20:
370:, and his son Abd al-Wahid. Eleven letters sent by the Marinid ruler and his son to the rebel leaders were intercepted by the king's men. Before Abu Yusuf the rebels accused Alfonso X of debasing the coinage, violating their customary privileges, causing inflation and favouring merchants. Abu Yusuf encouraged Nuño to send his son Nuño to him in Morocco, where he promised to make the younger Nuño "king" of the Christians, that is, commander of the Christian militia he had raised.
326:
II, visited the king of
Granada in his tent and complained of the injustices and ignominies his family had suffered under Alfonso X. Ibn al-Ahmar was willing to help the Laras obtain justice in exchange for their military assistance against the Banu Ashqilula. He gave the younger Nuño a gift of jewels and told him to inform his father and brother, Juan Núñez, of their agreement.
286:
of
Granada. A written agreement was signed wherein Alfonso promised to lead an army in person against Granada if Ibn al-Ahmar attacked the Banu Ashqilula. He also sent Nuño with an army of 1,000 knights to Banu Ashqilula. Nuño perhaps got as far as Málaga, but there is no record of his army doing any
385:
that convened in Burgos in
November. Alfonso granted some concessions, but not enough to satisfy the rebels. Nuño and the other ringleaders determined to go into exile in Granada, but not without plundering the kingdom as they went. Nuño's sons joined him in exile. Upon their arrival in Granada, Ibn
463:
in triumph on 18 September, with Nuño's head prominently displayed on a pole. Afterwards, he sent Nuño's head to the king of
Granada. Given that Abu Abd Allah owed his throne largely to the intervention of Nuño, whom he knew personally, this was calculated to offend. Out of friendship with Nuño and
325:
In June 1268, as his one-year truce with the Banu
Ashqilula was winding down, Ibn al-Ahmar travelled to Seville to confer with Alfonso X. He failed in his attempt to pull Alfonso and the Banu Ashqilula apart, but he did gain a disaffected Castilian nobleman as an ally. Nuño's son and namesake, Nuño
92:
sent him to be raised away from the royal court. Nuño did not receive a large inheritance, and had little or no political influence within the kingdom prior to Diego's death. In 1240, Ferdinand III gave Prince
Alfonso a house and an income. Nuño was a frequent visitor to the prince's court, along
237:
of
Morocco, they rebelled and attacked the citadel, where Nuño was in command with only a few knights. He immediately appealed to the king at Seville and demanded that he come in person to relieve him. When no help was forthcoming, Nuño abandoned his post, leaving only a small garrison behind. A
100:
Nuño rose to prominence as a military commander under King
Ferdinand in the 1240s. After Alfonso became king in 1252, Nuño became a regular attendee of the royal court. He was a frequent signatory of royal charters between 1252 and 1256. As an indication of his closeness to the king, he usually
412:(which gave privileges to the towns) was abolished. In December a truce was agreed with the king of Granada. In March 1274, Nuño, now back in the king of Castile's service, attended the royal court in Burgos. Alfonso granted Nuño the tenancy of Écija, which the 14th-century
459:, puts it on Saturday, 7 September. According to Ibn Abi Zar, the Marinid emir would have preferred to take Nuño alive. He ordered all the dead Christians beheaded on the field of battle. He could not take Écija, defended by 300 knights, and therefore withdrew. He entered
168:
Given the large number of estates that came into the crown's possession in the mid-thirteenth century, Alfonso X was not particularly generous with Nuño. The nobleman received only one large estate, Corixad Albat, which formed the kernel of the municipality of
437:, Abu Yusuf personally led the main Marinid army against Écija. Although some had advised him to avoid pitched battle, Nuño chose to follow the advice of others, who counselled that a pitched battle was the only way to save his honour. The Moroccan historian
233:. Nuño appointed the knight García Gómez Carrillo as his commander on the spot. By 1264 the Muslim townspeople had constructed a wall between the town and the citadel. That year, with support from the
48:. The king's policies often stymied his efforts to increase the power and wealth of his house, and in 1272 he led many prominent noblemen into open rebellion. Restored to favour the next year, he died
341:. He offered James the service of one or two hundred knights, but was only dissuaded by James himself, who was on good terms with Alfonso. Shortly after this, Nuño left for the service of King
381:
to Ibn al-Ahmar of
Granada. Their stated aim was to restore the Treaty of Alcalá de Benzaide and the Portuguese tribute. Despite the clear evidence of treason, the nobles participated in the
322:
with King Denis present, had strongly advised
Alfonso against relinquishing the tribute. This caused a very public disagreement between Nuño and the king. Ultimately, the king had his way.
426:, based in Seville, was given command of the frontier. On account of the truce, however, the frontier was quiet and Nuño and his son Juan even contemplated answering the call of the
358:
In June 1272, the Marinids invaded Castile from Morocco. Alfonso X ordered a general mobilisation, summoning his noblemen to appear on the frontier under the command of his brother
101:
signed first after the prelates and members of the royal family, in the highest position possible for a lay non-royal lord. He married Teresa Alfonso, illegitimate daughter of King
402:
In 1273, the new king of Granada and the rebels were quick to open negotiations with Alfonso. In July, Alfonso and the rebels reached an agreement at Seville. The number of
390:
that belonged to the Banu Ashqilula. When Ibn al-Ahmar died on 12 January 1273, there was a dispute over the succession, but the Castilian exiles' support for his son,
362:
and son Fernando. The refusal of a great many to appear was the start of the nobles' rebellion. The leaders of the revolt, including Nuño and the king's brother
181:. This was the extent of royal grants of land he received. He and his wife possessed some windmills at Alcalá acquired by other means and sold them to the
355:
held in Burgos in November. By 1272, Nuño he had entered open rebellion in collusion with Castile's enemies, along with a group of high-ranking nobles.
345:, with whom the disaffected nobles had been in contact since 1268. He may have been led to abandon Castile by the approval of an extraordinary tax (six
110:
318:. As part of that agreement, Portugal had renewed payment of tribute—the annual service of fifty knights—to Castile. Nuño, in a meeting of the
338:
311:
94:
61:
227:
367:
423:
19:
469:
122:
453:, probably on Sunday, 8 September 1275, as recorded by Ibn Abi Zar. The only Christian source to date the battle, the
248:, refers to Nuño's flight as something that "by law and custom ought not to be". The law in question is found in the
242:
106:
288:
450:
422:, the commander-in-chief in charge of the defence of the southern frontier. In fact, the king's illegitimate son
197:
65:
49:
295:
238:
small relief force from Seville arrived too late. The citadel fell and the garrison was massacred on 8 August.
89:
430:(18 May 1274) for a new crusade to the Holy Land. A Marinid invasion in May 1275 prevented him from doing so.
258:. Despite the dishonour he had brought upon himself, Nuño was compensated for the loss of revenue from Jerez.
186:
294:
As early as 1267, cracks began to appear in Nuño's relationship with the crown. On 16 February 1267, in the
73:
907:
427:
414:
315:
217:
465:
178:
102:
902:
464:
hatred of the Marinids, Abu Abd Allah had the head embalmed in musk and camphor and sent secretly to
455:
391:
165:
on the frontier, in areas where Christians Spaniards were only beginning to settle in large numbers.
134:
205:
805:"Los nobles contra su rey: Argumentos y motivacionesde la insubordinación nobiliaria de 1272–1273"
342:
271:
37:
408:
193:
there as well. In all, Nuño's properties seem to have supported a retinue of about 300 knights.
363:
359:
351:
330:
303:
201:
182:
161:
in northern Castile, and also the more active tenancies of the fortresses of Écija, Jerez and
158:
880:
824:
816:
170:
869:"Nuño González de Lara: "El mas poderoso omne que sennor ouiese et mas honrado de Espanna""
196:
In 1260, Nuño arranged his son Juan's marriage to Teresa Álvarez de Azagra, heiress of the
857:
374:
154:
434:
267:
250:
468:
for burial with the body. His reunited head and body were brought from Córdoba to the
896:
174:
69:
41:
283:
77:
93:
with other childhood friends, like the children of Alfonso's erstwhile guardian,
442:
438:
190:
189:
in December 1259. During the period when he was tenant of Écija, he bought some
868:
446:
130:
460:
121:
In 1255, Nuño led the royal army that defeated Alfonso's rebellious brother
85:
45:
820:
441:, who calls Nuño "the cursed one", records that he led a massive army with
279:
310:
to Castile. The original agreement dated to 1253, when Alfonso's daughter
307:
234:
138:
23:
Ruins of the fortress of Matrera, which Nuño captured from rebels in 1263
241:
Nuño was reprimanded for his failure to defend the citadel. Alfonso, in
884:
829:
299:
275:
222:
162:
142:
126:
40:
nobleman, royal counsellor and military leader. He was the head of the
472:, where they were buried. Nuño's wife, Teresa, was also buried there.
373:
Before the end of 1272, Nuño and several other rebel leaders had paid
387:
378:
334:
150:
81:
804:
740:
738:
736:
675:
673:
671:
669:
200:. This was a large, autonomous lordship lying between the Castile,
593:
591:
18:
809:
Cahiers de linguistique et de civilisation hispaniques médiévales
76:, who died around 1239. Nuño was raised on the Lara estates near
644:
642:
146:
859:
La nobleza castellana en la plena Edad Media: el linaje de Lara
306:. In return Portugal relinquished all the Algarve east of the
840:
The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait
542:
540:
538:
501:
499:
282:, approached Alfonso X to ask for an alliance against King
486:
484:
386:
al-Ahmar sent the Castilians to plunder the land around
329:
In late 1269, Nuño sought to enter the service of King
177:, some houses in Seville in 1258 and some windmills in
796:
The Lara Family: Crown and Nobility in Medieval Spain
862:(2 vols.). Doctoral thesis. Universidad de Sevilla.
88:during the prince's childhood (1223–31), when King
129:, forcing him into exile. Three times he put down
842:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
756:
715:
691:
633:
529:
517:
744:
727:
679:
648:
621:
609:
597:
582:
558:
366:, had been in contact with the Marinid emir,
302:, relinquishing all his claims on it to King
84:. He became the closest friend of the future
8:
768:
433:After initial campaigns towards Seville and
298:, Alfonso quitclaimed his usufruct over the
291:restored peace between Castile and Granada.
145:in 1263. He was granted the relatively safe
254:(2, 18), which lists the obligations of an
220:. He appointed Nuño as the first Christian
216:In the spring or summer of 1261, Alfonso X
798:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
828:
703:
660:
570:
546:
505:
490:
449:, banners and trumpets. Nuño died in the
480:
787:Sepulcros de la Casa Real de Castilla
7:
789:. Madrid: Instituto Jerónimo Zurita.
337:for the wedding of Alfonso X's son,
873:Historia, Instituciones, Documentos
849:Alfonso X, the Learned: A Biography
30:(died 8 September 1275), nicknamed
270:, the most powerful family in the
64:and María Díaz, daughter of Count
14:
867:Sanchez de Mora, Antonio (2004).
856:Sánchez de Mora, Antonio (2003).
231:(citadel) of Jerez de la Frontera
470:convent of San Pablo in Palencia
278:, and in control of the port of
173:. He also received some land at
838:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011).
420:adelantado mayor de la frontera
44:and a close personal friend of
847:Salvador Martínez, H. (2010).
785:Arco y Garay, Ricardo (1954).
262:Slide into rebellion (1267–73)
95:García Fernández de Villamayor
1:
418:inflated into his being made
50:defending the castle of Écija
794:Doubleday, Simon R. (2001).
406:was reduced to four and the
289:Treaty of Alcalá de Benzaide
60:Nuño was the younger son of
185:in exchange for a house in
924:
394:, secured him the throne.
52:from a Moroccan invasion.
424:Alfonso Fernández el Niño
398:Defending Écija (1273–75)
105:, and they had two sons:
803:Escalona, Julio (2002).
117:Tenancies and properties
72:. His older brother was
62:Gonzalo Núñez II de Lara
287:fighting. In 1267, the
187:San Miguel de Bobadilla
28:Nuño González I de Lara
821:10.3406/cehm.2002.1234
757:Salvador Martínez 2010
716:Salvador Martínez 2010
692:Salvador Martínez 2010
634:Salvador Martínez 2010
530:Salvador Martínez 2010
518:Salvador Martínez 2010
428:Second Council of Lyon
316:Afonso III of Portugal
198:lordship of Albarracín
24:
56:Early life and family
22:
456:Anales Toledanos III
415:Crónica de Alfonso X
339:Fernando de la Cerda
135:Jerez de la Frontera
36:("the Good"), was a
226:(castellan) of the
771:, pp. 181–82.
636:, pp. 310–11.
343:Henry I of Navarre
272:Kingdom of Granada
179:Alcalá de Guadaira
141:in 1262–63 and at
103:Alfonso IX of León
25:
16:Castilian nobleman
769:Arco y Garay 1954
747:, pp. 66–70.
682:, pp. 56–58.
663:, pp. 77–78.
600:, pp. 36–37.
549:, pp. 69–70.
520:, pp. 18–19.
508:, pp. 65–66.
331:James I of Aragon
304:Denis of Portugal
296:Treaty of Badajoz
274:after the ruling
183:Order of Santiago
159:Castilla la Vieja
915:
888:
863:
852:
851:. Leiden: Brill.
843:
834:
832:
799:
790:
772:
766:
760:
754:
748:
745:O'Callaghan 2011
742:
731:
728:O'Callaghan 2011
725:
719:
713:
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
680:O'Callaghan 2011
677:
664:
658:
652:
649:O'Callaghan 2011
646:
637:
631:
625:
622:O'Callaghan 2011
619:
613:
610:O'Callaghan 2011
607:
601:
598:O'Callaghan 2011
595:
586:
583:O'Callaghan 2011
580:
574:
568:
562:
559:O'Callaghan 2011
556:
550:
544:
533:
527:
521:
515:
509:
503:
494:
488:
111:Nuño González II
923:
922:
918:
917:
916:
914:
913:
912:
893:
892:
891:
866:
855:
846:
837:
802:
793:
784:
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763:
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743:
734:
726:
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604:
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589:
581:
577:
569:
565:
557:
553:
545:
536:
528:
524:
516:
512:
504:
497:
489:
482:
478:
451:battle of Écija
400:
264:
218:conquered Jerez
214:
212:Jerez (1261–64)
133:rebellions: at
119:
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
921:
919:
911:
910:
905:
895:
894:
890:
889:
864:
853:
844:
835:
800:
791:
781:
779:
776:
774:
773:
761:
759:, p. 256.
749:
732:
720:
718:, p. 195.
708:
704:Doubleday 2001
696:
694:, p. 311.
684:
665:
661:Doubleday 2001
653:
638:
626:
614:
602:
587:
575:
571:Doubleday 2001
563:
551:
547:Doubleday 2001
534:
522:
510:
506:Doubleday 2001
495:
493:, p. 189.
491:Doubleday 2001
479:
477:
474:
399:
396:
268:Banu Ashqilula
263:
260:
251:Siete Partidas
213:
210:
118:
115:
74:Diego González
66:Diego López II
57:
54:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
920:
909:
908:House of Lara
906:
904:
901:
900:
898:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
865:
861:
860:
854:
850:
845:
841:
836:
831:
826:
822:
818:
815:(1): 131–62.
814:
810:
806:
801:
797:
792:
788:
783:
782:
777:
770:
765:
762:
758:
753:
750:
746:
741:
739:
737:
733:
730:, p. 62.
729:
724:
721:
717:
712:
709:
706:, p. 79.
705:
700:
697:
693:
688:
685:
681:
676:
674:
672:
670:
666:
662:
657:
654:
651:, p. 55.
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
630:
627:
624:, p. 54.
623:
618:
615:
612:, p. 48.
611:
606:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
585:, p. 29.
584:
579:
576:
573:, p. 76.
572:
567:
564:
561:, p. 12.
560:
555:
552:
548:
543:
541:
539:
535:
532:, p. 41.
531:
526:
523:
519:
514:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
475:
473:
471:
467:
462:
458:
457:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:
411:
410:
405:
397:
395:
393:
392:Abu Abd Allah
389:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
353:
348:
344:
340:
336:
333:, who was in
332:
327:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
266:In 1266, the
261:
259:
257:
253:
252:
247:
245:
239:
236:
232:
230:
225:
224:
219:
211:
209:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
116:
114:
112:
108:
104:
98:
96:
91:
90:Ferdinand III
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
70:House of Haro
67:
63:
55:
53:
51:
47:
43:
42:House of Lara
39:
35:
34:
29:
21:
876:
872:
858:
848:
839:
812:
808:
795:
786:
764:
752:
723:
711:
699:
687:
656:
629:
617:
605:
578:
566:
554:
525:
513:
454:
443:breastplates
432:
419:
413:
407:
403:
401:
382:
372:
357:
350:
346:
328:
324:
319:
293:
284:Ibn al-Ahmar
265:
255:
249:
243:
240:
228:
221:
215:
195:
167:
137:in 1255, at
120:
107:Juan Núñez I
99:
78:Villaldemiro
59:
32:
31:
27:
26:
903:1275 deaths
885:11441/22361
830:10261/43907
439:Ibn Abi Zar
897:Categories
879:: 631–44.
447:chain mail
409:Fuero real
377:and swore
175:Aznalcázar
461:Algeciras
404:servicios
368:Abu Yusuf
349:) by the
347:servicios
147:tenancies
86:Alfonso X
46:Alfonso X
38:Castilian
314:married
312:Beatrice
308:Guadiana
235:Marinids
206:Valencia
155:La Rioja
33:el Bueno
778:Sources
466:Córdoba
300:Algarve
276:Nasrids
256:alcaide
244:Cantiga
229:alcázar
223:alcaide
191:bodegas
171:Herrera
163:Seville
143:Matrera
131:Mudéjar
127:Lebrija
68:of the
388:Guadix
383:cortes
379:fealty
375:homage
364:Philip
360:Manuel
352:cortes
335:Burgos
320:cortes
280:Málaga
202:Aragon
151:Bureba
82:Celada
476:Notes
139:Écija
125:near
123:Henry
435:Jaén
204:and
157:and
109:and
80:and
881:hdl
825:hdl
817:doi
246:345
149:of
899::
877:31
875:.
871:.
823:.
813:25
811:.
807:.
735:^
668:^
641:^
590:^
537:^
498:^
483:^
445:,
208:.
153:,
113:.
97:.
887:.
883::
833:.
827::
819::
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