64:
1222:– to commit suicide to accompany him in death. This gesture has made some historians suspect that Nurhaci had in fact named the fifteen-year-old Dorgon as a successor, with Daišan as regent. By forcing Dorgon's mother to kill herself, the princes removed a strong base of support for Dorgon. The reason such intrigue was necessary is that Nurhaci had left the two elite Yellow Banners to Dorgon and Dodo, who were the sons of Lady Abahai. Hong Taiji exchanged control of his two White Banners for that of the two Yellow Banners, shifting their influence and power from his young brothers onto himself.
4972:
956:
with us
Manchus (Jurchen) and Mongols. Our languages are different, but our clothing and way of life is the same." Later Nurhaci indicated that the bond with the Mongols was not based in any real shared culture, rather it was for pragmatic reasons of "mutual opportunism", when he said to the Mongols: "You Mongols raise livestock, eat meat and wear pelts. My people till the fields and live on grain. We two are not one country and we have different languages."
1089:
1057:
1182:
1162:, which would eventually form the backbone of the military that dominated the Qing Empire. The status of Banners did not change much over the course of Nurhaci's lifetime, nor in subsequent reigns, remaining mostly under the control of the royal family. The two elite Yellow Banners were consistently under Nurhaci's control. The two Blue Banners were controlled by Nurhaci's brother
975:
522:
819:
started to expand his own power, starting only from thirteen sets of armor inherited from his father. In 1584, he attacked Nikan Wailan at Turun. Nikan Wailan fled away to Erhun, which
Nurhaci attacked again in 1587. Nikan Wailan this time fled to Li Chengliang's territory. Li relented and gave Nikan Wailan over to Nurhaci, who beheaded Nikan Wailan immediately.
900:. Dahai was described with his origin from the Liao valley and his ethnicity as Han Chinese in the Korean book "Nanjung chamnok; Sok chamnok" (亂中雜錄) by Cho Kyŏng-nam (趙慶南) (1570-1641) a Korean official and scholar, contradicting Qing texts which says his clan is Giolca. The Qing texts said Dahau's family lived near Fushun in the Giolca region.
3491:
3464:
1069:
conquered Han subjects in
Liaodong, turned against them and ordered that they no longer be trusted and enacted discriminatory policies and killings against them, while ordering that Han who assimilated to the Jurchen (in Jilin) before 1619 be treated equally as Jurchens were and not like the conquered Han in Liaodong.
826:
tribes and towns from 1583 to 1588. At the same time, Nurhaci still considered himself a guardian of the Ming border and a local representative of imperial Ming power. He received the title of assistant commissioner-in chief in 1589 and the honor of "dragon-tiger general" in 1595. He consolidated his
959:
When the
Jurchens were reorganized by Nurhaci into the Eight Banners, many Manchu clans were artificially created as a group of unrelated people founded a new Manchu clan (mukun) using a geographic origin name such as a toponym for their hala (clan name). The irregularities over Jurchen and Manchu
955:
Nurhaci chose to variously emphasize either differences or similarities in lifestyles with other peoples like the
Mongols for political reasons. Nurhaci said to the Mongols that "The languages of the Chinese and Koreans are different, but their clothing and way of life is the same. It is the same
1068:
Nurhaci had treated Han in
Liaodong differently according to how much grain they had, those with less than 5 to 7 sin were treated poorly while those with more than that amount were rewarded with property. Due to a revolt by Han in Liaodong in 1623, Nurhachi, who previously gave concessions to
818:
Nurhaci sought revenge against Nikan Wailan for the deaths of his father and grandfather. The Ming returned his father's remains, grant him trade patents, and recognized him as the successor of
Giocangga. However, Nurhaci's demand that they hand over Nikan Wailan was refused. Nurhaci therefore
1189:
The details of Hong Taiji's succession as the Khan of the Later Jin dynasty are unclear. When he died in late 1626, Nurhaci did not designate an heir; instead he encouraged his sons to rule collegially. Three of his sons and a nephew were the "four senior beiles":
827:
relationship with the Ming by personally leading multiple tributary missions to
Beijing from 1590 onward, and was seen in by the Ming a loyal subject. His aggressive tactics against other Jurchen tribes were fueled by the high status that the Ming had given him.
1015:. Ming generals who defected to the Manchus were often married to women from the Aisin Gioro clan while lower-ranked defectors were given non-imperial Manchu women as wives. Nurhaci arranged for a marriage between one of his granddaughters and the Ming general
1236:
The change of the name from
Jurchen to Manchu by Hong Taiji was made to hide the fact that the ancestors of the Manchus, the Jianzhou Jurchens, were ruled by the Chinese. The Qing dynasty carefully hid the two original editions of the books of
63:
1500:
According to the account of Korean ambassadors, Nurhaci was a physically strong man with a long and stern-looking face and a big, straight nose. Like most of the other Manchu men, he shaved most of his facial hair and kept only his
960:
clan origin led to the Qing trying to document and systematize the creation of histories for Manchu clans, including manufacturing an entire legend around the origin of the Aisin Gioro clan by taking mythology from the northeast.
629:. Some suggest that the meaning of the name in the Manchu language is "the skin of a wild boar". Another explanation is "brave person like wild boar". Regarded as the founding father of the Qing dynasty, he is given the customary
1064:
The Han prisoner of war Gong
Zhenglu (Onoi) was appointed to instruct Nurhaci's sons and received gifts of slaves, wives, and a domicile from Nurhaci after Nurhaci rejected offers of payment to release him back to his relatives.
1233:. Eventually the older Daišan worked out a compromise that allowed Hong Taiji as the Khan, but almost equal to the other three senior beiles. Hong Taiji would eventually find ways to become the undisputed leader.
4532:
Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature
5065:
1170:, controlled the White Banner for most of his father's reign until he rebelled. Then the Bordered White Banner was given to Nurhaci's grandson and the Plain White was given to his eighth son and heir,
1245:" (Taizu Shihlu Tu) in the Qing palace, forbidden from public view because they showed that the Manchu Aisin Gioro family had been ruled by the Ming dynasty. In the Ming period, the Koreans of
3957:
3940:
1295:
Manchu translations of Chinese texts included the Ming penal code and military texts were performed by Dahai. These translations were requested of Dahai by Nurhaci. The military text
1178:. Later in Nurhaci's reign, the Bordered Red Banner was handed down to his son. Daišan and his son would continue holding the two Red Banners well into the end of Hong Taiji's reign.
885:
in 1619. As Nurhaci's power expanded, the relationship with the Ming also became increasingly strained. In 1608, Ming subjects were prohibited from cultivating the land or gathering
1249:
referred to the Jurchen-inhabited lands north of the Korean peninsula, above the rivers Yalu and Tumen, as part of Ming China, which they called the "superior country" (sangguk).
1120:
placed in Yuan's army. Unable to recover either physically or mentally, Nurhaci died of his wounds two days later in Aijipu (靉雞堡; present-day Da'aijinpu Village, Dijia Township,
3172:
1421:: manju-i yargiyan kooli). Good contemporary sources are also available. For instance, much material concerning Nurhaci's rise is preserved within Korean sources such as the
2890:
5029:
859:, Guwalca, Jušeri, Neyen, and the Yehe themselves to attack the Jianzhou Jurchens. The coalition was defeated at the Battle of Gure and Nurhaci emerged victorious.
5061:
1008:
The first capitals of the Later Jin dynasty established by Nurhaci were Fe Ala and Hetu Ala. Many ethnic Han participated in the construction of Hetu Ala.
4703:
4318:
3925:
3745:
3422:
1318:), with the Manchus placing significance upon military and governance related Chinese texts. A Manchu translation was made of the military-themed novel
803:
who enjoyed the patronage of Li. He frequented the Fushun market as official delegation leader, and accompanied Li to Beijing at least once. In 1582,
1462:
from Nurhaci's reign also survives. A revised transcription of these records (with the dots and circles added to the script) was commissioned by the
1229:
were willing to accept Hong Taiji as Khan, but Amin then would have wanted to leave with his Bordered Blue Banner, threatening to dissolve Nurhaci's
4841:
3759:
1423:
982:
Nurhaci defeated a four-pronged Chinese offensive intended to capture his capital of Hetu Ala by concentrating his forces in one column at a time.
4698:
4313:
3920:
3740:
3417:
5094:
866:
tribes. He began by attacking the Hada in 1599 and conquering them in 1603. Then in 1607, Hoifa was also conquered with the death of its beile
5045:
1324:. Chinese literature, military theory and legal texts were translated into Manchu by Dahai and Erdeni. The translations were ordered in 1629.
5114:
4667:
4270:
4215:
4185:
4123:
4096:
3983:
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3713:
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3501:
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3447:
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3331:
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3223:
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3653:
1174:. However, by the end of Nurhaci's reign, Hong Taiji controlled both White Banners. Finally, the Red Banner was run by Nurhaci's second son
5099:
5017:
5013:
4850:
2791:
5005:
4455:
764:, a Jurchen headman who lived some two centuries earlier. The young man grew up as a soldier in the household of the Ming dynasty general
2849:
1080:. In April 1625, he designated Shenyang the new capital city, which would hold that status until the Qing conquest of the Ming in 1644.
4971:
4615:
4010:
3250:
3008:
2981:
2954:
811:). Giocangga feared for his granddaughter who was married to Atai, the town's chief. He rushed into the city, taking Nurhaci's father
4643:
4594:
4575:
4498:
3967:
1278:
892:
In 1599, Nurhaci gave two of his translators, Erdeni Baksi ('Jewel Teacher' in Mongolian) and Dahai Jargūci, the task of creating a
2998:
2944:
2971:
5009:
5001:
1637:
949:
929:
In order to help with the newly organized administration, five of his trusted companions were appointed as his chief councilors,
220:
3656:[What did Li Xunxian, the first general of the Ming Dynasty to surrender to the Qing Dynasty, used to favor Yongfang?].
5104:
3572:
3545:
3518:
3277:
1375:: coohai baita be gisurengge, Discourse on the art of War. Another later Manchu translation was made by Aisin Gioro Qiying.
4508:
Fuchs, Walter (1935), "Der Tod der Kaiserin Abahai i. J. 1626. Ein Beitrag zur Frage des Opfertodes (殉死) bei den Mandju ",
1166:
until he died, at which point the Blue Banners were given to Šurhaci's two sons, Chiurhala and Amin. Nurhaci's eldest son,
5041:
2803:) for a diamond owned by Shanghai mobster Lao Che. In the film novelization Lao Che claimed to be a descendant of Nurhaci.
1341:) done by Dahai was ordered by Nurhaci. While it was mainly administrative and ethical guidance which made up most of the
1320:
778:
4539:
1353:
and Chinese military manuals were eagerly translated by the Manchus. They were also attracted to the military content in
1310:
Chinese history, Chinese law, and Chinese military theory classical texts were translated into Manchu during the rule of
1288:), all Chinese military texts dedicated to the arts of war due to the Manchu interests in the topic, like Sun-Tzu's work
760:
Nurhaci was born in 1559. Being a member of the Gioro clan of the Suksuhu River tribe, Nurhaci also claimed descent from
5109:
969:
919:
4834:
3598:
1117:
5119:
4756:
3321:
2821:
1418:
1372:
4801:
4789:
4771:
3628:
3348:
3294:
3127:
660:
567:
492:
145:
75:
2864:
2796:
1012:
598:
535:
122:
4993:
2869:
842:
539:
4985:
1206:(38 or 39), and Hong Taiji himself (33). On the day after Nurhaci's death, they coerced his primary consort
5057:
5053:
5049:
5037:
5033:
5025:
4989:
4827:
4231:
4201:
5021:
4997:
4981:
3166:
1444:
1112:, in what was the first serious military defeat of his life. During this battle, Nurhaci was wounded by
998:
3763:
3242:
The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia
1292:. The military related texts which were translated into Manchu from Chinese were translated by Dahai.
990:
in which he enumerated seven problems with Ming rule and began to rebel against the domination of the
5089:
5084:
4687:
4302:
4256:
4235:
4171:
3909:
3729:
3631:[The first surrender of gold after the Ming Dynasty Li Yongfang] (in Chinese). Archived from
3406:
1259:
574:
480:
36:
1688:
926:
after his death in 1626, however Nurhaci is usually referred to as the founder of the Qing dynasty.
311:
4430:
2109:
1230:
1195:
836:
637:, which is traditionally assigned to founders of dynasties. His name is also alternatively spelled
1704:
788:
learning all he knew about Chinese military and political strategies from them. He named his clan
605:
in 1636. He is also generally credited with ordering the creation of a new written script for the
325:
4349:
4067:
4059:
3661:
3147:
1534:
1485:
1109:
1039:'s daughter was married to Li Yongfang. The offspring of Li received the "Third Class Viscount" (
714:
392:
364:
3734:
1828:(松古圖), Princess of the Second Rank (和碩公主; 28 December 1612 – March/April 1646), eighth daughter
1720:
1572:
994:. A majority of the grievances dealt with conflicts against Yehe, and Ming favouritism of Yehe.
334:
283:
4463:
1158:
Among the most lasting contributions Nurhaci left his descendants was the establishment of the
649:(the last of these simply the transcription of the Chinese characters used to write his name).
4926:
4663:
4659:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China
4639:
4611:
4590:
4571:
4494:
4266:
4211:
4181:
4119:
4113:
4092:
4006:
3963:
3784:
3778:
3709:
3578:
3551:
3547:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China
3524:
3497:
3470:
3443:
3439:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China
3381:
3354:
3327:
3300:
3296:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China
3273:
3246:
3240:
3219:
3193:
3187:
3004:
2977:
2950:
1940:
1113:
724:
653:
266:
4680:
The Scaffolding of Sovereignty: Global and Aesthetic Perspectives on the History of a Concept
4384:
4370:
4289:
4175:
4142:
4086:
4000:
3437:
3375:
3267:
3213:
5124:
4946:
4941:
4931:
4692:
4653:
4517:
4341:
4051:
3705:
3411:
3139:
3115:
A Re-examinations of the Story of the Founding of the Ch'ing Dynasty 『清朝開国説話再考』(in Japanese)
1849:
1743:
1477:
1463:
1458:
1437:
1428:
1388:
1133:
1129:
1088:
1032:
987:
897:
863:
852:
823:
773:
732:
683:
679:
610:
156:
31:. In accordance with Manchu custom, it should be used alone or with titles but not with the
3914:
1980:(巴布海), General of the First Rank (鎮國將軍; 15 January 1597 – September/October 1643), 11th son
426:
Chengtian Guangyun Shengde Shengong Zhaoji Liji Renxiao Ruiwu Duanyi Qin'an Hongwen Dingye
4956:
4951:
4936:
4916:
4894:
4568:
Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590-2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia
4401:
4307:
1832:
1714:
1406:
1219:
1121:
979:
893:
882:
740:
728:
701:
626:
606:
543:
529:
459:
436:
416:
383:
355:
330:
4383:
Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North China Branch, Shanghai (1890).
4207:
Bannermen Tales (Zidishu): Manchu Storytelling and Cultural Hybridity in the Qing Dynasty
691:
4585:
Li, Gertraude Roth (2002), "State Building before 1644", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.),
1779:(顏哲), Princess of the Second Rank (和碩公主; 1587 – August/September 1646), second daughter
792:
around 1612, when he formally ascended the throne as the Khan of the Later Jin dynasty.
4921:
4541:
Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language
2005:
1642:
1472:
1383:
Information concerning Nurhaci can be found in later, propagandistic works such as the
1303:
1289:
1105:
1056:
1050:
1020:
656:
563:
5078:
4785:
4767:
4071:
2859:
1599:
1203:
1159:
1093:
930:
808:
765:
582:
578:
288:
4088:
A Chronology of Translation in China and the West: From the Legendary Period to 2004
3805:
3698:
4902:
4898:
4891:
changed the dynastic name to "Great Qing" in 1636 and claimed the title of emperor.
4884:
4854:
4797:
4521:
1060:
Nurhaci captured Liaoyang in 1621 and made it the capital of his empire until 1625.
991:
907:
804:
784:
602:
586:
126:
71:
3350:
From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-century China
1944:(穆庫什), Princess of the Second Rank (和碩公主; 1595 – June/July 1659), fourth daughter
1631:(德格類), Prince of the Third Rank (貝勒; 10 January 1597 – 11 November 1635), 10th son
1181:
4657:
4633:
4605:
4530:
4332:
Durrant, Stephen (October 1979). "Sino-Manchu Translations at the Mukden Court".
4260:
4205:
4155:
4026:
1542:
of the First Rank (端莊固倫公主; 8 April 1578 – August/September 1652), first daughter
4720:
2808:
2043:
2019:
1770:
1666:
1588:
1207:
1016:
945:
856:
822:
Nurhaci gradually grew his strength in the following years and subdued the core
789:
630:
555:
450:
404:
245:
20:
4819:
2929:
2025:
Lady of the Third Rank (鄉君; 8 April 1604 – July/August 1685), seventh daughter
4911:
4888:
4875:
4811:
4548:
4177:
Literary Migrations: Traditional Chinese Fiction in Asia (17th–20th Centuries)
4055:
3807:
Expedições Militares Portuguêsas em Auxílio Mings Contra os Manchus, 1621-1647
3733:
2907:
2854:
2836:
1653:
1311:
1199:
1171:
1163:
1005:, and other Jurchen clans, greatly enlarging the territory under his control.
923:
807:, a rival Jurchen chief, led Ming forces to attack the Fort Gure (古勒城, now in
302:
93:
24:
1273:
3574:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
3377:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
2187:
2029:
1952:
1815:
1799:
1756:
1672:
1613:
1502:
1449:. Indeed, the record of Sin Chung-il's trip to Jianzhou is preserved in the
944:
Only after he became Khan did he finally unify the Ula (clan of his consort
848:
796:
297:
3606:
1567:
1191:
1175:
974:
815:
with him. During the ensuing battle, both Giocangga and Taksi were killed.
279:
4691:
3410:
1904:
of the First Rank (鎮國克潔將軍; 24 December 1585 – 3 November 1640), fourth son
3913:
3601:[Introduction of General Li Yongfang Li Yongfang's Descendants].
3272:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 33.
2813:
1948:
1936:
of the First Rank (鎮國恪僖公; 13 December 1592 – 27 February 1655), ninth son
1852:
1835:
1746:
1523:
1315:
1125:
1097:
1077:
1073:
1049:) title. Li Yongfang was the great-great-great-grandfather of Li Shiyao (
1028:
938:
878:
874:
867:
800:
594:
118:
4306:
4063:
3810:. Duke University Libraries. Macau, China, Escola tipográfica salesiana.
1603:(莽古爾泰), Prince of the Third Rank (貝勒; 1587 – 11 January 1633), fifth son
3632:
3269:
Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World
3151:
1990:
1970:
1963:
1891:
1869:
886:
776:, the official language of the courts. Nurhaci read the Chinese novels
761:
487:
475:
32:
4587:
Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800
4353:
4042:
Durrant, Stephen (1977). "Manchu Translations of Chou Dynasty Texts".
2946:
Global Crisis: War, Climate and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century
1914:
of the Second Rank (輔國愨厚公; 2 April 1589 – 6 September 1639), sixth son
1882:
of the First Rank (鎮國勤敏公; 8 September 1585 – 14 March 1648), third son
1141:
1138:
997:
Nurhaci led many successful engagements against the Ming dynasty, the
922:
of the 12th century. The "Later Jin" was renamed to "Qing" by his son
889:, one of the main Jurchen export products, within Nurhaci's boundary.
4662:. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press.
2819:
Nurhaci was portrayed by Jing Gangshan in the 2017 television series
2050:
1794:
1786:
1699:
1620:
1546:
1396:
1246:
1215:
1146:
1036:
1024:
1002:
769:
731:
in 1736 (see infobox), the shortened form of which was "Emperor Gao"
590:
321:
316:
293:
3780:
A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology
3245:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 99–100.
3143:
2058:
of the Second Rank (輔國介直公; 26 January 1612 – 23 June 1646), 13th son
577:, Nurhaci reorganized and united various Jurchen tribes (the later "
4345:
903:
In 1606, he was granted the title of Kundulun Khan by the Mongols.
4749:
2297:
2134:
1683:
1555:
1225:
According to Hong Taiji's later recollections, Amin and the other
1211:
1180:
1167:
1087:
1055:
973:
862:
From 1599 to 1618, Nurhaci set out on a campaign against the four
812:
502:
307:
274:
3959:
The Manchu era (1644-1912): arts of China's last imperial dynasty
3700:
The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
3682:
2799:
trades the remains of Nurhaci (contained in a small, ornate jade
4961:
3215:
The Cambridge History of China: Pt. 1; The Ch'ing Empire to 1800
1959:
1297:
934:
914:), often called the Later Jin in reference to the legacy of the
4823:
1092:
In 1621, Nurhaci started the construction of a new palace, the
4386:
Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
2800:
851:
called upon a coalition of nine tribes: the Hada, Ula, Hoifa,
4236:"The Textual History of Sanguo Yanyi: The Manchu Translation"
585:
military system, and eventually launched attacks on both the
4002:
The Northern Region of Korea: History, Identity, and Culture
1563:
of the Third Rank (廣略貝勒; 1580 – 14 October 1615), first son
4635:
the Cambridge History of China, the Ch'ing dynasty to 1800
3760:"李奉尧（？–1789）汉军镶黄旗人，二等伯李永芳四世孙也，清朝大臣。父元亮，官户部尚书，谥勤恪，李侍尧之弟。自官"
1011:
Defectors from the Ming side played a massive role in the
4160:. Society for the Study of Early China. 1977. p. 53.
4031:. Society for the Study of Early China. 1975. p. 53.
1922:(格格) of the Giyamuhut-Gioro clan (嘉穆瑚覺羅氏), personal name
1466:. This has been translated into Japanese under the title
948:, mentioned below) and the Yehe, the clan of his consort
4607:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
4589:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9–72,
4115:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
3189:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
1257:
The first Manchu translations of Chinese works were the
1210:(1590–1626) – who had borne him three sons:
1185:
Battle of Ningyuan in which Nurhaci was wounded and died
4865:
Later Jin rulers posthumously regarded as Qing emperors
593:
dynasties. His conquest of Ming dynasty's northeastern
4547:. Shanghae: London Mission Press. 1855. Archived from
3520:
The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618-44
3466:
Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History
2997:
Mair, Victor H.; Chen, Sanping; Wood, Frances (2013).
2973:
The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618-44
2840:, a pterodactyloid pterosaur, is named after Nurhaci.
1661:(太宗; 28 November 1592 – 21 September 1643), eighth son
1619:
Married Sodnom Dügüreng (索諾木杜棱; ? – 1644) of the
3942:
Early Manchu Recruitment of Chinese Scholar-officials
3049:
3047:
1711:(睿忠親王; 17 November 1612 – 31 December 1650), 14th son
1579:(禮烈親王; 19 August 1583 – 25 November 1648), second son
1096:, for his Later Jin dynasty's capital of Mukden (now
554:(14 May 1559 – 30 September 1626), also known by his
4180:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 94.
2812:
focused on the life of Nurhaci. He was portrayed by
1609:(莽古濟; 1590 – January/February 1636), third daughter
1128:) on 30 September 1626, at the age of 67. His tomb,
986:
In 1618, Nurhaci commissioned a document titled the
508:
498:
486:
474:
449:
415:
403:
375:
347:
265:
163:
151:
132:
103:
99:
89:
81:
70:
45:
3697:
3022:
3020:
2028:Married Ezhayi (鄂札伊; ? – 1641) of the Manchu
1695:(英親王; 28 August 1605 – 28 November 1651), 12th son
3783:. University of California Press. pp. 101–.
3469:. University of California Press. pp. 148–.
3000:Chinese Lives: The People Who Made a Civilization
1484:). A project is or was (as of 2006) under way at
1072:By May 1621, Nurhaci had conquered the cities of
678:("brilliant khan who benefits all nations"). His
4406:: Vade Mecum for an Iconoclastic Translation of
3550:. University of California Press. pp. 61–.
3442:. University of California Press. pp. 47–.
3299:. University of California Press. pp. 45–.
3218:. Cambridge University Press. 2002. p. 31.
3171:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1806:(饒余敏親王; 27 July 1589 – 10 May 1646), seventh son
870:, followed by an expedition against Ula and its
4262:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing period: 1644-1912
4210:. Harvard University, Asia Center. p. 25.
3945:. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 10.
3401:
3399:
3397:
3347:Jonathan D. Spence; John E. Wills, Jr. (1979).
3326:. Natl Foreign Lg Resource Ctr. pp. 285–.
2976:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 16.
2949:(illustrated ed.). Yale University Press.
2908:"The Romanization of Early Manchu Regnal Names"
2004:Married Suna (蘇納; ? – 1648) of the Manchu
1645:(葉赫那拉氏; 1575 – 31 October 1603), personal name
718:
4610:(reprint ed.). Harvard University Press.
4005:. University of Washington Press. p. 19.
3962:. Art Gallery of Greater Victoria. p. 5.
1969:Married Turgei (圖爾格; 1594–1645) of the Manchu
1831:Married Gürbüshi (古爾布什; ? – 1661) of the
1785:Married Darhan (達爾漢; 1590–1644) of the Manchu
1727:(豫通親王; 2 April 1614 – 29 April 1649), 15th son
1675:(烏拉那拉氏; 1590 – 1 October 1626), personal name
1545:Married Hohori (何和禮; 1561–1624) of the Manchu
1104:In 1626, Nurhaci was defeated by Ming general
4835:
3003:(illustrated ed.). Thames & Hudson.
2076:(費揚果; October/November 1620 – 1640), 16th son
1336:
1283:
1264:
381:Tianming (天命): 14 May 1616 – 15 February 1627
8:
2932:. 满族文化网 Manchu Culture Network. 8 July 2020.
1031:to the Manchus in 1618 as the result of the
877:in 1613, and finally the Yehe and its beile
3704:. University of California Press. pp.
3577:. Stanford University Press. pp. 76–.
3380:. Stanford University Press. pp. 54–.
2930:"What does Nurhachi's name mean in Chinese"
1349:, military science was indeed found in the
4842:
4828:
4820:
4711:
3154:. Archived from the original on 2020-08-07
2087:
42:
4118:. Harvard University Press. p. 122.
3192:. Harvard University Press. p. 127.
3128:"New Light on The Origins of The Manchus"
663:dynasty. His title in Manchu as khan was
4704:United States Government Printing Office
4334:Journal of the American Oriental Society
4319:United States Government Printing Office
4091:. Chinese University Press. p. 60.
3926:United States Government Printing Office
3746:United States Government Printing Office
3605:(in Chinese). 2015-12-28. Archived from
3423:United States Government Printing Office
3323:Manchu: A Textbook for Reading Documents
3089:
3038:
4570:. New York: Columbia University Press.
4138:
3896:
3884:
3844:
3832:
3353:. Yale University Press. pp. 35–.
2881:
1424:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty
696:
601:by his descendants, who proclaimed the
540:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
411:Emperor Fuyu Lieguo Yingming (覆育列國英明皇帝)
235: 1588; died 1603)
210: 1585; died 1620)
187: 1577; died 1592)
3164:
2789:In the opening scene of the 1984 film
2734:
2641:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2423:
2318:
2314:
2302:
2204:
2100:
2096:
2092:
1966:and had issue (two sons, one daughter)
1327:The translation of the military texts
1301:was translated into Manchu along with
652:Nurhaci was the last chieftain of the
344:
3988:. Augustan Society. 1975. p. 34.
3872:
3804:Boxer, C. R. (Charles Ralph) (1937).
2731:
2721:
2709:
2699:
2695:
2683:
2681:
2671:
2659:
2649:
2645:
2629:
2626:
2616:
2604:
2594:
2590:
2578:
2575:
2565:
2552:
2542:
2538:
2513:
2503:
2491:
2481:
2477:
2465:
2463:
2453:
2441:
2431:
2427:
2411:
2408:
2398:
2386:
2376:
2372:
2360:
2358:
2348:
2336:
2326:
2322:
2296:
2286:
2274:
2264:
2260:
2248:
2245:
2235:
2222:
2212:
2208:
2192:
2186:
2176:
2164:
2154:
2150:
2138:
2133:
2123:
2108:
2104:
1612:Married Urgūdai (吳爾古代) of the Manchu
7:
4699:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
4314:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
3921:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
3741:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
3496:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 79–.
3418:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
3077:
2792:Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
1591:(富察氏; ? – 1620), personal name
85:17 February 1616 – 30 September 1626
2850:Chinese emperors family tree (late)
1951:(布佔泰; ? – 1618) of the Manchu
1855:(博爾濟吉特氏; ? – March/April 1644)
1488:to translate them into English, as
1371:Abkai: qoohai baita be gisurengge,
799:was a chieftain of the Jurchens in
597:region laid the groundwork for the
4757:Chieftain of the Jianzhou Jurchens
4366:
4285:
3868:
3856:
3820:
3132:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
3101:
3065:
3053:
3026:
1955:in 1608 and had issue (three sons)
1357:, which is why it was translated.
906:In 1616, Nurhaci declared himself
723:" (Tengri-yin Süldetü). It means "
676:Geren gurun-be ujire genggiyen han
14:
1549:in 1588 and had issue ( two sons)
1343:Three Strategies of Huang Shigong
1333:Three Strategies of Huang Shigong
1279:Three Strategies of Huang Shigong
326:Prince Ruizhong of the First Rank
298:Prince Raoyumin of the First Rank
4970:
4493:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
4400:Victor H. Mair (February 2008).
4389:. Kelly & Walsh. p. 40.
1989:Married Daki (達啟) of the Manchu
1749:(博爾濟吉特氏; 1599 – 21 January 1666)
1526:(佟佳氏; 1560–1592), personal name
1155:), is located east of Shenyang.
520:
62:
3871:, p. 52, note 127, citing
3654:"第一个投降满清的明朝将领李寻仙jg用什么战宠永芳结局如何？"
2001:(1600 – October/November 1646)
1962:(額亦都; 1562–1622) of the Manchu
1470:, and Chinese, under the title
562:, was the founding khan of the
353:Aisin-Gioro Nurhaci (愛新覺羅·努爾哈齊)
335:Prince Yutong of the First Rank
254:
232:
207:
184:
4638:. Cambridge University Press.
4522:10.1080/02549948.1935.11744911
4489:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1997).
3266:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1991).
1401:
1361:was translated into Manchu as
1337:
1151:
1045:
284:Prince Lilie of the First Rank
1:
5095:17th-century Chinese monarchs
5030:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
4632:Peterson, Willard J. (2002).
3777:Pamela Kyle Crossley (2000).
2008:in 1613 and had issue (1 son)
1355:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
1321:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
1253:Translations of Chinese texts
910:and founded the Jin dynasty (
779:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
312:Prince Ying of the First Rank
5115:Emperors of the Qing dynasty
4682:. Columbia University Press.
3660:(in Chinese). Archived from
3544:Frederic E. Wakeman (1985).
3436:Frederic E. Wakeman (1985).
3293:Frederic E. Wakeman (1985).
1118:Macau s manufactured cannons
970:Transition from Ming to Qing
5100:Creators of writing systems
4456:"Manchu Studies at Harvard"
4431:"The Old Manchu Chronicles"
3985:The Augustan, Volumes 17-20
3523:. Routledge. pp. 13–.
2806:The 2005 television series
1335:, and the Da Ming Huidian (
1239:Qing Taizu Wu Huangdi Shilu
1231:unification of the Jurchens
831:Unifying the Jurchen tribes
5141:
4529:Ko, Shou-p'ing Wu (1855).
3939:Grossnick, Roy A. (1972).
3490:Wakeman, Frederic (1977).
3320:Gertraude Roth Li (2010).
2970:Swope, Kenneth M. (2014).
2635:
2532:
2528:
2417:
2316:
2308:
2198:
2098:
2094:
1198:(son of Nurhaci's brother
967:
840:
834:
744:
705:
664:
622:
387:
18:
16:Founding khan of Later Jin
4979:
4968:
4861:
4808:
4795:
4779:
4754:
4746:
4741:
4714:
4419:. p. 82. Number 178.
4056:10.1017/S0362502800006623
3696:Evelyn S. Rawski (1998).
3517:Kenneth M. Swope (2014).
2943:Parker, Geoffrey (2013).
2865:Qing conquest of the Ming
2715:
2697:
2689:
2665:
2647:
2643:
2610:
2592:
2584:
2559:
2540:
2536:
2497:
2479:
2471:
2447:
2429:
2425:
2392:
2374:
2366:
2342:
2324:
2320:
2280:
2262:
2254:
2229:
2210:
2206:
2170:
2152:
2144:
2117:
2102:
2032:in November/December 1619
1490:The Old Manchu Chronicles
1481:
1432:
1392:
1284:
1265:
1137:
1040:
1013:Qing conquest of the Ming
736:
719:
687:
611:Mongolian vertical script
599:Qing conquest of the Ming
456:
430:(承天廣運聖德神功肇紀立極仁孝睿武端毅欽安弘文定業
422:
410:
380:
352:
343:
61:
54:
4774:was established in 1616
4604:Perdue, Peter C (2009).
4265:. SMC publ. p. vi.
4112:Perdue, Peter C (2009).
3571:Mark C. Elliott (2001).
3374:Mark C. Elliott (2001).
3186:Perdue, Peter C (2009).
2870:List of Buddha claimants
1385:Manchu Veritable Records
964:Invasion of Ming dynasty
843:Timeline of the Jurchens
4792:was established in 1616
1818:(葉赫那拉氏), personal name
1759:(哈達那拉氏), personal name
1023:) after Li surrendered
5105:People from Mudanjiang
4085:Chan, Sin-wai (2009).
3493:Fall of Imperial China
3463:Anne Walthall (2008).
3239:Sneath, David (2007).
2906:Tak-sing, Kam (1999).
2732:Empress Xuan (d. 1569)
1616:in February/March 1601
1186:
1101:
1061:
983:
795:Nurhaci's grandfather
659:and first khan of the
621:Nurhaci is written as
528:This article contains
4883:Enthroned in 1626 as
4688:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
4678:Jerr, Nicole (2017).
4566:Narangoa, Li (2014).
4460:sites.fas.harvard.edu
4303:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
4257:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
4202:Chiu, Elena Suet-Ying
3999:Kim, Sun Joo (2011).
3910:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
3730:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
3407:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
3113:Matsumura Jun, p.131
1184:
1091:
1059:
999:Northern Yuan dynasty
977:
581:"), consolidated the
573:As the leader of the
560:Emperor Taizu of Qing
4721:House of Aisin-Gioro
4435:Manchu Studies Group
4417:Dino–Platonic Papers
3956:Till, Barry (2004).
2066:(格格), personal name
1782:Married Yilaka (伊拉喀)
1351:Six Secret Teachings
1260:Six Secret Teachings
575:House of Aisin-Gioro
395:: Тэнгэрийн сүлдэт (
5110:Ming dynasty rebels
4897:began to rule over
3887:, pp. 158–160.
3735:"Li Shih-yao"
3683:"第一個投降滿清的明朝將領結局如何？"
3126:Huang, Pei (1990).
2895:(in Chinese). 飛翔時代.
2514:Nurhaci (1559–1626)
1838:on 22 February 1625
1621:Aohan Borjigin clan
1496:Physical appearance
837:Jurchen unification
772:, where he learned
4765:Position abolished
3627:曹德全 (2014-03-22).
3603:www.lishiquwen.com
2784:In popular culture
1486:Harvard University
1435:), especially the
1187:
1110:Battle of Ningyuan
1102:
1062:
984:
727:." He was given a
439:: Dergi hūwangdi (
386:: Abkai fulingga (
5120:Founding monarchs
5072:
5071:
4818:
4817:
4809:Succeeded by
4736:30 September 1626
4669:978-0-520-04804-1
4654:Wakeman, Frederic
4404:Soldierly Methods
4272:978-957-638-066-2
4217:978-0-674-97519-4
4187:978-981-4414-32-6
4125:978-0-674-04202-5
4098:978-962-996-355-2
3790:978-0-520-92884-8
3715:978-0-520-92679-0
3599:"李永芳将军的简介 李永芳的后代"
3584:978-0-8047-4684-7
3557:978-0-520-04804-1
3530:978-1-134-46209-4
3503:978-0-02-933680-9
3476:978-0-520-25444-2
3449:978-0-520-04804-1
3387:978-0-8047-4684-7
3360:978-0-300-02672-6
3333:978-0-9800459-5-6
3306:978-0-520-04804-1
3225:978-0-521-24334-6
3199:978-0-674-04202-5
3068:, pp. 29–30.
3056:, pp. 27–29.
2912:Studia Orientalia
2780:
2779:
1846:Secondary Consort
1812:Secondary Consort
1804:of the First Rank
1767:Secondary Consort
1753:Secondary Consort
1734:Secondary Consort
1725:of the First Rank
1709:of the First Rank
1693:of the First Rank
1668:Empress Xiaoliewu
1638:Empress Xiaocigao
1577:of the First Rank
568:Later Jin dynasty
536:rendering support
516:
515:
470:
469:
246:Empress Xiaoliewu
221:Empress Xiaocigao
136:30 September 1626
76:Later Jin dynasty
56:Khan of Great Jin
5132:
4974:
4907:
4901:, replacing the
4867:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4821:
4747:Preceded by
4737:
4730:
4712:
4707:
4695:
4683:
4673:
4649:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4599:
4581:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4553:
4546:
4536:
4524:
4510:Monumenta Serica
4504:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4462:. Archived from
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4414:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4380:
4374:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4310:
4299:
4293:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4172:Salmon, Claudine
4168:
4162:
4161:
4152:
4146:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4023:
4017:
4016:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3917:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3762:. Archived from
3756:
3750:
3749:
3737:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3703:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3414:
3403:
3392:
3391:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3015:
3014:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2886:
2110:Sibeoci Fiyanggū
2088:
2044:Sirin-Gioro clan
2020:Irgen-Gioro clan
1771:Irgen-Gioro clan
1740:Consort Shoukang
1483:
1464:Qianlong Emperor
1459:Jiu Manzhou Dang
1434:
1416:
1403:
1394:
1370:
1340:
1339:
1287:
1286:
1268:
1267:
1243:Manzhou Shilu Tu
1194:(43 years old),
1153:
1144:
1084:Death and legacy
1047:
1042:
1033:Battle of Fushun
988:Seven Grievances
898:Mongolian script
896:by adapting the
853:Khorchin Mongols
824:Jianzhou Jurchen
774:Mandarin Chinese
748:
738:
725:Heaven's Mandate
722:
721:
720:Тэнгэрийн сүлдэт
709:
698:
689:
674:
624:
542: instead of
524:
523:
465:
444:
398:
397:ᠲᠩᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠦᠯᠳᠡᠲᠦ
389:
370:
361:
345:
258:
256:
236:
234:
211:
209:
188:
186:
139:
113:
111:
66:
50:
43:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5068:
4975:
4966:
4895:Shunzhi Emperor
4892:
4881:
4863:
4857:
4848:
4814:
4805:
4793:
4783:
4766:
4760:
4752:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4693:"Nurhaci"
4686:
4677:
4674:In two volumes.
4670:
4652:
4646:
4631:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4603:
4597:
4584:
4578:
4565:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4528:
4507:
4501:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4478:
4469:
4467:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4440:
4438:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4412:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4365:
4361:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4238:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4099:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4013:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3895:
3891:
3883:
3879:
3867:
3863:
3855:
3851:
3843:
3839:
3831:
3827:
3819:
3815:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3791:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3667:
3665:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3638:
3636:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3612:
3610:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3412:"Nurhaci"
3405:
3404:
3395:
3388:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3144:10.2307/2719229
3125:
3124:
3120:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3045:
3037:
3033:
3025:
3018:
3011:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2846:
2832:
2786:
2781:
2085:
1900:(湯古代), General
1671:(孝烈武皇后) of the
1659:Emperor Taizong
1641:(孝慈高皇后) of the
1538:(嫩哲), Princess
1514:Primary Consort
1511:
1498:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1381:
1379:Primary sources
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1314:in Mukden (now
1255:
1122:Yuhong District
1086:
980:Battle of Sarhu
972:
966:
894:Manchu alphabet
883:Battle of Sarhu
845:
839:
833:
758:
746:
729:posthumous name
707:
672:
670:
668:
666:
627:Manchu language
619:
617:Name and titles
607:Manchu language
549:
548:
547:
544:Manchu alphabet
534:Without proper
525:
521:
463:
458:
442:
440:
435:
417:Posthumous name
396:
391:
382:
368:
363:
359:
354:
339:
261:
260:
257: 1601)
252:
248:
238:
230:
226:
223:
213:
205:
201:
198:
190:
182:
178:
175:
159:
143:
141:
137:
117:
116:(嘉靖三十八年 四月 初八日)
115:
109:
107:
48:
47:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5138:
5136:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5077:
5076:
5070:
5069:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4824:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4807:
4794:
4784:
4777:
4776:
4762:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4742:Regnal titles
4739:
4738:
4718:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4690:, ed. (1943).
4684:
4675:
4668:
4650:
4644:
4629:
4617:978-0674042025
4616:
4601:
4595:
4582:
4576:
4563:
4526:
4505:
4499:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4447:
4422:
4392:
4375:
4359:
4346:10.2307/601450
4340:(4): 653–661.
4324:
4305:, ed. (1943).
4294:
4278:
4271:
4248:
4223:
4216:
4193:
4186:
4163:
4147:
4131:
4124:
4104:
4097:
4077:
4034:
4018:
4012:978-0295802176
4011:
3991:
3975:
3968:
3948:
3931:
3915:"Abahai"
3912:, ed. (1943).
3901:
3899:, p. 160.
3889:
3877:
3861:
3849:
3847:, p. 158.
3837:
3835:, p. 157.
3825:
3813:
3796:
3789:
3769:
3766:on 2016-10-07.
3751:
3732:, ed. (1943).
3721:
3714:
3688:
3674:
3645:
3629:"首个投降后金的明将李永芳"
3619:
3590:
3583:
3563:
3556:
3536:
3529:
3509:
3502:
3482:
3475:
3455:
3448:
3428:
3409:, ed. (1943).
3393:
3386:
3366:
3359:
3339:
3332:
3312:
3305:
3285:
3278:
3258:
3252:978-0231511674
3251:
3231:
3224:
3205:
3198:
3178:
3118:
3106:
3094:
3082:
3080:, p. 152.
3070:
3058:
3043:
3031:
3016:
3010:978-0500771471
3009:
2989:
2983:978-1134462094
2982:
2962:
2956:978-0300189193
2955:
2935:
2921:
2898:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2845:
2842:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2822:Rule The World
2817:
2804:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
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2742:
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2730:
2727:
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2723:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
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2677:
2676:
2673:
2672:
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2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
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2640:
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2622:
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2612:
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2609:
2606:
2605:
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2600:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
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2586:
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2574:
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2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
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2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
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2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2443:
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2440:
2437:
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2433:
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2430:
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2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
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2391:
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2385:
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2338:
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2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
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2319:
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2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2304:
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2301:
2295:
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2287:
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2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2270:
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2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2006:Yehe-Nara clan
1999:Sixth daughter
1996:
1995:
1994:
1984:Fifth daughter
1981:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1956:
1937:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1857:
1856:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1816:Yehe-Nara clan
1809:
1808:
1807:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1764:
1757:Hada-Nara clan
1750:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1712:
1696:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1643:Yehe-Nara clan
1634:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1614:Hada-Nara clan
1604:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1564:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1510:
1507:
1497:
1494:
1473:Manwen Laodang
1380:
1377:
1359:The Art of War
1304:The Art of War
1290:The Art of War
1254:
1251:
1116:gunners using
1106:Yuan Chonghuan
1085:
1082:
1046:sān děng zǐjué
1003:Joseon dynasty
965:
962:
941:, and Hohori.
835:Main article:
832:
829:
757:
754:
750:Dergi Hūwangdi
711:Abkai Fulingga
682:was Tianming (
618:
615:
538:, you may see
526:
519:
518:
517:
514:
513:
510:
506:
505:
500:
496:
495:
490:
484:
483:
478:
472:
471:
468:
467:
454:
453:
447:
446:
420:
419:
413:
412:
408:
407:
401:
400:
378:
377:
373:
372:
350:
349:
341:
340:
338:
337:
328:
319:
314:
305:
300:
291:
286:
277:
271:
269:
263:
262:
250:
244:
243:
242:
241:
228:
224:
219:
218:
217:
216:
203:
199:
196:
195:
194:
193:
180:
176:
173:
172:
171:
170:
167:
165:
161:
160:
155:
153:
149:
148:
142:(天命十一年 八月 十一日)
140:(aged 67)
134:
130:
129:
105:
101:
100:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
68:
67:
59:
58:
52:
51:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5137:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4893:In 1644, the
4890:
4886:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4840:
4838:
4833:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4813:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4791:
4787:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4751:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4728:
4723:
4722:
4713:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4645:0-521-24334-3
4641:
4637:
4636:
4630:
4619:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4602:
4598:
4596:0-521-24334-3
4592:
4588:
4583:
4579:
4577:9780231160704
4573:
4569:
4564:
4554:on 2014-09-03
4550:
4543:
4542:
4534:
4533:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4500:9780631235910
4496:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4466:on 2016-10-13
4465:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4448:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4423:
4418:
4411:
4409:
4408:Sun Zi bingfa
4405:
4396:
4393:
4388:
4387:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4360:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4309:
4308:"Dahai"
4304:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4219:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4108:
4105:
4100:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4081:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4035:
4030:
4029:
4022:
4019:
4014:
4008:
4004:
4003:
3995:
3992:
3987:
3986:
3979:
3976:
3971:
3969:9780888852168
3965:
3961:
3960:
3952:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3862:
3859:, p. 51.
3858:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3826:
3823:, p. 52.
3822:
3817:
3814:
3809:
3808:
3800:
3797:
3792:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3773:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3692:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3664:on 2016-10-07
3663:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3635:on 2016-10-07
3634:
3630:
3623:
3620:
3609:on 2017-12-03
3608:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3513:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3486:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3432:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3370:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3104:, p. 31.
3103:
3098:
3095:
3092:, p. 24.
3091:
3090:Narangoa 2014
3086:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3041:, p. 51.
3040:
3039:Crossley 1997
3035:
3032:
3029:, p. 25.
3028:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2966:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2939:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2885:
2882:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2860:Li Chengliang
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2797:Indiana Jones
2794:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2007:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1953:Ula-Nara clan
1950:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1853:Borjigin clan
1851:
1847:
1844:
1837:
1836:Borjigin clan
1834:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1747:Borjigin clan
1745:
1742:(壽康妃) of the
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1726:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1673:Ula-Nara clan
1670:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:Monggo Jerjer
1644:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1559:(褚英), Prince
1558:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:Hahana Jacing
1525:
1524:Tunggiya clan
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1451:Seonjo Sillok
1448:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1408:
1404:
1402:Mǎnzhōu Shílù
1398:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1262:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1202:; 40 or 41),
1201:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:Eight Banners
1156:
1154:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1094:Mukden Palace
1090:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
981:
976:
971:
963:
961:
957:
953:
951:
950:Monggo Jerjer
947:
942:
940:
936:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
901:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
873:
869:
865:
860:
858:
854:
850:
847:In 1593, the
844:
838:
830:
828:
825:
820:
816:
814:
810:
809:Xinbin County
806:
802:
798:
793:
791:
787:
786:
781:
780:
775:
771:
767:
766:Li Chengliang
763:
755:
753:
751:
742:
734:
730:
726:
716:
712:
703:
699:
693:
685:
681:
677:
662:
658:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
616:
614:
612:
609:based on the
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
583:Eight Banners
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
545:
541:
537:
533:
531:
511:
507:
504:
501:
497:
494:
491:
489:
485:
482:
479:
477:
473:
461:
455:
452:
448:
438:
433:
429:
425:
421:
418:
414:
409:
406:
402:
394:
388:ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ
385:
379:
374:
366:
357:
351:
346:
342:
336:
332:
329:
327:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
270:
268:
264:
247:
240:
239:
222:
215:
214:
192:
191:
169:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
147:
135:
131:
128:
124:
120:
106:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
57:
53:
44:
39:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
5018:N. Dynasties
5014:S. Dynasties
4903:Ming dynasty
4899:China proper
4882:
4880:
4870:
4864:
4855:Qing dynasty
4796:
4780:
4764:
4755:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4697:
4679:
4658:
4634:
4621:. Retrieved
4606:
4586:
4567:
4556:. Retrieved
4549:the original
4540:
4531:
4516:(1): 71–81,
4513:
4509:
4490:
4468:. Retrieved
4464:the original
4459:
4450:
4439:. Retrieved
4437:. 2012-11-08
4434:
4425:
4416:
4407:
4403:
4395:
4385:
4378:
4362:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4312:
4297:
4281:
4261:
4251:
4239:. Retrieved
4232:West, Andrew
4226:
4206:
4196:
4176:
4166:
4156:
4150:
4139:Wakeman 1985
4134:
4114:
4107:
4087:
4080:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4027:
4021:
4001:
3994:
3984:
3978:
3958:
3951:
3941:
3934:
3919:
3904:
3897:Wakeman 1985
3892:
3885:Wakeman 1985
3880:
3864:
3852:
3845:Wakeman 1985
3840:
3833:Wakeman 1985
3828:
3816:
3806:
3799:
3779:
3772:
3764:the original
3754:
3739:
3724:
3699:
3691:
3677:
3666:. Retrieved
3662:the original
3657:
3648:
3637:. Retrieved
3633:the original
3622:
3611:. Retrieved
3607:the original
3602:
3593:
3573:
3566:
3546:
3539:
3519:
3512:
3492:
3485:
3465:
3458:
3438:
3431:
3416:
3376:
3369:
3349:
3342:
3322:
3315:
3295:
3288:
3268:
3261:
3241:
3234:
3214:
3208:
3188:
3181:
3167:cite journal
3156:. Retrieved
3135:
3131:
3121:
3114:
3109:
3097:
3085:
3073:
3061:
3034:
2999:
2992:
2972:
2965:
2945:
2938:
2924:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2891:
2884:
2835:
2833:
2820:
2807:
2790:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2054:(賴慕布), Duke
2049:
2042:(格格) of the
2039:
2018:(格格) of the
2015:
1998:
1991:Niohuru clan
1986:(1597–1613)
1983:
1977:
1971:Niohuru clan
1964:Niohuru clan
1939:
1933:
1932:(巴布泰), Duke
1929:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1892:Niohuru clan
1890:(格格) of the
1887:
1879:
1875:
1870:Joogiya clan
1868:(格格) of the
1865:
1859:
1858:
1848:(側妃) of the
1845:
1825:
1819:
1814:(側妃) of the
1811:
1801:
1793:
1776:
1769:(側妃) of the
1766:
1760:
1755:(側妃) of the
1752:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1715:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1636:
1628:
1606:
1598:
1592:
1587:(继妃) of the
1584:
1574:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1522:(元妃) of the
1520:Consort Yuan
1519:
1513:
1512:
1499:
1489:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1422:
1400:
1384:
1382:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1319:
1309:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1277:
1270:
1258:
1256:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1188:
1157:
1150:
1130:Fu Mausoleum
1103:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1044:
1010:
1007:
996:
992:Ming dynasty
985:
958:
954:
943:
928:
915:
911:
905:
902:
891:
871:
861:
846:
821:
817:
805:Nikan Wailan
794:
785:Water Margin
783:
777:
759:
749:
710:
695:
675:
651:
647:Nu-er-ha-chi
646:
642:
638:
634:
620:
603:Qing dynasty
572:
559:
551:
550:
527:
512:Empress Xuan
431:
427:
423:
174:Consort Yuan
157:Fu Mausoleum
138:(1626-09-30)
55:
35:
28:
5090:1626 deaths
5085:1559 births
5010:16 Kingdoms
4491:The Manchus
4157:Early China
4044:Early China
4028:Early China
2809:Taizu Mishi
2300:(1543–1583)
2246:Empress Zhi
2190:(1526–1583)
1910:(塔拜), Duke
1878:(阿拜), Duke
1787:Gorolo clan
1761:Amin Jerjer
1547:Donggo clan
1468:Manbun roto
1445:Gwanghaegun
1419:Möllendorff
1373:Möllendorff
1241:" and the "
1208:Lady Abahai
1017:Li Yongfang
946:Lady Abahai
920:Jin dynasty
912:aisin gurun
790:Aisin Gioro
631:temple name
556:temple name
481:Aisin-Gioro
451:Temple name
405:Regnal name
358:: Nurgaci (
114:14 May 1559
37:Aisin-Gioro
21:Manchu name
5079:Categories
5002:3 Kingdoms
4889:Hong Taiji
4812:Hong Taiji
4806:1616–1626
4761:1583–1616
4558:2016-08-19
4470:2017-09-27
4441:2024-06-18
4369:, p.
4288:, p.
4241:11 October
4141:, p.
3873:Fuchs 1935
3668:2016-06-30
3639:2016-06-30
3613:2016-06-30
3279:0691008779
3158:2020-11-05
3138:(1): 269.
2918:: 133–148.
2876:References
2855:Darughachi
2837:Nurhachius
2834:The genus
2409:Empress Yi
1654:Hong Taiji
1600:Manggūltai
1585:Consort Ji
1540:Duanzhuang
1312:Hong Taiji
1204:Manggūltai
1172:Hong Taiji
1114:Portuguese
1035:. His son
968:See also:
937:, Hūrhan,
931:Anfiyanggū
924:Hong Taiji
841:See also:
756:Early life
697:T'ien-ming
692:Wade–Giles
462:: Taidzu (
457:Taizu (太祖)
367:: Нурхач (
303:Hong Taiji
289:Manggūltai
197:Consort Ji
110:1559-05-14
94:Hong Taiji
25:given name
4927:Yongzheng
4802:Later Jin
4790:Later Jin
4781:New title
4772:Later Jin
4072:191822020
3078:Jerr 2017
2188:Giocangga
2068:Daiyinzha
2030:Nara clan
2022:(伊爾根覺羅氏)
1898:Tanggūdai
1860:Concubine
1773:(伊爾根覺羅氏)
1589:Fuca clan
1503:moustache
1369:ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ
797:Giocangga
715:Mongolian
661:Later Jin
493:Later Jin
393:Mongolian
376:Era dates
365:Mongolian
146:Later Jin
123:Manchuria
90:Successor
33:clan name
4962:Xuantong
4947:Xianfeng
4942:Daoguang
4932:Qianlong
4851:Emperors
4716:Nurhaci
4656:(1985).
4623:10 March
4259:(1991).
4204:(2017).
4174:(2013).
4064:23351361
2889:_博、任吉_.
2844:See also
2814:Steve Ma
2083:Ancestry
2074:Fiyanggū
2064:Mistress
2046:(西林覺羅氏)
2040:Mistress
2016:Mistress
1958:Married
1949:Bujantai
1947:Married
1941:Mukushen
1920:Mistress
1888:Mistress
1866:Mistress
1850:Khorchin
1826:Songgutu
1802:Raoyumin
1744:Khorchin
1707:Ruizhong
1607:Mangguji
1561:Guanglüe
1530:(哈哈納扎青)
1442:and the
1413:ᠶᠠᡵᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ
1411:ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡳ
1345:and the
1316:Shenyang
1126:Shenyang
1098:Shenyang
1078:Shenyang
1074:Liaoyang
1029:Liaoning
939:Fiongdon
918:Jurchen
879:Gintaisi
875:Bujantai
868:Baindari
801:Hetu Ala
747:ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ
708:ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ
680:era name
671:ᡤᡝᠩᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ
667:ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᠪᡝ
657:Jurchens
654:Jianzhou
643:Nurhachi
595:Liaodong
164:Consorts
144:Aijipu,
119:Hetu Ala
19:In this
5125:Nurhaci
4957:Guangxu
4952:Tongzhi
4937:Jiaqing
4917:Shunzhi
4912:Taizong
4876:Taizong
4853:of the
4482:Sources
4367:Ko 1855
4286:Ko 1855
3869:Li 2002
3857:Li 2002
3821:Li 2002
3152:2719229
3102:Li 2002
3066:Li 2002
3054:Li 2002
3027:Li 2002
2830:Science
2553:Douliji
2223:Douliji
1993:in 1608
1978:Babuhai
1930:Babutai
1894:(鈕祜祿氏)
1833:Khalkha
1820:Nanakun
1800:Prince
1798:(阿巴泰),
1721:Prince
1705:Prince
1703:(多爾袞),
1689:Prince
1687:(阿濟格),
1657:(皇太極),
1649:(孟古哲哲)
1629:Degelei
1623:in 1627
1573:Prince
1478:Chinese
1429:Chinese
1389:Chinese
1200:Šurhaci
1164:Šurhaci
1134:Chinese
1108:at the
978:At the
916:earlier
887:ginseng
881:at the
762:Mentemu
733:Chinese
684:Chinese
639:Nurgaci
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564:Jurchen
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1880:Qinmin
1872:(兆佳氏)
1822:(納納昆)
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1763:(阿敏哲哲)
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