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231:, in the north eastern province of Rio Grande do Norte. She created the name Nísia Floresta Brasileira Augusta as pseudonym under which she published her written works. The name Nísia Floresta Brasileira Augusta was an act of self-construction under which she wrote, taught, and lived. Each component of the name was intentional and significant. ‘Floresta’ after her parents’ land where she was born, ‘Brasileira’ as a patriotic statement of her identification with the newly independent
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criticisms because of their radical approaches to educating women. Instead of only teaching girls traditional topics like sewing and housework, the curriculum also included intellectual and scholarly materials. This was unpopular at the time because it was viewed as unnecessary to educate women in such topics if they were going to be housewives. Competing educators were especially critical of
Floresta and her teachings.
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566:, Floresta fits into what she calls “good feminism.” This means that she did not intend to substantially change social relations, keeping women within the ideological limits of the private sphere. She wanted to improve women's education and empowerment while ensuring that they were still responsible for childrearing and other housework.
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and discussion of a trip to Greece. The first of these travel accounts was published in Paris, France in 1857 and translated into
Portuguese in 1982. The second, also published in Paris in French, was in two volumes published in 1864 and in 1872. Only the first volume was translated to Portuguese in 1998.
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Throughout her works, Floresta discusses many aspects of her personal life, including herself, her childhood, her deceased husband, and her family. There are also various travel stories within her writings. Among them are the itinerary of a trip to
Germany, information about her three years in Italy,
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same year, she married Manuel
Augusto de Faria Rocha, who she had two children with. Manuel Augusto died only seven months after the birth of their second child, leaving Floresta to support herself and two very young children, which she did by teaching. In 1832, Floresta's published her first work in
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for which she is mostly known (made in 1832 when she was only 22 years of age), and includes poetry, travel writings, and philosophical essays on morality and education. Most of these works have autobiographical content and are concerned with female virtues and moral upbringing. While the majority of
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Floresta worked to educate women because she believed that education was the key to empowerment, and that its absence was a leading cause of discrimination against women. Access to education would help women recognize and address their unequal social standing. Floresta also believed that an ignorant
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It was this book that gave
Floresta the title of the precursor of feminism in Brazil, and even Latin America itself, since there are no records of previous texts made with the intentions of educating and reflecting on one’s society in relation to feminism. Floresta did not stop there; in other books
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There were many significant events in
Floresta's early life that shaped her work and future. In 1823 Floresta married at the age of thirteen, but quickly returned to her family. Five years later in 1828 Floresta's father was assassinated at the command of a powerful member of the state's elite. That
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One reason
Floresta founded the college was because most of the top schools in the area at the time were not accepting women. Augusto College's innovative mission was to provide women with an education that was on par with what was available to men. Floresta and her school both received significant
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which was directed at her students. Later in her career, during her stay in Europe, Floresta published various accounts of her travels. Unfortunately, these journals have become difficult for scholars to locate. This is due to them getting lost or because
Floresta often signed her publications with
569:
Another author to address this ambivalence is Branca
Moreira Alves, for whom Floresta's feminism contains a romantic view of women where dedication to the family and home is still the guiding expectation. Floresta suggested several ways to maintain this traditional family system and keep a home,
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Floresta's role and relevance in the evolution of feminism in Brazil and in the emancipation of women in the country is undeniable. However, it is necessary to consider the politics of the author's own time and the context that she worked within. Scholars have criticized her somewhat ambivalent
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Scholars have also acknowledged the ideological shift that
Floresta underwent as a writer and a feminist. In her first work, she rejected radical changes to the present social order. She made it clear that she wanted things to stay in their current state and was not trying to impose any major
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and it operated in the center of the capital city for seventeen years. At the time, there was a surge of new schools in Rio de Janeiro, most of which were directed by Europeans and followed foreign education models. Augusto College was different from these other schools because it focused on
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On April 24, 1885, Floresta died from pneumonia in Rouen, France, at age 74. She was buried in the Bonsecours cemetery in France where she lived. In August 1954, nearly seventy years later, her remains were taken to her hometown and placed in a tomb at the Floresta farm where she was born.
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In her three works from 1847, all of which relate to teaching, Floresta criticized the education system that considered the sciences to be useless and corrupting to women. She also addressed the general failure of the teaching community and its current education standards in her 1853 work
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In addition to her first book, she had many pieces published in newspapers in Recife starting in 1830. Floresta also had many notable stories, poetry, novels, and essays that were later published in Rio de Janeiro newspapers. In 1841 she published her second book, under the title of
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population could be more easily manipulated by its government, and that was something she hoped to avoid by advocating for education for marginalized groups. Her philosophies around teaching and gender equality were guided by liberal, progressive, and positivist ways of thinking.
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changes. After her travels in Europe, however, her second work on the subject was more sharply analytical of the current education system and called for large-scale reform. She also expressed concerns about an ignorant population being open to manipulation.
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educating women and girls, rather than men. Students were taught science, languages, history, religion, geography, physical education, arts, and literature with the intention of fully preparing them for marriage and motherhood.
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Floresta’s works are in Portuguese, she also wrote in French and Italian, and some of her works were translated to English, Italian, and French during her lifetime, ensuring that her ideas circulated well beyond Brazil.
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The book is a collection of articles on female emancipation and favorably speaks about Auguste Comte, the father of positivism. The book discusses the author's thoughts on female education, in addition to addressing
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Floresta stayed in Europe from 1856 to 1872, during which time she traveled through Italy and Greece, publishing works in French and writing travel accounts. Between 1870 and 1871, she left Paris, on account of the
369:, which was a twelfth birthday present for her daughter Livia. Starting in 1847, her works began to include more thoughts on education while still focusing on gender equality. That year she also published
330:, published in 1832, is accredited with being a pioneer publication in Brazil on women's rights, especially dealing with education and work. This book was inspired by English feminist
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Floresta resigned as director of Augusto College in 1849 and traveled to Europe with her daughter after a serious horse riding accident. During this time, she was exposed to Comtean
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Floresta was a public intellectual who achieved international recognition during her lifetime. Her work extends well beyond her free translation of Mary Woolstonecraft's
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She is considered the "first Brazilian feminist" and possibly the first still in the 19th century to break through public-private boundaries by publishing her works in
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Floresta did not simply translate Wollstonecraft's book, but instead used the text to introduce her own reflections on then-conservative Brazilian society. Therefore,
299:, although little is known about her life during this period. She returned to Europe in 1875 and stayed in London, Lisbon, and Paris. She published her last work,
303:, in France in 1878. These trips to Europe exposed her to many new ideas and ways of thinking, such as Comtean positivism, that further radicalized her feminism.
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himself at the Palais Cardinal in Paris. She returned to Brazil in 1852 and dedicated herself to writing newspaper articles, which were later compiled into her
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Floresta arrived in Rio de Janeiro on January 31, 1838, and, later that year, founded Augusto College. She announced the opening of the school in the
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Discurso que às suas educandas diriga Nísia Floresta Brasileira Augusta (Speech to her students led Nísia Floresta Brazilian Augusta)
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in a general way. It also criticizes the teaching institutions of the time and their lack of focus and support for women.
962:"O livro "Direitos das mulheres e injustiça dos homens" de Nísia Floresta: literatura, mulheres e o Brasil do século XIX"
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She volunteered as a nurse during a 1855 cholera epidemic in Rio de Janeiro before leaving for Europe again in 1856.
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914:"EDUCAÇÃO DE MENINAS NO SÉCULO XIX ATRAVÉS DOS EXEMPLOS DA BRASILEIRA NÍSIA FLORESTA E DA ALEMÃ MATHILDE ANNEKE"
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an alias. The author's articles signed with "Quotidiana Fiesole", for example, were found in the newspapers
357:(1853), where the author condemns the educational training of women, in Brazil and in other countries, and
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nature, nurture and nation: Nísia Floresta's engagement in the breast-feeding debate in Brazil and France
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722:"A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DE NÍSIA FLORESTA PARA A EDUCAÇÃO FEMININA: pioneirismo no Rio de Janeiro oitocentista"
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Nísia Floresta Brasileira Augusta: pioneira do feminismo brasileiro – séc. xix Constância Lima Duarte
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Trois ans en Italie, suivis d’un voyage en Grèce (Three years in Italy, followed by a trip to Greece)
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Fragments d'um ouvrage inèdit: notes biographiques (Fragments of an old work: biographical notes)
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854:"Nísia Floresta e mulheres de letras no Rio Grande do Norte: pioneiras na luta pela cidadania"
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NÍSIA FLORESTA: O CONHECIMENTO COMO FONTE DE EMANCIPAÇÃO E A FORMAÇÃO DA CIDADANIA FEMININA
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she continued to highlight the importance of women's education for both women and society.
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Dicionário mulheres do Brasil : de 1500 até a atualidade : com 270 ilustrações
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school for girls, where she taught and published her works for more than ten years.
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Direitos das mulheres e injustiça dos homens (Women's rights and injustice of men)
1107:"A Questão da Representação Feminina Nos Cartazes Soviéticos – Algumas Questões"
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1085:"As (outras) mulheres brasileiras sobre quem deveríamos aprender na escola"
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Floresta published many books and newspaper articles. Her first book,
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Nísia Floresta e a Escrita em Defensa da Educação Feminina nos Oitocentos
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Silvério de Almeida; Cleide Rita Dal Mas Dias; Elaine Teresinha (2009).
1003:"Mulher e escritura: produção letrada e emancipação feminina no brasil"
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from Rio de Janeiro published a series of articles by Floresta, titled
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feminist views for not being militant enough and for shifting between
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Nísia Floresta, O Carapuceiro e outros ensaios de tradução cultural
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Schumaher, Schuma; Vital Brazil, Erico (2001). Zahar, Jorge (ed.).
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A Mulher na Luta por Direitos - Um Estudo na Perspectiva de Gênero
829:"Nísia Floresta: Ousadia de uma feminista no Brasil do século XIX"
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Matraga - Revista do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras da UERJ
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Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul
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is not a direct translation, but instead a free translation.
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Gender, Race, and Patriotism in the Works of Nísia Floresta
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Nísia Floresta: Vida e Obra (Nísia Floresta: Life and Work)
936:"As viagens e o discurso autobiográfico de Nísia Floresta"
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Dionísia Gonçalves Pinto was born October 12, 1810 in
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Social issues, philosophy, travel, feminism, education
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Pontos de Interrogação — Revista de Crítica Cultural
643:. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia.
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487:Páginas de uma vida obscura (Pages of a dark life)
301:Fragments d'un Ouvrage Inédit: Notes Biographiques
562:. For Constância Lima Duarte, author of the book
19:For the municipality in Rio Grande do Norte, see
475:Dedicação de uma amiga (Dedication of a friend)
429:Conselhos à minha filha (Advice to my daughter)
271:through a History of Humanity course taught by
934:Duarte, Constância Lima (December 30, 2009).
251:, and shortly afterwards the family moved to
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1001:Duarte, Constância Lima (November 7, 2015).
570:husband, and children in her various works.
481:Opúsculo humanitário (Humanitarian brochure)
343:Direitos das mulheres e injustiça dos homens
328:Direitos das mulheres e injustiça dos homens
320:Direitos das mulheres e injustiça dos homens
960:Campoi, Isabela Candeloro (December 2011).
827:de Oliveira Itaquy, Antônio Carlos (2013).
726:Outros Tempos – Pesquisa Em Foco - História
720:Castro, Luciana Martins (October 8, 2010).
469:A lágrima de um Caeté (The tear of a caeté)
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762:(Thesis). Universidade Federal do Piauí.
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389:. From May to June 1851, the newspaper
687:"Project Vox entry for Nísia Floresta"
1105:Karawejczyk, Mônica (March 5, 2012).
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1044:"Feminismo e literatura no Brasil"
912:Candeloro Campoi, Isabela (2011).
371:Daciz ou A Jovem Completa, Fany ou
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361:(1859) are all examples of this.
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162:Nísia Floresta Brasileira Augusta
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1140:Works by or about Nísia Floresta
1042:Duarte, Constância Lima (2003).
803:"Memória Viva de Nísia Floresta"
1123:10.18223/hiscult.v6i1.1977.s228
1083:Modelli, Laís (April 1, 2017).
1061:10.1590/s0103-40142003000300010
979:10.1590/s0101-90742011000200010
871:10.1590/s0104-026x2005000100016
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375:Modelo das Donzelas e Discurso
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852:Soihet, Rachel (April 2005).
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895:Fernandes da Silva, Simone.
753:Pinheiro Dias, Luma (2017).
675:, Charlotte Hammond Matthews
285:Páginas de uma vida obscura.
1190:(public domain audiobooks)
1159:(in Portuguese and English)
453:O modelo das donzelas (Fany
351:Son Conselhos a minha filha
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457:The model of the maidens)
443:The complete young woman)
395:The Emancipation of Women
192:, poet, philosopher, and
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166:Dionísia Gonçalves Pinto
53:Dionísia Gonçalves Pinto
1184:Works by Nísia Floresta
1020:10.30620/p.i..v1i1.1431
439:A jovem completa (Daciz
387:O Campeão da Legalidade
367:Conselhos à minha filha
168:, (October 12, 1810 in
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383:O Recompilador Federal
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281:Dedicação de uma amiga
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493:A Mulher (The woman)
355:Opúsculo humanitário
277:Opúsculo humanitário
176:– April 24, 1885 in
124:Poetry, nonfiction,
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685:Team, Project Vox.
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174:Rio Grande do Norte
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