573:(US$ 180 million). RIGHT TO RECOURSE: After paying amounts to the victims operator has the right to recourse to the suppliers. SECTION 17(A):Right to recourse will apply in case it is already mentioned in the contract. SECTION 17(B):Right to recourse in case of a nuclear damage because of the patent or latent defects in the materials or his employee. It also includes defects in sub-standard services. SECTION 17(C):If damage is by a particular act of an individual with an intention to cause damage.
76:
1042:
276:
359:
115:
35:
913:
217:
630:
was another accident where an inherently dangerous substance was leaked and caused havoc. Despite this, low liability and compensation resulted, after several delays. Victims were not sufficiently or effectively compensated and rehabilitated. Additionally, the environmental impact of nuclear activity
589:
Clause 35 extends the legal binding that the responsible groups may have to face. The operator or the responsible persons in case of a nuclear accident will undergo the trial under
Nuclear Damage Claims Commissions and no civil court is given the authority. The country will be divided into zones with
530:
The Atomic Energy Act, 1962 empowers the
Government to produce, develop, use and dispose of atomic energy either by itself or through any authority or Corporation established by it or a Government company. In this regard, an indigenous sequential three-stage nuclear power programme based on optimum
518:
Advances in nuclear technology have significantly reduced the probability of a nuclear catastrophe and is considered an environment friendly and sustainable source of energy. However, it is still necessary to keep in mind the negative aspects of the nuclear energy and measures must be taken for its
464:
as the United States nuclear reactor manufacturing companies require the liability bill to get insurance in their home state. The government had encountered fierce opposition while trying to push this bill through parliament on several occasions. This was because it contained several controversial
456:
is a highly debated and controversial Act which was passed by both houses of Indian parliament. The Act aims to provide a civil liability for nuclear damage and prompt compensation to the victims of a nuclear incident through a no-fault liability to the operator, appointment of Claims
Commissioner,
565:
This clause deals with the legal binding of the culpable groups in case of a nuclear accident. It allows only the operator (NPCIL) to sue the manufacturers and suppliers. Victims will not be able to sue anyone. In reality, no one will be considered legally liable because the recourse taken by the
526:
A major point of debate was the amount of financial assistance to be provided under such circumstances as it was considered insufficient and unsatisfactory. Other than that, the bill contained certain clauses which if implemented would let free the manufacturer and supplier legally and to a large
514:
Another motive for the bill was to legally and financially bind the operator and the government to provide relief to the affected population in the case of a nuclear accident. In consideration of the long-term costs related to clean-up and shut-down activities if a nuclear accident were to occur,
499:
to 20,000 MWe by 2020. This will be further increased to 27,000 MWe by 2032. In this way, India will produce 25 percent of its electricity from nuclear power plants by 2050. India's present production of electricity through nuclear power is 6780 MW. To increase the share of nuclear power, foreign
386:
An Act to provide for civil liability for
Nuclear Damage and prompt compensation to the victims of a Nuclear accident through a No Fault Liability Regime channeling liability to the operator, appointment of Claims Commissioner, establishment of Nuclear Damage Claims commission and for matters
556:
However, the
Central government may review the operator's liability from time to time and specify a higher amount. If the total liability stemming from an accident exceeds the maximum amount of liability of an operator, the remaining amount will be paid by the Indian government.
531:
utilization of the country's nuclear resources of modest uranium and abundant thorium is being pursued. Large capacity nuclear power reactors based on foreign cooperation are also being implemented as additionalities, for faster capacity addition.
631:
is far reaching. A nuclear accident is disastrous for the environment. A nuclear accident is equally, if not more, harmful. The Act does not properly address liability in the face of an accident or even day to day risks.
553:(c) in respect of the research reactors having thermal power below ten MW, fuel facilities other than spent fuel reprocessing plants and transportation of nuclear materials, Rupees one hundred crores (Rupees 1 billion).
901:
511:, it was necessary to introduce a liability bill which would help these private companies in getting insurance cover in their home state. Thus, the bill helped in the realization of the Indo-U.S. Nuclear deal.
1428:
132:
48:
482:
The Act made amendments in the Atomic Energy Act 1962 allowing private investment in the Indian nuclear power program. The issue of an accident is sensitive in India, where a gas leak in a US company's
465:
clauses that the opposition parties claimed to be 'unconstitutional'. The opposition believed the bill was pushed through due to US pressure though this was later denied by the government.
1330:
894:
581:
Clause 18 of the nuclear liability bill limits the time to make a claim within 10 years. This is considered to be too short as there may be long term damage due to a nuclear accident.
54:
887:
515:
prominent members of the civil society in India had called on the
Government and political parties to hold nuclear suppliers responsible and liable for nuclear accidents.
1000:
657:
662:
1138:
179:
1513:
734:
151:
1350:
879:
1468:
1340:
1169:
158:
1089:
1412:
943:
1335:
1133:
165:
487:
in Bhopal city killed about 20,000 people in 1984 in one of the world's worst industrial disasters. The Act came into force from 11 November 2011.
1448:
842:
1508:
1106:
147:
1433:
1190:
1116:
938:
1050:
645:
461:
239:
503:
Although there was no international obligation for such a bill, in order to attract the US companies involved in nuclear commerce such as
296:
1262:
1159:
1381:
1143:
1027:
520:
285:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1293:
1060:
974:
770:
336:
318:
257:
198:
62:
781:
746:
672:
544:
Clause 6 defines the share of financial liability. It states that the liability of an operator for each nuclear incident shall be:
1366:
1345:
969:
172:
1498:
1438:
1225:
1164:
1017:
1309:
1205:
136:
475:(US$ 180 million) to be paid by the operator of the nuclear plant, and if the cost of the damages exceeds this amount,
1473:
1325:
508:
85:
1376:
1101:
235:
231:
1276:
1215:
948:
611:
1503:
1371:
953:
603:
125:
1005:
923:
289:
693:
523:
have created once again a debate in India (and the world over) over the destructive nature of nuclear energy.
457:
establishment of
Nuclear Damage Claims Commission and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
1200:
1210:
794:
640:
607:
476:
615:
547:(a) for nuclear reactors having power equal to 10 MW or above Rs. 1,500 crores (i.e. Rupees 15 billion)
1041:
1443:
1407:
496:
399:
1230:
409:
366:
1084:
1022:
709:
591:
226:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
1402:
1096:
468:
The Act effectively caps the maximum amount of liability in case of each nuclear accident at
1195:
1071:
504:
721:
627:
484:
667:
590:
each zone having a Claims
Commissioner. This is in contrast to the US counterpart – the
92:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
816:
500:
companies would need to be involved in the manufacture and supply of nuclear reactors.
495:
India had an ambitious goal to increase 5-fold the amount of electricity produced from
1492:
1246:
1185:
17:
995:
990:
300:
1010:
114:
1079:
550:(b) in respect of spent fuel reprocessing plants, rupees three hundred crores
377:
358:
1220:
238:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
594:, in which lawsuits and criminal proceedings proceed under the US courts.
1386:
747:"Gazette Notification of the commencement of the Nuclear Liability Act"
870:"To What Extent Does the Indian Foreign Policy Display Sovereignty?"
668:
Bill as passed by Lok Sabha (Amendments marked on the original Bill)
869:
912:
610:
in 2011, examining the constitutionality of the Act regarding the
1429:
National
Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar
771:
ANALYSIS – Land, liability bill keep India nuclear power in dark
883:
658:
Highlights of the Civil
Liability for Nuclear Damage Bill, 2010
269:
210:
108:
69:
28:
735:
Nuclear liability bill introduced, BJP walks out of Lok Sabha
795:"India to Implement Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act"
460:
This was one of the last steps needed to activate the 2008
479:
up to 300 million will be paid by the Central Government.
1331:
Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research
1421:
1395:
1359:
1318:
1302:
1286:
1275:
1255:
1239:
1178:
1152:
1126:
1115:
1070:
1049:
983:
962:
931:
922:
431:
423:
415:
405:
395:
365:
351:
139:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
148:"The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010"
673:Gazette Notification of the Act coming into force
606:(PIL) had also been filed against the Act at the
88:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
1001:North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited
843:"Supreme Court scanner on nuclear liability Act"
450:The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010
352:The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010
1139:Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology
817:"SC to Examine Legality of Nuclear Safety Law"
895:
8:
1351:Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership
1341:Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology
1170:Petroleum Conservation Research Association
694:"Rajya Sabha clears nuclear liability Bill"
387:connected therewith or incidental thereto.
63:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1283:
1123:
1090:Central Mine Planning and Design Institute
928:
917:Energy ministries and departments of India
902:
888:
880:
299:. Please do not remove this message until
1413:Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology
944:Central Electricity Regulatory Commission
337:Learn how and when to remove this message
319:Learn how and when to remove this message
258:Learn how and when to remove this message
199:Learn how and when to remove this message
1336:Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
1134:Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy
295:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1449:Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences
1387:Bharatiya Nabhkiya Vidyut Nigam Limited
684:
383:
1107:Coal Mines Provident Fund Organisation
717:
707:
491:Necessity of the Nuclear Liability Act
348:
1434:National Board for Higher Mathematics
1191:Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited
7:
1514:Acts of the Parliament of India 2010
696:. New Delhi: The Hindu Business Line
646:Indo-U.S. civilian nuclear agreement
462:Indo-U.S. civilian nuclear agreement
137:adding citations to reliable sources
1160:Directorate General of Hydrocarbons
1469:Institute of Mathematical Sciences
1382:Nuclear Power Corporation of India
1144:Pandit Deendayal Energy University
1028:Power System Operation Corporation
622:Environmental impact and liability
521:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
240:Knowledge (XXG)'s inclusion policy
25:
1464:Harish-Chandra Research Institute
1454:Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
1061:Solar Energy Corporation of India
975:National Power Training Institute
663:Nuclear Power and Civil Liability
44:This article has multiple issues.
1367:Electronics Corporation of India
1346:Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre
1040:
970:Central Power Research Institute
911:
357:
274:
215:
113:
74:
33:
1439:Atomic Energy Education Society
1226:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
1165:Oil Industry Safety Directorate
1018:Power Grid Corporation of India
124:needs additional citations for
52:or discuss these issues on the
1310:Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
1206:Gas Authority of India Limited
868:Batra, Mukta (9 August 2010).
1:
1509:Manmohan Singh administration
1474:Institute for Plasma Research
1326:Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
939:Central Electricity Authority
598:Constitutionality of this Act
1377:Uranium Corporation of India
1102:Singareni Collieries Company
527:extent financially as well.
1263:Strategic Petroleum Reserve
1216:Numaligarh Refinery Limited
949:Bureau of Energy Efficiency
797:. No. Online. ABC Live
301:conditions to do so are met
1530:
1372:Indian Rare Earths Limited
954:Damodar Valley Corporation
604:Public Interest Litigation
519:peaceful use. However the
1038:
1006:Power Finance Corporation
692:Bureau (31 August 2010).
439:
372:
356:
1294:Atomic Energy Commission
566:operator will yield only
1201:Engineers India Limited
1499:Nuclear power in India
1211:Indian Oil Corporation
641:Nuclear power in India
608:Supreme Court of India
477:special drawing rights
752:. Government of India
616:Constitution of India
485:Union Carbide factory
454:Nuclear Liability Act
18:Nuclear Liability Act
1459:Institute of Physics
1444:Tata Memorial Centre
1408:Nuclear Fuel Complex
614:as enshrined in the
497:nuclear power plants
133:improve this article
1231:Hindustan Petroleum
410:Parliament of India
367:Parliament of India
288:of this article is
1085:Bharat Coking Coal
1023:THDC India Limited
720:has generic name (
628:Bhopal Gas tragedy
592:Price Anderson Act
400:Act No. 38 of 2010
1504:Nuclear liability
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1403:Heavy Water Board
1271:
1270:
1221:Oil India Limited
1097:NLC India Limited
1036:
1035:
963:Autonomous bodies
447:
446:
427:21 September 2010
347:
346:
339:
329:
328:
321:
268:
267:
260:
209:
208:
201:
183:
107:
106:
67:
16:(Redirected from
1521:
1303:Regulatory board
1284:
1196:Bharat Petroleum
1124:
1072:Ministry of Coal
1053:Renewable Energy
1044:
932:Statutory bodies
929:
916:
915:
904:
897:
890:
881:
874:
873:
865:
859:
858:
856:
854:
839:
833:
832:
830:
828:
813:
807:
806:
804:
802:
793:Jatinder, Kaur.
790:
784:
779:
773:
768:
762:
761:
759:
757:
751:
743:
737:
732:
726:
725:
719:
715:
713:
705:
703:
701:
689:
572:
570:
505:General Electric
474:
472:
435:11 November 2011
424:Assented to
361:
349:
342:
335:
324:
317:
313:
310:
304:
278:
277:
270:
263:
256:
252:
249:
243:
219:
218:
211:
204:
197:
193:
190:
184:
182:
141:
117:
109:
102:
99:
93:
86:factual accuracy
78:
77:
70:
59:
37:
36:
29:
21:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1478:
1417:
1391:
1355:
1314:
1298:
1278:
1267:
1251:
1235:
1174:
1148:
1118:
1111:
1066:
1052:
1045:
1032:
979:
958:
918:
910:
908:
878:
877:
867:
866:
862:
852:
850:
849:. 17 March 2012
841:
840:
836:
826:
824:
823:. 16 March 2012
815:
814:
810:
800:
798:
792:
791:
787:
780:
776:
769:
765:
755:
753:
749:
745:
744:
740:
733:
729:
716:
706:
699:
697:
691:
690:
686:
681:
654:
637:
624:
600:
587:
579:
568:
567:
563:
542:
537:
493:
470:
469:
406:Enacted by
391:
388:
382:
381:
343:
332:
331:
330:
325:
314:
308:
305:
294:
279:
275:
264:
253:
247:
244:
230:Please help by
229:
220:
216:
205:
194:
188:
185:
142:
140:
130:
118:
103:
97:
94:
91:
83:This article's
79:
75:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1076:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1003:
998:
993:
987:
985:
981:
980:
978:
977:
972:
966:
964:
960:
959:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
935:
933:
926:
920:
919:
909:
907:
906:
899:
892:
884:
876:
875:
860:
834:
808:
785:
774:
763:
738:
727:
683:
682:
680:
677:
676:
675:
670:
665:
660:
653:
652:External links
650:
649:
648:
643:
636:
633:
623:
620:
599:
596:
586:
583:
578:
575:
562:
559:
541:
538:
536:
533:
492:
489:
445:
444:
437:
436:
433:
429:
428:
425:
421:
420:
419:25 August 2010
417:
413:
412:
407:
403:
402:
397:
393:
392:
390:
389:
385:
375:
374:
373:
370:
369:
363:
362:
354:
353:
345:
344:
327:
326:
282:
280:
273:
266:
265:
223:
221:
214:
207:
206:
121:
119:
112:
105:
104:
82:
80:
73:
68:
42:
41:
39:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1526:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1279:Atomic Energy
1277:Department of
1274:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1247:Biecco Lawrie
1245:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:Balmer Lawrie
1184:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:Petroleum and
1114:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1048:
1043:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
986:
982:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
965:
961:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
934:
930:
927:
925:
921:
914:
905:
900:
898:
893:
891:
886:
885:
882:
871:
864:
861:
848:
844:
838:
835:
822:
821:Outlook India
818:
812:
809:
796:
789:
786:
783:
778:
775:
772:
767:
764:
748:
742:
739:
736:
731:
728:
723:
718:|author=
711:
695:
688:
685:
678:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
651:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
634:
632:
629:
621:
619:
617:
613:
612:Right to Life
609:
605:
597:
595:
593:
584:
582:
576:
574:
560:
558:
554:
551:
548:
545:
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
522:
516:
512:
510:
506:
501:
498:
490:
488:
486:
480:
478:
466:
463:
458:
455:
451:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:
408:
404:
401:
398:
394:
384:
380:
379:
371:
368:
364:
360:
355:
350:
341:
338:
323:
320:
312:
302:
298:
292:
291:
287:
281:
272:
271:
262:
259:
251:
241:
237:
233:
227:
224:This article
222:
213:
212:
203:
200:
192:
181:
178:
174:
171:
167:
164:
160:
157:
153:
150: –
149:
145:
144:Find sources:
138:
134:
128:
127:
122:This article
120:
116:
111:
110:
101:
89:
87:
81:
72:
71:
66:
64:
57:
56:
51:
50:
45:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
996:NHPC Limited
991:NTPC Limited
863:
851:. Retrieved
846:
837:
825:. Retrieved
820:
811:
799:. Retrieved
788:
777:
766:
754:. Retrieved
741:
730:
698:. Retrieved
687:
625:
601:
588:
580:
564:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
529:
525:
517:
513:
509:Westinghouse
502:
494:
481:
467:
459:
453:
449:
448:
440:
376:
333:
315:
306:
284:
254:
245:
232:spinning off
225:
195:
186:
176:
169:
162:
155:
143:
131:Please help
126:verification
123:
95:
84:
60:
53:
47:
46:Please help
43:
26:
1179:Operational
1119:Natural Gas
1011:REC Limited
847:India Today
801:11 February
1493:Categories
1396:Industrial
1287:Apex board
1080:Coal India
782:Asia Times
700:8 December
679:References
571:15 billion
473:15 billion
378:Long title
309:March 2020
286:neutrality
248:March 2020
236:relocating
189:April 2012
159:newspapers
98:April 2012
49:improve it
710:cite news
585:Clause 35
577:Clause 18
561:Clause 17
535:Criticism
432:Commenced
297:talk page
55:talk page
1422:Academic
1127:Academic
853:27 April
827:27 April
635:See also
540:Clause 6
443:In force
396:Citation
290:disputed
1319:R&D
1240:Defunct
1051:New and
756:7 April
441:Status:
416:Enacted
173:scholar
1063:(SECI)
175:
168:
161:
154:
146:
1256:Other
1153:Other
924:Power
750:(PDF)
180:JSTOR
166:books
1360:PSUs
984:PSUs
855:2012
829:2012
803:2017
758:2012
722:help
702:2010
626:The
507:and
283:The
152:news
452:or
234:or
135:by
1495::
845:.
819:.
714::
712:}}
708:{{
618:.
602:A
58:.
903:e
896:t
889:v
872:.
857:.
831:.
805:.
760:.
724:)
704:.
569:₹
471:₹
340:)
334:(
322:)
316:(
311:)
307:(
303:.
293:.
261:)
255:(
250:)
246:(
242:.
228:.
202:)
196:(
191:)
187:(
177:·
170:·
163:·
156:·
129:.
100:)
96:(
90:.
65:)
61:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
