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the size of the tombs, their plethora of contents, and royal iconography (such as pottery vessels and stone censers). His claims, however, lead to criticism and defense from scholars such as
William Y. Adams and Maria Carmela Gatto, respectively. Gatto argued that Bruce Williams explicitly denied making such a sweeping claim, saying that he was only trying to "raise the strong possibility that Egypt’s founding dynasty originated near Qustul and that the unification was accomplished from Nubia.” Gatto added that "Whatever the claim, the (for some scholars) inconceivable idea of a primary role for Nubia in the rise of the Egyptian monarchy has been reconsidered after more recent finds in Upper Egypt dating back to the Naqada I period the early manifestations of elite iconography." while noting "That the tombs found in Qustul were exceptional and comparable to those of the earliest Egyptian rulers remains, nevertheless, a fact." While Gatto mentions that the tombs found in Qustul were comparable to that of Egyptian ruler's tombs, William Y. Adams suggests that the large size and contents of their grave support an approach different from that of Bruce Williams. He states that “The large tombs and their abundant contents may argue for a more stratified society than we had previously envisioned in the A-group period, but they are not evidence for a monarchical state.” Adams also argues that the Qustul incense burner found in the cemetery may be better suited to prove that the monarchy was situated somewhere near the Nile Valley instead of the monarchy being initially situated in Nubia.
508:
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624:, Palestine. The two pre-dynastic series had strongest affinities, followed by closeness between the Naqada and the Nubian series. Further, the Nubian A-Group plotted nearer to the Egyptians, and the Lachish sample placed more closely to Naqada than Badari. According to Godde, the spatial-temporal model applied to the pattern of biological distances explains the more distant relationship of Badari to Lachish than Naqada to Lachish as gene flow will cause populations to become more similar over time. Overall, both Egyptian samples included were more similar to the Nubian series than to the Lachish series.
664:
in the burials as a means of clothing and bags. However, this leather wrapping was not typically found in more lavish cemeteries, such as
Cemetery L at Qustul. As for distinct pottery styles, decorative vessels were more likely to be found in larger tombs at Qustul, whereas simpler burial arrangements contained ripple-burnished or simple vessels. However, the archaeological cemeteries at Qustul are no longer available for excavations since the flooding of
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38:
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527:. The specimens typically had straight hair of a black or dark brown hue. On average, the men were 169.9 cm in height and the women stood around 155.5 cm. Some individuals were wrapped in leather and positioned on reed mats. All of the tombs contained various burial items, including personal ornaments, utensils and ceramics.
663:
Nubian excavations in Serra East found that the bodies buried in the A-Group cemeteries would lay on either side with their head facing south or east. Similar to that of a curled-up position, their hands could be found near the face and their legs folded-in upwards. Leather wrappings were also found
690:
Oshiro
Michinori argued, in reference to the A-Group culture, that the external influence from Nubia on the formation of Ancient Egypt in the pre-dynastic period to the dynasty period predates influence from eastern Mesopotamia. He notes an increase in the appreciation of the contribution of Nubia
530:
According to a study of Nubian dental affinities by Joel Irish (2005), traits characterising Late
Paleolithic samples from Nubia are common in recent populations south of the Sahara, whereas traits shared by Final Neolithic and later Nubians more closely emulate those found among groups originating
708:
In 1980, archeologist Bruce
Williams conducted an excavation titled “The Lost Pharaohs of Nubia,” arguing that the Egyptian pharaonic monarchy was situated in Nubia, rather than in Egypt during the times of the A-group. He based his discoveries at the Qustul cemetery on three archaeological finds:
522:
containing around fifty graves. Most of what is known about this culture has been gleaned from these tombs, over 3,000 of which have been excavated. The burials are of two kinds: a more common oval pit, and a similar pit featuring a lateral funerary niche. Skeletons found within these graves were
699:
The linguistic affinity of the A-Group culture is unknown, but, according to Claude Rilly, it is unlikely to have spoken a language of the
Northern East Sudanic branch of Nilo-Saharan. Beyond this Rilly states that "the range of possibilities remains wide" and includes: a language belonging to
712:
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to the north, i.e. in Egypt and, to a diminishing degree, greater North Africa, West Asia, and Europe. Irish concluded that “genetic discontinuity, in the form of population replacement or swamping of an indigenous gene pool, occurred in Nubia sometime after the late
Pleistocene".
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demonstrated that it was an impoverished manifestation of the A-Group culture. With the existential crisis of the B-Group, it is suggested that these burials were simply poorer versions of A-group burials and that the span of the A-group culture lasted beyond 3100 BC.
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A-Group
Nubians were semi-nomadic herders and rudimentary agriculturalists who also practised extensive fishing, hunting and gathering. Evidence of agriculture first appears in the Terminal A-Group period, c. 3200-3000 BC (contemporary with
691:
in the south to
Ancient Egyptian culture at the time of his writing. According to him, chiefs of the same cultural level as Upper Egyptian powers existed in Lower Nubia and exhibited pharaonic iconography before the unification of Egypt.
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further states that "Naqada cultural burials contain very few Nubian craft goods, which suggests that while
Egyptian goods were exported to Nubia and were buried in A-Group graves, A-Group goods were of little interest further north."
487:, where the remains of houses with stone foundation slabs have also been found. The location, architecture and material culture of Afyeh, along with its uniqueness in Nubia, indicate that it may have been an Egyptian (
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681:
stated that depictions of pharonic iconography such as the royal crowns, Horus falcons and victory scenes were concentrated in the Upper Egyptian Naqada culture and A-Group Nubia. He further elaborated
686:"Egyptian writing arose in Naqadan Upper Egypt and A-Group Nubia, and not in the Delta cultures, where the direct Western Asian contact was made, further vititates the Mesopotamian-influence argument".
538:" which were "not distinguishable from the contemporary Predynastic Upper Egyptians of the Badarian and Nagadian cultures" based in reference to previous anthropological studies from 1975 and 1985.
49:, over A-Group Nubians circa 3000 BC, nearly dating back to the First Dynasty. This rock carving represents an Egyptian campaign into Nubia and was found near the second cataract of the Nile River.
479:
A-Group dwellings consisted mostly of reed huts and rock shelters, with most settlements taking the form of temporary camp sites. The only known substantial settlement is at the site of
651:
More recent and broader studies have determined that the distinct pottery styles, differing burial practices, different grave goods and the distribution of sites all indicate that the
620:
In 2020, Kanya Godde analysed a series of crania which included two Egyptian (predynastic Badarian and Naqada series), a series of A-Group Nubians, and a Bronze Age series from
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3400-3300 BC) are much older than the Qustul censer. It seems thus that it was the Qustul rulers who adopted symbols of royal authority developed in Egypt and not vice versa.
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Bowl with exterior painted scallop decoration, Qustul, Cemetery V, tomb 67, A-Group, 3800-3000 BC, ceramic - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago
223:
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143:
675:, the A-Group polity of the late 4th millenninum BC is poorly understood since most of the archaeological remains are submerged underneath Lake Nasser.
631:, which was adorned with Ancient Egyptian royal iconography. However, further research established the antecedence of the predynastic Egyptian regalia:
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1210:"NE 10. Excavations at Serra East, Parts 1-5: A-Group, C-Group, Pan Grave, New Kingdom, and X-Group Remains from Cemeteries A-G and Rock Shelters"
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first discovered artifacts belonging to the A-Group culture. Early hubs of this civilization included Kubaniyya in the north and
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in exchange for Egyptian craft products, olive oil and other items from the Mediterranean basin. The A-Group was essentially a
42:
1551:
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another (non-Northern East Sudanic) branch of the Nilo-Saharan family, a Cushitic language, or other Afro-Asiatic language.
1586:
1039:"Population continuity vs. discontinuity revisited: Dental affinities among late Paleolithic through Christian-era Nubians"
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1077:
773:
2087:
1566:
2097:
1658:
86:
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Between Two Worlds: The Frontier Region Between Ancient Nubia and Egypt, 3700 BC-AD 500. In Probleme Der Ägyptologie
1123:"A biological perspective of the relationship between Egypt, Nubia, and the Near East during the Predynastic period"
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3500 BC) pottery vessel from Abydos or the triumphal scenes in the painting from Hierakonpolis Tomb 100 (
2067:
379:
347:
1533:
1295:"The Origin and Development of Ancient Nile Valley Writing," in Egypt in Africa, Theodore Celenko (ed)
1267:
30:
This article is about the third millennium BC Nubian culture. For the type of mathematical group, see
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The earliest known examples of Egyptian royal iconography, such as, e.g., the representation of the
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Maria Gatto: Hunting for the Exclusive Nubian A-Group People; Renée Friedman: Setting the Scene
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1452:
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1366:
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1320:"The Nubian A-Group and Qustul Incense Burner A View of the Formation Period of Ancient Egypt"
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rulers of Egypt. Following the A-Group culture, Reisner originally identified a B-Group and
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The A-Group culture came to an end around 3100 BC, when it was destroyed, apparently by the
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The A-Group population have been described as ethnically “very similar” to the pre-dynastic
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2004:
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2153:
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In 2007, Strouhal et al described the physical features of ancient A-Group Nubians as "
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Dental trait analysis of A-Group fossils found affinities with populations inhabiting
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2012:
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in physical characteristics. The A-Group makers maintained commercial ties with the
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602:
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211:
56:
1100:"Dental Morphological Analysis of Roman Era Burials from the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt"
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17:
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Rilly, Claude (2019). "Languages of Ancient Nubia". In Raue, Dietrich (ed.).
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that existed within Nubia. However, the B-group theory became obsolete when
636:
469:
457:
406:
116:
73:
68:
1336:
1319:
865:"THE HERITAGE OF THE A-GROUP. A CHRONOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL REINVESTIGATION"
720:
456:, which were gathered from the southern riverine area. They also bartered
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2017:
1989:
1969:
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964:"11,000 years of craniofacial and mandibular variation in Lower Nubia"
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2138:
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1984:
1974:
1939:
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Regional variations in the so-called “A-Group” Culture of Lower Nubia
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was an ancient culture that flourished between the First and Second
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people and the Nubian A-Group people were from different cultures.
2319:
2309:
2304:
2279:
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2057:
2022:
1864:
1843:
1828:
1623:
1297:. Indianapolis, Ind.: Indianapolis Museum of Art. pp. 34–35.
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The A-Group makers left behind a number of cemeteries, with each
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46:
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General history of Africa, II: Ancient civilizations of Africa
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implements imported from Egypt are known from A-Group sites.
627:
Excavations at an A-Group cemetery in Qustul yielded an old
918:"Social Complexity set in Stone? The A-Group Site of Afyeh"
1324:
Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan
581:
and Pharaonic era skeletons excavated in Lower Nubia and
569:
and Christian period inhabitants of Lower Nubia and the
27:
Ancient Egyptian culture from the late 4th millennium BC
1567:
Maria Carmela Gatto: The Nubian A-group: a reassessment
45:
likely shows the victory of an early Pharaoh, possibly
1102:. Institute of Archaeology, University College London
842:. London: Heinemann Educational Books. p. 148.
2373:
2192:
2116:
2003:
1925:
1746:
1737:
1686:
1609:
1365:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 134.
1185:
An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt
928:. The Sudan Archaeological Research Society: 13–19.
892:
An introduction to the archaeology of Ancient Egypt
1242:Historical Dictionary of Medieval Christian Nubia
523:observed to be physically akin to their peers in
633:
1495:Kush: Journal of the Sudan Antiquities Service
1188:(2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 110.
875:. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press: 199–218.
243:Periodisation of the Indus Valley civilisation
1944:
1587:
704:Debate about the origin of the first pharaohs
355:
8:
1524:Early States and the A-Group 'Proto-Kingdom'
768:
766:
764:
762:
1743:
1594:
1580:
1572:
1401:Emberling, Geoff; Williams, Bruce (2020).
1239:Lobban, Richard A. Jr. (20 October 2020).
362:
348:
144:Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe
52:
1335:
1245:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 163.
1078:"Anthropology Of The Egyptian Nubian Men"
1043:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
987:
1407:. Oxford University Press. p. 126.
719:
711:
405:
36:
1562:Nancy C. Lovell: Nubian A- and C-Groups
758:
55:
1272:. THAMES & HUDSON. pp. 1–40.
939:Gatto, Maria Carmela (December 2006).
1426:
1424:
1003:Shinnie, Peter L. (28 October 2013).
799:Shinnie, Peter L. (28 October 2013).
774:"Ancient Nubia: A-Group 3800–3100 BC"
7:
1404:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia
1220:from the original on 21 October 2023
941:"The Nubian A-Group: a reassessment"
884:
882:
2455:4th-millennium BC disestablishments
780:from the original on 21 August 2016
561:and to Ethiopians, followed by the
1552:Early Burials: A-Group and C-Group
1433:"Doubts about the "Lost Pharaohs""
1133:from the original on 15 April 2022
25:
1557:The Exhibit of Nubian Antiquities
1065:– via Wiley Online Library.
962:Galland, M.; et al. (2016).
444:. They traded raw materials like
2470:Archaeological cultures in Sudan
2465:Archaeological cultures in Egypt
2450:4th-millennium BC establishments
2414:
2413:
1677:
511:A-Group incense burner found at
2460:1907 archaeological discoveries
1437:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
724:Decorated bowl of the A-Group,
464:as well as gold mined from the
43:Relief of Gebel Sheikh Suleiman
2475:Archaeology of Northern Africa
1547:Nubian Cultures: A and C-Group
1266:Parker, John (23 March 2023).
1037:Irish, Joel D. (13 May 2005).
1:
1158:. Leiden: Brill. p. 43.
1098:Haddow, Scott Donald (2012).
776:. The University of Chicago.
644:
640:
395:
391:
2445:Neolithic cultures of Africa
1486:Smith, Harry Sidney (1966).
1318:OHSHIRO, Michinori (2000).
2491:
1431:Adams, William Y. (1985).
1388:The Lost Pharaohs of Nubia
895:. Blackwell. p. 110.
417:In 1907, the Egyptologist
323:Domestication of the horse
184:Gumelniţa–Karanovo culture
158:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
29:
2411:
1767:
1675:
1362:Handbook of Ancient Nubia
1214:The University of Chicago
1076:Strohaul, Eugene (2007).
1009:. Routledge. p. 50.
916:Stevenson, Alice (2012).
805:. Routledge. p. 43.
1386:Williams, Bruce (1980).
1269:Great Kingdoms of Africa
732:Existence of the B-Group
410:Vessels of the A-Group,
60:Eneolithic, Aeneolithic,
2285:Horus on the Crocodiles
836:Mohktar, Gamal (1981).
176:Decea Mureşului culture
2225:Crown of justification
2159:North African elephant
2103:Throne Hall of Dongola
1729:Veneration of the dead
1337:10.5356/jorient.43.103
1293:Frank J.Yurco (1996).
1152:Török, László (2009).
1085:Moravské Zemské Muzeum
889:Bard, Kathryn (2015).
863:Glück, Birgit (2018).
728:
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414:
50:
2068:Philae temple complex
723:
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510:
429:, Sayala, Toshka and
409:
40:
1644:Flooding of the Nile
1537:: The Nubian A-Group
1488:"The Nubian B-Group"
1121:Godde, Kane (2020).
639:on a late Naqada I (
553:culture bearers and
2193:Symbols and objects
2063:Musawwarat es-Sufra
1965:Kingdom of al-Abwab
1664:Prophecy of Neferti
1182:(27 January 2015).
869:Ägypten und Levante
695:A-Group linguistics
503:Excavation findings
425:in the south, with
205:Monte Claro culture
1534:Hans-Åke Nordstrom
1055:10.1002/ajpa.20109
729:
718:
573:population in the
516:
415:
256:Ahar–Banas culture
251:Hakra Ware culture
125:Ghassulian culture
51:
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2426:
2397:Meroitic alphabet
2393:Meroitic language
2388:Egyptian language
2383:Blemmyes language
1921:
1920:
1634:Egyptian religion
1414:978-0-19-049627-2
1390:. Archaeology 33.
1372:978-3-11-042038-8
1252:978-1-5381-3341-5
980:10.1038/srep31040
922:Sudan & Nubia
583:ancient Egyptians
442:Ancient Egyptians
419:George A. Reisner
390:. It lasted from
372:
371:
228:Afanasevo culture
197:Remedello culture
172:Cernavodă culture
89:(2600 BC–1600 AD)
16:(Redirected from
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2440:History of Nubia
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2240:Egyptian obelisk
2093:Temple of Dendur
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1699:Execration texts
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247:Bhirrana culture
192:Coțofeni culture
188:Petreşti culture
180:Gorneşti culture
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1443:(3): 185–192.
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310:Related topics
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293:(5000–2900 BC)
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261:Kaytha culture
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98:Gerzeh culture
94:Naqada culture
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18:Nubian A-Group
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802:Ancient Nubia
795:
792:
779:
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769:
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747:
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739:
738:First Dynasty
731:
727:
722:
714:
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694:
692:
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683:
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676:
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673:David Wengrow
671:According to
669:
667:
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638:
632:
630:
625:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
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595:Hierakonpolis
592:
588:
584:
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577:, as well as
576:
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324:
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307:
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285:
282:
280:
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275:Jorwe culture
272:
269:
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265:Malwa culture
262:
259:
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254:
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244:
241:
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239:
238:
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229:
225:
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220:Botai culture
218:
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216:
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206:
202:
201:Gaudo culture
198:
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189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
170:
168:
164:
163:Yamna culture
161:
159:
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153:Varna culture
150:
149:Vinča culture
147:
145:
142:
141:
140:
139:
137:
130:
126:
123:
122:
121:
120:
118:
111:
110:Kerma culture
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
91:
90:
88:
79:
78:
75:
70:
66:
65:
62:or Copper Age
58:
54:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2418:
2345:Solar barque
2295:Imiut fetish
2290:Hypocephalus
2275:Hemhem crown
2250:Eye of Horus
2129:Barbary lion
2048:Jebel Barkal
1934:
1907:
1902:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1853:
1848:
1833:
1823:
1810:
1771:
1624:Christianity
1503:. Retrieved
1498:
1494:
1481:
1440:
1436:
1403:
1396:
1387:
1381:
1361:
1354:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1294:
1288:
1268:
1261:
1241:
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1213:
1204:
1184:
1174:
1154:
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1127:ResearchGate
1126:
1116:
1104:. Retrieved
1093:
1084:
1071:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1020:. Retrieved
1005:
998:
971:
967:
957:
948:
944:
934:
925:
921:
911:
891:
872:
868:
858:
838:
816:. Retrieved
801:
794:
782:. Retrieved
735:
707:
698:
689:
685:
677:
670:
662:
657:Kathryn Bard
650:
634:
626:
619:
575:Dakhla Oasis
540:
533:
529:
517:
493:
478:
435:
433:in between.
416:
375:
373:
296:
289:
288:
284:Ajay culture
233:
232:
224:BMAC culture
212:Central Asia
210:
209:
134:
133:
115:
114:
101:
85:
57:Chalcolithic
2365:Was-sceptre
2043:Elephantine
1803:Arensnuphis
1754:Elephantine
679:Frank Yurco
666:Lake Nasser
615:Lower Egypt
607:Upper Egypt
559:Upper Nubia
547:Nile valley
525:Upper Egypt
497:Naqada IIIB
491:) outpost.
485:Lower Nubia
394:3800 BC to
388:Lower Nubia
298:Mesoamerica
167:Corded Ware
129:Uruk period
2434:Categories
2073:Qasr Ibrim
1714:Pilgrimage
1659:Philosophy
1224:30 October
753:References
520:necropolis
333:Bronze Age
314:Metallurgy
235:South Asia
2375:Languages
2340:Shen ring
2255:Eye of Ra
2210:Cartouche
2169:Serpopard
2005:Locations
1898:Sabomakal
1687:Practices
1654:Mythology
1639:Eye of Ra
1619:Afterlife
1473:161809351
1457:0022-2968
1346:0030-5219
1063:0002-9483
974:(31040).
945:Archeonil
637:Red Crown
536:Caucasoid
470:Neolithic
460:from the
458:carnelian
438:Egyptians
398:3100 BC.
380:Cataracts
117:West Asia
82:By region
74:Neolithic
69:Stone Age
2420:Category
2300:Khepresh
1950:Blemmyes
1927:Cultures
1858:Makedeke
1795:Apedemak
1719:Pyramids
1704:Funerals
1501:: 69–124
1218:Archived
1137:16 March
1131:Archived
778:Archived
563:Meroitic
489:Naqadian
402:Overview
338:Iron Age
2355:Ushabti
2325:Pschent
2230:Deshret
2179:Taweret
2018:Ballana
1995:X-Group
1990:Nobatia
1970:Makuria
1955:C-Group
1945:B-Group
1935:A-Group
1799:Aqedise
1785:Amesemi
1781:Amanete
1739:Deities
1724:Temples
1694:Burials
1611:Beliefs
1022:30 June
989:4977491
968:Sci Rep
818:30 June
622:Lachish
579:C-Group
567:X-Group
446:incense
382:of the
32:A-group
2335:Serekh
2330:Scarab
2270:Hedjet
2184:Uraeus
2174:Sphinx
2149:Medjed
2139:Falcon
2134:Cattle
2108:Tombos
2078:Qustul
2038:Dotawo
1985:Napata
1940:Alodia
1870:Menhit
1820:Breith
1807:Ariten
1747:Triads
1505:29 May
1471:
1465:544904
1463:
1455:
1411:
1369:
1344:
1301:
1276:
1249:
1192:
1162:
1106:2 June
1087:: 115.
1061:
1013:
986:
899:
846:
809:
784:1 July
653:Naqada
611:Hawara
603:Kharga
599:Abydos
591:Badari
587:Naqada
571:Kellis
513:Qustul
474:copper
431:Qustul
136:Europe
87:Africa
2320:Nemes
2310:Menat
2305:Kneph
2280:Hennu
2265:Hafir
2083:Semna
2058:Lisht
2023:Bigeh
2013:Aniba
1980:Meroë
1975:Medja
1960:Kerma
1879:Miket
1875:Merul
1865:Mehit
1844:Hemen
1829:Dedun
1790:Anaka
1491:(PDF)
1469:S2CID
1461:JSTOR
1081:(PDF)
682:that:
551:Kerma
481:Afyeh
454:ivory
450:ebony
427:Aswan
423:Buhen
318:Wheel
291:China
2350:Tyet
2315:Nebu
2260:Gold
2235:Djed
2205:Atef
2200:Ankh
2124:Abtu
2053:Kawa
1913:Wusa
1861:Mash
1839:Heka
1777:Aman
1759:Naqa
1669:Soul
1649:Maat
1507:2021
1453:ISSN
1409:ISBN
1367:ISBN
1342:ISSN
1299:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1247:ISBN
1226:2022
1190:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1139:2022
1108:2017
1059:ISSN
1024:2016
1011:ISBN
897:ISBN
844:ISBN
820:2016
807:ISBN
786:2016
601:and
555:Kush
545:the
452:and
384:Nile
374:The
47:Djer
41:The
2164:Ram
1816:Bes
1445:doi
1332:doi
1051:doi
1047:128
984:PMC
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641:c.
609:;
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593:,
589:,
565:,
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396:c.
392:c.
336:↓
331:↓
316:,
277:,
273:,
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1903:T
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
