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and the
Communist Party guiding much of the anti-government activity. The protests intensified over the following days, until the police fired on a mass demonstration (20 January), leaving many casualties. On the following days, 'Abd al-Ilah disavowed the new treaty. Nuri returned to Baghdad on 26 January and immediately implemented a harsh policy of repression against the protesters. At mass demonstration the next day, police fired again at the protesters, leaving many more dead. In his struggle to implement the treaty, Nuri had destroyed any credibility that he had left. He retained considerable power throughout the country, but he was generally hated.
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of numerous communists in
January 1947. Those captured included party secretary Fahd. Meanwhile, Britain attempted to legalise a permanent military presence in Iraq even beyond the terms of the 1930 treaty although it no longer had World War II to justify its continued presence there. Both Nuri and the regent increasingly saw their unpopular links with Great Britain as the best guarantee of their own position, and accordingly set about co-operating in the creation of a new Anglo-Iraqi Treaty. In early January 1948 Nuri himself joined the negotiating delegation in England, and on 15 January the treaty was signed.
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1067:, a series of agreements concluded between 1954 and 1955, which tied Iraq politically and militarily with the Western powers and their regional allies, notably Turkey. The pact was especially important to Nuri, as it was favoured by the British and Americans. On the other hand, it was also contrary to the political aspirations of most of the country. Taking advantage of the situation, Nuri stepped up his policies of political repression and censorship.
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development. This allowed for the establishment of the
Development Board for reconstruction which launched a series of ambitious schemes and projects to foster comprehensive growth in Iraq. Private capital invested in industry amounted to about ID 4 million in 1953, rising to nearly ID 20 million by 1956, although the working conditions of the poor had hardly been assessed, which led to reprimand by the ever-growing anti-monarchist sentiment in Iraq.
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1026:; his protectors then sent him to Cairo, but after occupying Baghdad they brought him back, installing him as prime minister under the British occupation. He would retain the post for over two and half years, but from 1943 onward, the regent obtained a greater say in the selection of his ministers and began to assert greater independence. Iraq remained under British military occupation until late 1947. He served as the President of the
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933:, who would become prime minister for the first time in 1935. Nevertheless, Nuri continued to hold sway among the military establishment, and his position as a trusted ally of the British meant that he was never far from power. In 1933, the British persuaded Ghazi to appoint him foreign minister, a post he held until the
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He was determined to drive the Jews out of his country as quickly as possible, and on 21 August 1950, he threatened to revoke the license of the company transporting the Jewish exodus if it did not fulfill its daily quota of 500 Jews. On 18 September 1950, Nuri summoned a representative of the Jewish
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In
November 1946, an oil workers' strike culminated in a massacre of the strikers by the police, and Nuri was brought back as premier. He briefly brought the Liberals and National Democrats into the cabinet, but soon reverted to the more repressive approach he generally favoured, ordering the arrest
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in June 1940 encouraged some Arab nationalist elements to seek, in the style of the United States and Turkey, to move toward neutrality toward
Germany and Italy rather than being part of the British war effort. While Nuri generally was more pro-British, al-Sabbagh moved into the camp more positively
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Nuri went into hiding, but he was captured the next day as he sought to make his escape. He was shot dead and buried that same day, but an angry mob disinterred his corpse and dragged it through the streets of
Baghdad, where it was hung up, burned and mutilated, ultimately being run over repeatedly
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The response on the streets of
Baghdad was immediate and furious. After six years of British occupation, no single act could have been less popular than giving the British an even larger legal role in Iraq's affairs. Demonstrations broke out the following day, with students playing a prominent part
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was playing a growing role. However, the political elite, with its strong ties and shared interests with the dominant classes, was unable to take the radical steps that might have preserved the monarchy. The attempt by the elite to retain power during the last ten years of the monarchy, Nuri rather
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Back in
Baghdad in October 1938, Nuri re-established contact with al-Sabbagh, and persuaded him to overthrow the Midfai government. Al-Sabbagh and his cohorts launched their coup on 24 December 1938, and Nuri was reinstated as prime minister. He sought to sideline the king by promoting the position
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Faisal first proposed Nuri as prime minister in 1929, but it was only in 1930 that the
British were persuaded to forgo their objections. As in previous appointments, Nuri was quick to appoint supporters to key government positions, but that only weakened the king's own base among the civil service,
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as a way to mock Nasser, whose father was a postal clerk. However, Nuri then publicly condemned the invasion, as the national sentiment was strongly for Egypt. The invasion exacerbated popular mistrust of the
Baghdad Pact, and Nuri responded by refusing to sit with British representatives during a
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for Faisal in the wake of the retreating Turkish forces in 1918. When Faisal was deposed by the French in 1920, Nuri followed the exiled monarch to Iraq, and in 1922 became first director general of the Iraqi police force. He used the position to fill the force with his placemen, a tactic that he
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and sent in troops to some southern cities to suppress the riots, while in Baghdad, nearly 400 protesters were detained. Nuri's political position was weakened, so much that he became more "discouraged and depressed" than ever before (according to the British ambassador) and was genuinely fearful
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In 1950, Nuri Al-Said turned to building up Iraq's internal strength by concentrating on economic development. He replaced the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty (1948) with a new oil agreement with the Iraq Petroleum Company on the basis of 50/50 profit sharing, which increased the amount of funds available for
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as oil began to play a significant role in the Iraqi economy. The agreement, along with the establishment of the Iraqi Development Board, provided for a series of ambitious schemes and projects to foster comprehensive economic growth in Iraq, and the private sector came to dominate the country's
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The regent's brief flirtation with more liberal policies in 1947 did little to stave off the problems that the established order was facing. The social and economic structures of the country had changed considerably since the establishment of the monarchy, with an increased urban population, a
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He was a trusted ally of Faisal who, in 1924, appointed him deputy commander in chief of the army so as to ensure the loyalty of the troops to the regime. Once again, Nuri used the position to build up his own power base. During the 1920s, he supported the king's policy to build up the nascent
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that he persuaded the British that Nuri was a disruptive influence who would be better off abroad. They obliged by convincing Nuri to take up residence in London as the Iraqi ambassador. Despairing perhaps of his relationship with Ghazi, he now began to secretly suggest co-operation with the
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that he would be unable to restore stability. Meanwhile, the opposition began to co-ordinate its activities: in February 1957, a Front of National Union was established, bringing together the National Democrats, the Independents, the Communists, and the
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and possible succession of the latter's half-brother Prince Zaid. Simultaneously, the British were irritated by Ghazi's increasingly nationalistic broadcasts on his private radio station. In January 1939, the king further aggrieved Nuri by appointing
914:, an unpopular move since it essentially confirmed Britain's mandatory powers and gave them permanent military prerogatives in the country even after full independence was achieved. In 1932, he presented the Iraqi case for greater independence to the
1006:, Iraq was committed to declaring war on Germany. Instead, in an effort to maintain a neutral position, Nuri announced that Iraqi armed forces would not be employed outside of Iraq. While German officials were deported, Iraq would not declare war.
1220:(born 1938). Sabah As-Said is supposed to have taken an Iraqi-Jewish woman as a second wife and had a child with her when Jews accounted for 25-40% of Baghdad's population. After being ousted from Iraq, both his second wife and child fled to
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The Bakr Sidqi coup showed the extent to which Nuri had tied his fate to that of the British in Iraq: he was the only politician of the toppled government to seek refuge in the British Embassy, and his hosts sent him into exile in
1231:'s personal pilot, was first married to Nahla El-Askari and had one son, Sabah. He later married Dina Fawaz Maher in 1974, the daughter of a Jordanian army general, Fawaz Pasha Maher, and had two daughters: Sima and Zaina.
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When Ghazi died in a car crash on 4 April 1939, Nuri was widely suspected of being implicated in his death. At the royal funeral crowds chanted, "You will answer for the blood of Ghazi, Nuri". He supported the accession of
1127:. A similar process within the military officer corps followed, with the formation of the Supreme Committee of Free Officers. However, Nuri's attempts to preserve the loyalty of the military by generous benefits failed.
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1134:. (Kuwait was asked to enter the union; however, the British opposed this.) Nuri was the first prime minister of the new federation, which was soon ended with the coup that toppled the Iraqi monarchy.
975:. Nuri's campaign against his rivals continued in March that year, when he claimed to have unmasked a plot to murder Ghazi and used it as an excuse to carry out a purge of the army's officer corps.
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A controversial figure throughout most of his career, Nuri was deeply unpopular amongst several fragments of Iraqi society by the end of 1950s. His political views, regarded as a blend of
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economic activity. However, the working conditions of the poor remained poorly addressed, which further contributed to the growth of anti-monarchist sentiment. The formation of the
1498:"At first was buried in a shallow grave but later the body was dug up and repeatedly ran over by municipal buses, until, in the words of a horror-struck eyewitness, it resembled
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meeting of the Pact and cut off diplomatic relations with France. According to historian Adeeb Dawish, "Nuri's circumspect response hardly placated the seething populace."
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coup in 1936. However, his close ties to the British, which helped him remain in important positions of state, also destroyed any remaining popularity.
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Nuri and his wife had one son, Sabah As-Said, who married an Egyptian heiress, Esmat Ali Pasha Fahmi in 1936. They had two sons: Falah (born 1937) and
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From his first appointment as prime minister under the British Mandate in 1930, Nuri was a major political figure in Iraq under the monarchy. The 1930
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granted Britain permanent military prerogatives in Iraq, but also paved the way for the country's nominal independence and entry as a member of the
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In April 1941, the pro-neutrality elements seized power, installing Rashid Ali al-Kaylani as prime minister. Nuri fled to British-controlled
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took place in July 1958 and led to the overthrow of the Hashemite monarchy. Nuri attempted to flee the country but was captured and killed.
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in mid September 1950, Nuri al-Said replaced...as prime minister. Nuri was determined to drive the Jews out of his country as quickly as...
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and the formerly close relationship between the two men soured. Among Nuri's first acts as prime minister was the signing of the
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The Iraqi monarchy and its Hashemite ally in Jordan reacted to the union between Egypt and Syria (February 1958) by forming the
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rapidly growing middle class, and increasing political consciousness among the peasants and the working class, in which the
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community, claimed Israel was behind the emigration delay and threatened to "take them to the borders" and expel the Jews.
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oriented toward Germany. The loss of his main military ally meant that Nuri "quickly lost his ability to affect events".
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1200:, the king's aunt; and several servants. The group was ordered to turn facing the wall and were shot down by Captain
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During the early fifties, Nuri's government negotiated a fifty-fifty profit-sharing agreement on royalties with the
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Like other Iraqi officers who had served under Faisal, he went on to emerge as part of a new political elite.
752:, were believed by his detractors to have failed in adapting to the country's changed social circumstances. A
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950:. He returned to Baghdad in August 1937 and began plotting his return to power in collaboration with Colonel
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than the regent would increasingly play the dominant role, thanks largely to his superior political skills.
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925:, which curbed Nuri's influence somewhat; after the death of Faisal the following year and the accession of
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would repeat in subsequent positions; that was a basis of his considerable political clout in later years.
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and ordered the Royal Family to evacuate the Rihab Palace in Baghdad. They congregated in the courtyardโ
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After being captured and held prisoner by the British in Egypt, he and Jaafar were converted to the
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in 1912 to resist the Italian occupation of that province. He was an elusive guerrilla leader, with
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origin. His father was a minor government accountant. Nuri graduated from a military college in
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1348:"'File 11/44 Leading Personalities in Iraq, Iran & Saudi Arabia' [32v] (64/96)"
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1090:. Nuri was overjoyed with the tripartite move and instructed the radio station to play
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991:, who was still a minor. The new regent was initially susceptible to Nuri's influence.
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The next major political demarche with which Nuri's name would be associated was the
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there on 14 July. Instead, they moved on to Baghdad, and on that day, Brigadier
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In October 1932, Faisal dismissed Nuri as Prime Minister and replaced him with
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officers, the former Ottoman soldiers who formed the backbone of the regime.
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FDR and the End of Empire: The Origins of American Power in the Middle East.
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Corpse of Nuri (right), and regent Abd al-Ilah (left) lynched by the crowds.
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Mass protests and disturbances occurred throughout the country, in Baghdad,
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690:; December 1888 โ 15 July 1958) was an Iraqi politician during the
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in 1906, trained at the staff college there in 1911 as an officer in the
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Iraq under General Nuri: My Recollection of Nuri Al-Said, 1954โ1958
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698:. He held various key cabinet positions and served eight terms as
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from July 1945 to November 1946, and from 1948 to January 1949.
1937:
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The Old Social Classes and New Revolutionary Movements of Iraq
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which brought a pro-Nazi government to power, but following a
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2029:
1002:. Soon, Germany and Britain were at war. In accordance with
779:. Nuri is positioned second from the left. Left to right:
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Honorary members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
1208:
by municipal buses, until his corpse was unrecognizable.
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By then, affairs in Europe had begun to affect Iraq; the
1537:
We Are Iraqis: Aesthetics and Politics in a Time of War,
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The Postmen Complained about the Abundance of My Letters
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World War I prisoners of war held by the United Kingdom
798:, unnamed slave of Prince Faisal, Captain Tahsin Kadry.
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in 1932. Nuri was forced to flee the country after the
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Reaching for Power: The Shi'a in the Modern Arab World
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requested the help of Iraqi troops, who feigned to be
1377:
Zionism in an Arab Country: Jews in Iraq in the 1940s
1570:, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1964,
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in 1983. Issam was an artist and architect based in
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1070:The political situation deteriorated in 1956, when
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62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1407:New Babylonians: A History of Jews in Modern Iraq
733:in 1955 exacerbated discontent in the country.
1525:. 11 August 1958 – via content.time.com.
897:state's armed forces, based on the loyalty of
1949:
1584:, pp. 256โ, Routledge Publishing, 1995,
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1306:London, Jonathan Cape, 1940, pp. 21โ22, 41โ42
8:
1082:, in response to the nationalisation of the
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1983:
1956:
1942:
1934:
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1504:, an Iraqi sausage meat." Simons, Geoff;
1410:. Stanford University Press. p. 277.
1374:Esther Meir-Glitzenstein (2 August 2004).
1282:. Princeton University Press. p. 87.
327:6 January 1949 โ 10 December 1949
151:
133:
2556:Ottoman military personnel of World War I
822:and was among the officers dispatched to
498:25 December 1938 โ 31 March 1940
384:21 November 1946 โ 29 March 1947
270:15 September 1950 โ 12 July 1952
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
830:, against the British in Libya in 1915.
559:23 March 1930 โ 3 November 1932
2631:People executed by Iraq by firing squad
1270:
1043:Regime resists growing political unrest
721:he was re-installed as prime minister.
1696:Newspaper clippings about Nuri al-Said
1612:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004 (3rd ed.),
1582:Iraq: The Search for National Identity
1539:Syracuse University Press, 2013, p. 42
1465:
1434:9 investment policies in Iraq, 1950โ87
1242:who died in 1988 from a heart attack.
881:Initial positions under Iraqi monarchy
789:Captain Rosario Pisani (behind Faisal)
441:10 October 1941 โ 4 June 1944
1018:Co-existence with regent in the 1940s
225:4 August 1954 โ 20 June 1957
7:
1626:, Cambridge University Press, 2002,
1519:"Foreign News: The Grandson of Nuri"
60:adding citations to reliable sources
1188:; Prince 'Abd al-Ilah and his wife
1004:Article 4 of the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
954:. That so perturbed Prime Minister
849:, who would later reign briefly as
687:
180:3 March 1958 โ 18 May 1958
1839:6 January 1949 โ 10 December 1949
1404:Orit Bashkin (12 September 2012).
1132:Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan
857:. On one operation Nuri rode with
777:Paris Peace Conference (1919โ1920)
25:
1866:15 September 1950 โ 12 July 1952
1812:21 November 1946 โ 29 March 1947
1758:25 December 1938 โ 31 March 1940
665:Constitutional Union Party (Iraq)
2571:Presidents of the Senate of Iraq
2476:
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1731:23 March 1930 โ 19 October 1932
1234:Falah died in a car accident in
36:
2596:20th-century executions by Iraq
2546:Ottoman Military College alumni
2541:Ottoman Military Academy alumni
1556:, al-Saqi Books, London, 2000,
1437:. International Monetary Fund.
47:needs additional citations for
1785:10 October 1941 โ 4 June 1944
1679:. 28 July 1958. Archived from
1653:. 21 July 1958. Archived from
1431:Ali, A.-M.S. (15 March 1990).
820:military of the Ottoman Empire
1:
1893:4 August 1954 โ 20 June 1957
1472:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1182:seized control of the country
905:Prime Minister for first time
1535:Al-Ali, and Al-Najjar, D.,
1317:Steel Chariots in the Desert
1304:Steel Chariots in the Desert
1254:โ British Ambassador to Iraq
885:Nuri headed the Arab troops
27:Iraqi politician (1888โ1958)
2601:Arab independence activists
1920:3 March 1958 โ 18 May 1958
1700:20th Century Press Archives
1594:O'Sullivan, Christopher D.
1260:โ German Ambassador to Iraq
1118:. In response Nuri decreed
1078:and Britain colluded in an
853:before he was installed as
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1610:Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam
1598:Palgrave Macmillan, 2012,
1506:Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam
1380:. Routledge. p. 205.
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912:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930
2626:Foreign ministers of Iraq
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1443:10.5089/9781557751409.071
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2606:Executed prime ministers
2581:Leaders ousted by a coup
2561:Ottoman prisoners of war
2536:Politicians from Baghdad
2526:Ethnic cleansing in Asia
1278:Nakash, Yitzhak (2011).
1212:Personal life and family
867:Rolls-Royce Armoured Car
837:cause and fought in the
719:British-led intervention
647:Cause of death
144:
2586:Iraqi Arab nationalists
2576:Prime ministers of Iraq
2328:Iraqi Governing Council
1965:Prime ministers of Iraq
1872:Mustafa Mahmud al-Umari
1196:, Abdul Ilah's mother;
987:for Ghazi's successor,
952:Salah al-Din al-Sabbagh
315:Mustafa Mahmud al-Umari
2167:
2034:
1916:Prime Minister of Iraq
1889:Prime Minister of Iraq
1862:Prime Minister of Iraq
1835:Prime Minister of Iraq
1808:Prime Minister of Iraq
1781:Prime Minister of Iraq
1754:Prime Minister of Iraq
1727:Prime Minister of Iraq
1566:Gallman, Waldemar J.:
1158:
799:
744:, pro-western themes,
726:Iraq Petroleum Company
715:1941 Iraqi coup d'รฉtat
700:Prime Minister of Iraq
634:15 July 1958 (aged 69)
168:Prime Minister of Iraq
2616:Iraqi anti-communists
2551:Ottoman Army officers
2166:
2033:
1764:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
1489:Dawisha, pp. 182โ183.
1352:Qatar Digital Library
1227:Falah, who worked as
1156:
1036:Iraqi Communist Party
994:On 1 September 1939,
969:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
767:
547:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
2531:Antisemitism in Iraq
1899:Ali Jawdat al-Aiyubi
1845:Ali Jawdat al-Aiyubi
1364:Batatu, pp. 350โ351.
1354:. 10 September 2018.
1202:Abdus Sattar As Sab'
941:Intriguing with army
865:driver as crew of a
824:Ottoman Tripolitania
773:Palace of Versailles
372:Ali Jawdat Al-Ayyubi
258:Ali Jawdat Al-Ayyubi
157:Nuri al-Said in 1957
56:improve this article
2124:Muzahim al-Pachachi
1926:Ahmad Mukhtar Baban
1828:Muzahim al-Pachachi
1671:"In One Swift Hour"
1645:"Revolt in Baghdad"
1163:1958 Lebanon crisis
360:Muzahim al-Pachachi
213:Ahmad Mukhtar Baban
2168:
2035:
1909:Abdul-Wahab Mirjan
1712:Political offices
1657:on 20 January 2008
1319:London pp. 163โ168
1252:Kinahan Cornwallis
1175:Abd al-Karim Qasim
1159:
1149:14 July Revolution
1143:14 July Revolution
1088:Gamal Abdel Nasser
971:head of the Royal
851:King of Arab Syria
843:Faisal ibn Hussain
800:
771:delegation at the
707:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
677:Nuri Pasha al-Said
611:Nuri Pasha al-Said
201:Abdul-Wahab Mirjan
18:Nuri Pasha as-Said
2503:
2502:
2485:
2484:
2413:
2412:
2322:
2321:
2250:
2249:
2173:
2172:
2040:
2039:
1932:
1931:
1923:Succeeded by
1896:Succeeded by
1869:Succeeded by
1855:Tawfiq al-Suwaidi
1842:Succeeded by
1815:Succeeded by
1791:Hamdi al-Pachachi
1788:Succeeded by
1761:Succeeded by
1734:Succeeded by
1624:A History of Iraq
1618:978-1-4039-1770-6
1417:978-0-8047-8201-2
1387:978-1-135-76862-1
1080:invasion of Egypt
916:League of Nations
806:to middle class
738:Iraqi nationalism
711:League of Nations
674:
673:
486:Hamdi al-Pachachi
303:Tawfiq al-Suwaidi
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
2638:
2480:
2474:
2425:
2419:Republic of Iraq
2408:
2334:
2317:
2311:
2262:
2245:
2239:
2185:
2129:Mustafa al-Umari
2052:
1984:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1935:
1906:Preceded by
1879:Preceded by
1852:Preceded by
1825:Preceded by
1818:Sayid Salih Jabr
1798:Preceded by
1771:Preceded by
1744:Preceded by
1717:Preceded by
1709:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1683:on 16 March 2007
1666:
1664:
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1622:Tripp, Charles:
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1275:
1198:Princess Abadiya
1194:Princess Nafeesa
1179:Abdul Salam Arif
1011:Battle of France
931:Yasin al-Hashimi
876:Political career
835:Arab nationalist
828:Jaafar Al-Askari
783:, Nuri al-Said,
689:
602:Personal details
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145:ููุฑู ุจุงุดุง ุงูุณุนูุฏ
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127:
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107:
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40:
32:
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2611:Lynching deaths
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2158:
2144:Arshad al-Umari
2109:Arshad al-Umari
2046:Kingdom of Iraq
2036:
2025:
1972:
1962:
1928:
1919:
1911:
1901:
1892:
1884:
1882:Arshad al-Umari
1874:
1865:
1857:
1847:
1838:
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1820:
1811:
1803:
1801:Arshad al-Umari
1793:
1784:
1776:
1774:Jamil al-Midfai
1766:
1757:
1749:
1747:Jamil al-Midfai
1739:
1730:
1722:
1720:Naji al-Suwaidi
1686:
1684:
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1608:Simons, Geoff:
1580:Lukutz, Liora:
1552:Batatu, Hanna:
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1337:Batatu, p. 345.
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956:Jamil al-Midfai
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812:North Caucasian
802:He was born in
762:
657:Political party
641:Arab Federation
635:
621:Baghdad Vilayet
615:
613:
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586:
580:Naji al-Suwaydi
574:
558:
553:
541:
535:Jamil al-Midfai
529:
523:Prince Abdullah
509:
497:
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474:Jamil al-Midfai
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462:Prince Abdullah
440:
435:
423:
417:Arshad al-Umari
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405:Prince Abdullah
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348:Prince Abdullah
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2256:Ba'athist Iraq
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2026:
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2013:
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1998:
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1987:
1981:
1978:Mandatory Iraq
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1963:
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1638:External links
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1186:King Faisal II
1147:Main article:
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1028:Senate of Iraq
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859:T. E. Lawrence
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746:anti-communism
692:Mandatory Iraq
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1676:Time Magazine
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1651:
1650:Time Magazine
1646:
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1632:0-521-52900-X
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1328:Lukutz, p. 95
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1315:Rolls, S. C.
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769:Emir Faisal's
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73: โ
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2621:Iraqi exiles
2421:(since 2004)
2088:
2020:
1914:
1887:
1860:
1833:
1806:
1779:
1752:
1737:Naji Shawkat
1725:
1685:. Retrieved
1681:the original
1674:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:the original
1648:
1623:
1609:
1595:
1581:
1567:
1553:
1536:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1494:
1456:. Retrieved
1433:
1426:
1406:
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1391:
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1369:
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1333:
1324:
1316:
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1303:
1298:
1279:
1273:
1258:Fritz Grobba
1233:
1229:King Hussein
1226:
1215:
1206:
1177:and Colonel
1170:
1160:
1129:
1097:
1091:
1069:
1065:Baghdad Pact
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
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1032:
1021:
1008:
993:
981:'Abd al-Ilah
977:
965:
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923:Naji Shawkat
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895:
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863:British Army
855:King of Iraq
832:
808:Sunni Muslim
801:
760:Early career
742:conservatism
735:
731:Baghdad Pact
723:
704:
676:
675:
592:Naji Shawkat
587:Succeeded by
554:
542:Succeeded by
493:
481:Succeeded by
436:
424:Succeeded by
379:
367:Succeeded by
322:
310:Succeeded by
265:
253:Succeeded by
220:
208:Succeeded by
175:
138:Nuri al-Said
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
2521:1958 deaths
2516:1888 births
2452:Abdul-Mahdi
2371:A. Pachachi
2330:(2003โ2004)
2294:as-Samarrai
2258:(1968โ2003)
2181:(1958โ1968)
2099:H. Pachachi
2048:(1932โ1958)
1980:(1920โ1932)
1165:escalated,
1125:Ba'th Party
1120:martial law
1024:Transjordan
841:under Emir
839:Arab Revolt
775:during the
754:coup d'รฉtat
748:, and anti-
688:ููุฑู ุงูุณุนูุฏ
575:Preceded by
530:Preceded by
469:Preceded by
412:Preceded by
355:Preceded by
298:Preceded by
241:Preceded by
196:Preceded by
2510:Categories
2457:Al-Kadhimi
2437:al-Jaafari
2346:al-Jaafari
2104:T. Suwaidi
2094:al-Hashimi
2079:al-Hashimi
2064:al-Gaylani
2016:N. Suwaidi
2011:T. Suwaidi
2006:al-Hashimi
1991:al-Gillani
1604:1137025247
1084:Suez Canal
935:Bakr Sidqi
810:family of
429:Salih Jabr
112:March 2008
82:newspapers
2462:Al Sudani
2442:al-Maliki
2341:al-Ulooum
2212:al-Bazzaz
2207:ar-Razzaq
2139:al-Jamali
2074:al-Ayyubi
2069:al-Midfai
2001:al-Askari
1996:al-Sa'dun
1501:bastourma
1468:cite book
1116:al-Hillah
989:Faisal II
899:Sharifian
750:nasserism
555:In office
511:Faisal II
494:In office
450:Faisal II
437:In office
393:Faisal II
380:In office
336:Faisal II
323:In office
279:Faisal II
266:In office
234:Faisal II
221:In office
189:Faisal II
176:In office
2496:military
2447:al-Abadi
2396:al-Yawer
2381:al-Uloom
2366:al-Hakim
2361:Talabani
2084:Sulayman
1508:, p. 218
1246:See also
1171:en route
998:invaded
890:Damascus
887:who took
861:and his
816:Istanbul
694:and the
568:Faisal I
503:Monarchs
2493:interim
2386:Barzani
2351:Chalabi
2299:Hussein
2289:Zubeidi
2284:Hammadi
2279:Hussein
2274:al-Bakr
2269:an-Naif
2197:al-Bakr
2119:al-Sadr
2089:al-Said
2059:Shawkat
2021:al-Said
1702:of the
1698:in the
1687:27 July
1661:27 July
1547:Sources
1161:As the
996:Germany
845:of the
804:Baghdad
793:Colonel
637:Baghdad
617:Baghdad
564:Monarch
507:Ghazi I
446:Monarch
389:Monarch
332:Monarch
275:Monarch
230:Monarch
185:Monarch
96:scholar
2475:
2432:Allawi
2356:Allawi
2312:
2240:
2149:Mirjan
2134:Mahmud
1630:
1616:
1602:
1588:
1574:
1560:
1458:4 July
1449:
1414:
1384:
1286:
1240:London
1236:Jordan
1222:Israel
1167:Jordan
1100:Basrah
1076:France
1072:Israel
1000:Poland
985:regent
684:Arabic
518:Regent
457:Regent
400:Regent
343:Regent
286:Regent
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
2391:Salim
2376:Hamid
2227:Yahya
2217:Talib
2202:Yahya
2192:Qasim
2154:Baban
1265:Notes
1218:Issam
1138:Death
1112:Najaf
1104:Mosul
973:Divan
948:Egypt
927:Ghazi
847:Hejaz
103:JSTOR
89:books
2222:Arif
2114:Jabr
1969:List
1689:2009
1663:2009
1628:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1572:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1523:Time
1474:link
1460:2023
1447:ISBN
1412:ISBN
1382:ISBN
1284:ISBN
1114:and
1108:Kufa
631:Died
607:Born
75:news
1704:ZBW
1439:doi
983:as
58:by
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1673:.
1647:.
1521:.
1482:^
1470:}}
1466:{{
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1192:;
1110:,
1106:,
1102:,
1074:,
963:.
918:.
869:.
791:,
787:,
740:,
702:.
686::
680:CH
663:,
639:,
623:,
619:,
1971:)
1967:(
1957:e
1950:t
1943:v
1691:.
1665:.
1476:)
1462:.
1441::
1420:.
1292:.
682:(
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:ยท
93:ยท
86:ยท
79:ยท
52:.
20:)
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