2072:
3305:
3335:
3323:
3415:
3399:
107:
3383:
3371:
3359:
3347:
74:
258:, a purine nucleotide, is an activator of pyrimidine synthesis, while CTP, a pyrimidine nucleotide, is an inhibitor of pyrimidine synthesis. This regulation helps to keep the purine/pyrimidine amounts similar, which is beneficial because equal amounts of purines and pyrimidines are required for DNA synthesis.
243:
which provides ribose-monophosphate. Unlike in purine synthesis, the sugar/phosphate group from PRPP is not added to the nitrogenous base until towards the end of the process. After synthesizing uridine-monophosphate, it can react with 2 ATP to form uridine-triphosphate or UTP. UTP can be converted
694:
Alqahtani, Saad Saeed; Koltai, Tomas; Ibrahim, Muntaser E.; Bashir, Adil H. H.; Alhoufie, Sari T. S.; Ahmed, Samrein B. M.; Molfetta, Daria Di; Carvalho, Tiago M. A.; Cardone, Rosa Angela; Reshkin, Stephan Joel; Hifny, Abdelhameed; Ahmed, Mohamed E.; Alfarouk, Khalid Omer (6 July 2022).
180:
ATP stimulates production of GTP, while GTP stimulates production of ATP. This cross regulation keeps the relative amounts of ATP and GTP the same. Excess of either nucleotide could increase the likelihood of DNA mutations, where the wrong purine nucleotide is inserted.
521:
Once the nucleotides are synthesized they can exchange phosphates among one another in order to create mono-, di-, and tri-phosphate molecules. The conversion of a nucleoside-diphosphate (NDP) to a nucleoside-triphosphate (NTP) is catalyzed by
204:
357:
1851:
478:
to form xanthine which is then converted to uric acid. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the degradation of both purines. Uric acid is then excreted from the body in different forms depending on the animal.
94:. In the more complex multicellular animals, they are both primarily produced in the liver but the two different groups are synthesized in different ways. However, all nucleotide synthesis requires the use of
1844:
364:
The breakdown of DNA and RNA is occurring continuously in the cell. Purine and pyrimidine nucleosides can either be degraded to waste products and excreted or can be salvaged as nucleotide components.
1482:
1955:
1837:
454:
Purine degradation takes place mainly in the liver of humans and requires an assortment of enzymes to degrade purines to uric acid. First, the nucleotide will lose its phosphate through
1134:
1043:
86:
Nucleotides are the monomers which polymerize into nucleic acids. All nucleotides contain a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. The bases found in nucleic acids are either
782:
1892:
1864:
1475:
1581:
482:
Free purine and pyrimidine bases that are released into the cell are typically transported intercellularly across membranes and salvaged to create more nucleotides via
1587:
1243:
495:
188:
3589:
191:
or HGPRT, the enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reaction of producing guanine from GMP. This is a sex-linked congenital defect that causes overproduction of
1919:
1468:
1599:
1119:
1036:
2005:
1940:
443:
1569:
1209:
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978:
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618:
491:
3319:
Single lines: pathways common to most lifeforms. Double lines: pathways not in humans (occurs in e.g. plants, fungi, prokaryotes).
1016:
34:) are either synthesized or degraded. Nucleic acids are polymers (so-called "biopolymers") made up of a variety of monomers called
1356:
1109:
207:
Uridine-triphosphate (UTP), at left, reacts with glutamine and other chemicals to form cytidine-triphosphate (CTP), on the right.
3584:
1389:
1322:
1269:
527:
1935:
1327:
1139:
1114:
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is a specific nucleotide kinase used for regulating cellular energy fluctuations by the interconversion of 2ADP ⇔ ATP + AMP.
506:
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1732:
1434:
1124:
523:
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341:
294:
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161:, or XMP. XMP is then converted into GMP by using the hydrolysis of 1 ATP and the conversion of glutamine to
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3049:
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1639:
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142:
1021:
223:. The synthesis of any pyrimidine nucleotide begins with the formation of uridine. This reaction requires
4049:
4007:
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2028:
1800:
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1969:
1737:
1695:
1403:
1298:
428:
66:
can be salvaged to recreate new nucleotides. Both synthesis and degradation reactions require multiple
474:. The other purine nucleoside, guanosine, is cleaved to form guanine. Guanine is then deaminated via
4059:
3951:
3656:
3632:
3594:
3351:
2900:
2427:
2176:
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1444:
381:
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70:
to facilitate the event. Defects or deficiencies in these enzymes can lead to a variety of diseases.
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1989:
1984:
262:
261:
Deficiencies of enzymes involved in pyrimidine synthesis can lead to the genetic disease
812:
Bailey, CJ (2009). "Orotic aciduria and uridine monophosphate synthase: a reappraisal".
647:
121:
are the two nucleotides classified as purines. In purine synthesis, PRPP is turned into
3945:
3863:
3853:
3802:
3790:
3763:
3363:
3339:
3317:. Click any text (name of pathway or metabolites) to link to the corresponding article.
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442:
Deficiencies in enzymes involved in pyrimidine catabolism can lead to diseases such as
409:
325:
hosphate). The nucleotides must be in the diphosphate form for the reaction to occur.
245:
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3817:
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1012:
Nucleic Acids Book (free online book on the chemistry and biology of nucleic acids)
908:
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1727:
505:, which stems from an accumulation of uric acid crystals in various joints, and
436:
377:
232:
157:) requires an intermediate step, in which NAD+ is used to form the intermediate
35:
248:. Thymidine synthesis first requires reduction of the uridine to deoxyuridine (
22:
is a collective term that refers to the variety of chemical reactions by which
4024:
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Defects in purine catabolism can result in a variety of diseases including
293:(-OH group) on the ribose. The reaction to remove this -OH is catalyzed by
203:
73:
933:
Kelley, RE; Andersson, HC (2014). "Disorders of purines and pyrimidines".
655:
356:
3210:
3014:
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2881:
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1681:
467:
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212:
195:
along with mental retardation, spasticity, and an urge to self-mutilate.
150:
98:
which donates the ribose and phosphate necessary to create a nucleotide.
713:
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3967:
3387:
3270:
3098:
3056:
3027:
2874:
2828:
2468:
1789:
458:. The nucleoside, adenosine, is then deaminated and hydrolyzed to form
432:
333:
216:
130:
118:
114:
67:
2860:
2821:
2602:
1756:
1066:
466:
and nucleosidase respectively. Hypoxanthine is then oxidized to form
424:
420:
274:
174:
87:
384:, among other things. Thymine, on the other hand, is converted into
611:
Fundamentals of the biochemistry : life at the molecular level
355:
202:
105:
72:
47:
2020:
3304:
2970:
1950:
1407:
1398:
753:
Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M.; Lehninger, Albert L. (2008).
502:
487:
240:
153:. While IMP can be directly converted to AMP, synthesis of GMP (
3435:
2024:
1833:
1464:
1025:
530:
carries out the phosphorylation of nucleoside-monophosphates.
494:. Free guanine is salvaged in the same way except it requires
249:
3242:
669:
568:
548:
282:
278:
265:
which causes excessive excretion of orotic acid in the urine.
31:
27:
404:. Pyrimidine degradation ultimately ends in the formation of
252:), before the base can be methylated to produce thymidine.
1956:
Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome
416:
which occurs in the cytosol and the mitochondria of cells.
332:, a component of DNA which only exists in the deoxy form,
244:
to CTP (cytidine-triphosphate) in a reaction catalyzed by
419:
Pyrimidine bases can also be salvaged. For example, the
360:
General outline of nucleic acid degradation for purines.
77:
Composition of nucleotides, which make up nucleic acids.
1135:
Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase
42:
mechanism generally involving the chemical reaction of
3664:(amino acid→pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or TCA intermediate)
697:"Role of pH in Regulating Cancer Pyrimidine Synthesis"
609:
Voet, Donald; Voet, Judith; Pratt, Charlotte (2008).
526:, which uses ATP as the phosphate donor. Similarly,
490:--> AMP + PPi. This reaction requires the enzyme
2062:
141:, among other things. IMP is then converted to AMP (
4000:
3960:
3932:
3913:
3842:
3735:
3715:
3676:
3647:
3623:
3614:
3571:
3555:
3514:
3503:
3477:
1998:
1977:
1968:
1928:
1901:
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1880:
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1753:
1746:
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1512:
1501:
1420:
1382:
1306:
1297:
1257:
1234:
1189:
1148:
1091:
1084:
1075:
754:
431:or UMP. A similar reaction can also be done with
1017:Interactive overview of nucleic acid metabolism.
748:
746:
744:
742:
125:, or IMP. Production of IMP from PRPP requires
1588:Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide
1244:Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
909:"Nucleotides: Their Synthesis and Degradation"
634:Nyhan, WL (1973). "The Lesch-Nyhan syndrome".
496:hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
277:as the sugar component, which is a feature of
189:hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
110:The origin of atoms that make up purine bases.
3447:
2036:
1845:
1476:
1037:
8:
1920:Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency
1582:5′-Phosphoribosyl-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole
884:"Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency"
1600:5-Formamidoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide
1120:Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase
3929:
3846:
3739:
3732:
3644:
3620:
3511:
3454:
3440:
3432:
2043:
2029:
2021:
2006:Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency
1974:
1941:Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency
1877:
1852:
1838:
1830:
1750:
1702:
1516:
1509:
1483:
1469:
1461:
1310:
1303:
1088:
1081:
1044:
1030:
1022:
444:Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency
269:Converting nucleotides to deoxynucleotides
239:molecules (to provide energy), as well as
853:
851:
722:
712:
470:and then uric acid through the action of
446:which has negative neurological effects.
392:. The leftover carbon skeletons such as
165:. AMP and GMP can then be converted into
1130:Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase
58:reaction and the resulting parts of the
604:
580:
372:Cytosine and uracil are converted into
149:and aspartate, which is converted into
979:"Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency"
814:Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease
757:Lehninger's Principles of Biochemistry
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
54:. Degradation of nucleic acids is a
7:
3564:Electron acceptors other than oxygen
1570:5′-Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine
1353:Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase
613:(3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
273:Nucleotides are initially made with
1564:Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycineamide
648:10.1146/annurev.me.24.020173.000353
96:phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP)
947:10.1016/B978-0-7020-4087-0.00055-3
412:. The ammonium can then enter the
14:
1888:Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency
1249:Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase
492:adenine phosphoribosyltransferase
3413:
3397:
3381:
3369:
3357:
3345:
3333:
3321:
3303:
2070:
1357:Uridine monophosphate synthetase
1110:Ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase
177:that add additional phosphates.
3585:Substrate-level phosphorylation
1390:Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase
1323:Carbamoyl phosphate synthase II
1270:Purine nucleoside phosphorylase
528:nucleoside-monophosphate kinase
211:Pyrimidine nucleosides include
1936:Adenosine deaminase deficiency
1328:Aspartate carbamoyltransferase
1115:Amidophosphoribosyltransferase
935:Handbook of Clinical Neurology
517:Interconversion of nucleotides
507:adenosine deaminase deficiency
1:
3988:Reverse cholesterol transport
1435:Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase
1125:AIR synthetase (FGAM cyclase)
863:The Medical Biochemistry Page
524:nucleoside diphosphate kinase
344:), and then is methylated by
297:. This enzyme converts NDPs (
289:ribose, which is missing the
187:is caused by a deficiency in
38:. Nucleotide synthesis is an
3640:(protein→peptide→amino acid)
1865:purine–pyrimidine metabolism
1546:Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate
1348:Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
400:can then be oxidized by the
352:Degradation of nucleic acids
1558:Glycineamide ribonucleotide
388:which is then used to form
4086:
4025:Phospagen system (ATP-PCr)
3495:Primary nutritional groups
1733:Orotidine 5'-monophosphate
783:"Nucleotide Metabolism II"
486:. For example, adenine +
423:base can be combined with
3887:
3859:Anoxygenic photosynthesis
3849:
3813:
3781:Pentose phosphate pathway
3776:
3759:
3742:
3536:Oxidative phosphorylation
2059:
1576:5-Aminoimidazole ribotide
1365:
1343:
1313:
1164:Adenylosuccinate synthase
913:Molecular Biochemistry II
826:10.1007/s10545-009-1176-y
761:(5 ed.). Macmillan.
636:Annual Review of Medicine
3879:Entner-Doudoroff pathway
3541:electron transport chain
3528:Pyruvate decarboxylation
1649:Xanthosine monophosphate
1430:Ribonucleotide reductase
342:ribonucleotide reductase
295:ribonucleotide reductase
159:xanthosine monophosphate
82:Synthesis of nucleotides
3973:Sphingolipid metabolism
3874:DeLey-Doudoroff pathway
3722:carbohydrate catabolism
3717:Carbohydrate metabolism
3703:Purine nucleotide cycle
3328:carbohydrate metabolism
1811:β-Ureidoisobutyric acid
1713:Carbamoyl aspartic acid
1495:metabolic intermediates
1450:Dihydrofolate reductase
888:Genetics Home Reference
859:"Nucleotide Metabolism"
564:Purine nucleotide cycle
544:Carbohydrate metabolism
437:deoxyribose-1-phosphate
328:In order to synthesize
155:guanosine monophosphate
143:adenosine monophosphate
20:Nucleic acid metabolism
3942:Fatty acid degradation
3662:Amino acid degradation
1801:3-Aminoisobutyric acid
1778:3-Ureidopropionic acid
1723:4,5-Dihydroorotic acid
1169:Adenylosuccinate lyase
701:Journal of Xenobiotics
386:β-aminoisobutyric acid
361:
208:
111:
78:
3978:Eicosanoid metabolism
3934:Fatty acid metabolism
3698:Pyrimidine metabolism
3557:Anaerobic respiration
3376:amino acid metabolism
1970:Pyrimidine metabolism
1738:Uridine monophosphate
1404:Beta-ureidopropionase
1299:Pyrimidine metabolism
1059:amino acid metabolism
429:uridine monophosphate
368:Pyrimidine catabolism
359:
348:to create thymidine.
206:
123:inosine monophosphate
109:
76:
3952:Fatty acid synthesis
3657:Amino acid synthesis
3352:cellular respiration
1911:Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
1445:Thymidylate synthase
1422:Deoxyribonucleotides
382:fatty acid synthesis
380:which is needed for
346:thymidylate synthase
309:hosphate) to dNDPs (
285:, however, requires
199:Pyrimidine synthesis
185:Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
3516:Aerobic respiration
2524:Transcription &
1718:Carbamoyl phosphate
1594:AICA ribonucleotide
1552:Phosphoribosylamine
1395:Dihydropyrimidinase
1265:Adenosine deaminase
793:on 11 February 2017
714:10.3390/jox12030014
464:adenosine deaminase
173:, respectively, by
4065:Metabolic pathways
4020:Ethanol metabolism
3968:Steroid metabolism
3693:Nucleotide salvage
3625:Protein metabolism
3311:metabolic pathways
1903:Nucleotide salvage
1540:Ribose 5-phosphate
1236:Nucleotide salvage
989:on 3 November 2014
559:Protein metabolism
484:nucleotide salvage
425:ribose-1-phosphate
362:
209:
112:
79:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4032:
3996:
3995:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3892:Xylose metabolism
3838:
3837:
3711:
3710:
3688:Purine metabolism
3633:Protein synthesis
3610:
3609:
3532:Citric acid cycle
3490:Metabolic network
3485:Metabolic pathway
3429:
3428:
3299:
3298:
3259:Neurotransmitters
2638:Nucleotide sugars
2371:Direct / C4 / CAM
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
1964:
1963:
1873:Purine metabolism
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1690:
1689:
1667:5-Hydroxyisourate
1655:
1654:
1458:
1457:
1416:
1415:
1378:
1377:
1293:
1292:
1275:Guanine deaminase
1230:
1229:
1205:IMP dehydrogenase
1077:Purine metabolism
476:guanine deaminase
450:Purine catabolism
402:citric acid cycle
390:methylmalonyl-CoA
4077:
4008:Metal metabolism
3930:
3915:Lipid metabolism
3847:
3740:
3733:
3645:
3621:
3547:
3512:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3433:
3423:
3420:lipid metabolism
3417:
3416:
3411:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3385:
3384:
3379:
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3367:
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3348:
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3337:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3307:
3306:
3289:
3282:
3273:
3266:
3264:thyroid hormones
3254:
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3206:
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3010:
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2271:
2267:
2256:
2252:
2241:
2237:
2223:
2220:
2210:
2207:
2199:
2196:
2186:
2183:
2171:
2168:
2156:
2153:
2143:
2140:
2130:
2127:
2117:
2114:
2102:
2099:
2089:
2086:
2074:
2063:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2022:
1975:
1878:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1831:
1793:
1760:
1751:
1703:
1643:
1626:Adenylosuccinate
1620:
1532:
1517:
1510:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1462:
1311:
1304:
1280:Xanthine oxidase
1198:
1157:
1103:
1089:
1082:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1023:
999:
998:
996:
994:
985:. Archived from
975:
969:
968:
930:
924:
923:
921:
919:
905:
899:
898:
896:
894:
880:
874:
873:
871:
869:
855:
846:
845:
809:
803:
802:
800:
798:
789:. Archived from
779:
773:
772:
760:
750:
737:
736:
726:
716:
691:
685:
684:
682:
680:
666:
660:
659:
631:
625:
624:
606:
532:Adenylate kinase
511:immunodeficiency
472:xanthine oxidase
336:is converted to
250:see next section
102:Purine synthesis
52:nitrogenous base
4085:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4029:
4013:Iron metabolism
3992:
3956:
3917:
3901:
3883:
3869:Carbon fixation
3834:
3809:
3772:
3755:
3751:Gluconeogenesis
3724:
3719:
3707:
3679:
3672:
3643:
3616:
3606:
3567:
3551:
3539:
3506:
3499:
3473:
3460:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3398:
3396:
3382:
3380:
3370:
3368:
3358:
3356:
3346:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3315:metro-style map
3308:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3250:Polyunsaturated
3248:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3186:
3184:
3179:
3177:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3130:
3128:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3035:
3026:
3024:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2598:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2470:Steroidogenesis
2469:
2465:
2463:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2407:
2401:phosphorylation
2400:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2385:
2381:
2379:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2055:
2049:
2019:
2010:
1994:
1990:Miller syndrome
1985:Orotic aciduria
1960:
1924:
1897:
1867:
1858:
1828:
1815:
1788:
1782:
1755:
1742:
1697:
1686:
1651:
1634:
1628:
1611:
1605:
1521:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1459:
1454:
1412:
1374:
1361:
1339:
1289:
1253:
1226:
1190:
1185:
1149:
1144:
1092:
1071:
1050:
1008:
1003:
1002:
992:
990:
977:
976:
972:
957:
932:
931:
927:
917:
915:
907:
906:
902:
892:
890:
882:
881:
877:
867:
865:
857:
856:
849:
811:
810:
806:
796:
794:
781:
780:
776:
769:
752:
751:
740:
693:
692:
688:
678:
676:
674:Lesch-Nyhan.org
668:
667:
663:
633:
632:
628:
621:
608:
607:
582:
577:
540:
519:
509:, which causes
456:5'-nucleotidase
452:
370:
354:
271:
263:Orotic aciduria
201:
104:
84:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4083:
4081:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4042:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3946:Beta oxidation
3938:
3936:
3927:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3864:Chemosynthesis
3861:
3856:
3854:Photosynthesis
3850:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3803:Leloir pathway
3795:
3794:
3793:
3791:Polyol pathway
3783:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3764:Glycogenolysis
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3743:
3737:
3730:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3642:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3627:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3577:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3520:
3518:
3509:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3364:cell signaling
3340:photosynthesis
3338:Violet nodes:
3326:Orange nodes:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3284:
3275:
3268:
3256:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3224:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3161:
3152:
3145:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3103:
3096:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3054:
3047:
3025:
3012:
2999:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2968:
2959:
2952:
2939:
2929:Aromatic amino
2926:
2919:
2912:
2898:
2886:
2879:
2865:
2851:
2842:
2836:Branched-chain
2833:
2826:
2819:
2810:
2801:
2792:
2783:
2776:
2767:
2760:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2700:
2693:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2623:
2616:
2607:
2590:
2581:
2563:
2550:
2537:
2518:
2503:
2490:
2477:
2464:
2451:
2438:
2423:
2408:
2393:
2386:Light reaction
2380:
2365:
2348:
2333:
2318:
2305:
2288:
2273:
2258:
2243:
2228:
2212:
2201:
2188:
2173:
2158:
2145:
2132:
2119:
2104:
2091:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1806:Dihydrothymine
1803:
1797:
1795:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1440:DCMP deaminase
1437:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1370:CTP synthetase
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1333:Dihydroorotase
1330:
1325:
1314:
1308:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1006:External links
1004:
1001:
1000:
983:Learn.Genetics
970:
955:
925:
900:
875:
847:
804:
774:
768:978-0716771081
767:
738:
707:(3): 158–180.
686:
661:
626:
619:
579:
578:
576:
573:
572:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
539:
536:
518:
515:
451:
448:
410:carbon dioxide
369:
366:
353:
350:
270:
267:
246:CTP synthetase
200:
197:
103:
100:
83:
80:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4082:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4050:Nucleic acids
4048:
4047:
4045:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3898:
3897:Radiotrophism
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3818:Glycosylation
3816:
3815:
3812:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3613:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3421:
3418:Green nodes:
3409:
3405:
3402:Brown nodes:
3393:
3389:
3377:
3365:
3353:
3341:
3329:
3316:
3312:
3288:
3281:
3272:
3265:
3260:
3253:
3244:
3237:
3236:Sphingolipids
3230:
3229:sphingolipids
3221:
3212:
3205:
3204:Glycerolipids
3198:
3197:phospholipids
3189:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3158:
3149:
3142:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3111:proteoglycans
3107:
3106:Glycoproteins
3100:
3093:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3016:
3008:
3003:
2996:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2956:
2948:
2943:
2936:
2932:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2871:
2862:
2857:
2848:
2839:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2780:
2773:
2764:
2757:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2697:
2690:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2526:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2373:carbon intake
2362:
2361:
2360:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2184:
2170:
2169:
2155:
2154:
2142:
2141:
2129:
2128:
2116:
2115:
2101:
2100:
2088:
2087:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2053:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1915:Hyperuricemia
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1773:Dihydrouracil
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1693:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1285:Urate oxidase
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1221:
1220:GMP reductase
1218:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1188:
1180:
1179:AMP deaminase
1177:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
988:
984:
980:
974:
971:
966:
962:
958:
956:9780702040870
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
929:
926:
914:
910:
904:
901:
889:
885:
879:
876:
864:
860:
854:
852:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
808:
805:
792:
788:
784:
778:
775:
770:
764:
759:
758:
749:
747:
745:
743:
739:
734:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
690:
687:
675:
671:
670:"Lesch-Nyhan"
665:
662:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
630:
627:
622:
620:9780470129302
616:
612:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
581:
574:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
537:
535:
533:
529:
525:
516:
514:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
449:
447:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
408:, water, and
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
376:and later to
375:
367:
365:
358:
351:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
268:
266:
264:
259:
257:
253:
251:
247:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
205:
198:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
108:
101:
99:
97:
93:
89:
81:
75:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
24:nucleic acids
21:
3798:Galactolysis
3768:Glycogenesis
3677:
3573:Fermentation
3545:ATP synthase
3403:
3386:Grey nodes:
3374:Blue nodes:
3362:Pink nodes:
3280:cannabinoids
3118:Chlorophylls
3069:Antioxidants
2822:Serine group
2733:Photosystems
2719:P-glycerates
2666:P-glycerates
2631:sialic acids
2626:Amino sugars
2578:
2566:
2565:
2553:
2552:
2540:
2539:
2521:
2520:
2506:
2505:
2493:
2492:
2480:
2479:
2467:
2466:
2454:
2453:
2441:
2440:
2426:
2425:
2411:
2410:
2396:
2395:
2383:
2382:
2368:
2367:
2351:
2350:
2336:
2335:
2321:
2320:
2311:Fermentation
2308:
2307:
2291:
2290:
2276:
2275:
2261:
2260:
2246:
2245:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2214:
2203:
2190:
2175:
2160:
2147:
2134:
2121:
2106:
2093:
2080:
1861:Inborn error
1787:
1754:
1672:Hypoxanthine
1636:
1633:
1613:
1610:
1525:
1520:
1214:
1210:GMP synthase
1191:
1173:
1150:
1140:IMP synthase
1093:
991:. Retrieved
987:the original
982:
973:
938:
934:
928:
916:. Retrieved
912:
903:
891:. Retrieved
887:
878:
866:. Retrieved
862:
817:
813:
807:
795:. Retrieved
791:the original
787:Oregon State
786:
777:
756:
704:
700:
689:
677:. Retrieved
673:
664:
639:
635:
629:
610:
554:Nucleic acid
520:
500:
481:
460:hypoxanthine
453:
441:
418:
398:Succinyl-CoA
374:beta-alanine
371:
363:
338:deoxyuridine
327:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
286:
272:
260:
254:
210:
183:
179:
113:
85:
19:
18:
4060:Pyrimidines
3924:lipogenesis
3786:Fructolysis
3600:Lactic acid
3410:metabolism.
3394:metabolism.
3350:Red nodes:
3287:Eicosanoids
3252:fatty acids
3181:Cholesterol
3169:carotenoids
3148:Polyketides
3083:Nucleotides
3038:tocopherols
3002:Calciferols
2915:Amino acids
2908:amino acids
2838:amino acids
2813:Respiratory
2556:Proteolysis
2543:Translation
2530:replication
2496:MEP pathway
2483:MVA pathway
2444:Lipogenesis
2416:deamination
2206:Peroxisomal
2098:respiration
1946:Xanthinuria
1728:Orotic acid
820:: S227-33.
378:malonyl-CoA
291:2'-hydroxyl
233:bicarbonate
92:pyrimidines
64:nucleobases
60:nucleotides
36:nucleotides
4070:Metabolism
4044:Categories
3747:Glycolysis
3680:metabolism
3678:Nucleotide
3668:Urea cycle
3649:Amino acid
3638:Catabolism
3581:Glycolysis
3524:Glycolysis
3507:metabolism
3467:catabolism
3463:Metabolism
3404:nucleotide
3188:Bile acids
3164:Terpenoids
2995:vitamin Bs
2978:Cobalamins
2906:glucogenic
2894:polyamines
2854:Homoserine
2726:Glyoxylate
2619:Inositol-P
2414:Amino acid
2354:feeders to
2182:elongation
2137:Glyoxylate
2126:acid cycle
2052:Metabolism
1999:Catabolism
1929:Catabolism
1747:catabolism
1698:metabolism
1696:pyrimidine
1660:catabolism
1505:metabolism
1492:Nucleotide
1383:Catabolism
1258:Catabolism
1064:nucleotide
1055:Metabolism
993:31 October
941:: 827–38.
918:20 October
893:31 October
868:20 October
797:20 October
679:31 October
575:References
427:to create
414:urea cycle
394:acetyl-CoA
317:ucleoside-
301:ucleoside-
46:, pentose
3920:lipolysis
3727:anabolism
3471:anabolism
3173:vitamin A
3157:backbones
3155:Terpenoid
3050:Cofactors
3042:vitamin E
3032:vitamin K
3020:vitamin A
3015:Retinoids
3007:vitamin D
2982:vitamin B
2947:vitamin C
2942:Ascorbate
2935:histidine
2922:Shikimate
2901:Ketogenic
2868:Glutamate
2845:Aspartate
2797:glutarate
2712:Pentose-P
2696:Succinate
2687:Propionyl
2680:Tetrose-P
2673:Pentose-P
2569:Glycosyl-
2509:Shikimate
2457:Lipolysis
2399:Oxidative
2356:gluconeo-
2298:oxylation
2279:Gluconeo-
2236:genolysis
2219:oxidation
2195:oxidation
2167:synthesis
2111:phosphate
1978:Anabolism
1881:Anabolism
1768:β-Alanine
1706:anabolism
1677:Uric acid
1513:anabolism
1307:Anabolism
1085:Anabolism
642:: 41–60.
330:thymidine
229:glutamine
225:aspartate
221:thymidine
193:uric acid
163:glutamate
135:aspartate
127:glutamine
56:catabolic
44:phosphate
3843:Nonhuman
3828:O-linked
3823:N-linked
3615:Specific
3392:cofactor
3271:Steroids
3211:Acyl-CoA
3195:Glycero-
3099:Proteins
3062:minerals
3057:Vitamins
3028:Quinones
2964:pigments
2889:Creatine
2882:Arginine
2786:Succinyl
2740:Pyruvate
2659:Glycerol
2652:Triose-P
2645:Hexose-P
2597:multiple
2294:Pyruvate
2085:fixation
1682:Xanthine
1602:(FAICAR)
1590:(SAICAR)
965:24365355
842:13215215
834:19562503
733:35893264
538:See also
468:xanthine
406:ammonium
235:, and 2
213:cytidine
151:fumarate
145:) using
137:, and 6
50:, and a
40:anabolic
4055:Purines
3983:Ketosis
3595:Ethanol
3478:General
3408:protein
3388:vitamin
3090:Nucleic
2993:Various
2875:proline
2829:Alanine
2795:α-Keto-
2772:acetate
2763:Citrate
2747:Lactate
2603:glycans
2511:pathway
2431:shuttle
2429:Citrate
2358:genesis
2341:genesis
2296:decarb-
2281:genesis
2251:genesis
2113:pathway
2109:Pentose
1790:thymine
1596:(AICAR)
1215:reverse
1174:reverse
1067:enzymes
724:9326563
656:4575865
433:thymine
334:uridine
217:uridine
175:kinases
131:glycine
119:guanine
115:Adenine
88:purines
68:enzymes
30:and/or
16:Process
3505:Energy
3309:Major
3262:&
3227:Glyco-
3167:&
3139:Acetyl
3109:&
3060:&
3036:&
2933:&
2892:&
2873:&
2861:lysine
2859:&
2806:bodies
2804:Ketone
2779:Malate
2770:Oxalo-
2754:Acetyl
2703:Acetyl
2629:&
2612:sugars
2610:Simple
2601:&
2599:sugars
2593:Double
2264:Glyco-
2249:Glyco-
2234:Glyco-
2124:Citric
2096:Photo-
2083:Carbon
1757:uracil
1584:(CAIR)
1572:(FGAM)
1566:(FGAR)
1548:(PRPP)
1503:purine
963:
953:
840:
832:
765:
731:
721:
654:
617:
421:uracil
275:ribose
219:, and
4001:Other
3961:Other
3736:Human
3617:paths
3278:Endo-
3243:Waxes
3220:acids
3218:Fatty
3092:acids
2971:Hemes
2955:δ-ALA
2931:acids
2903:&
2870:group
2856:group
2847:group
2815:chain
2586:acids
2584:Sugar
2571:ation
2339:Keto-
2326:lysis
2324:Keto-
2266:lysis
2178:Fatty
2163:Fatty
2152:cycle
2139:cycle
1578:(AIR)
1560:(GAR)
1554:(PRA)
1542:(R5P)
838:S2CID
287:deoxy
48:sugar
3725:and
3406:and
3390:and
3141:-CoA
3076:PRPP
2962:Bile
2788:-CoA
2756:-CoA
2705:-CoA
2689:-CoA
2217:beta
2193:Beta
2180:acid
2165:acid
2150:Urea
1951:Gout
1863:of
1408:UPB1
1399:DPYS
1192:IMP→
1151:IMP→
995:2014
961:PMID
951:ISBN
920:2014
895:2014
870:2014
830:PMID
799:2014
763:ISBN
729:PMID
681:2014
652:PMID
615:ISBN
503:gout
488:PRPP
462:via
435:and
396:and
340:(by
313:eoxy
241:PRPP
169:and
117:and
3749:⇄
3590:ABE
3313:in
3132:MVA
3125:MEP
2054:map
1640:GMP
1635:IMP
1617:AMP
1612:IMP
1529:IMP
1523:R5P
1318:CAD
1194:GMP
1153:AMP
1099:IMP
1095:R5P
943:doi
939:120
822:doi
719:PMC
709:doi
644:doi
569:RNA
549:DNA
283:DNA
279:RNA
256:ATP
237:ATP
171:GTP
167:ATP
147:GTP
139:ATP
90:or
62:or
32:RNA
28:DNA
4046::
3922:,
3766:⇄
3583:→
3543:+
3534:→
3530:→
3526:→
3469:,
3465:,
3175:)
3044:)
3022:)
3009:)
2987:)
2984:12
2949:)
1057::
981:.
959:.
949:.
937:.
911:.
886:.
861:.
850:^
836:.
828:.
818:32
816:.
785:.
741:^
727:.
717:.
705:12
703:.
699:.
672:.
650:.
640:24
638:.
583:^
513:.
498:.
439:.
281:.
231:,
227:,
215:,
133:,
129:,
3948:)
3944:(
3926:)
3918:(
3729:)
3720:(
3548:)
3538:(
3455:e
3448:t
3441:v
3422:.
3378:.
3366:.
3354:.
3342:.
3330:.
3171:(
3040:(
3034:)
3030:(
3018:(
3005:(
2980:(
2945:(
2595:/
2044:e
2037:t
2030:v
1913:/
1853:e
1846:t
1839:v
1792::
1759::
1642::
1637:→
1619::
1614:→
1531::
1526:→
1484:e
1477:t
1470:v
1406:/
1397:/
1355:/
1196::
1155::
1101::
1097:→
1045:e
1038:t
1031:v
997:.
967:.
945::
922:.
897:.
872:.
844:.
824::
801:.
771:.
735:.
711::
683:.
658:.
646::
623:.
323:p
321:i
319:d
315:n
311:d
307:p
305:i
303:d
299:n
26:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
