Siege of Paris (1870–1871)

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rationing of any kind, and afterwards only meat was subject to rationing (bread was rationed at the very end of the siege). There were also no attempts to limit hoarding and speculation. Many of the wealthier residents were well-placed to weather the siege since they had put aside stores of food before it began. Infant mortality soared because of the lack of fresh milk. Poor women and their children suffered the most of anybody. Their husbands had the relative advantage of their 1.50 francs per day National Guard pay, "little enough of which reached their wives", and the fact that they were occupied, because "anyone who was occupied – even the National Guardsman warming himself in the bistro while his wife queued for food – had a better chance of survival."

1175: 1912: 46: 172: 1370: 270: 157: 142: 1838: 948:. Despite German forces reaching and besieging Paris by 19 September 1870, the new French government advocated for the continuation of the war, leading to over four more months of fighting, during which Paris was continuously besieged. With the city fully encircled, the Parisian garrison attempted three unsuccessful break-out attempts and German forces began a relatively ineffectual artillery bombardment campaign of the city in January 1871. In response to the poor results of the artillery bombardment, the Prussians brought forth large-caliber 259: 248: 214: 199: 126: 1774: 1707: 1378: 1741:'s Relief Fund and the London Relief Committee made significant donations. According to the British representative responsible for distributing the foodstuffs, at the beginning of February the London Relief Committee donated "nearly 10,000 tons of flour, 450 tons of rice, 900 tons of biscuits, 360 tons of fish, and nearly 4,000 tons of fuel, with about 7,000 head of livestock". The United States sent around $ 2 million worth of food, but much of it was held up at the port of 185: 1869:, and when they had been fed and rested were ready for the return journey. Tours lies some 200 km (120 mi) from Paris and Poitiers some 300 km (190 mi) distant. Before release, they were loaded with their dispatches. Initially the pigeon post was only used for official communications but on 4 November the government announced that members of the public could send messages, these being limited to twenty words at a charge of 50 centimes per word. 1220: 303: 1857:. This was the only means by which communications from the rest of France could reach the besieged city. A specially laid telegraph cable on the bed of the Seine had been discovered and cut by the Prussians on 27 September, couriers attempting to make their way through the German lines were almost all intercepted, and although other methods were tried, including attempts to use balloons, dogs, and 1544: 1078: 2012:, 1999) is a novel in two parts, the first of which is set during the Franco-Prussian war, more particularly the Siege of Paris during the winter of 1870–71. Key elements of the siege, including the hot-air balloons used for reconnaissance and messages, the tunnels beneath the city, the starvation and the cold, combine to render a vivid impression of war-time Paris before its surrender. 1873: 1489: 1834:. Around 66 balloon flights were made, including one that accidentally set a world distance record by ending up in Norway. The vast majority of these succeeded: only five were captured by the Prussians, and three went missing, presumably coming down in the Atlantic or Irish Sea. The number of letters carried has been estimated at around 2.5 million. 1807:, at its disposal, to perform tethered ascents for observation purposes. However the Prussian encirclement of the city made this pointless, and on 17 September Nadar wrote to the Council for the Defence of Paris proposing the use of balloons for communication with the outside world: a similar proposal had also been made by the balloonist 1698:

English observer, Edwin Child, wrote that he "Became more and more convinced of the impossibility of effectually bombarding Paris, the houses being built of such solid blocks of stone that they could only be destroyed piecemeal. One bomb simply displaces one stone, in spite of their enormous weight..."

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These were then copied onto sheets of cardboard and photographed by a M. Barreswille, a photographer based in Tours. Each sheet contained 150 messages and was reproduced as a print about 40 by 55 mm (1.6 by 2.2 in) in size: each pigeon could carry nine of these. The photographic process was

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heavy siege artillery to attack the city beginning 25 January 1871. With the renewed artillery attack and an increasingly starving and ill Parisian population and garrison, the Government of National Defense would conclude armistice negotiations with the North German Confederation on 28 January 1871.

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As the siege wore on, food supplies dwindled, and prices skyrocketed. The authorities instituted price controls on certain staple foods at the beginning of the siege, but these were rendered ineffective by a lack of enforcement and the rampant black market in the city. Until mid-October there was no

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is often stated to have first occurred in 1870 during the siege of Paris when 160 wounded French soldiers were evacuated from the city by hot-air balloon, but this myth has been definitively disproven by full review of the crew and passenger records of each balloon which left Paris during the siege.

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narrowly escaping capture by the Prussians. The photographic process allowed multiple copies of the messages to be sent, so that although only 57 of the 360 pigeons released reached Paris more than 60,000 of the 95,000 messages sent were delivered. (some sources give a considerably higher figure of

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and the defeat at Le Bourget, morale in Paris began to sink. The people of Paris were beginning to suffer from the effects of the German blockade. On 31 October, the day the government confirmed the surrender of Metz and one day after Le Bourget's recapture was announced, an angry mob besieged and

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Trochu had little faith in the ability of the National Guards, which made up half the force defending the city. So instead of making any significant attempt to prevent the investment by the Germans, Trochu hoped that Moltke would attempt to take the city by storm, and the French could then rely on

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declared, "The Frenchmen of 1870 are the sons of those Gauls for whom battles were holidays." In actuality, the level of destruction fell short of what the Prussians had expected. The shells often caused little damage to the buildings they struck, and many fell in open spaces away from people. An

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that Prussia could still be beaten. A prolonged campaign would also allow France time to reconstitute a new army and convince neutral powers to enter the war against Prussia. To Bismarck, Paris was the key to breaking the power of the intransigent republican leaders of France, ending the war in a

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and Bismarck until the 27th. On the French side there was concern that the National Guard would rebel when news of the capitulation became public. Bismarck's advice was to "provoke an uprising, then, while you still have an army with which to suppress it". The final terms agreed on were that the

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headed by the Prefect of Police, Edmond Adam, prepared to retake the building. Negotiations between the two sides concluded with a peaceful evacuation of the building by the insurgents early in the morning of November 1, and the release of the hostages. Despite promising no reprisals against the

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suggested shelling Paris to ensure the city's quick surrender and render all French efforts to free the city pointless, but the German high command, headed by the king of Prussia, turned down the proposal on the insistence of General von Blumenthal, on the grounds that a bombardment would affect

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In January, on Bismarck's advice, the Germans fired some 12,000 shells into the city over 23 nights in an attempt to break Parisian morale. The attack on the city itself was preceded by the bombardment of the southern forts from the Châtillon Heights on 5 January. That day, the guns of forts

1401:, around 65 miles from Paris. The weather was extremely cold, and the well-installed, well-concealed Prussian artillery inflicted heavy casualties on the advancing French. Soldiers camped overnight with no fuel for warmth, as the temperature fell to 7°F (−14°C). There were over 900 cases of 1528:. People also turned to rats for meat, although the numbers of rats consumed was relatively low due to fear of disease, and the expense of preparing rat meat in order to make it edible. Once the supply of those animals ran low, the citizens of Paris turned on the zoo animals residing at 1650:

and Vanves were silenced by a relentless barrage, allowing the Prussian artillery to be moved up to 750 yards closer to Paris. This made a crucial difference, as from their previous position the guns were only capable of reaching the fringes of the city. The first shells fell on the

1686:(then being used as a hospital), leading some to believe that the Prussians were deliberately targeting hospitals. Moltke, in response to a complaint on this matter from Trochu, responded that he hoped to soon move the artillery closer so that his gunners could better identify the 1613:, because of its essential use for the balloons, was strictly rationed and mostly replaced by oil. On November 25, oil itself was requisitioned. This left people reliant on increasingly scarce supplies of wood. By late-December, the inhabitants of working-class 1063:

were packed with livestock – the former received some 250,000 sheep and 40,000 oxen. The government believed it had enough flour and wheat to last for 80 days, more than enough based on the assumption, then prevalent, that the siege would be relatively brief.

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French regular troops (less one division) would be disarmed, Paris would pay an indemnity of two hundred million francs, and the fortifications around the perimeter of the city would be surrendered. In return the armistice was extended until February 19.

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It was also contended that a quick French surrender would leave the new French armies undefeated and allow France to renew the war shortly after. The new French armies would have to be annihilated first, and Paris would have to be starved into surrender.

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is a novel which follows the fortunes of two sisters, Constance and Sophia Baines. The latter runs away to make a disastrous marriage in France, where after being abandoned by her husband, she lives through the Siege of Paris and the Commune.

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placed across the Seine, and select approaches to the city laid with electrically-triggered mines. Forests and houses were cleared to improve the firing sight lines, roads were torn up, and railroad and road entrances to the city blocked. The

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was taken, and then served as the 3rd Army's and eventually Wilhelm's headquarters. By 19 September the encirclement was complete, and the siege officially began. Responsible for the direction of the siege was General (later Field Marshal)

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and Bismarck honored the armistice by sending trainloads of food into the city. The German troops departed after two days to take up temporary encampments to the east of the city, to be withdrawn from there when France paid the agreed war

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The continued presence of German troops outside the city angered Parisians. Further resentment arose against the French government, and in March 1871 Parisian workers and members of the National Guard rebelled and established the

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While the armistice led to food shipments being immediately permitted into the city, the capture of their capital city and the disaster of the war itself would have a long-lasting impact on the French populace,

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of the city. Crown Prince Albert's army closed in on Paris from the north unopposed, while Crown Prince Frederick moved in from the south. On 17 September a force under Vinoy attacked Frederick's army near

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near the Prussian Headquarters, west of Paris. The crown prince easily repulsed the attack inflicting over 4,000 casualties while suffering just over 600. Trochu resigned as governor and left General

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among them) attempted to depose Trochu's government and form a new one led by themselves, but they could not come to an agreement. In the meantime, battalions of loyal National Guards led by

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was the only means by which communications from the besieged city could reach the rest of France. The use of balloons to carry mail was first proposed by the photographer and balloonist

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without orders, and took the town. The Guard actually had little interest in recapturing their positions at Le Bourget, but Crown Prince Albert ordered the city retaken anyway. In the

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were breaking out amongst the besieging soldiers. In addition, the siege operations competed with the demands of the ongoing Loire Campaign against the remaining French field armies.

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timely manner, and securing peace terms favourable to Prussia. Moltke was also worried that insufficient winter supplies were reaching the German armies investing the city, as

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Food supplies from the provinces, as well as shiploads from Britain and the United States, began to enter the starving city almost immediately. Britain sent ships from the

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overruled Moltke and ordered the field-marshal to consult with Bismarck for all future operations. Bismarck immediately ordered the city to be bombarded with large-caliber

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were so desperate for wood they had felled the street trees of their neighborhoods and were moving into the wealthier areas of western Paris, cutting down trees along the

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But as time wore on, there was growing concern that a prolonged war was placing too much strain on the German economy and that an extended siege would convince the French

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The authorities in Paris also attended to provisions and took steps to stockpile cereals, salted meat, and preserves for the population. Much of this was stored in the

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Hoping to boost morale on 30 November Trochu launched the largest attack from Paris even though he had little hope of achieving a breakthrough. Nevertheless, he sent

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Prussian artillerymen aimed their guns at the highest angles possible and increased the charges to obtain unprecedented ranges. Even so, although shells reached the

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was formed and given a budget of 12 million francs to strengthen the defenses. Barriers were put up around the city, 12,000 workers employed to dig earthworks, a

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in early-October to supplement their dwindling supplies of fresh meat. By mid-November, fresh meat had truly run out in the city, and butchers began offering

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per letter. Two workshops to manufacture balloons were set up, one under the direction of Nadar in the Elysée-Montmartre dance-hall (later moved to the

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The Siege and Commune of Paris, 1870–1871: Photographs in the Charles Deering McCormick Library of Special Collections at Northwestern University

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were frequent targets of the artillerymen, and the vicinities of those buildings were particularly damaged as a result. Shells also struck the

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civilians, violate the rules of engagement, and turn the opinion of third parties against the Germans, without speeding up the final victory.

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by declaring war on the North German Confederation. The Prussian-dominated North German Confederation had recently emerged victorious in the

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of 1866, which led to the questioning of France's status as the dominant power of continental Europe. With a declaration of war by the

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around 150,000 official and 1 million private communications, but this figure is arrived at by counting all copies of each message.)

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revolutionaries, the Government was swift to arrest and imprison 22 of the leaders, which further embittered the left-wing of Paris.

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took place from 19 September 1870 to 28 January 1871 and ended in the capture of the city by forces of the various states of the

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the Prussian Guards succeeded in retaking the city and captured 1,200 French soldiers. Upon hearing of the French surrender at

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that the authorities began to take serious action in organizing the defenses of Paris. A committee under the leadership of

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on 16 July 1870, Imperial France soon faced a series of defeats at German hands over the following months, leading to the

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About 400 perished or were wounded by the bombardment which, "had little effect on the spirit of resistance in Paris."

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were sealed off, along with certain quarries and excavations outside the city to deny an entry-point to the Prussians.

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The increasing hunger of the Parisians coincided with bitterly cold winter weather and a dire lack of fuel for heat.

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On 18 January 1871 the German Empire is proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles, painted by

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to allow more to be carried: Dagron, with his equipment, was flown out of Paris on 12 November in the aptly named

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83 km (52 mi) from Paris. Following this success a regular mail service was established, with a rate of

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On 21 December, French forces attempted another breakout at Le Bourget, in the hopes of meeting up with General

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in an effort to save a supply depot there, but it was eventually driven back by artillery fire. The railroad to

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because of a shortage of workers for unloading the ships. The arrival of the first British convoy of food at

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Commemorative medal Siege of Paris by Jules-Clément Chaplin. Showing on the obverse the armed city goddess

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the French succeeded in capturing and holding a position at Créteil and Champigny. By 2 December the

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as well as a disgruntled and radicalized Parisian population taking control of Paris and forming the

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floated down the Seine, these were all unsuccessful. The pigeons were taken to their base, first at

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The French had expected the war to be fought mainly on German soil; it was not until the defeats at

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As early as August 1870, the Prussian 3rd Army led by Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia (the future

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During the siege, the only head of diplomatic mission from a major power who remained in Paris was

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sparked a riot and pillaging, "while for seven hours the police seemed powerless to intervene".

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A Christmas menu, 99th day of the siege. Unusual dishes include stuffed donkey's head, elephant

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Lam, D. M. (October 1988). "To Pop A Balloon: Air Evacuation During The Siege of Paris, 1870".

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The Prussian armies quickly reached Paris, and on 15 September Moltke issued orders for the

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Secret armistice discussions began on January 23, 1871 and continued at Versailles between

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Gérard Cagna (2012-03-10). "Le siège de Paris de l'hiver 1870/1871" (in French). L'Obs.

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During the winter, tensions began to arise in the Prussian high command. Field-Marshal

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of 1 October 1870; perhaps one of the more iconic scenes from the Franco-Prussian War.

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with 20,000 soldiers and was soundly repulsed by the 3rd Army. Then on 13 October the

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Some balloons also carried passengers in addition to the cargo of mail, most notably

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A History of Modern France: From the First Empire to the Fourth Republic 1799–1945

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had driven Ducrot back into the defenses and the battle was over by 3 December.

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On the reverse the battle names for the defence of Paris, divided by a monument

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General Carey de Bellemare commanded the strongest fortress north of Paris at

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With the capture of Napoleon III, the Second French Empire collapsed and the

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Map of European situation at the time of the Siege of Paris (omniatlas.com)

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loaded with Army food provisions, while private organizations like the

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The first balloon launch was carried out on 23 September, using the

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but the French were forced to retire in face of Prussian artillery.

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the city's defenses. These consisted of the 33 km (21 mi)

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siege guns. This prompted the city's surrender on 28 January 1871.

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Cassells History of the War between France and Germany 1870–1871

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A Latin Quarter menu contemporary with the siege reads in part:

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Airlift 1870: The Balloon and Pigeon Post in the Siege of Paris

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or who were gathered from depot troops. Together with 90,000

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was deployed to aid the army encircled by Prussians at the

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Thirty thousand Prussian, Bavarian and Saxon troops held

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The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune 1870–71

2053: 3198: 3166: 3141: 3093: 1580:* Emincé de rable de chat. Sauce mayonnaise. (cat) 1178:General overview of Paris and its environs (1871) 2912:Moltke, Field Marshal Count Helmuth von (1892). 1754:a brief victory parade in Paris on March 1, 1871 2802:The Franco-German War 1870–71: Part 2; Volume 3 2770:. Pelican Book. Vol. II. London: Penguin. 53:after French and German bombardment during the 30: 1346:with 80,000 soldiers against the Prussians at 3071: 2916:. Vol. I. New York: Harper and Brothers. 1799:, who had established the grandiosely titled 455: 364: 8: 2092:"The Paris Commune – from the archive, 1871" 1589:* Côtelettes de chien aux petits pois. (dog) 70:(4 months, 1 week and 2 days) 2940:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 2090:Nelsson, compiled by Richard (2019-06-26). 3078: 3064: 3056: 2340: 462: 448: 440: 371: 357: 349: 27: 2835:(repr. Pan ed.). London: Macmillan. 1162:Learn how and when to remove this message 1910: 1412:was aimed at the Château of Buzenval in 1373:Balloons escaped from the siege of Paris 1297:On 29 October de Bellemare attacked the 1254: 1173: 3010:(Sep 1969), Vol. 19 Issue 9, pp 593–599 2894:The Greater Journey: Americans in Paris 2046: 1765:, where hostility was reportedly high. 1592:* Salamis de rats. Sauce Robert. (rats) 1574:* Consommé de cheval au millet. (horse) 1223:A company of the French National Guards 944:was declared, provisionally led by the 917:attempt to reassert its dominance over 909:. The siege was the culmination of the 2676: 2664: 2652: 2640: 2598: 2586: 2502: 2436: 2388: 2262: 2250: 2238: 2226: 2214: 2146: 2122: 1586:* Civet de chat aux champignons. (cat) 3050:Website of the Bry-sur-Marne's Museum 2574: 2544: 2532: 2134: 19:For other sieges with this name, see 7: 2739:from the original on 12 January 2018 2715: 1100:adding citations to reliable sources 2328: 1438:Prussian artillery during the siege 68:19 September 1870 – 28 January 1871 2897:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 2697:from the original on 9 August 2014 2622:from the original on 29 March 2016 1389:) of the 66 sent during the siege. 14: 3291:Military history of Île-de-France 3281:Sieges of the Franco-Prussian War 3006:. "The Siege of Paris, 1870-71" 1801:No. 1 Compagnie des Aérostatiers 1784:. The companion painting in the 1498:United States Minister to France 1076: 997:, along with his chief of staff 989:. This force was crushed at the 981:. A French force accompanied by 301: 291: 280: 268: 257: 246: 227: 212: 197: 183: 170: 155: 140: 124: 44: 1111:"Siege of Paris" 1870–1871 1087:needs additional citations for 16:Part of the Franco-Prussian War 2612:"No. 1132: The Siege of Paris" 2033:, a short story collection by 1983:as part of the German Empire. 1841:The departure of Leon Gambetta 1467:Government of National Defense 1429:Leonhard, Count von Blumenthal 1364:XIII (Royal Württemberg) Corps 1358:. In what became known as the 1234:ring of sixteen detached forts 1003:Albert, Crown Prince of Saxony 946:Government of National Defense 275:Albert, Crown Prince of Saxony 234:Government of National Defence 1: 3013:Richardson, Joanna (editor). 2949:Aerospace Medical Association 2914:The Franco-German War of 1870 2800:German General Staff (1884). 2448:Horne, 1965; pp. 203–204, 212 1975:, was signed on 10 May 1871. 1803:, with a single balloon, the 1385:, was the 10th ballon monté ( 1277:standing in front of a cannon 977:), had been marching towards 975:Frederick III, German Emperor 709:Chat Chateauneuf-en-Thimerais 1883:Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier 1853:out of Paris to be used for 1381:The Louis Blanc, piloted by 1710:German parade through Paris 3347: 3087:Siege of Paris (1870–1871) 2987:Atlas of Military Strategy 2067:"Siege of Paris | Summary" 1965:North German Confederation 1931:on 18 January 1871 at the 1516:Parisians turned first to 903:North German Confederation 343:47,000 civilian casualties 132:North German Confederation 18: 3028:The French Army 1600–1900 3015:Paris Under Siege 1870–71 2831:Horne, Alistair (2002) . 2370:Horne, 1965; pp. 185, 221 2054:German General Staff 1884 1955:, and the free cities of 1508:Food & fuel shortages 1461:The reverse of this medal 1195:was cut, and on the 18th 481: 394: 330: 309: 239: 134:(before 18 January 1871) 116: 60: 43: 35: 2989:. New York: Free Press. 2850:Howard, Michael (1961). 2565:Horne, 1965; pp. 248–249 2523:Horne, 1965; pp. 216–217 2484:Horne, 1965; pp. 213–214 2475:Horne, 1965; pp. 212–213 2379:Horne, 1965; pp. 177–179 2319:Horne, 1965; pp. 191–193 2301:Horne, 1965; pp. 118–119 2292:Horne, 1965; pp. 115–118 2283:Horne, 1965; pp. 110–111 2274:Horne, 1965; pp. 107–113 1420:with 146,000 defenders. 1410:a final breakout attempt 1344:Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot 1324:Louis Charles Delescluze 1240:. On 30 September Vinoy 1189:Villeneuve-Saint-Georges 3175:Armistice of Versailles 2854:. New York: Routledge. 2852:The Franco–Prussian War 2071:Encyclopædia Britannica 1702:Armistice and surrender 1262:Illustrated London News 1246:II Royal Bavarian Corps 1202:Leonhard von Blumenthal 955:Franco-German relations 223:(after 18 January 1871) 2947:(10). Alexandria, VA: 2869:Levi, Wendell (1977). 2205:Horne, 1965; pp. 65–66 2167:Horne, 1965; pp. 63–64 1963:were unified with the 1920: 1887: 1842: 1789: 1711: 1567: 1493: 1462: 1454: 1439: 1390: 1374: 1286: 1278: 1266: 1224: 1179: 339:24,000 dead or wounded 336:16,000 dead or wounded 240:Commanders and leaders 3306:September 1870 events 3157:January 1871 uprising 3150:October 1870 uprising 3017:(Folio Society, 1982) 2978:(B.T. Batsford, 1964) 2783:Fisher, John (1965). 1914: 1875: 1840: 1776: 1709: 1546: 1491: 1482:Air medical transport 1460: 1445: 1437: 1380: 1372: 1328:Louis Auguste Blanqui 1284: 1272: 1258: 1222: 1207:Prussia's chancellor 1177: 942:Third French Republic 331:Casualties and losses 3321:December 1870 events 3316:November 1870 events 2873:. Sumter, SC: Levi. 2514:Howard, 1961; p. 361 2493:Howard, 1961; p. 362 2466:Howard, 1961; p. 361 2409:Horne, 1965; 219–220 2400:Horne, 1965; 219–220 2176:Howard, 2001; p. 319 2158:Howard, 2001; p. 319 1933:Palace of Versailles 1714:On 25 January 1871, 1680:Salpetrière Hospital 1334:and a detachment of 1307:Battle of Le Bourget 1096:improve this article 995:William I of Prussia 915:Second French Empire 99:Proclamation of the 3326:January 1871 events 3311:October 1870 events 3286:19th-century sieges 3233: / 3189:Treaty of Frankfurt 2816:. London: Collins. 2787:. London: Parrish. 2643:, pp. 292–293. 2556:Horne, 1965; p. 248 2457:Horne, 1965; p. 213 2439:, pp. 357–370. 2427:Horne, 1965; p. 221 2361:Horne, 1965; p. 181 2352:Horne, 1965; p. 181 2331:, pp. 988–991. 2310:Horne, 1965; p. 190 2253:, pp. 334–338. 2217:, pp. 116–119. 2017:The Old Wives' Tale 1979:was able to secure 1973:Treaty of Frankfurt 1923:Late in the siege, 1891:further refined by 1670:. The domes of the 923:Austro-Prussian War 911:Franco-Prussian War 809:Nuits Saint Georges 473:Franco-Prussian War 382:Franco-Prussian War 341:249,142 capitulated 55:Battle of Châtillon 38:Franco-Prussian War 3237:48.8566°N 2.3518°E 3043:2017-12-01 at the 3004:Richardson, Joanna 2983:Chandler, David G. 2976:The Siege of Paris 2921:Ollier, E (1873). 2689:Lawrence, Ashley. 2418:Wawro 2003; p. 282 2185:Horne, 1965; p. 65 2035:Robert W. Chambers 2030:The King in Yellow 1995:In popular culture 1935:. The kingdoms of 1921: 1888: 1843: 1790: 1788:depicts a balloon. 1782:Puvis de Chavannes 1712: 1684:Théâtre de l'Odéon 1568: 1530:Jardin des plantes 1502:Elihu B. Washburne 1494: 1492:Elihu B. Washburne 1463: 1455: 1440: 1425:Helmuth von Moltke 1391: 1375: 1360:Battle of Villiers 1287: 1279: 1267: 1225: 1180: 1061:Luxembourg Gardens 1007:Louis Jules Trochu 999:Helmuth von Moltke 919:continental Europe 907:Kingdom of Prussia 318:200,000 regulars, 287:Louis Jules Trochu 264:Helmuth von Moltke 3276:Conflicts in 1871 3266:Conflicts in 1870 3216: 3215: 2996:978-0-02-905750-6 2904:978-1-4165-7176-6 2880:978-0-85390-013-9 2861:978-0-415-26671-0 2842:978-0-330-49036-8 2823:978-0-00-738692-5 2693:. Microscopy UK. 1977:Otto von Bismarck 1859:message canisters 1633:, and especially 1602:au jus. (flowers) 1534:Castor and Pollux 1242:attacked Chevilly 1209:Otto von Bismarck 1172: 1171: 1164: 1146: 927:French parliament 892: 891: 739:Beaune-la-Rolande 437: 436: 347: 346: 112: 111: 3338: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3229: 3226: 3209: 3191: 3184: 3177: 3159: 3152: 3134: 3126: 3119: 3112: 3104: 3080: 3073: 3066: 3057: 3000: 2960: 2926: 2917: 2908: 2884: 2865: 2846: 2827: 2805: 2796: 2779: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2515: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2485: 2482: 2476: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2458: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2362: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2317: 2311: 2308: 2302: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2284: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2174: 2168: 2165: 2159: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2110: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2078: 2077: 2063: 2057: 2051: 1947:, the states of 1917:Anton von Werner 1885:. Oil on canvas. 1320:Gustave Flourens 1248:was driven from 1167: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1147: 1145: 1104: 1080: 1072: 1057:Bois de Boulogne 913:, which saw the 879:Belgian reaction 476: 474: 464: 457: 450: 441: 389: 383: 373: 366: 359: 350: 315:240,000 regulars 305: 296: 295: 294: 285: 284: 283: 273: 272: 271: 262: 261: 260: 251: 250: 249: 232: 231: 230: 222: 218: 216: 215: 207: 203: 201: 200: 193: 189: 187: 186: 176: 174: 173: 165: 161: 159: 158: 150: 146: 144: 143: 130: 128: 127: 62: 61: 48: 28: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3301:Sieges of Paris 3251: 3250: 3242:48.8566; 2.3518 3241: 3239: 3235: 3232: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3212: 3205: 3194: 3187: 3180: 3173: 3162: 3155: 3148: 3137: 3129: 3122: 3115: 3107: 3100: 3089: 3084: 3045:Wayback Machine 3024: 2997: 2981: 2972:Baldick, Robert 2968: 2966:Further reading 2963: 2936: 2933: 2920: 2911: 2905: 2887: 2881: 2868: 2862: 2849: 2843: 2830: 2824: 2814:Falling Upwards 2810:Holmes, Richard 2808: 2799: 2782: 2762: 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1655:that same day. 1643: 1510: 1414:Rueil-Malmaison 1395:Louis Faidherbe 1289: 1168: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1105: 1103: 1093: 1081: 1070: 1046:Paris Catacombs 1019:National Guards 991:Battle of Sedan 971: 931:Battle of Sedan 895: 894: 893: 888: 875: 477: 472: 470: 468: 438: 433: 390: 381: 379: 377: 342: 340: 326:200,000 militia 325: 292: 290: 289: 281: 279: 269: 267: 266: 258: 256: 255: 247: 245: 228: 226: 213: 211: 210: 209: 198: 196: 195: 194: 184: 182: 181: 180: 171: 169: 156: 154: 153: 141: 139: 138: 125: 123: 95:German victory 86: 69: 49: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3344: 3342: 3334: 3333: 3331:1870s in Paris 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3271:1871 in France 3268: 3263: 3261:1870 in France 3253: 3252: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3210: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3192: 3185: 3178: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3160: 3153: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3135: 3127: 3120: 3113: 3105: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3082: 3075: 3068: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3047: 3035: 3030: 3023: 3022:External links 3020: 3019: 3018: 3011: 3001: 2995: 2979: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2961: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2918: 2909: 2903: 2889:McCullough, D. 2885: 2879: 2866: 2860: 2847: 2841: 2828: 2822: 2806: 2797: 2780: 2764:Cobban, Alfred 2759: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2720: 2708: 2681: 2679:, p. 286. 2669: 2657: 2645: 2633: 2603: 2591: 2589:, p. 268. 2579: 2577:, p. 263. 2567: 2558: 2549: 2547:, p. 248. 2537: 2535:, p. 240. 2525: 2516: 2507: 2505:, p. 204. 2495: 2486: 2477: 2468: 2459: 2450: 2441: 2429: 2420: 2411: 2402: 2393: 2391:, p. 327. 2381: 2372: 2363: 2354: 2345: 2333: 2321: 2312: 2303: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2267: 2265:, p. 334. 2255: 2243: 2241:, p. 318. 2231: 2229:, p. 352. 2219: 2207: 2198: 2187: 2178: 2169: 2160: 2151: 2149:, p. 495. 2139: 2127: 2125:, p. 166. 2115: 2082: 2058: 2056:, p. 247. 2045: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2022:Arnold Bennett 1996: 1993: 1967:to create the 1929:German Emperor 1908: 1905: 1879:Siege of Paris 1851:homing pigeons 1832:Gare d'Orleans 1770: 1767: 1703: 1700: 1642: 1639: 1619:Champs Élysées 1607: 1606: 1603: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1509: 1506: 1408:On 19 January 1316:Hôtel de Ville 1299:Prussian Guard 1170: 1169: 1084: 1082: 1075: 1069: 1066: 970: 967: 899:Siege of Paris 890: 889: 887: 886: 881: 874: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 599: 594: 589: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 550: 543: 538: 533: 528: 526:Borny–Colombey 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 482: 479: 478: 469: 467: 466: 459: 452: 444: 435: 434: 432: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 395: 392: 391: 387:Siege of Paris 378: 376: 375: 368: 361: 353: 345: 344: 337: 333: 332: 328: 327: 316: 312: 311: 307: 306: 277: 242: 241: 237: 236: 224: 167: 166: 151: 119: 118: 114: 113: 110: 109: 108: 107: 92: 88: 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Ball 2003: 2002: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1989:Paris Commune 1984: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1969:German Empire 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1918: 1913: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1894: 1886: 1884: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1868: 1865:and later at 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1847:Léon Gambetta 1839: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1809:Eugène Godard 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1787: 1786:Musée d'Orsay 1783: 1779: 1775: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1708: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1649: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1459: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1436: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1388: 1384: 1383:Eugène Farcot 1379: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1283: 1276: 1271: 1264: 1263: 1257: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1176: 1166: 1163: 1155: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1113: – 1112: 1108: 1107:Find sources: 1101: 1097: 1091: 1090: 1085:This section 1083: 1079: 1074: 1073: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1053:Opéra Garnier 1049: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 987:Siege of Metz 984: 980: 976: 968: 966: 964: 963:Paris Commune 960: 959:German Empire 956: 951: 947: 943: 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 905:, led by the 904: 900: 885: 884:Paris Commune 882: 880: 877: 876: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 846: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 759:Loigny–Poupry 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 604: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 587: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 555: 551: 549: 548: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 483: 480: 475: 465: 460: 458: 453: 451: 446: 445: 442: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 396: 393: 388: 384: 374: 369: 367: 362: 360: 355: 354: 351: 338: 335: 334: 329: 323: 322: 317: 314: 313: 308: 304: 299: 288: 278: 276: 265: 254: 244: 243: 238: 235: 225: 221: 208: 206: 192: 179: 164: 152: 149: 137: 136: 135: 133: 121: 120: 115: 106: 105:Paris Commune 102: 101:German Empire 98: 97: 96: 93: 90: 89: 85: 81: 77: 74: 73: 67: 64: 63: 59: 56: 52: 47: 42: 39: 34: 29: 22: 3218: 3207:Moulins Ball 3167:Consequences 3086: 3014: 3007: 2986: 2975: 2944: 2938: 2922: 2913: 2892: 2870: 2851: 2832: 2813: 2801: 2784: 2767: 2741:. 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Knowledge (XXG)

Siege of Paris (1870–1871)

Index