423:, the BIA states: "The details of this claimed process of living 'underground,' however, are not explained by the petitioner. Some of the available documentation indicates that some of the group's ancestors moved from various locations in Quebec, Canada, to the United States over the course of the 19th century, but the available evidence does not demonstrate that the petitioner or its claimed ancestors descended from the St. Francis Indians of Quebec, another Indian group in Canada, a Missisquoi Abenaki entity in Vermont, or any other Western Abenaki group or Indian entity from New England in existence before or after 1800. The available evidence indicates that no external observers from 1800 to 1975 described the petitioner or its claimed ancestors, or any group of Indians, as an Indian entity or a distinct Indian community in northwestern Vermont," referring to groups such as the Nulhegan and Ko'asek.
384:
At the time, many of the children who were sterilized were not even aware of what the physicians had done to them. This was performed under the auspices of the
Brandon School of the Feeble-Minded, and the Vermont Reform School. It was documented in the 1911 "Preliminary Report of the Committee of the Eugenic Section of the American Breeder's Association to Study and to Report on the Best Practical Means for Cutting Off the Defective Germ-Plasm in the Human Population."
25:
506:, the governing body of the Odanak band of the Abenaki First Nation, denounced any groups claiming to be Abenaki in the United States. The legitimacy of groups such as the Nulhegan Band have been questioned due to claims that the root ancestors they claim were Abenaki were actually Europeans. Other root ancestors, though Native, have been claimed to not be Abenaki.
430:, the governing body of the Odanak band of the Abenaki First Nation, denounced any groups claiming to be Abenaki in the United States. The legitimacy of groups such as the Nulhegan Band have been questioned due to claims that the root ancestors they claim were Abenaki were actually Europeans. Other root ancestors, though Native, have been claimed to not be Abenaki.
383:
policies in
Vermont. Official records list 253 recorded cases of sterilization, but some estimate there were over 3,400 cases of sterilization of Abenaki having been performed, many of which involved termination of an unborn fetus. No documentation of informed consent for these procedures was found.
374:
The
Abenaki who chose to remain in the United States did not fare as well as their Canadian counterparts. Tribal connections were lost as those Abenaki who were tolerated by the Anglo population were assimilated into colonial society. What familial groups remained were often eradicated, in the early
353:
In 2012, the
Nulhegan Abenaki Tribe acquired some of the first tribal-owned and controlled land in Vermont for nearly 200 years. The 65 acres located in Barton, VT, where the tribal headquarters are, "will be an economic, educational and cultural resource for the tribe, which worked with the Vermont
395:
During this time, many groups consisting of small families said they were now returning to their
Abenaki heritage after having denied it for the first half of the 20th century. Other claimants to Abenaki heritage also emerged, including those who had never before claimed Abenaki ancestry. This
370:
The
Abenaki, along with French Canadians and other victims deemed "undesirable" were subject to eugenics practices occurring in Vermont during the 1920s and 1930s. Due to this, some Abenaki families hid their heritage. Chief Don Stevens of the Nulhegan said, "My grandmother was listed in the
1434:
Vermont
Archaeological Society. An Overview of Abenaki and Indigenous Peoples, Burial/Site Protection, Repatriation, and Customs of Respect, Looting, and Site Destruction in the Abenaki Homeland, and Relations between Archeology, Ethnohistory, and Traditional Knowledge. The Journal of Vermont
411:
On
November 15, 1980, the first record of a repatriation and reburial of Abenaki remains took place in Vermont after a set of Abenaki remains were discovered at the Putney Historical Society in Putney, Vermont. Blackie Lampman and Richard Phillips asked Beverly Bolding to facilitate the
922:
The
Nulhegan, who number around 1,400; a slightly lesser number of the Missisquoi, based in Franklin County; the Elnu, centered in the Jamaica/Putney area; and the Koasek, located in Haverhill, N.H./Newbury, Vt., area. Stevens said the Elnu and Koasek tribes count around 150 members
724:"Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Vermont, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
533:
associate professor Darryl Leroux's genealogical and historical research found that the members of this and the other three state-recognized tribes in
Vermont were primarily French descendants who have used long-ago ancestry in New France to shift into an 'Abenaki' identity.
553:. The first is at the Winter Solstice in late December. The second is the annual Snow Snake Games held at the end of February or early March. The last and biggest gathering is the annual Nulheganaki gathering held every year at the end of August or beginning of September.
247:
Vermont recognized the Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation in 2011. The Nulhegan are one of four state-recognized tribes in Vermont. They participate at the state level in many ways, including in the Vermont Commission of Native American Affairs.
612:
The Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department granted members of state-recognized Vermont tribes a free permanent fishing license, or if the applicant qualifies for a hunting license, a free permanent combination hunting and fishing license.
1558:
660:
471:
with the purpose of unifying the tribes and pursuing official state-recognition from Vermont. Finally, on April 22, 2011, the Nulhegan was officially recognized by the State of Vermont as an Abenaki Indian Tribe.
298:
The legislative branch includes an elected Tribal Council of 11 members, all from within the tribe. The judicial branch is represented by an Elders Council of seven. Among the members of the Elder Council is
344:
Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Nation Inc. was incorporated as a domestic nonprofit corporation on December 9, 2022, based out of Derby Line, Vermont. Lucy Neel is the organization's registered agent as well.
458:
of people. However, since there were no recognized Abenaki Indian Tribes in Vermont, there were "legally" no Abenaki people under the law. On March 16, 2008, the Vermont Indigenous Alliance is formed by
1445:
985:
454:. In 2006, The Vermont Legislature recognized the Abenaki as a "Minority Population" within the State of Vermont under Statute 853. This entitled the Abenaki protections as a disadvantaged
1873:
1205:
2073:
295:
The Nulhegan Abenaki government is made up of a Chief (Sogomo), who is nominated by the councils and decided by election. The current chief of the Nulhegan is Chief Don Stevens.
1090:
1861:
The legal standard does not require that extinguishment spring full blown from a single telling event. Extinguishment may be established by the increasing weight of history.
2068:
2058:
45:
1396:
362:
The unreliability of family stories, or misinterpreted records from this era, also resulted in non-Abenaki believing they have Abenaki heritage when they do not.
886:
2063:
619:
As a state-recognized tribe, the Nulhegan Abenaki may legal obtain eagle feathers and other animals parts of endangered animal species for usage but not sale.
1757:
1675:
1235:
909:
387:
In 2021, the State of Vermont and the University of Vermont both formally apologized and recognized its role in the eugenics surveys in a formal resolution.
812:"2012 Vermont Statutes Title 01 General Provisions Chapter 23 NATIVE AMERICAN INDIAN PEOPLE § 854 Recognition of Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation"
420:
557:
616:
Vermont H.556, "An act relating to exempting property owned by Vermont-recognized Native American tribes from property tax," passed on April 20, 2022.
2078:
1016:
408:
who see the Vermont Abenaki as illegitimate due to their lack of Abenaki ancestry, and their lack of cultural continuity from any historic tribe.
1187:
1610:
1501:
1213:
476:
1972:
1293:
572:. Celebrations of Indigenous heritage and culture are now held across the state. The Nulhegan Abenaki host "Indigenous People's Day Rock".
575:
In 2020, Nulhegan Band launched the Abenaki Trails Project, which provides educational material about Abenaki historic sites beginning in
530:
2038:
2012:
1720:
569:
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41:
1947:
1303:
1073:
63:
1742:
303:. The government manages the tribe's land, activities, and gatherings and interacts with the state of Vermont in official matters.
34:
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which documents the struggle for Vermont State recognition and culminates with the celebration of state recognition.
1475:
1421:
877:"An Act Relating to Recognition of the Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation as a Native American Indian Tribe"
442:
through Vermont Statutes Title 1, Section 854 in 2011. The other three state-recognized tribes in Vermont are the
419:
In the final determination of the 2005 petition for federal recognition by a related state-recognized tribe, the
986:"Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs"
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881:
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443:
376:
141:
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222:
218:
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The Nulhegan Abenaki Tribe host multiple gatherings every year, including drumming events and an annual
380:
256:
1446:"Proposed Finding Against Federal Acknowledgment of the St. Francis/Sokoki Band of Abenakis of Vermont"
1278:
565:
526:
491:
464:
451:
252:
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405:
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eugenics survey, which caused her to deny her heritage, and she wasn't able to be proud of that."
910:"Chief Don Stevens keeps Abenaki legacy alive, wants to ensure tribal customs and culture endure"
583:
487:
460:
447:
401:
287:, one of the tribes that inhabited a large portion of eastern Vermont and western New Hampshire.
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241:
1091:"Amid legitimacy dispute, Odanak Abenaki chief invites Vt. state-recognized tribes to visit"
601:
592:
316:
167:
1370:
838:"No. 107. An act relating to state recognition of Native American Indian tribes in Vermont"
960:
875:
Miller, Hinda; Illuzzi, Vincent; Carris, William H.; Lyons, Virginia "Ginny" (2011–2012).
587:
323:
280:
89:
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93:
85:
40:
It may require cleanup to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s content policies, particularly
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In 2002, the State of Vermont reported that the Abenaki people had migrated north to
1349:
438:
The State of Vermont designated the Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation as a
404:
claiming Abenaki status and the extant Abenaki First Nations in Canada, such as the
1397:"Odanak First Nation denounces Vt. state-recognized Abenaki tribes as 'Pretendian'"
1323:
561:
486:
From August 19 to 22, 2015, the annual Wabanaki Confederacy Conference was held in
413:
1795:"Abenaki Trails project proposed to start with new historical marker in Hopkinton"
2002:
1758:"Vermont passes bill abolishing Columbus Day in favor of Indigenous Peoples' Day"
1063:
1206:"Navigating Partnerships with Indigenous People in a Time of Ethnic Fraud Panic"
1779:
240:
The Nulhegan Band has approximately 1,400 members, most of whom reside in the
188:
1957:
1771:
1295:
Breeding Better Vermonters: The Eugenics Project in the Green Mountain State
1265:
Breeding Better Vermonters: The Eugenics Project in the Green Mountain State
279:. Its name means "the place of log traps." The band is also named for the
2039:"Nulhegan Abenaki Attain First Tribal Forestland in More Than 200 Years."
519:
1973:"Getting to know: Joseph Bruchac, Saratoga Springs first poet laureate"
550:
515:
234:
230:
1188:"Nulhegan Abenaki Attain First Tribal Community Forest With OSI Grant"
1250:"Eugenics at UVM: Why Abenaki leaders feel the apology wasn't enough"
538:
1940:
Dawnland voices: an anthology of indigenous writing from New England
1721:"Abenaki partner with Sterling College to cultivate long-lost crops"
330:, is the organization's registered agent. The current officers are:
604:
in Vermont was extinguished "by the increasing weight of history."
1743:"Second annual Indigenous Peoples' Day celebrates Abenaki culture"
586:
regarding the college's land acknowledgment, which highlights the
267:
The Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation draws its name the
1522:"Nulhegan Abenaki Tribe (Abenaki Tribe at Nulhegan-Memphremagog)"
556:
Vermont, unofficially in 2016 and officially in 2020, celebrated
514:
The Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation identify as being
1676:"Abenakis Gather for Traditional Snow Snake Game in West Barnet"
2028:
1267:. Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England. pp. 80–82.
18:
2033:
1547:
https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/01/023/00853
1496:(First ed.). University of Manitoba Press. p. 218.
1476:"DÉNONCIATION DE GROUPES AUTOPROCLAMÉS ACTIFS SUR LE NDAKINA"
1422:"Dénonciation de Groupes Autoproclamés Actifs Sur le Ndakina"
1065:
The Indian Heritage of New Hampshire and Northern New England
202:
354:
Land Trust and the Sierra Club to acquire the forestland."
315:
called AHA "Abenaki Helping Abenaki" in 2006. In 2019, the
103:
arts, culture, and humanities nonprofit; museum; charity
1494:
Distorted Descent – White Claims to Indigenous Identity
2004:
Distorted Descent: White Claims to Indigenous Identity
1650:"State Says Abenaki Do Not Have "Continuous Presence""
786:"NULHEGAN BAND OF THE COOSUK-ABENAKI PEOPLE INC. 2006"
760:"NULHEGAN BAND OF THE COOSUK-ABENAKI PEOPLE INC. 2004"
33:
A major contributor to this article appears to have a
992:. Federal Register. 27 January 2022. pp. 7554–58
1914:"The Eagle Feather Law and State-Recognized Tribes"
1089:Reed, Elodie; Littlefield, David (March 10, 2023).
197:
187:
177:
161:
151:
127:
119:
107:
99:
81:
1874:"Abenaki win back free fishing and hunting rights"
391:Federal recognition attempts of neighboring tribes
1584:"The Vermont Abenaki: A Struggle for Recognition"
1698:"7th Annual Nulhegan Abenaki Heritage Gathering"
1346:"The Horrifying American Roots of Nazi Eugenics"
1162:"Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation Inc"
735:"NULHEGAN BAND OF THE COOSUK-ABENAKI PEOPLE INC"
481:The Vermont Abenaki: A struggle for recognition,
1611:"Abenaki host historic gathering in Shelburne"
259:. Vermont has no federally recognized tribes.
2034:Vermont Commission on Native American Affairs
1395:Elodie Reed; Mitch Wertlieb; Karen Anderson.
965:Vermont Commission on Native American Affairs
233:. They are often referred to as the Nulhegan
8:
2074:State-recognized tribes in the United States
76:
1068:. McFarland, Incorporated. pp. 7, 10.
421:St. Francis/Sokoki Band Abenakis of Vermont
229:, whose headquarters and land are based in
2007:. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
1723:. Vermont Digger. Vermont Journalism Trust
1700:. Vermont Digger. Vermont Journalism Trust
1452:. Indian Affairs Bureau. November 17, 2005
215:Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation
77:Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation
75:
2069:Non-profit organizations based in Vermont
1942:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
1279:"Chapter 4 the Rise and Fall of Eugenics"
1021:National Conference of State Legislatures
64:Learn how and when to remove this message
2059:Cultural organizations based in Vermont
1971:Briere, Shenandoah (January 27, 2023).
1106:
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1011:
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1007:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
647:
490:. This was the first and only time the
1474:Rancourt, Joanie (November 25, 2019).
1039:
1037:
655:
653:
651:
568:, due to his role in the genocide of
564:. The state did not want to celebrate
396:included the Nulhegan, who began as a
319:provided it with a grant of $ 50,000.
1515:
1513:
1487:
1485:
1469:
1467:
1348:. Redicecreations.com. Archived from
1322:. Uvm.edu. 1931-03-31. Archived from
1017:"Federal and State Recognized Tribes"
477:Aboriginal Peoples Television Network
16:State-recognized tribe in Vermont, US
7:
2064:French diaspora in the United States
1045:"River names that tickle the tongue"
889:from the original on 21 January 2019
856:from the original on 21 January 2019
366:20th-century eugenics survey effects
1793:O'Sullivan, Tim (August 13, 2020).
1137:"AHA "Abenaki Helping Abenaki" Inc"
1112:"AHA "Abenaki Helping Abenaki" Inc"
1212:. 29 December 2020. Archived from
1062:Piotrowski, Thaddeus, ed. (2015).
582:The Nulhegan Band has spoken with
570:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
400:. This caused tension between the
14:
1545:Vermont Statutes. Justia US Law.
1820:"Middlebury Land Acknowledgment"
1719:Trombly, Justin (Jan 12, 2020).
1520:Eidinger, Andrea (9 June 2019).
908:Flowers, John (August 2, 2017).
541:by the end of the 18th century.
475:In 2013, Wabanaagig TV from the
313:501(c)(3) nonprofit organization
44:. Please discuss further on the
23:
502:In 2019, the leadership of the
426:In 2019, the leadership of the
334:Chief Donald Stevens, president
2079:2006 establishments in Vermont
1648:Dillon, John (20 March 2002).
479:in Canada produces the movie,
1:
1674:Sari, Kymela (Feb 26, 2018).
1435:Archaeology, Volume 12, 2011.
1049:Connecticut River Conservancy
701:"Aha Abenaki Helping Abenaki"
577:West Hopkinton, New Hampshire
375:20th century, through forced
227:AHA "Abenaki Helping Abenaki"
193:AHA "Abenaki Helping Abenaki"
1756:Katie Mettler (2019-04-20).
1292:Gallagher, Nancy L. (1999).
1168:. Vermont Secretary of State
912:. Addison County Independent
340:Lucy Cannon-Neel, secretary.
311:The Nulhegan Band founded a
849:. 14 May 2010. p. 13.
504:Odanak Abenaki Band Council
428:Odanak Abenaki Band Council
237:Tribe or simply, Nulhegan.
2100:
1141:Vermont Secretary of State
790:Vermont Secretary of State
764:Vermont Secretary of State
739:Vermont Secretary of State
337:Nicole St. Ogle, treasurer
1263:Gallagher, Nancy (1999).
961:"State Recognized Tribes"
525:Current professor at the
1938:Senier, Siobhan (2014).
1892:Vermont General Assembly
1559:"Vt. Stat. tit. 1 § 854"
1375:Vermont General Assembly
882:Vermont General Assembly
846:Vermont General Assembly
661:"Vt. Stat. tit. 1 § 854"
469:Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe
444:Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe
275:and Nulhegan Basin near
142:United States of America
2054:Abenaki heritage groups
2001:Leroux, Darryl (2019).
1851:. Vermont Supreme Court
1492:Laroux, Darryl (2019).
494:was hosted in Vermont.
307:Nonprofit organizations
608:State and federal laws
558:Indigenous Peoples Day
440:state-recognized tribe
398:nonprofit organization
223:nonprofit organization
219:state-recognized tribe
2029:Nulhegan Band website
1615:Burlington Free Press
1371:"J.R.H.2 (Act R-114)"
1166:Corporations Division
990:Indian Affairs Bureau
631:, author and linguist
598:Vermont Supreme Court
531:St. Mary's University
381:pregnancy termination
271:, a tributary to the
257:Native American tribe
42:neutral point of view
1918:Indian Country Today
1654:Vermont Public Radio
1192:Open Space Institute
566:Christopher Columbus
527:University of Ottawa
492:Wabanaki Confederacy
465:Koasek Abenaki Tribe
452:Koasek Abenaki Tribe
322:Lucy Neel, based in
253:federally recognized
1766:. Washington, D.C.
1763:The Washington Post
1590:. 27 September 2011
1424:. 25 November 2019.
406:Odanak First Nation
328:Derby Line, Vermont
244:region of Vermont.
78:
1912:Stokes, Dashanne.
1845:"Stave v. Elliott"
1824:Middlebury College
1745:. 10 October 2021.
1320:"Vermont Eugenics"
1236:"Vermont Eugenics"
1210:dawnlandvoices.org
936:"Vermont Statutes"
818:. State of Vermont
792:. State of Vermont
766:. State of Vermont
584:Middlebury College
488:Shelburne, Vermont
461:Elnu Abenaki Tribe
448:Elnu Abenaki Tribe
402:European Americans
172:New England French
163:Official language
136:Shelburne, Vermont
1977:The Daily Gazette
1636:Distorted Descent
1503:978-0-88755-846-7
1344:Henrik Palmgren.
434:State-recognition
277:Brighton, Vermont
273:Connecticut River
242:Northeast Kingdom
211:
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593:State v. Elliott
317:Tides Foundation
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35:close connection
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