606:. UAPs must demonstrate their ability and competence before gaining any expanded responsibilities in a clinical setting. While providing this care, UAPs offer compassion and patience and are part of the patient's healthcare support system. Communication between UAPs and registered nurses (RNs) is key as they are working together in their patients' best interests. The scope of care UAPs are responsible for is delegated by RNs or other clinical licensed professionals.
36:
3057:
2153:
520:
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805:) provides in-home care for patients who need assistance with daily living beyond what family or friends can provide. Patients include those who have a physical or mental disability, are recovering from an injury or surgery, have a chronic illness, or are advanced in age. Training requirements to become an HHA are generally minimal and vary by state.
891:, control, and verify education. This allows an employer to verify experience and knowledge as well as assist in preventing individuals who have been "struck" (had registration/certification invalidated) from continuing to work in healthcare roles. In the UK, for example, the credibility of the Healthcare Assistant and other
902:
In the United States, families and employers can verify a UAP's certification by checking the state's nursing registry. Each state is required to maintain an updated nursing registry under the
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA). The registry details valid certifications and reports of abuse or
836:
In May 2011, Ontario's
Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (MOHLTC) announced the creation of a Registry of Personal Support Workers to acknowledge the care it provides daily to some of Ontario's most vulnerable populations, including seniors and people with chronic illnesses and disabilities. The
911:
Typically, the turnover rate among an organization's UAPs is very high, which can be detrimental to patients' quality of care and cause stress and dissatisfaction among the personnel. Studies exploring the reasons for turnover show that it is not just a matter of pay, but can have many causes, such
716:
Nursing assistant, nursing auxiliary, auxiliary nurse, patient care technician, home health aide/assistant, geriatric aide/assistant, psychiatric aide, nurse aide, and nurse tech are all common titles for UAPs. There are some differences in scope of care across UAPs based on title and description.
912:
as the degree of respect the unlicensed personnel receive, the stress level, physical demands, scheduling flexibility, and their commitment to the profession. UAPs need coping strategies, outlets, and a support system to deal with problems on the job such as difficult patients and grueling tasks.
757:
Moving to a different state requires recertification in the new state unless both states use the
National Nurse Aide Assessment Program (NNAAP) standard. In that case, the new state accepts previous NNAAP test scores and allows registration. These certification exams are distributed by the state.
788:
The purpose of the Care
Certificate is to "address inconsistencies in training and competencies in the workforce so that all staff have the same introductory skills, knowledge and behaviours to provide safe, high quality and compassionate care of the highest standards". The Care Certificate was
720:
Unlicensed assistive personnel are important members of the health care team who often hold a high level of experience and ability. While they do not require extensive health care training to practice their profession, manual dexterity and good interpersonal communication skills are usually
707:
Most UAPs, including nursing assistants, are not certified to change sterile dressings, distribute medications, insert or remove any tubing, or conduct tube feedings. Such tasks should be therefore left to the overseeing nurse or clinical licensed professional. UAPs must be delegated
753:
CNA certification requirements vary by state. The requirements generally include taking an accredited CNA course, passing the state's CNA written and practical exams, registering as a CNA within the state, and acquiring a minimum number of hours of supervised on-duty experience.
824:. Personal support work is unique among health care professions in that the scope of a PSW's duties does not extend beyond what the client could do him/herself if the client were physically and cognitively able. No other profession's scope is similarly described.
765:
In the United States, CNAs must work a minimum number of hours every two years as specified by the state and have no records of abuse or neglect to keep their certification. Each state also has its own mandatory continuing education hours that CNAs must fulfill.
875:, are also typically considered UAPs. They are distinguished from midwives, physicians, nurses, and other professionals who are trained and licensed to provide basic and emergency pregnancy and childbirth-related health care services and manage complications.
708:
responsibilities. The nurses are ultimately accountable for all the care patients receive as a result of their delegating. Due to the nursing shortage and to reduce the heavy workload placed on nurses, delegating tasks to UAPs is crucial.
743:"In the United States, certified nursing assistants typically work in a nursing home or hospital and perform everyday living tasks for the elderly, chronically sick, or rehabilitation patients who cannot care for themselves."
773:
and elsewhere include healthcare assistant, healthcare support worker, or clinical support worker. These providers usually work in hospitals or community settings under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional.
2646:
2682:
887:, there is growing demand for UAPs in many countries. But without formal qualifications, UAPs are often unable to perform some tasks due to issues of liability and legality. Some places have made attempts to
248:
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Training for UAPs is available from various outlets such as home health care agencies, community colleges, vocational schools, eldercare programs, and on-the-job training.
2703:
46:
2677:
1266:
1645:
558:
854:, for example, surgical technologists are medical professionals trained and registered to perform advanced clinical procedures including emergency surgery.
2515:
633:
for practice, though many hold various certifications. They are collectively categorized under the group "personal care workers in health services" in the
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as well as other providers. The Red Cross courses encompass everything in the state exams, from communication to health terms to sensitivity.
3101:
2215:
1949:
1909:
1370:
921:
850:
are considered UAPs in the US, where they are also sometimes called "scrub tech". The title can mean different things in other countries. In
871:, childbirth educators and other persons providing emotional support and general care and advice to women and families during pregnancy and
2734:
2005:
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1635:
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58:
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2724:
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425:
1305:
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Many community colleges offer CNA training in one semester. Other educational programs offer accelerated programs. In some cases,
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2015:
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Cumbi A et al. "Major surgery delegation to mid-level health practitioners in
Mozambique: health professionals' perceptions."
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necessary. They often undergo some formal education, apprenticeship or on-the-job training in areas such as body mechanics,
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1462:
Kupperschmidt, Betty (November–December 2002). "Unlicensed assistive personnel retention and realistic job previews".
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62:
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Some states allow UAPs to administer medications after completing a course or showing they are competent in doing so
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150:
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2010:
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Observing, documenting and reporting clinical and treatment information, including patients' behavioral changes
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into standards of care among health care assistants and support workers in the NHS and social care settings.
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594:(ADLs). UAPs also provide bedside care—including basic nursing procedures—all under the supervision of a
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Kupperschmidt, B. R. (2002). "Unlicensed assistive personnel retention and realistic job previews".
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neglect. The background information these registries provide is important in protecting patients.
2993:
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2543:
2289:
2284:
2053:
1967:
1834:
1824:
1692:
1677:
1604:
999:
Habgood, Christopher (May 2000). "Ensuring Proper
Delegation of Unlicensed Assistive Personnel".
884:
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485:
111:
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2800:
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2472:
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2073:
2063:
1934:
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1814:
1804:
1707:
1554:
1493:
1420:
1061:
Classifying health workers: mapping occupations to the international standard classification
1008:
837:
Ontario PSW Registry was launched on June 1, 2012, and now has over 23,000 registered PSWs.
694:
595:
579:
461:
456:
325:
198:
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895:
workers is intended to be strengthened by their compulsory registration from 2009 with the
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1959:
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1083:
1047:
863:
300:
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1982:
1924:
1859:
1799:
1784:
1727:
1722:
1559:
770:
659:
497:
471:
359:
1321:
1302:
1012:
789:
jointly developed by Skills for Health, Health
Education England and Skills for Care.
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315:
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618:
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The
National Association of Health Care Assistants defines the role of CNAs as:
17:
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2456:
1939:
892:
587:
466:
1394:
687:
Providing emotional and support services to patients, their families and other
3025:
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2538:
2524:
2238:
1075:
Occupational
Outlook Handbook, 2010-11 Edition – Nursing and Psychiatric Aides
872:
851:
678:
626:
448:
320:
96:
985:
2825:
2299:
2224:
722:
688:
310:
1475:
1424:
1020:
1119:
725:, anatomy and physiology, cognitive impairments and mental health issues,
2957:
614:
621:, clients in private homes, and others in need of their services due to
2636:
2319:
1516:
1435:
Cohen-Mansfield, Jiska. "Turnover among nursing home staff: A review."
941:
936:
622:
610:
435:
116:
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1214:
1073:
821:
2683:
2243:
2000:
868:
667:
1148:
2497:
2197:
1489:
700:
Assisting with dressing, repositioning, feeding, and toileting
29:
2493:
2193:
1169:
1039:
NHS Careers in Detail: Healthcare assistants/auxiliary nurses
45:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1485:
1193:"CQC welcomes launch of the Care Certificate from April"
970:(4th ed.). Albuquerque, N.M.: Hartman Publishing.
54:
1124:
National Association of Health Care Assistants - NAHCA
1072:
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
820:) is the title for a similar type of health worker in
2673:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
1232:
758:
Classes to study for these exams are provided by the
629:. By definition, UAPs do not hold a license or other
1331:, Canadian College of Healthcare & Pharmaceutics
635:
International Standard Classification of Occupations
2986:
2920:
2859:
2793:
2758:
2712:
2691:
2655:
2629:
2622:
2562:
2531:
2465:
2424:
2369:
2343:
2277:
2231:
2024:
1991:
1958:
1746:
1662:
1613:
1582:
1573:
1532:
1523:
833:, a PSW is called a Personal Care Attendant (PCA).
968:Hartman's nursing assistant care : the basics
645:The responsibilities and duties of a UAP include:
899:in England or its Scottish or Welsh equivalents.
697:: bathing, oral hygiene, nail care, and grooming
684:Collecting specimens for required medical tests,
27:Paraprofessionals who assist with bedside care
2678:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons
2509:
2209:
1501:
1187:
1185:
1147:National Council of State Boards of Nursing.
552:
43:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1168:National Certified Nurse Assistant Resource
781:was introduced in April 2015, following the
729:, personal care skills, and record-keeping.
3066:
2867:Augmentative and alternative communication
2626:
2516:
2502:
2494:
2216:
2202:
2194:
1579:
1529:
1508:
1494:
1486:
750:pay for a CNA course for their employees.
652:Assisting with motion exercises and other
559:
545:
92:
1095:National Association of Career Colleges.
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
1023:– via Elsevier Science Publishers.
883:In the context of aging populations and
2902:Disproportionality in special education
2384:Nursing home care in the United Kingdom
1303:"How to Get Home Health Aide Training".
953:
95:
2389:Nursing home care in the United States
1718:Nursing credentials and certifications
1322:PSW Courses in Toronto & Etobicoke
156:Individualized Education Program (IEP)
1032:
1030:
961:
959:
957:
922:Activities of daily living assistance
426:Disabled Peoples' International (DPI)
7:
2164:
2006:Nursing Interventions Classification
350:Social Security Disability Insurance
3009:Disability in children's literature
2176:
1346:Personal Support Network of Ontario
631:mandatory professional requirements
2872:Emotional or behavioral disability
1243:from the original on 18 March 2018
25:
2404:Social care in the United Kingdom
736:Certified nursing assistant (CNA)
3065:
3056:
3055:
2432:Caring in intimate relationships
2175:
2163:
2152:
2151:
1405:from the original on 2014-03-20.
1395:"About the Ontario PSW Registry"
1352:from the original on 2014-09-24.
1291:from the original on 2015-10-03.
1269:from the original on 2015-10-03.
1221:from the original on 2015-10-03.
1203:from the original on 2015-10-03.
586:, mental impairments, and other
519:
518:
416:National Telecommuting Institute
34:
2394:Home care in the United Kingdom
2351:Caring for people with dementia
2016:Nursing Outcomes Classification
2011:Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS)
1683:Associate of Science in Nursing
1376:from the original on 2014-03-20
1130:from the original on 2019-04-12
2887:Disability and LGBT identities
2452:Unlicensed assistive personnel
2399:Home care in the United States
1688:Bachelor of Science in Nursing
783:Cavendish Review of April 2013
572:Unlicensed assistive personnel
421:Society for Disability Studies
278:Unlicensed assistive personnel
1:
2699:Services for mental disorders
2483:Distress in cancer caregiving
1910:Psychiatric and mental health
1478:– via Academic OneFile.
1013:10.1016/S0001-2092(06)61555-X
809:Personal support worker (PSW)
3102:Nursing in the United States
2704:Services for disabled people
1703:Master of Science in Nursing
681:and mobilization of patients
582:who assist individuals with
355:Supplemental Security Income
117:Ableism / Disablism
2987:Arts, media, culture, sport
2437:Direct support professional
2379:Nursing home care in Canada
1059:World Health Organization.
897:General Social Care Council
777:In the United Kingdom, the
370:Disabled students allowance
365:Disability Living Allowance
57:, discuss the issue on the
3123:
3014:Disability in horror films
2806:Activities of daily living
2259:Activities of daily living
1698:Doctor of Nursing Practice
1417:Human Resources for Health
1301:Home Health Aide training
1233:"Health Education England"
1215:"Skills for Health - Home"
907:Turnover and job stability
748:Skilled Nursing Facilities
592:activities of daily living
229:Disability rights movement
3051:
2147:
1855:Women's Health Care Nurse
1590:Clinical nurse specialist
1036:National Health Service.
831:Newfoundland and Labrador
375:Disabled Persons Railcard
2907:Sexuality and disability
2882:Disability and disasters
2794:Structural and assistive
2264:Long-term care insurance
2034:International Nurses Day
1550:Licensed practical nurse
1149:"NNAAP Testing Standard"
966:Fuzy, Jetta Lee (2014).
604:health care professional
600:licensed practical nurse
388:the Severely Handicapped
344:Socioeconomic assistance
254:Sexuality and disability
3097:Health care occupations
3021:Disability in the media
2892:Disability and religion
2831:Personal Care Assistant
1713:Nurse Licensure Compact
1312:Accessed 16 March 2014.
1179:Accessed 11 March 2014.
1159:Accessed 16 March 2014.
1109:Accessed 12 April 2011.
1098:Personal Support Worker
1086:Accessed 12 April 2011.
1050:Accessed 12 April 2011.
814:Personal support worker
654:rehabilitative measures
503:Disability in the media
3004:Disability in the arts
2897:Disability and poverty
2836:Physical accessibility
2466:Support for caregivers
2344:Special considerations
1425:10.1186/1478-4491-5-27
1364:"PSW & Extra Wild"
1285:skillsforhealth.org.uk
1281:"The Care Certificate"
932:Health human resources
847:Surgical technologists
793:Home health aide (HHA)
769:Similar titles in the
493:Disability in the arts
316:Physical accessibility
2595:driver rehabilitation
2371:Caregiving by country
1945:Travel health nursing
1545:Clinical nurse leader
1450:Nursing Economics, 20
841:Surgical technologist
658:Taking and recording
584:physical disabilities
244:People-first language
222:Societal implications
2928:Models of disability
2912:Youth and disability
2877:Invisible disability
2826:Orthotics and braces
2811:Assistive technology
2623:Rights, law, support
2335:Retirement community
2254:Occupational therapy
1770:Correctional nursing
1063:. Geneva, WHO, 2010.
927:Health care provider
311:Orthotics and braces
296:Assistive technology
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
2580:Learning disability
2447:Sandwich generation
2425:Types of caregivers
2278:Living arrangements
2232:Background concepts
2104:Republic of Ireland
1880:Occupational health
1870:Nursing informatics
1646:Psych/mental health
1439:28.5 (1997): 59-64.
272:Personal assistance
179:Learning disability
2994:Disability culture
2921:Disability studies
2816:Independent living
2544:Disability studies
2290:Home modifications
2285:Independent living
1968:Nursing assessment
1830:Legal consultation
1693:Diploma in Nursing
1678:Nightingale Pledge
1605:Nurse practitioner
1437:Nursing Management
1327:2020-01-03 at the
1308:2014-10-25 at the
1263:"Care Certificate"
1175:2016-10-18 at the
1155:2014-02-10 at the
1105:2011-01-12 at the
1082:2006-11-03 at the
1046:2011-04-05 at the
885:health care reform
760:American Red Cross
712:Types and training
619:nursing facilities
386:Assured Income for
3079:
3078:
2948:Neuroqueer theory
2851:Web accessibility
2801:Accessible toilet
2789:
2788:
2642:Disability rights
2637:Ableism/disablism
2491:
2490:
2442:Family caregivers
2191:
2190:
1978:Nursing care plan
1973:Nursing diagnosis
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1626:Adult-gerontology
1614:NPs by population
1595:Nurse anesthetist
1575:Advanced practice
1464:Nursing Economics
1239:. 27 March 2015.
727:infection control
674:, and body weight
637:, 2008 revision.
590:needs with their
580:paraprofessionals
569:
568:
331:Web accessibility
291:Accessible toilet
174:Special education
112:Disability theory
105:Theory and models
91:
90:
83:
65:, as appropriate.
18:Nurse's aide
16:(Redirected from
3114:
3069:
3068:
3059:
3058:
3041:Special Olympics
2933:Inspiration porn
2846:Universal design
2647:Pejorative terms
2627:
2590:Physical therapy
2518:
2511:
2504:
2495:
2478:Caregiver stress
2361:End-of-life care
2330:Residential care
2218:
2211:
2204:
2195:
2179:
2178:
2167:
2166:
2155:
2154:
1845:Medical-surgical
1748:Specialties and
1708:Board of nursing
1580:
1555:Registered nurse
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1057:
1051:
1034:
1025:
1024:
1007:(5): 1058–1060.
996:
990:
989:
963:
864:Birth attendants
799:home health aide
779:Care Certificate
695:personal hygiene
596:registered nurse
561:
554:
547:
522:
521:
462:Paralympic Games
457:Special Olympics
326:Universal design
249:Pejorative terms
93:
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38:
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30:
21:
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2759:Activist groups
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2618:
2558:
2527:
2522:
2492:
2487:
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2420:
2365:
2339:
2295:Assisted living
2273:
2269:Dignity of risk
2227:
2222:
2192:
2187:
2143:
2020:
1993:
1992:Classification
1987:
1960:Nursing process
1954:
1795:Faith community
1760:Ambulatory care
1751:
1749:
1742:
1668:
1666:
1650:
1609:
1569:
1565:Nurse scientist
1525:
1519:
1514:
1484:
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1461:
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1447:
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1434:
1430:
1414:
1410:
1399:pswregistry.org
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1329:Wayback Machine
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1310:Wayback Machine
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1183:
1177:Wayback Machine
1170:"CNA Resource".
1167:
1163:
1157:Wayback Machine
1146:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1107:Wayback Machine
1094:
1090:
1084:Wayback Machine
1071:
1067:
1058:
1054:
1048:Wayback Machine
1035:
1028:
998:
997:
993:
978:
965:
964:
955:
950:
918:
909:
881:
860:
858:Birth Assistant
843:
811:
795:
738:
714:
693:Assisting with
677:Assisting with
643:
617:, residents of
565:
534:
508:
507:
488:
478:
477:
476:
451:
441:
440:
411:
410:
394:
393:
390:
387:
345:
337:
336:
335:
301:Assisted living
273:
265:
264:
263:
223:
215:
214:
213:
193:
185:
184:
183:
146:
138:
137:
136:
106:
87:
76:
70:
67:
52:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3120:
3118:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3063:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3001:
2999:Disability art
2996:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2473:Carers' rights
2469:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2305:Aging in place
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2249:Long-term care
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2173:
2161:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2131:
2124:United Kingdom
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1983:Nursing theory
1980:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1900:Perianesthesia
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1728:Nurse registry
1725:
1723:Nursing school
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1636:Women's health
1633:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1560:Graduate nurse
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1454:
1441:
1428:
1408:
1386:
1355:
1333:
1314:
1294:
1272:
1254:
1224:
1206:
1181:
1161:
1140:
1111:
1088:
1065:
1052:
1026:
991:
976:
952:
951:
949:
946:
945:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
917:
914:
908:
905:
880:
877:
859:
856:
842:
839:
810:
807:
794:
791:
771:United Kingdom
737:
734:
713:
710:
705:
704:
701:
698:
691:
685:
682:
675:
660:blood pressure
656:
650:
642:
639:
609:UAPs care for
567:
566:
564:
563:
556:
549:
541:
538:
537:
536:
535:
533:
532:
527:
515:
510:
509:
506:
505:
500:
498:Disability art
495:
489:
484:
483:
480:
479:
475:
474:
472:Invictus Games
469:
464:
459:
453:
452:
447:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
412:
409:
408:
405:
401:
400:
399:
396:
395:
392:
391:
384:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
360:Ticket to Work
357:
352:
346:
343:
342:
339:
338:
334:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
287:
286:
285:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
262:
261:
259:Women's health
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
225:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
212:
211:
206:
201:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
182:
181:
176:
171:
169:Special school
166:
160:
159:
158:
153:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
135:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
108:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:
89:
88:
49:of the subject
47:worldwide view
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3119:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3072:
3064:
3062:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:Social issues
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2602:Special needs
2600:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:Mainstreaming
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:Medical model
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2315:Adult daycare
2313:
2311:
2310:Elder village
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2184:
2183:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2139:
2135:
2134:United States
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1920:Public health
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:Perioperative
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:Critical care
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:Nurse midwife
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1540:Student nurse
1538:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1419:; 2007, 5:27
1418:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:"Our History"
1115:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
992:
987:
983:
979:
977:9781604250503
973:
969:
962:
960:
958:
954:
947:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
915:
913:
906:
904:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
878:
876:
874:
870:
866:
865:
857:
855:
853:
849:
848:
840:
838:
834:
832:
828:
827:
823:
819:
815:
808:
806:
804:
800:
792:
790:
786:
784:
780:
775:
772:
767:
763:
761:
755:
751:
749:
744:
741:
735:
733:
730:
728:
724:
718:
711:
709:
702:
699:
696:
692:
690:
686:
683:
680:
676:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
655:
651:
648:
647:
646:
641:Scope of care
640:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
562:
557:
555:
550:
548:
543:
542:
540:
539:
531:
528:
526:
517:
516:
514:
513:
512:
511:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
487:
482:
481:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
450:
445:
444:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
407:Organizations
406:
403:
402:
398:
397:
389:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
341:
340:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
283:
279:
276:
275:
269:
268:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
239:Normalization
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
219:
218:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
189:
188:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
164:Special needs
162:
161:
157:
154:
152:
151:Mainstreaming
149:
148:
142:
141:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
122:Medical model
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
102:
101:
98:
94:
85:
82:
74:
71:December 2019
64:
60:
56:
50:
48:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2963:Anthropology
2953:Deaf studies
2943:Crip as verb
2830:
2821:Mobility aid
2781:Reach Canada
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467:Deaflympics
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1380:2014-03-20
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