Economy of Syria - Knowledge

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in terms of pricing, subsidies, and marketing controls. "Strategic" products such as wheat, barley, and sugar beets, must be sold to state marketing boards at fixed prices, often above world prices in order to support farmers, but at a significant cost to the state budget. The most widely grown arable crop is wheat, but the most important cash crop is cotton; cotton was the largest single export before the development of the oil sector. Nevertheless, the total area planted with cotton has declined because of an increasing problem of water shortage coupled with old and inefficient irrigation techniques. The output of grains like wheat is often underutilized because of poor storage facilities.

2053:. In 2003, the government canceled a law that criminalized private sector use of foreign currencies, and in 2005 it allowed licensed private banks to sell specific amounts of foreign currency to Syrian citizens under certain circumstances and to the private sector to finance imports. In October 2009, Syria further loosened its restrictions on currency transfers by allowing Syrians travelling abroad to withdraw the equivalent of up to US$ 10,000 from their Syrian pound accounts. In practice, the decision allows local banks to open accounts of a maximum of US$ 10,000 that their clients can use for their international 756: 1767:

drought situation slightly improved in 2009. Wheat and barley production about doubled in 2009 compared to 2008. In spite of that, the livelihoods of up to 1 million agricultural workers have been threatened. In response, the UN launched an emergency appeal for $ 20.2 million. Wheat has been one of the crops most affected, and for the first time in 2 decades Syria has moved from being a net exporter of wheat to a net importer. During the civil war which began in 2011, the Syrian government was forced to put out a tender for 100,000

1096:. By the end of the decade, the Syrian economy had shifted from its traditional agrarian base to an economy dominated by the service, industrial, and commercial sectors. Massive expenditures for development of irrigation, electricity, water, road building projects, irisin plants and expansion of health services and education to rural areas contributed to prosperity. However, the economy remained dependent on foreign aid and grants to finance the growing deficits both in the budget and in trade. Syria, as a front-line state in the 1007: 770: 607: 840: 537: 920: 896: 384: 272: 1954: 1727: 40: 6266: 1925:

phosphate rock mining, cement, oil seeds crushing, and car assembly. Syria's manufacturing sector was largely state dominated until the 1990s, when economic reforms allowed greater local and foreign private-sector participation. Private participation remains constrained, however, by the lack of investment funds, input/output pricing limits, cumbersome customs and foreign exchange regulations, and poor marketing.

1258:, tumbled in mid-2020 against the US dollar, therefore stating that Syrian economy was only taking a turn for the worst. The pound, which traded at LS 47 to the dollar before the 2011 uprising, plunged to over LS 3,000 to the dollar. Prices of basic goods have skyrocketed and some staples have disappeared from the market as merchants and the public struggled to keep up with the rising cost of living. 6276: 1574: 5198: 826: 565: 1279: 4462: 798: 742: 649: 621: 579: 551: 784: 593: 868: 635: 1117:. Real per capita GDP fell 22% between 1982 and 1989. To restore the economy, the government sharply reduced spending, cut back imports, encouraged more private sector and foreign investment, and launched an anticorruption campaign against smugglers and black-market money changers. However, massive defense outlays continued to divert resources from productive investments. 854: 812: 968: 941: 670: 449: 340: 307: 202: 148: 1810:

1.9% of the world's phosphate rock output and was the world's ninth ranked producer of phosphate rock in 2009. Other major minerals produced in Syria include cement, gypsum, industrial sand (silica), marble, natural crude asphalt, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, salt, steel, and volcanic tuff, which generally are not produced for export.

4470: 4727: 2775: 2104:(SYP). The pound's official exchange rate has deteriorated significantly, falling from £S 47 for US$ 1 before the civil war to £S 1,256 as in June 2020. On another hand, while its exchange rate for money transfer is £S 1,250 for US$ 1, its non-official exchange rate (black market) plunged to around £S 4,000 for US$ 1 in March 2021. 2178:

than official numbers indicate. In 2002 the Unemployment Commission (UC) was established, tasked with creating several hundred thousand jobs over a five-year period. As of June 2009 it was reported that some 700,000 households in Syria – about 3.5 million people – have no income. Government officials

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of power generating capacity by 2010 at a probable cost of US$ 2 billion, but progress has been slowed by a lack of investment capital. Power plants in Syria are undergoing intensive maintenance, and four new generating plants have been built. The power distribution network has serious problems, with

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The Syrian Center for Policy Research stated in March 2015 that, by then, nearly three million Syrians had lost their jobs because of the civil war, causing the loss of the primary source of income of more than 12 million people; unemployment levels "surged" from 14.9 percent in 2011 to 57.7 percent

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According to Syrian Government statistics, the unemployment rate in 2009 was 12.6%; however, more accurate independent sources place it closer to 20%. About 70 percent of Syria's workforce earns less than US$ 100 per month. Anecdotal evidence suggests that many more Syrians are seeking work over the

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Most land is privately owned, a crucial factor behind the sector's success. Of Syria's 196,000 km (76,000 sq mi), about 28% of it is cultivated, and 21% of that total is irrigated. Most irrigated land is designated "strategic", meaning that it encounters significant state intervention

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reforms indeed contributed to ramping up trade and invigorating the private sector, these were accompanied by rising inequality, declining public services, and increasingly overt forms of corruption, which ultimately helped fuel protests in 2011. In one example of this trend, the Syrian Agricultural

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Phosphates are the major minerals exploited in Syria. According to estimates Syria has around 1,700 million tons of phosphate reserves. Production dropped sharply in the early 1990s when world demand and prices fell, but output has since increased to more than 2.4 million tons. Syria produced about

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and Syria signed a deal that wrote off nearly 75% of Syria's debt to Russia, approximately $ 13 billion. The agreement left Syria with less than €3 billion (just over $ 3.6 billion) owed to Moscow. Half of it would be repaid over the next 10 years, while the rest would be paid into Russian accounts

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badly affected the agricultural sector, reducing its share in the economy to about 17% of 2008 GDP, down from 20.4% in 2007, according to preliminary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics. On the other hand, higher crude oil prices countered declining oil production and led to higher budgetary

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is one of the few domestic avenues for investment with realistic and safe returns. Activity in the construction sector tends to mirror changes in the economy. Investment Law No. 10 of 1991, which opened the country to foreign investment in some areas, marked the beginning of a strong revival, with

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The destruction and dislocation associated with the civil war have devastated Syria's economy. By the end of 2013, the UN estimated total economic damage from the Syrian Civil War at $ 143 billion. In 2018, the World Bank estimated that about one-third of Syria's housing stock and one half of

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and strictly regulating commercial transactions, Syria experienced a substantial loss of skilled workers, administrators, and their capital. Despite the political upheavals, which undermined the confidence of landowners, merchants, and industrialists, the state successfully implemented large-scale

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The industrial sector, which includes mining, manufacturing, construction, and petroleum, accounted for 27.3 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2010 and employed about 16 percent of the labor force. The main industrial products are petroleum, textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco,

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Water and energy are among the most pervasive issues facing the agriculture sector. Another difficulty suffered by the agricultural sector is the government's decision to liberalize prices of fertilizers, which increased between 100% and 400%. Drought was an alarming problem in 2008; however, the

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In 1990, the Assad government instituted a series of economic reforms, although the economy remained highly regulated. The Syrian economy experienced strong growth throughout the 1990s, and into the 2000s. Syria's per capita GDP was US$ 4,058 in 2010. There is no authoritative GDP data available

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sought to frame his leadership around modernizing and opening the economy. He emphasized, in particular, "the need to modernize the regulatory environment and the industrial base, activate and encourage the private sector, remove bureaucratic obstacles to investment, increase job opportunities,

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By the late 1980s, spot shortages of basic commodities occurred frequently, and industry operated far below capacity because of routine power outages. Foreign exchange reserves plummeted, the trade deficit widened, and real gross domestic product growth fell as economic difficulties compounded.

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stimulated commerce by providing markets for agriculture, textiles, and other locally manufactured goods, Syria lacked both the infrastructure and the resources to promote economic prosperity. Agriculture controlled the country's economy and determined the pace of industrial expansion as large

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To attract investment and to ease access to credit, the government allowed investors in 2007 to receive loans and other credit instruments from foreign banks, and to repay the loans and any accrued interest through local banks using project proceeds. In February 2008, the government permitted

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By the mid-1980s, the country's economic climate had shifted from prosperity to austerity. Syria's economic boom collapsed as a result of the rapid fall of world oil prices, lower export revenues, drought affecting agricultural production, and falling worker remittances. Also, Arab aid levels

1983:. These US sanctions may have increased the role of Lebanese and European banks because a ban on transactions between U.S. financial institutions and the Central Bank of Syria created an increase in demand for intermediary sources for US$ transfers. The United States, European Union, 4127: 1646:

Over time, the government has increased the number of transactions to which the more favorable neighboring country exchange rate applies. The government also introduced a quasi-rate for non-commercial transactions in 2001 broadly in line with prevailing

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systems in northern and northeastern Syria. The agriculture sector, as of 2009, employed about 17% of the labor force and generates about 21% of the gross domestic product, of which livestock accounted for 16%, and fruit and grains for more than 40%.

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As of 2012, because of the ongoing Syrian civil war, the value of Syria's overall exports has been slashed by two-thirds, from the figure of US$ 12 billion in 2010 to only US$ 4 billion in 2012. Syria's GDP declined by over 3% in 2011.

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in March 2009. In 2001, Syria legalized private banks and the sector, while still nascent, has been growing. Foreign banks were given licenses in December 2002, under Law 28 March 2001 which allows the establishment of private and

1347:. Beyond the financial sector, the Syrian Government has enacted major changes to rental and tax laws, and is reportedly considering similar changes to the commercial code and to other laws, which impact property rights. 1121:

Although the government instituted limited reforms to respond to the burgeoning crisis, Syria's pressing economic problems required a radically restructured economic policy to improve future economic performance.

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to provide incentives for remittances and exports through official channels. This action improved the supply of basic commodities and contained inflation by removing risk premiums on smuggled commodities.

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Agriculture is a high priority in Syria's economic development plans, as the government seeks to achieve food self-sufficiency, increase export earnings, and halt rural out-migration. Thanks to sustained

2916: 1906:. The plans for a nuclear program were revived at the beginning of the 2000s when Syria negotiated with Russia to build a nuclear facility that would include a nuclear power plant and a seawater atomic 1796:

is Syria's most valuable export product and a key source of income for the Syrian government. The total value of drug shipments sold by the Syrian government in 2021 are approximately $ 5.7 billion.

1778:, and only a portion of that is commercially useful. Limited forestry activity is centered in the higher elevations of the mountains just inland from the coast, where rainfall is more abundant. 2950: 1247:

its health and education facilities have been destroyed by the conflict. According to the World Bank, a cumulative total of $ 226 billion in GDP was lost due to the conflict from 2011 to 2016.

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is fixed, and the government maintains two official rates—one rate on which the budget and the value of imports, customs, and other official transactions are based, and a second set by the

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but withdrew in 1951 because of Israel's joining. Major elements of current Syrian trade rules would have to change in order to be consistent with the WTO. In March 2007, Syria signed an

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for the Middle East for 1991–2010 at US$ 12 trillion in 2006 dollars. Syria's share in this was US$ 152 billion, more than four times the projected 2010 GDP of US$ 36 billion.

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Workers Union complained in February 2011 that state mismanagement and the lifting of input subsidies was exacerbating the impact of drought on Syria's agricultural sector.

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rate at 2.37%, with 65% of the population under the age of 35 and more than 40% under the age of 15. Each year more than 200,000 new job seekers enter the Syrian

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banks. Foreigners are allowed up to 49% ownership of a bank, but may not hold a controlling stake. As of January 2010, 13 private banks had opened, including two

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landowners channeled profits from agricultural exports into Agroindustrial and related urban enterprises. Syria's predominantly rural population, working under

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and the Syrian government signed an agreement stating that the bank would provide a €100 million loan for the expansion of Deir Ali power station in Syria.

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in Syrian banks and could be used for Russian investment projects in Syria and for buying Syrian products. Later that year, Syria reached an agreement with

5466: 4105: 3645: 5486: 4584: 4279: 4186: 2942: 1839:, 20% of exports and 22% of GDP in 2008. Syria exported roughly 150,000 bpd in 2008, and oil accounted for a majority of the country's export income. 1343:

in Syria has been legalized. In 2004, four private banks began operations. In August 2004, a committee was formed to supervise the establishment of a

1150:. Agriculture, for instance, accounted for about 26% of GDP and employed 25% of the total labor force. However, poor climatic conditions and severe 1747:

of inputs, and price supports, before the civil war Syria went from a net importer of many agricultural products to an exporter of cotton, fruits,

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that plagued the region in the late 1990s and the recovery of energy export revenues, Syria's economy has historically faced serious challenges.

6241: 4810: 3728: 3519: 2605: 1682:, national debt in relation to GDP went from 152.09% in 2000 down to 30.02% in 2010. Prior to the civil war, Syria attempted to ease its heavy 1609: 3313: 5576: 5454: 4232: 3114: 2254: 5905: 5676: 3370: 2506: 2474: 1240: 910: 1146:

Before the civil war, the two main pillars of the Syrian economy were agriculture and oil, which together accounted for about one-half of

2338: 6305: 6155: 1825: 2081:. The government passed a law in 2006 which permits the operation of private money exchange companies. However, there is still a small 1875:

was completed in March 2001. Syria's electric supply capacity is an important national priority, and the government hopes to add 3,000

5571: 5499: 5473: 3189: 1832:, oil sales for 2010 were projected to generate $ 3.2 billion for the Syrian government and account for 25.1% of the state's revenue. 1588:

Commerce has always been important to the Syrian economy, which benefited from the country's strategic location along major east–west

180: 1851:(kWh) of electricity and consumed 21.6 billion kWh. As of January 2002, Syria's total installed electric generating capacity was 7.6 6200: 5171: 4626: 3752: 3550: 2900: 2569: 2179:

acknowledge that the economy is not growing at a pace sufficient to create enough new jobs annually to match population growth. The

1318: 1296: 3492: 3263: 5737: 5396: 3906: 2123: 1374:. As the war erupted in 2011, Syria's oil production had dropped to 353,000 bpd and then plunged to 24,000 bpd by 2018. Syria's 4435: 1658:

and Syria's lack of access to international money and capital markets, monetary policy remains captive to the need to cover the

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at the end of 2014. As a result, 4 in 5 Syrians were by then living in poverty, with 30 percent of the population living in "

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as the major political force in the country in the 1960s, transformed Syria's economic orientation and development strategy.

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stations. A project for the expansion and upgrading of the power transmission network is scheduled for completion in 2005.

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began operations in 1959. It controls all foreign exchange and trade transactions and gives priority to lending to the

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transmission losses estimated as high as 25 percent of total generated capacity as a result of poor quality wires and

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direction of Syria's economic policy. As the state assumed greater control over economic decision-making by adopting

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in eastern Syria. This discovery relieved Syria of the need to import light oil to mix with domestic heavy crude in

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Syria is a relatively small oil producer, accounting for just 0.5% of global production in 2010. Although Syria is

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reached an agreement by which Syria would pay $ 27 million out of the total $ 261.7 million debt. In January 2005,

1097: 6300: 5690: 5222: 5163: 4721: 4387: 4326: 4205: 3292:"Taiwan supports sanctions against Syria for chemical attacks: MOFA – Politics – FOCUS TAIWAN – CNA ENGLISH NEWS" 2757: 2203: 2002:, Popular Credit Bank, and Real Estate Bank – are major financial operators. They each extend funds to, and take 958: 6205: 5922: 5898: 5780: 5752: 5559: 3652: 2503: 2471: 2180: 1995: 1888: 1787: 1605: 1262: 711: 3438: 2006:

from, a particular sector. The Industrial Bank also is directed more toward the public sector, although it is

2057:. The holders of these accounts will be able to withdraw up to US$ 10,000 per month while travelling abroad. 1999: 1751:, and other foodstuffs. One of the prime reasons for this turnaround was the government's investment in huge 1627:

have been raw materials essential for industry, agriculture, equipment, and machinery. Major exports include

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decreased because of economic retrenchment in the oil-producing states and Syrian support for Iran in the

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arrangements, derived few benefits from the agriculturally induced economic growth of the 1950s. However,

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In 2015, Syria's main exports included spice seeds ($ 83.2 million), apples and pears ($ 53.2 million).

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travel abroad to deposit or borrow funds. It is estimated that Syrians have deposited US$ 6 billion in

2917:"Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (VI): The Syrian People's Slow-motion Revolution" 2441: 6246: 6125: 6120: 6000: 5800: 5602: 5437: 5141: 4097: 2627: 2183:(UNDP) announced in 2005 that 30% of the Syrian population lives in poverty and 11.4% live below the 1835:

According to the 2009 Syria Report of the Oxford Business Group, the oil sector accounted for 23% of

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including government, 17 percent in agriculture, and 16 percent in industry in 2008. Government and

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Asia, Steve H. Hanke This article appeared in the October 2013 issue of Globe (26 September 2013).

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to nearby countries. Syria has been subject to sanctions by United States, Canada, European Union,

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to settle an estimated $ 1.6 billion in debt, in exchange for a one time payment of $ 150 million.

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have been gradually depleted and reached an estimated 2.5 billion barrels of oil reserves in 2018.

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employees constitute about 30% of the total labor force and are paid very low salaries and wages.

1979:. The Central Bank has been subject to US sanctions since May 2004, which has accused the Bank of 1254:. The Syrian annual inflation rate is one of the highest in the world. The national currency, the 6165: 6080: 6060: 5945: 5935: 5762: 5712: 5671: 5531: 5519: 5444: 5405: 5369: 5232: 5206: 4864: 4785:

textual and chart data from the world bank and CIA factbook, hosted by the Lebanese Economy Forum

4782: 2131: 2066: 1903: 1836: 1608:(WTO) to begin the accession process. Syria had been an original contracting party of the former 1100:, was also vulnerable to the vagaries of Middle East politics, relying on Arab aid transfers and 122: 2562:"Unemployment, total (% of the total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) – Syrian Arab Republic" 1114: 2367: 1600:. Given the policies adopted from the 1960s through the late 1980s, Syria refused to join the " 6210: 6145: 6110: 6045: 6025: 6015: 5975: 5960: 5955: 5832: 5617: 5541: 5347: 5151: 5086: 5041: 4894: 4758: 3807: 3546: 3457: 2896: 2765: 2227: 2184: 2151: 2147: 2003: 1919: 1220: 1023:

in 1946, the economy has undergone widespread structural change. Although the presence of the

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has been turbulent and their economy has deteriorated considerably since the beginning of the

490: 283: 4770: 4556: 3019: 2973:"Counting the Cost: Agriculture in Syria after six years of crisis : FAO in Emergencies" 1393:

reported that in July 2004, it had committed a total of US$ 661 million for 20 operations in

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qualify cadres, improve education and expand information technology." While the government's

6251: 6170: 6105: 6085: 6020: 5995: 5985: 5970: 5856: 5837: 5772: 5554: 5324: 5183: 5076: 5056: 5051: 4997: 4869: 4831: 3862: 3747: 3582: 2211: 2119: 2113: 2089: 2022: 1980: 1966: 1958: 1775: 1731: 995: 45: 2866:"Purchasing Power Parity Converted GDP per Capita, G-K method, at current prices for Syria" 1084:. Moreover, higher prices for agricultural and oil exports, as well as the state's limited 6090: 6055: 6010: 6005: 5914: 5757: 5732: 5722: 5717: 5071: 5036: 5002: 4917: 4265: 4159: 3893: 3412: 3377: 2839: 2664: 2312: 2223: 2219: 2163: 2011: 1683: 1679: 1363: 1359: 1351: 1340: 1332: 1204: 1134: 1077: 1069: 1061: 405: 5479: 3516:""Syria Officially Joins China's Belt and Road, Seeking Lifeline to Defy U.S. Sanctions"" 2162:

was estimated to total about 3.767 million people. An estimated 67 percent worked in the

1045: 3935: 3044: 5872: 5827: 5790: 5745: 5524: 5420: 5319: 5314: 5066: 5046: 5012: 4987: 4298: 3651:. Centre for Administrative Innovation in the Euro-Mediterranean Region. Archived from 3344: 2943:"End of Subsidies Main Reason behind Decline of Agriculture Output, Workers Union Says" 2093: 1848: 1704: 1659: 1655: 1617: 1597: 1251: 1180: 506: 417: 17: 4652: 4522:"Syrian pound hits new low in ripple effect from currency woes in neighboring Lebanon" 3914: 3390: 2865: 2810: 2677: 1953: 1726: 1335:

most major enterprises and adopted economic policies designed to address regional and

39: 6294: 6269: 5805: 5415: 5298: 5293: 5278: 5116: 5093: 5061: 5026: 4962: 4904: 4874: 4731: 4590:(Press release). Strategic Foresight Group. Archived from the original on 19 May 2012 4439: 2779: 2167: 2070: 2035: 2026: 1976: 1768: 1663: 1192: 1139: 1092:

from Syrians working in the oil-rich Arab states and higher levels of Arab and other

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and Turkey all also imposed sanctions on the Central Bank because of the Civil War.

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by Middle Eastern standards, oil is a major pillar of the economy. According to the

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Since the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War, the Syrian economy has been affected by

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Syria: National debt from 2000 to 2010 in relation to gross domestic product (GDP)

3634:. U.S. Department of Commerce, Industry and Trade Administration. 1992. p. 5. 3163: 1573: 1088:

policy, encouraged growth. Also, Syria's economic boom was furthered by increased

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that would encourage both sides to negotiate a free trade agreement before 2010.

1239:, and the United States. Sanctions against Syria were further extended by the US 6279: 5794: 5566: 5549: 4992: 4952: 4884: 4879: 3264:"South Korea Sanctions Taiwanese, Syrian Firms For Weapons Trade with the North" 2159: 2097: 1991: 1984: 1929: 1881: 1860: 1589: 1375: 1367: 1278: 1265:, which could help the country rebuild its war-torn infrastructure and economy. 1228: 1216: 1168: 1057: 1033: 699: 691: 494: 486: 474: 99: 95: 69: 4927: 4889: 2840:"Middle East :: Syria – the World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" 2540: 2346: 2207: 2155: 1752: 1690:

in Europe, including Germany, France, and Russia. In December 2004, Syria and

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for the first time in 22 years and again in 2004, rates remain fixed by law.

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of wheat, one of the few trade products not subject to economic sanctions.

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burden through bilateral rescheduling deals with virtually all of its key

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development projects to expand industry, agriculture, and infrastructure.

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Purchasing Power Parity Converted GDP Per Capita (Chain Series) for Syria

1856: 1793: 1700: 1687: 1636: 518: 482: 49: 2158:, but the economy has not been able to absorb them. In 2017, the Syrian 1339:

disparities. Economic reform has been incremental and gradual. In 2001,

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Foreign aid to Syria in 1997 totaled an estimated US$ 199 million. The

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Foreign Economic Trends and Their Implications for the United States

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During the 1970s, Syria achieved high rates of economic growth. The

2442:"Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) - Syrian Arab Republic" 5883: 5197: 4947: 4819: 2750:

Boris, Rhonda E. (1988). "The Economy". In Collelo, Thomas (ed.).

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and Turkey because of the civil war. The currency of Syria is the

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of major industries and foreign investments had confirmed the new

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Historical development of real GDP per capita in Syria, since 1820

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

4436:"Canadian Sanctions | Foundation for Defense of Democracies" 2893:

Syria under Bashar al-Asad:Modernisation and the Limits of Change

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

2628:"U.N. raises $ 7.7 billion for Syrians beset by war and COVID-19" 4937: 4311: 3357: 2062: 723: 5887: 4792: 2146:

Syria has a population of approximately 21 million people, and

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serving as the primary energy sources and 1.5 GW generated by

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from 1973 to 1974 led to increased production from domestic

4463:"المركزي : تعديل سعر صرف الليرة السورية مقابل الدولار" 3800:"Why Russia is blocking international action against Syria" 2226:. An estimate from 2023 estimated the population below the 1604:". In late 2001, however, Syria submitted a request to the 4235:. Nuclear Threat Initiative. November 2006. Archived from 2065:

in foreign currencies from local private banks to finance

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abandoned its plans to build a VVER-440 reactor after the

1592:. Syrian cities boast both traditional industries such as 2134:

imposed on Syria and the sharp drop in the value of the

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Tourism in Syria has greatly reduced as a result of the

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During the 1960s, along socialist lines, the government

1397:. One investment project remained active at that time. 4046:"Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources of Syria" 3646:"Policies for business in the Mediterranean Countries" 2805: 2803: 2420:"GDP per capita (current US$ ) - Syrian Arab Republic" 4579: 4577: 3045:"Syria unrest: Arab League adopts sanctions in Cairo" 1928:

Because land prices are not controlled by the state,

1104:

assistance to support mounting defense expenditures.

4773:

profiles of people and institutions provided by the

4761:

profiles of people and institutions provided by the

3024:

US State Department – Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs

2496:"Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)" 1933:

growth in real terms increasing over 2001 and 2002.

6219: 6179: 5921: 5771: 5689: 5647: 5589: 5540: 5346: 5307: 5256: 5205: 5126: 5109: 5011: 4903: 4857: 4830: 3569:Almohamad, Hussein; Dittmann, Andreas (June 2016). 3314:"Turkey Moves to Intensify Sanctions Against Syria" 956: 948: 935: 927: 908: 903: 883: 730: 677: 664: 525: 456: 443: 438: 391: 378: 347: 332: 294: 279: 257: 223: 209: 194: 173: 155: 142: 137: 113: 81: 67: 56: 4653:"Syria doubles public-sector pay as economy sinks" 4627:"Aid agencies slam UN Security Council over Syria" 4490: 4488: 4294:"U.S. trade and financial sanctions against Syria" 3875:The World Bank DataBank | Explore . Create . Share 3606:"Syria war: Who benefits from its oil production?" 3413:"The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" 3340:"U.s. trade and financial sanctions against syria" 1250:The Syrian economy suffered from conflict-related 5654: 4497:"Syria Devalues Currency As New US Sanctions Hit" 4128:"BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2011" 3704:"Syria's ailing economy hits citizens and regime" 3571:"Oil in Syria between Terrorism and Dictatorship" 3371:UN highlights economic damage of Syrian conflict 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 2872:. Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis. January 1960 2222:" and frequently unable to meet basic household 1381:In 1990, the government established an official 4007:Library of Congress – Federal Research Division 3847:Library of Congress – Federal Research Division 3545:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. p. 2. 3188:. The Nordic Page. 26 July 2011. Archived from 1847:In 2001 Syria reportedly produced 23.3 billion 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 5899: 4804: 4621: 4619: 4557:"Syria: 160 villages abandoned due to famine" 2275:"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019" 1125:1990s–2000s: Liberalization and privatization 8: 4133:. British Petroleum. pp. 6-8. Archived from 3858: 3856: 3093:"Canada imposing further sanctions on Syria" 978:All values, unless otherwise stated, are in 168:; 2015 est.)/$ 136 billion (PPP; 2021 est.) 29: 3462:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2533:"Labor force, total – Syrian Arab Republic" 2126:. Tourism has been further impacted by the 2021:In the 2000s, Syria started reforms in the 1133:Following his assumption of power in 2000, 5906: 5892: 5884: 5695: 5595: 5352: 5215: 5211: 4836: 4811: 4797: 4789: 4418:"Turkey Slaps Economic Sanctions on Syria" 4357:"Turkey Slaps Economic Sanctions on Syria" 4025:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 4021:"The Al-Assad Government's Captagon Trade" 3156:"Georgia joins EU sanctions against Syria" 2368:"Population, total – Syrian Arab Republic" 1358:since the late 1960s. In the early 1980s, 952:humanitarian aid $ 7.7 billion (2020 est.) 38: 4633:. Al Jazeera Media Network. 12 March 2015 4280:"Damascus office prices are skyrocketing" 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3586: 3543:The Political Economy of Syria Under Asad 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 1319:Learn how and when to remove this message 919: 895: 383: 271: 3994: 3938:. US State Department (24 October 2012). 3020:"Background Note: Syria, September 2010" 2138:also adversely impact tourism in Syria. 1952: 1887:As of May 2009 it was reported that the 1572: 1399: 1183:, (as well as the European countries of 5507:Popular Front for Change and Liberation 4681: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3212:"Swiss broaden sanctions against Syria" 3067:"Australia Ramps Up Sanctions on Syria" 2339:"World Bank Country and Lending Groups" 2266: 2077:on a daily basis that covers all other 1056:By the mid-1960s, government-sponsored 4601: 4398:from the original on 24 September 2015 4337:from the original on 24 September 2015 4261: 4250: 3680:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from 3455: 3242:"Japan Imposes New Sanctions on Syria" 3222:from the original on 24 September 2015 2785: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2606:The Observatory of Economic Complexity 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2504:HDRO (Human Development Report Office) 2472:HDRO (Human Development Report Office) 1654:Given the poor development of its own 1610:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1130:after 2012, due to Syria's civil war. 28: 5515:Political status of the Golan Heights 4585:"Cost of Conflict in the Middle East" 4438:. Defenddemocracy.org. Archived from 4388:"Factbox: Sanctions imposed on Syria" 4374:"Syria launches first stock exchange" 4327:"Factbox: Sanctions imposed on Syria" 3742: 3740: 3600: 3598: 3564: 3562: 2953:from the original on 22 November 2021 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2665:CIA World Fact Book – Syria's Economy 2255:Ministry of Economy and Trade (Syria) 2192:Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour 1581:Despite the mitigation of the severe 7: 4000:"Country Profile: Syria, April 2005" 3949:"Syria Looks for Big Wheat Purchase" 3840:"Country Profile: Syria, April 2005" 2507:United Nations Development Programme 2475:United Nations Development Programme 1301:adding citations to reliable sources 1241:Caesar Syria Civilian Protection Act 4201:"Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries" 4108:from the original on 28 August 2011 3959:from the original on 30 August 2012 3115:"EU Preparing New Syrian Sanctions" 1596:and dried-fruit packing and modern 1243:that came into force in June 2020. 162:$ 22.4 billion (nominal; 2019 est.) 4771:Syria's Unions and Business Groups 4386:Cutler, David (28 November 2011). 4325:Cutler, David (28 November 2011). 4187:"Islamic Bank to loan Syria €100M" 4096:Fineren, Daniel (14 August 2011). 3439:"Syria's Other Problem: Inflation" 2678:"Syria: The story of the conflict" 1998:, Agricultural Co-Operative Bank, 1261:In 2022, Syria joined the Chinese 1052:1960s–1970s: State-led development 25: 4233:"Syria Profile. Nuclear Overview" 3753:United States Department of State 2602:"Foreign trade partners of Syria" 1662:. Although in 2003 Syria lowered 1078:dramatic rise of world oil prices 6274: 6265: 6264: 5196: 4725: 4098:"Factbox: Syria's energy sector" 2773: 2132:international economic sanctions 2130:that started in March 2020. The 2025:, including the introduction of 1941:Services accounted for 60.4% of 1277: 967: 966: 940: 939: 918: 894: 866: 852: 838: 824: 810: 796: 782: 768: 754: 740: 669: 668: 647: 633: 619: 605: 591: 577: 563: 549: 535: 448: 447: 382: 339: 338: 306: 305: 270: 201: 200: 147: 146: 4072:"2009 Minerals Yearbook: Syria" 3162:. 8 August 2012. Archived from 2464:"Human Development Index (HDI)" 1730:Olive groves in Western-Syria, 1288:needs additional citations for 1159:2011–present: Syria's civil war 998:, which erupted in March 2011. 521:, and some pitted fruits (2021) 6232:British Indian Ocean Territory 4555:Peskin, Doron (23 June 2009). 4376:. Google, AFP (10 March 2009). 1743:, infrastructure development, 1044:(1958–61) and the rise of the 1: 4545:Syria country profile, p. 12. 4461:Morad, Abood (17 June 2020). 2846:. Central Intelligence Agency 2626:Robin Emmott (30 June 2020). 2319:. Central Intelligence Agency 2210:, calculated the opportunity 1994:– the Central Bank of Syria, 1776:Syria's land area is forested 1569:External trade and investment 5655:Energy and mineral resources 5455:Supreme Constitutional Court 4209:. April 2009. Archived from 3380:Public Finance International 3269:International Business Times 2198:Opportunity Cost of Conflict 2045:Syria took gradual steps to 2031:Damascus Securities Exchange 1800:Energy and mineral resources 5677:Water supply and sanitation 5577:Weapons of mass destruction 5480:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 4495:Presse, AFP-Agence France. 4469:(in Arabic). Archived from 2313:"MIDDLE EAST :: SYRIA" 2283:International Monetary Fund 2240:Banque de Syrie et du Liban 1830:International Monetary Fund 1820:Petroleum industry in Syria 1167:restricting trade with the 1108:1980s: Crisis and austerity 127:Lower-middle income economy 6327: 6306:Economy of the Arab League 5572:Chief of the General Staff 5500:National Progressive Front 5172:independent First Republic 4750:Syria Economic Development 3518:. Newsweek. Archived from 2792:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 2394:"GDP Syrian Arab Republic" 2343:datahelpdesk.worldbank.org 2250:List of companies of Syria 2111: 2092:in 2011, there has been a 1964: 1917: 1914:Industry and manufacturing 1817: 1785: 1719: 1354:from fields inside in the 992:Syria's economic situation 698:, broadcasting equipment, 349:Labour force by occupation 6260: 5850: 5698: 5598: 5355: 5218: 5214: 5194: 4839: 4722:Federal Research Division 4608:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4206:World Nuclear Association 3877:. Databank.worldbank.org. 3804:Christian Science Monitor 2895:. Routledge. p. 32. 2758:Federal Research Division 2374:. World population review 2372:worldpopulationreview.com 2204:Strategic Foresight Group 1158: 975: 971:$ 2.1 billion (2020 est.) 944:$ 2.1 billion (2021 est.) 931:$ 2.7 billion (2021 est.) 37: 5981:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 4688:data are in 2022 dollars 3541:Perthes, Volker (1997). 2891:Perthes, Volker (2005). 2181:UN Development Programme 1996:Commercial Bank of Syria 1889:Islamic Development Bank 1826:not a major oil exporter 1788:Syrian Captagon industry 1606:World Trade Organization 1263:Belt and Road Initiative 1042:Syria's union with Egypt 712:associated petroleum gas 6242:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5082:Principality of Antioch 4759:Syria's Economic System 3095:. CBS. 23 December 2011 3047:. BBC. 27 November 2011 2088:Since the start of the 2029:and the opening of the 1678:Under Syrian President 1086:economic liberalization 899:$ 7 billion (2020 est.) 708:liquefied petroleum gas 297:Human Development Index 18:Nuclear energy in Syria 5623:International rankings 5269:Anti-Lebanon Mountains 4933:Middle Assyrian Empire 4745:US Department of State 4260:Cite journal requires 4077:. US Geological Survey 3865:. US State Department. 3514:O'Connor, Tom (2022). 2753:Syria: a country study 2085:for foreign currency. 2079:financial transactions 1962: 1957:Bank Al-Sharq and the 1943:gross domestic product 1735: 1711:Sectors of the economy 1578: 1577:Syrian exports in 2006 1406:Gross Domestic Product 1383:parallel exchange rate 1011: 923:67% of GDP (2021 est.) 151:18,604,031 (2021 est.) 44:Bank Al-Sharq and the 5428:Government ministries 4978:Neo-Babylonian Empire 3806:. 19 September 2011. 3588:10.3390/socsci5020020 3491:Siddiqi, Ali (2022). 2061:investors to receive 1973:Central Bank of Syria 1956: 1843:Electrical generation 1786:Further information: 1729: 1614:Association Agreement 1576: 1155:and export receipts. 1098:Arab-Israeli conflict 1009: 452:$ 1.01 billion (2021) 181:138th (nominal, 2019) 6156:United Arab Emirates 5740:(2011–present) 5636:Securities Exchange 5387:Council of Ministers 5142:Haj Fadel Government 4467:صحيفة الجماهير | حلب 3522:on 21 September 2022 2949:. 22 February 2011. 2764:. pp. 107–110. 2756:. Washington, D.C.: 2230:in Syria to be 90%. 2128:outbreak of COVID-19 1990:The six specialized 1722:Agriculture in Syria 1631:, refined products, 1366:was discovered near 1297:improve this article 1070:centralized planning 732:Main import partners 673:$ 4.5 billion (2021) 527:Main export partners 130:Lower income economy 6311:Syrian billionaires 6183:limited recognition 5416:Golan Heights claim 4973:Neo-Assyrian Empire 4968:Syro-Hittite states 4858:Prehistorical Syria 4719:Library of Congress 4715:Syria country study 4424:. 30 November 2011. 4363:. 30 November 2011. 4140:on 2 September 2011 3917:on 18 November 2017 3911:atlas.media.mit.edu 3658:on 18 February 2019 3376:13 May 2015 at the 3119:The Daily Telegraph 3073:. ABC. 25 June 2012 2762:Library of Congress 2568:. World Bank & 2513:on 12 December 2020 2245:Corruption in Syria 2122:and its associated 2067:capital investments 1949:Banking and finance 1865:hydroelectric power 1837:government revenues 1814:Oil and natural gas 1623:The bulk of Syrian 123:Developing/Emerging 83:Trade organisations 34: 5667:Telecommunications 5660:Petroleum industry 5164:Mandatory Republic 5110:Early modern Syria 4865:Levantine corridor 4604:cite press release 4526:Al Arabiya English 4213:on 29 October 2019 4161:IMF Country Report 3955:. 29 August 2012. 3894:The World Factbook 3779:globalsecurity.org 3612:. 21 November 2019 3320:. 30 November 2011 3244:. RTT. 6 July 2012 3218:. 14 August 2012. 2870:FRED Economic Data 2844:CIA World Factbook 2566:data.worldbank.org 2537:data.worldbank.org 2150:figures place the 1963: 1904:Chernobyl accident 1774:Less than 2.7% of 1741:capital investment 1736: 1579: 1419:(as % of USA) 1409:US Dollar Exchange 1165:economic sanctions 1021:became independent 1012: 6288: 6287: 6225:other territories 5881: 5880: 5846: 5845: 5685: 5684: 5585: 5584: 5474:Political parties 5411:Foreign relations 5342: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5192: 5191: 5152:Syrian Federation 5087:County of Tripoli 5042:Ikhshidid dynasty 4895:Yarmukian culture 4312:National Archives 4239:on 18 August 2011 3775:"Syria – Economy" 3710:. 6 February 2012 3684:on 23 August 2012 3391:"Syria: Overview" 3358:National Archives 3192:on 30 August 2012 2788:cite encyclopedia 2228:poverty threshold 2206:, an India-based 2185:subsistence level 2152:population growth 2148:Syrian government 2008:under-capitalized 1992:state-owned banks 1920:Industry in Syria 1566: 1565: 1417:Per Capita Income 1329: 1328: 1321: 1269:Basic information 1015:Post independence 988: 987: 949:Economic aid 716:refined petroleum 507:cleaning products 371:: 67% (2008 est.) 290:82.5% (2014 est.) 281:Population below 275:28.1% (2017 est.) 186:117th (PPP, 2015) 164:$ 57.25 billion ( 16:(Redirected from 6318: 6301:Economy of Syria 6278: 6268: 6267: 6237:Christmas Island 5923:Sovereign states 5915:Economy of Asia 5908: 5901: 5894: 5885: 5866: 5859: 5741: 5696: 5639: 5638:(stock exchange) 5631: 5596: 5509: 5502: 5493: 5491:regional command 5482: 5353: 5325:Fertile Crescent 5216: 5212: 5200: 5077:County of Edessa 5057:Mirdasid dynasty 5052:Hamdanid dynasty 5031: 4998:Palmyrene Empire 4983:Achaemenid Syria 4870:Natufian culture 4837: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4790: 4783:Economy of Syria 4729: 4728: 4702: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4659:. 16 August 2023 4649: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4623: 4614: 4613: 4607: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4589: 4581: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4552: 4546: 4543: 4530: 4529: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4492: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4442:on 6 August 2018 4432: 4426: 4425: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4309: 4307: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4263: 4258: 4256: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4166: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4139: 4132: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4076: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4004: 3996: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3913:. 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3485: 3480:. 12 June 2020. 3476: 3475: 3471: 3454: 3447: 3445: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3378:Wayback Machine 3369: 3365: 3351: 3349: 3348:. 29 April 2011 3338: 3337: 3333: 3323: 3321: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3294:. 14 April 2018 3290: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3247: 3245: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3225: 3223: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3195: 3193: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3169: 3167: 3154: 3153: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3076: 3074: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3050: 3048: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3018: 3017: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2875: 2873: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2838: 2837: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2809: 2808: 2801: 2784: 2774: 2749: 2748: 2697: 2687: 2685: 2684:. 11 March 2016 2676: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2646: 2636: 2634: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2600: 2599: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2545: 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648: 646: 634: 632: 620: 618: 606: 604: 592: 590: 578: 576: 564: 562: 550: 548: 536: 534: 528: 459: 406:food processing 394: 393:Main industries 374: 350: 335: 328: 311: 299: 287: 282: 267: 253: 226: 212: 197: 190: 169: 163: 133: 116: 84: 72: 52: 31: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6324: 6322: 6314: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6293: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6282: 6272: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6228: 6226: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6187: 6185: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5927: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5888: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5875: 5868: 5867: 5860: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5788: 5783: 5777: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5735: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5651: 5649: 5648:Infrastructure 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5633: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5552: 5546: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5525:Syria (region) 5517: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5503: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5430: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5408: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5399: 5392:Prime Minister 5384: 5382:Vice President 5379: 5378: 5377: 5367: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5320:Southern Syria 5317: 5315:Syria (region) 5311: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5219: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5161: 5158:State of Syria 5155: 5147:French Mandate 5144: 5139: 5132: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5069: 5067:Saljuqid Syria 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5047:Zangid dynasty 5044: 5039: 5034: 5024: 5017: 5015: 5013:Medieval Syria 5009: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4988:Seleucid Syria 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4909: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4849:Years in Syria 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4808: 4801: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4779: 4778: 4767: 4766: 4756: 4747: 4740: 4739:External links 4737: 4736: 4735: 4724:(April 2005). 4710: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4690: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4644: 4615: 4573: 4547: 4531: 4513: 4484: 4453: 4427: 4409: 4378: 4366: 4348: 4317: 4299:whitehouse.gov 4285: 4271: 4262:|journal= 4224: 4192: 4178: 4151: 4119: 4088: 4070:Taib, Mowafa. 4062: 4037: 4012: 3970: 3940: 3928: 3898: 3879: 3867: 3852: 3824: 3791: 3766: 3736: 3721: 3695: 3669: 3637: 3623: 3594: 3558: 3551: 3533: 3506: 3483: 3469: 3443:Cato Institute 3429: 3404: 3382: 3363: 3345:whitehouse.gov 3331: 3318:New York Times 3305: 3283: 3272:. 26 June 2015 3255: 3233: 3203: 3177: 3166:on 13 May 2013 3132: 3121:. 19 July 2012 3106: 3084: 3058: 3036: 2994: 2964: 2934: 2908: 2901: 2883: 2857: 2828: 2799: 2695: 2669: 2644: 2618: 2582: 2553: 2524: 2487: 2455: 2433: 2411: 2385: 2359: 2330: 2295: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2235: 2232: 2220:abject poverty 2199: 2196: 2143: 2140: 2124:refugee crisis 2112:Main article: 2109: 2106: 2094:capital flight 1965:Main article: 1950: 1947: 1938: 1935: 1918:Main article: 1915: 1912: 1896: 1895:Nuclear energy 1893: 1849:kilowatt hours 1844: 1841: 1818:Main article: 1815: 1812: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1783: 1780: 1720:Main article: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1705:Czech Republic 1675: 1672: 1664:interest rates 1660:fiscal deficit 1639:, fruits, and 1618:European Union 1602:global economy 1598:heavy industry 1570: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1327: 1326: 1285: 1283: 1276: 1270: 1267: 1252:hyperinflation 1181:European Union 1160: 1157: 1126: 1123: 1109: 1106: 1053: 1050: 1016: 1013: 1003: 1000: 986: 985: 976: 973: 972: 964: 957: 954: 953: 950: 946: 945: 937: 933: 932: 929: 925: 924: 916: 909: 906: 905: 901: 900: 892: 884: 881: 880: 878: 877: 863: 849: 835: 821: 807: 793: 779: 765: 751: 736: 734: 731: 728: 727: 696:motor vehicles 681: 678: 675: 674: 666: 662: 661: 659: 658: 644: 630: 616: 602: 588: 574: 560: 546: 531: 529: 526: 523: 522: 460: 457: 454: 453: 445: 441: 440: 436: 435: 418:phosphate rock 395: 392: 389: 388: 380: 376: 375: 373: 372: 366: 360: 353: 351: 348: 345: 344: 336: 333: 330: 329: 327: 326: 319: 302: 300: 295: 292: 291: 288: 280: 277: 276: 268: 258: 255: 254: 252: 251: 248: 242: 236: 229: 227: 224: 221: 220: 213: 211:GDP per capita 210: 207: 206: 198: 195: 192: 191: 189: 188: 183: 177: 175: 171: 170: 161: 159: 153: 152: 144: 140: 139: 135: 134: 132: 131: 128: 125: 119: 117: 114: 111: 110: 85: 82: 79: 78: 73: 68: 65: 64: 58: 54: 53: 43: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6323: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6271: 6263: 6262: 6259: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6206:South Ossetia 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5909: 5904: 5902: 5897: 5895: 5890: 5889: 5886: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5849: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5770: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5632: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5497: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5299:Syrian Desert 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5279:Golan Heights 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5199: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5118: 5117:Ottoman Syria 5115: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5094:Ayyubid Syria 5092: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5062:Fatimid Syria 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4963:Aram-Damascus 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4905:Ancient Syria 4902: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4875:Halaf culture 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4807: 4802: 4800: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4776: 4775:Arab Decision 4772: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4763:Arab Decision 4760: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4732:public domain 4723: 4720: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4700: 4694: 4691: 4685: 4682: 4675: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4605: 4586: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4562: 4558: 4551: 4548: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4514: 4502: 4498: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4454: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4318: 4313: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4289: 4286: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4254: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4212: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4163: 4162: 4155: 4152: 4136: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4089: 4073: 4066: 4063: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4038: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4009:. p. 10. 4008: 4001: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3929: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3863:Syria (08/04) 3859: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3841: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3780: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3722: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3654: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3633: 3627: 3624: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3552:1-86064-192-X 3548: 3544: 3537: 3534: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3507: 3494: 3487: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3470: 3465: 3459: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3430: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3367: 3364: 3359: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3271: 3270: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3165: 3161: 3160:Georgia Times 3157: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3059: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2983:on 5 May 2019 2982: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2965: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2923:. 6 July 2011 2922: 2918: 2912: 2909: 2904: 2902:9780198567509 2898: 2894: 2887: 2884: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2789: 2781: 2780:public domain 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2619: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2512: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2491: 2488: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2456: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2421: 2415: 2412: 2399: 2398:worldbank.org 2395: 2389: 2386: 2373: 2369: 2363: 2360: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2331: 2318: 2314: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2171: 2169: 2168:public sector 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2115: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2071:exchange rate 2068: 2064: 2058: 2056: 2055:payment cards 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2040:Islamic banks 2037: 2036:joint-venture 2032: 2028: 2027:private banks 2024: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1977:public sector 1974: 1968: 1960: 1955: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1821: 1813: 1811: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1789: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1769:metric 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