Msiri's
511:enemies.
456:In 1998
402:Canadian
355:smallpox
322:treaties
259:Scottish
252:European
213:Atlantic
158:Benguela
108:and his
90:Tanzania
82:Nyamwezi
40:DR Congo
38:(now in
1112:. Pan.
850:(ed.).
543:Bunkeya
464:said:
460:artist
450:malaria
425:askaris
310:Belgian
278:Britain
270:Bunkeya
230:hostage
177:Mirambo
138:militia
114:Swahili
69:Germany
36:Katanga
1116:
1060:
753:
345:and a
162:Angola
94:copper
86:Tabora
65:France
1056:(2).
884:, in
430:sword
312:King
118:Ujiji
98:ivory
84:from
28:Msiri
1191:(3).
1148:and
1114:ISBN
1058:ISSN
846:and
751:ISBN
568:BSAC
556:boma
527:boma
215:and
152:and
142:Luba
112:and
110:Arab
100:and
67:and
916:III
803:III
316:’s
160:in
120:on
1204::
1187:,
1040:^
985:^
914:,
910:,
868:^
834:^
810:^
801:,
795:,
780:^
762:^
757:).
716:^
304:’
284:.
264:,
247:.
96:,
46:.
1189:1
1152:.
1120:.
1064:.
1054:2
773:.
727:.
701:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
