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than Dutch puppets. The VOC undertook a number of sea expeditions to quell the movement with varying success. After an overwhelming victory against them in 1783, Nuku forced the current Sultan Patra Alam to declare war on the Dutch and exterminate the Dutch on the island. Nuku sailed over to Tidore where he was received enthusiastically, but his position did not last long. Tidore was in turn invaded by a strong Dutch-Ternatan force and completely defeated, more than a thousand
Tidorese were killed, and Nuku had to flee. Patra Alam was deposed and exiled, and a prince from another branch, Kamaluddin, was set up as a Dutch tool. The VOC thus showed that it still had muscles to quell rebellions in the center. By contrast, the rebellion continued in the periphery, led by Nuku from the
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who believed that the old Sultan could not live much longer. Already in 1801 the
British described him as "perfectly decrepid from persecution and continual hardships". The relations steadily worsened, especially since Sultan Jailolo repeatedly raided Ternatan territory. Eventually Nuku died on 14 November 1805, with his kingdom on the brink of war.
429:
Thanks to his persistency and charisma, Nuku had become the leading political figure in Maluku and Papua by the early 19th century. His nickname Jou
Barakati, "Lord of Fortune" shows how he was perceived by people: a man of prowess imbued with a certain spiritual aura that would restore the shattered
412:
from his residence, and the Dutch governor in
Ternate opened negotiations to settle the position of Tidore. Nuku demanded that the restored Jailolo kingdom should be recognized and that his status vis-à-vis the Dutch should be "brother" rather than "child". The negotiations were delayed by the Dutch
384:
and Nuku led a series on assaults on the Dutch in
Ternate who finally had to surrender in June 1801. Immediately afterward, Farquhar officially proclaimed Nuku Sultan of Tidore, though he had already been the actual ruler for four years. Now Britain signed a treaty with Tidore where the former stood
314:
After 1791 the movement somehow gained in strength. The exact reasons for this are unclear, but an increasing number of people in Maluku and Papua decided to throw in their lot with Nuku. This coincided with the establishment of relations with
British merchants, who increasingly visited Maluku since
430:
Malukan world. He was able to attract people from a wide range of ethnicities and cultures: Tidorese, Ceramese, Papuans, Arunese, etc. Nuku's movement had a strongly Muslim aspect, which did not prevent alliances with animists and
Christian British, or, for that matter, Nuku's preference for strong
284:
to its old peace and prosperity. For the
Papuans, Nuku appeared as a charismatic leader able to establish Koreri, an utopian realm that would arise after toppling the existing order. For many Tidorese and other Malukans, Nuku was a champion for all of Maluku, since the local rulers were little more
437:
Nuku was among the very few
Indonesian leaders up to the 20th century who had the best of a major contest with European colonizers. The realm constructed by him did not long survive him, however, which shows the great importance of his personality. A new Dutch attack drove out his brother and
371:
In the next year 1797 Nuku proceeded against the Dutch positions. Bacan was occupied with the assistance of
English country traders, who prevented the rebels to kill the Christian villagers. In April the rebel fleet finally reached Tidore, whose Sultan Kamaluddin had already fled to safety in
160:
from 1780 which was eventually successful. Being a leader with great charisma, he gathered discontents from several ethnic groups and strove to restore Maluku to its pre-colonial division into four autonomous kingdoms. Nuku used global political conflict lines by allying with the
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were also drawn into the struggle as discontented groups joined the movement and attacked Dutch soldiers and seamen. On balance, the attacks of the Dutch and their appointed Sultan Kamaluddin on the rebellious areas seriously weakened Nuku's position up to the early 1790s.
372:
Ternate. Nuku tried to attack the Dutch main fortress in Ternate, but it proved to be too strong. Instead, he put Ternate under blockade, consolidated his position and became the de facto Sultan of Tidore. As such he was called Muhammad al-Mabus Amiruddin. According to a
434:. Personally he is described as a man of very active disposition, having "the greatest good humour and uprightness". Unlike other Sultans in this era, he only had one wife, known as Geboca, a sensible and caring woman who was an important advisor to her husband.
351:, and a restoration of the original quadripartition was seen as a step in reestablishing precolonial harmony. Nuku therefore took care to enthrone a descendant of the old Jailolo dynasty, Muhammad Arif Bila, who had previously been a
334:
With a considerable fleet, Nuku paid a visit to the new British governor in Ambon. The governor found Nuku to be a dignified gentleman who was well aware of European manners. He did not promise substantial assistance for an attack in
187:
Prince Nuku was born around 1738 into one of the four branches of the royal family of Tidore. Not much is known of his early years, but his father became Sultan of Tidore in 1757 under the name Jamaluddin. At this time the
208:, which yielded foodstuff, forest and sea products that gave the Sultanate a certain economic significance. However, its prestige was declining since the VOC increasingly imposed its will on Tidore and its neighbour, the
446:
Nuku had nine half-brothers and half-sisters, whose loyalty to his cause shifted. One of them, Prince Hassan, schemed to topple Nuku as Sultan but was murdered under obscure circumstances in 1800. Another, Prince
343:
in Halmahera with British support. Jailolo was, until its sacking in 1551 by Ternatian and Portuguese forces following a combined Tidore, Jailolo and Spanish attempt to oust the Portuguese,
228:
which enraged Nuku. His hatred of the VOC arose further in 1779 when his father and two brothers were arrested and exiled by the Dutch, on suspicions of misrule and conspirations with the
323:
in 1795 had global consequences since British squadrons were dispatched to seize the VOC possessions in Asia. The British based some of their ships in Gebe, Prince Nuku's headquarters.
331:
fell to Nuku with the assistance of 2 british ships in early 1796, and by 1797 all VOC posts in Moluccas had fallen, except Ternate which remained in Dutch hands for the time being.
29:
451:, held a vacillating position by was finally appointed to succeed his brother. A purported brother known by the title Jou Mangofa made himself king in the
376:
eyewitness, "he was surrounded by twelve bodyguards armed with swords and shields, because he had little trust in all Tidorese". In the coming years the
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280:
had a tradition of raiding over long distances and were co-opted by Nuku in the fight against colonial rule. Thus began a movement to restore
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686:
632:
Hans Hägerdal and Emilie Wellfelt (2019) "Tamalola; Transregional connectivities, Islam, and anti-colonialism on an Indonesian island",
469:
None of these ever succeeded to the throne, but Soangare's descendant Haji Djafar Dano Junus became titular Sultan of Tidore in 1999.
380:
began to cooperate closer with Nuku, dropping the previous non-interference policy with regard to North Maluku. The Ambon governor
305:
Nuku's rebel allies on Gorom Island are attacked by VOC forces under Colonel Gobius in May 1791, their village being set on fire.
315:
the 1760s. Early contacts with the English East India Company did not have significant results until the EIC built a fort at
385:
as protectors and the Sultan received an annual subsidy of 6,000 Spanish dollars in return for deliveries of the valuable
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in 1787 but was killed in about 1790. With his wife Geboca (or Habiba Sinobe), Nuku sired two sons and a daughter:
319:
on the coast of New Guinea in 1793, an event that brought it close to Nuku's domains. The French occupation of the
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successor Sultan Zainal Abidin from Tidore in 1806 and Maluku remained steadily in European hands until 1942.
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339:, but expressed support for Nuku's rights to the throne of Tidore. However, Nuku proceeded to occupy
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Nuku refused to accept the new order, and left Tidore Island in 1780, sailing with his followers to
240:. This was followed by a new treaty in 1780 where Tidore was reduced from a Dutch ally to a vassal.
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Territories associated with Ternate (red) and Tidore (orange), and vassals of Tidore (light orange)
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37:"He who trusts in God, the King, the Ever Bestowing One, the Sultan Muhammad Syah Amiruddin"
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389:. The old Dutch policy of regular extirpation of spice trees in most areas was abandoned.
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against the French-affiliated Dutch and helped them conquer the Dutch stronghold in
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Nederlandsch Nieuw Guinea en de Papoesche eilanden. Historische bijdrage, 1500-1883
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585:
The revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c. 1780-1810
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Political events in Europe put a quick end to the relationship, however. The
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256:, where Nuku had his headquarters in the 1780s and 1790s. Image from 1846.
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restored most of the Dutch overseas possessions to the French-dominated
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in Halmahera. Establishing a local base, he was proclaimed King of the
431:
396:
The entrance to the sultan's residence in Tidore, early 19th century.
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35:
al-Wathiq billah al-Malik al-Mannan al-Sultan Muhammad Syah Amiruddin
128:(born c. 1738 – died 14 November 1805) was the nineteenth Sultan of
224:. In 1768 the Dutch forced Sultan Jamaluddin to cede his rights to
420:
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for a century though it was still formally autonomous. Apart from
117:
408:, and the British left in May 1803. Nuku persisted in flying the
535:
Nuku; Riwayat perjuangan kemerdekaan di Maluku Utara, 1780-1806
136:, reigning from 1797 to 1805. He is also known under the names
664:
662:
669:
Swadling, Pamela; Wagner, Roy; Laba, Billai (2019-12-01).
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ships. The communities of south-eastern Halmahera and the
212:. This was aggravated by a rebellion in the Papuan island
33:لواثق بالله الملك المنان السلطان محمد شاه امیر الدین
793:
Hans Hägerdal and Emilie Wellfelt (2019), pp. 448–52
574:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, pp. 217–9.
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8:
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523:Sultan Nuku - Panglima Perang dari Tidore
673:. Sydney University Press. p. 114.
533:30 years in 1768; see E. Katoppo (1984)
515:
138:Sultan Muhammad al-Mabus Amiruddin Syah
97:Sultan Muhammad al-Mabus Amiruddin Syah
86:
7:
154:resistance against Dutch colonialism
783:Muridan Widjojo (2009), pp. 82, 89.
656:Muridan Widjojo (2009), pp. 165–85.
347:together with Ternate, Tidore and
14:
745:Leonard Andaya (1993), pp. 237–8.
647:Muridan Widjojo (2009), pp. 63–9.
623:Leonard Andaya (1993), pp. 223–7.
614:Leonard Andaya (1993), pp. 220–1.
345:one of the four Moluccan kingdoms
537:. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, p. 42.
425:A modern representation of Nuku.
763:Muridan Widjojo (2009), p. 214.
727:Muridan Widjojo (2009), p. 214.
605:Muridan Widjojo (2009), p. 119.
860:18th-century Indonesian people
855:17th-century Indonesian people
754:Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 239.
736:Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 237.
718:Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 236.
709:Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 235.
596:Muridan Widjojo (2009), p. 56.
152:(Prince of Battles). He led a
1:
561:E. Katoppo (1984), pp. 22–31.
268:and planned to seek aid from
850:National Heroes of Indonesia
550:. Batavia: Bruining, p. 239.
355:(first minister) in Tidore.
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679:10.30722/sup.9781743325445
587:. Leiden: Brill, pp. 52–3.
230:English East India Company
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816:
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148:(Master of Fortune), and
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479:List of rulers of Maluku
200:it encompassed parts of
192:(VOC) had dominated the
190:Dutch East India Company
173:he is commemorated as a
583:Muridan Widjojo (2009)
773:A. Haga (1884), p. 439
570:Leonard Andaya (1993)
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216:and incursions by the
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671:Plumes from Paradise
494:Sultanate of Jailolo
489:Sultanate of Ternate
359:Reconquest of Tidore
210:Sultanate of Ternate
572:The world of Maluku
169:in 1801. In modern
845:People from Tidore
499:Sultanate of Bacan
462:Fangare Talabuddin
459:Soangare Saifuddin
427:
398:
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307:
287:Raja Ampat islands
258:
232:and the rulers of
150:Kaicili Paparangan
833:
832:
824:Succeeded by
818:Sultan of Tidore
688:978-1-74332-544-5
406:Batavian Republic
179:(national hero).
176:pahlawan nasional
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109:Sultan Jamaluddin
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382:William Farquhar
310:Gaining momentum
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81:14 November 1805
43:Sultan of Tidore
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16:Sultan of Tidore
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402:Peace of Amiens
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289:and Ceram. The
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134:Maluku Islands
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827:Zainal Abidin
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449:Zainal Abidin
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68:Zainal Abidin
66:
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58:
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30:
25:
20:
865:1730s births
817:
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378:British Navy
370:
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337:North Maluku
333:
313:
259:
220:of southern
186:
174:
149:
146:Jou Barakati
145:
141:
137:
125:
124:
870:1805 deaths
465:Boki Nafisa
453:Aru Islands
374:Makassarese
321:Netherlands
295:Aru Islands
238:Maguindanao
222:Philippines
91:Regnal name
56:Predecessor
839:Categories
821:1797–1805
813:Kamaluddin
510:References
410:Union Jack
206:New Guinea
183:Background
59:Kamaluddin
697:240917675
202:Halmahera
171:Indonesia
142:Saifuddin
64:Successor
51:1797–1805
473:See also
327:and the
214:Salawati
114:Religion
341:Jailolo
274:English
270:Spanish
266:Papuans
167:Ternate
163:British
695:
685:
634:Wacana
442:Family
432:arrack
417:Legacy
387:cloves
282:Maluku
262:Patani
130:Tidore
106:Father
693:S2CID
636:20-3.
353:jojau
349:Bacan
325:Ambon
317:Dorei
254:Ceram
234:Bacan
226:Ceram
158:Papua
118:Islam
48:Reign
683:ISBN
293:and
272:and
236:and
204:and
126:Nuku
78:Died
22:Nuku
675:doi
291:Kei
132:in
841::
691:.
681:.
661:^
144:,
140:,
699:.
677::
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