305:
which break down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids. Lipids can be found in oils, dairy products, and some meats, along with in avocados and nuts. Cholesterol is a type of lipid and is an important feature in plasma membranes, which work in regulating immune cell plasticity. Lipids maintain the structure of cell membranes, act as storehouses of energy, maintain body temperature/ aid in homeostasis, are important signaling molecules. Without lipids, bodily cells would not be able to maintain function or survive. While consuming too many lipids can lead to obesity, high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes and other diseases, they are an important molecule to consume and maintain within the body. There are also vitamins that only dissolve in fats, such as vitamin A, K, D and E; these vitamins are vital in transporting and metabolizing fatty acids, transporting molecules across membranes and activating enzymes necessary for oxidative phosphorylation. Without lipids, cells in the body would not function and the body would simply fail. They are among the most important macromolecules.
281:
proteins are found in hair, nails, muscles and bones, they also can function as enzymes and/or hormones. The role of proteins as enzymes and/or hormones is imperative for cell function and physiological processes as simple as growth. Proteins aid in muscle growth, speed up metabolism and lower blood pressure. Proteins are imperative for the body's tissues and organs, working in their function, structure and regulation. Protein's protect the immune system in the form of antibodies, y-shaped proteins that bind to viral, bacterial and parasitic infections, signaling to the rest of the body that there is a foreign cell that should be neutralized. Without antibodies, the body would not be able to target and fight infection.
379:(thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and folate. Most of the essential vitamins the body needs can be obtained by a balanced diet, with the exception of a portion of the population who don't get enough micronutrients from their diet or have a health condition that affects their nutritional needs. Similarly to vitamins, minerals are needed for your body to be healthy and to function properly. Minerals function to keep your bones, muscles, heart, and brain working correctly. Minerals also play a crucial role in the regulation and function of the immune system. In the
324:, which can be found in marine fish, primarily in salmon, tuna, mackerel, herring and sardines and in fish oil. These two fatty acids are important components of cell membranes. It has been shown that they have anti-inflammatory effects in the body. EPA and DHA inhibit production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6; they reduce the expression of adhesion molecules that are involved in inflammation and may modulate and reduce production of
234:
194:. Type 1 is caused by the immune system attacking insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Type 2 is caused by the underproduction of insulin and the cells in your body becoming resistant to insulin. A low-glycemic diet that is high in fiber is recommended for diabetics because low-glycemic foods digest slower in the body. Slower digestion helps stabilize blood glucose levels and prevents spikes in blood sugar.
408:
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There are two types of vitamins, including fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamins are vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents, which include vitamins A, K, E, and D. Water-soluble vitamins are vitamins that are soluble in water and include vitamin C and B vitamins
280:
are large biomolecules made up of chains of amino acids, which are the organic compounds that make most bodily functions possible. Proteins are found naturally within the body and are found in foods such as meat, fish, dairy products, eggs, seeds and nuts, and beans and legumes. Throughout the body,
423:
are compounds that block unpaired electrons in a molecule or atom and keep it from becoming a free radical. Free radicals are molecules that are either naturally made in the human body after exercise or can be from exposure to environmental factors such as, cigarette smoke, pollution, and sunlight.
304:
are macromolecules made up of hydrocarbons, there are 3 main types of lipids: triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Lipids are hydrophobic molecules, therefore they are only soluble in non-polar solvents. Because of this, lipids do not break down in the body without the use of lipase enzymes,
268:
Macronutrients are a class of nutrients that the human body needs in larger amounts in order to function properly and the three main classes of macronutrients include: proteins, carbohydrates, and fats (lipids). The main role of macronutrients besides to make sure the body functions properly is to
403:
are chemical compounds found in plants. These phytochemicals are present in things like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, seeds, nuts, and legumes. They provide a multitude of health benefits ranging from small improvements such as, lowering blood pressure, reducing inflammation, and lowering LDL
292:
are sugars, starches and fibers found in grains, fruits, dairy products and vegetables. Carbohydrates are organic compounds made of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. They help the body's immunology by maintaining blood sugar, which reduces the body's stress response. It is common for people to consume
374:
Vitamins and
Minerals are essential substances that the body needs to grow and function. Your body needs thirteen vitamins, but does produce Vitamin K by the gut microflora and Vitamin D from the sunlight. It is important to note that a lack of vitamins and minerals such as iron will prime the
225:
is an enzyme, which acts as an angiogenisis-inhibitor and a carcinogen detoxifier. Mushrooms reduce cancer cell and tumor growth and prevent DNA damage. Mushrooms have aromatase inhibitors that decrease the levels of estrogen released in the bloodstream, slowing the production of breast tissue.
34:
and its protective functions. Indeed, every organism will under nutrient-poor conditions "fight" for the precious micronutrients and conceal them from invading pathogens. As such, bacteria, fungi, plants secrete for example iron chelators (siderophores) to acquire iron from their surrounding
293:
carbohydrate rich foods before working out in order to maintain energy and avoid crash afterwards, this is a positive result of having maintained blood sugar. Carbohydrates are also an energy source for cells, act as cell receptors for recognition, and function in cell support.
391:
needed to protect the body from infection. Minerals include phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur. There are also trace minerals needed in smaller amounts, which include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
673:
Nutritional
Immunology, as a discipline, aims to understand nutritional factors influencing on immune responses. Nutritional immunology was identified for the first time in the early 19th century by the identification of an atrophy of the thymus in a malnourished
424:
These free radicals are destabilized and are highly reactive, which produces oxidative stress. This oxidative stress is what causes reactions that can damage cells in the body and can cause the cells to lose their function and become pathogenic.
489:
are live microorganisms that are beneficial to the host in sufficient amounts. Probiotics and their metabolites balance and modulate anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory immune responses in gut. Probiotics induce antimicrobial peptides such as
365:
Micronutrients are a group of nutrients, usually in smaller amounts, that are vital for the human body to perform various physiological functions properly. This includes vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and antioxidants.
340:
on cell membranes, which then further affect signaling cascades and inhibition of activation of the pro-inflammatory transcriptional factor NF-κB. EPA and DHA can increase the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine
404:
cholesterol levels in the blood to the major benefits of fighting against the growth of tumors, cancer, cardiovascular disease, along with being able to boost the immune system.
209:
to the development of cancer, while a healthy diet has been shown to have positive effects on preventing and treating cancer. Cruciferous vegetables contain chemicals called
479:, mannose oligosaccharides). These substances can modulate immune responses in the gut. Prebiotics regulate the growth of beneficial microbial organisms in the intestine (
1540:
Imdad A, Mayo-Wilson E, Haykal MR, Regan A, Sidhu J, Smith A, Bhutta ZA, et al. (Cochrane
Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group) (March 2022).
91:" consists of high-fat, high-sugar, low-fiber meals with a surfeit of salt and highly processed food, which have pro-inflammatory effects. These effects may promote
463:
are a fermented ingredient that affect the composition and/or activity of the gut microbiome in a way that is beneficial to the host. Prebiotics involve mainly
959:
Catassi C, Lionetti E (January 2017). "Chapter 10 - Early
Nutrition and its Effect on the Development of Celiac Disease". In Saavedra JM, Dattilo AM (eds.).
435:
are organic substances that naturally occur in plants. They are important antioxidants with anti-inflammatory properties. It was demonstrated that
1491:"Anemia and Iron Deficiency Predict All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction: 6-Year Follow-Up Study"
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is a disease with multifactorial causes. Cigarette smoking, physical activity, viruses, and diet play a role in the development of cancer.
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1798:"Nutritional immunology: function of natural killer cells and their modulation by resveratrol for cancer prevention and treatment"
1062:
Super immunity : the essential nutrition guide for boosting your body's defenses to live longer, stronger, and disease free
383:, the mineral zinc is an important structural element of the hormone thymulin, which is produced by the epithelial cells of the
38:
Part of nutritional immunology involves studying the possible effects of diet on the prevention and management on developing
137:
1032:
869:
Arabi S, Molazadeh M, Rezaei N (2019). "Nutrition, Immunity, and
Autoimmune Diseases". In Mahmoudi M, Rezaei N (eds.).
812:"Western diet regulates immune status and the response to LPS-driven sepsis independent of diet-associated microbiome"
213:(ITC's). ITC's have immune-boosting effects, as well as anti-cancer activity such as the prevention of angiogenesis.
178:. Conversely, a child's lack of exposure to specific microorganisms can establish a vulnerability to food allergies
1542:"Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age"
1219:
912:"Nutrition and fasting mimicking diets in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases and immunosenescence"
726:
Cunningham-Rundles S, McNeeley DF, Moon A (June 2005). "Mechanisms of nutrient modulation of the immune response".
122:
1749:"Therapeutic effects of curcumin in inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases: A nature-made jack-of-all-trades?"
444:
2143:
Yahfoufi N, Mallet JF, Graham E, Matar C (April 2018). "Role of probiotics and prebiotics in immunomodulation".
186:
Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which one's blood sugar levels are elevated. There are two forms of diabetes:
963:. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 265–275.
1397:
Roth-Walter F, Berni Canani R, O'Mahony L, Peroni D, Sokolowska M, Vassilopoulou E, Venter C (February 2024).
810:
Napier BA, Andres-Terre M, Massis LM, Hryckowian AJ, Higginbottom SK, Cumnock K, et al. (February 2019).
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immune system. Indeed, a lack of iron and vitamin A is associated with all cause-mortality and morbidity.
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can modulate immunity in many ways, mainly via regulation and inhibition of transcription factors such as
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is considered to be the main method of preventing food allergies. This is because breast milk contains
2096:"Immunological decision-making: how does the immune system decide to mount a helper T-cell response?"
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states that a child's early introduction to certain microorganisms can avert the onset of allergies.
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88:
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Gibson GR, Scott KP, Rastall RA, Tuohy KM, Hotchkiss A, Dubert-Ferrandon A, et al. (May 2010).
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1888:"Probiotics and prebiotics: can regulating the activities of intestinal bacteria benefit health?"
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is a process where tumors have their own blood supply in order to feed growing cancer cells. The
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1399:"Nutrition in chronic inflammatory conditions: Bypassing the mucosal block for micronutrients"
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1440:"Iron-Deficiency in Atopic Diseases: Innate Immune Priming by Allergens and Siderophores"
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600:"Editorial: Immunomodulatory Functions of Nutritional Ingredients in Health and Disease"
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Manzel A, Muller DN, Hafler DA, Erdman SE, Linker RA, Kleinewietfeld M (January 2014).
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2003:
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Leischner C, Burkard M, Pfeiffer MM, Lauer UM, Busch C, Venturelli S (May 2016).
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containing food group, allium, has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties.
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and immune boosting effects that can help prevent or treat autoimmune diseases.
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Modulating the
Expression of Cytokines and Enhancing the Probiotic Activity of
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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705:. Vol. 1 (First ed.). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
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Nutrition can help prevent or promote the development of food allergies. The
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Fusco A, Savio V, Cammarota M, Alfano A, Schiraldi C, Donnarumma G (2017).
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2037:"Beta-Defensin-2 and Beta-Defensin-3 Reduce Intestinal Damage Caused by
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The impact of diet is studied in relation to these autoimmune diseases:
1641:
1333:"Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: from molecules to man"
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in the gut. The bacterial strains most commonly used as probiotics are
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1625:"The Role of Minerals in the Optimal Functioning of the Immune System"
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993:
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Fruits and vegetables contain flavonoids, which are anti-carcinogens.
384:
202:
47:
1606:
National
Research Council (US) Committee on Diet and Health (1989).
1589:
National
Research Council (US) Committee on Diet and Health (1989).
551:"How metals fuel fungal virulence, yet promote anti-fungal immunity"
1747:
Abdollahi E, Momtazi AA, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A (February 2018).
1232:
406:
301:
111:. A healthy diet contains a multitude of micronutrients that have
506:. They can also affect the polarization of the immune response (
1122:"What are proteins and what do they do?: MedlinePlus Genetics"
511:
228:
1937:"Probiotics: Reiterating What They Are and What They Are Not"
994:"Food Allergy Prevention and Treatment by Targeted Nutrition"
763:"Role of "Western diet" in inflammatory autoimmune diseases"
2094:
Kaiko GE, Horvat JC, Beagley KW, Hansbro PM (March 2008).
336:. These changes are most likely due to alterations in the
686:
Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. (2001).
1623:
Weyh C, Krüger K, Peeling P, Castell L (February 2022).
688:
1849:"Dietary prebiotics: current status and new definition"
873:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 415–436.
345:
and promote production of protective mediators such as
244:
1853:
Food Science and Technology Bulletin: Functional Foods
387:
and mediates the maturation of pre-T lymphocytes into
269:
provide the body with energy in the form of calories.
70:
including the determination of their immune products.
58:. Other related topics of nutritional immunology are:
1195:"Carbs during workouts help immune system recovery"
174:, vitamins, antioxidants and possible transfer of
1259:"Organismal carbohydrate and lipid homeostasis"
451:, also modulates and promotes immune response.
728:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
651:"Molecular nutritional immunology and cancer"
8:
1546:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1218:Valenzuela BR, Valenzuela BA (2013-01-23).
1263:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
910:Choi IY, Lee C, Longo VD (November 2017).
690:(5th ed.). New York: Garland Science.
26:that focuses on studying the influence of
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549:Alselami A, Drummond RA (October 2023).
83:The development and progression of many
1935:Reid G, Gadir AA, Dhir R (2019-03-12).
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1489:Köseoğlu FD, Özlek B (January 2024).
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74:Prevention and management of diseases
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998:Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism
961:Early Nutrition and Long-Term Health
916:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
1992:Current Opinion in Gastroenterology
1158:(1st Canadian ed.). BCcampus.
969:10.1016/b978-0-08-100168-4.00010-0
767:Current Allergy and Asthma Reports
494:, they increase the production of
138:Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
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514:) and increase the production of
2112:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02719.x
1612:. National Academies Press (US).
1595:. National Academies Press (US).
1340:Biochemical Society Transactions
1220:"Overview About Lipid Structure"
1033:"Diabetes - Symptoms and causes"
232:
123:Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
2145:Current Opinion in Food Science
1986:Yan F, Polk DB (October 2011).
655:Journal of Oncological Sciences
555:Disease Models & Mechanisms
2049:Journal of Immunology Research
1988:"Probiotics and immune health"
1753:Journal of Cellular Physiology
1558:10.1002/14651858.CD008524.pub4
598:Sun J, de Vos P (2019-01-24).
1:
2004:10.1097/MOG.0b013e32834baa4d
1438:Roth-Walter F (2022-05-10).
1308:"Lipid Biological Functions"
879:10.1007/978-3-030-16073-9_21
99:- biased immunity and alter
87:are generally unknown. The "
1699:"Fill up on phytochemicals"
1508:10.3390/diagnostics14020209
1306:Abdelrahim A (2009-12-11).
1275:10.1101/cshperspect.a006031
2193:
2157:10.1016/j.cofs.2018.04.006
1331:Calder PC (October 2017).
740:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.04.036
703:Fundamentals of Immunology
668:10.1016/j.jons.2018.02.002
445:activator protein 1 (AP-1)
1941:Frontiers in Microbiology
1815:10.1186/s12937-016-0167-8
1457:10.3389/falgy.2022.859922
1150:Molnar C, Gair J (2015).
1000:. 72 Suppl 3 (3): 33–45.
928:10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.042
779:10.1007/s11882-013-0404-6
734:(6): 1119–28, quiz 1129.
455:Prebiotics and Probiotics
207:Poor diet has been linked
143:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
1954:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00424
1904:10.1136/bmj.318.7189.999
1724:"Antioxidants: In Depth"
1169:Ghose T (17 July 2020).
649:Çehreli R (April 2018).
617:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00050
332:from the n-6 fatty acid
1865:10.1616/1476-2137.15880
1099:American Cancer Society
918:. Metabolism of Aging.
837:10.1073/pnas.1814273116
604:Frontiers in Immunology
411:Free radical production
133:Multiple sclerosis (MS)
2039:Salmonella typhimurium
1609:Water-Soluble Vitamins
1257:Hardie DG (May 2012).
1171:"What are antibodies?"
1152:"Bioligical Molecules"
871:Nutrition and Immunity
473:galactooligosacharides
469:fructooligosaccharides
447:. Another polyphenol,
412:
381:adaptive immune system
241:This section is empty.
20:Nutritional immunology
1095:"What Causes Cancer?"
410:
370:Vitamins and Minerals
314:Eicosapentaenioc acid
128:Type 1 diabetes (T1D)
52:diseases of affluence
2062:10.1155/2017/6976935
2043:Enterococcus faecium
1592:Fat-Soluble Vitamins
1444:Frontiers in Allergy
701:Olaniyan MF (2017).
477:xylooligosaccharides
441:nuclear factor NF-κB
318:docosahexaenoic acid
89:Western pattern diet
42:, chronic diseases,
1352:10.1042/BST20160474
1156:Concepts of Biology
828:2019PNAS..116.3688N
467:and carbohydrates (
322:omega-3 fatty acids
309:Omega-3 fatty acids
85:autoimmune diseases
79:Autoimmune diseases
68:metabolic disorders
56:infectious diseases
40:autoimmune diseases
16:Field of immunology
1898:(7189): 999–1003.
1642:10.3390/nu14030644
1059:Fuhrman J (2011).
567:10.1242/dmm.050393
496:T regulatory cells
481:commensal bacteria
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160:hygiene hypothesis
1802:Nutrition Journal
1766:10.1002/jcp.25778
1416:10.1111/all.15972
1243:978-953-51-0944-0
1072:978-0-06-208063-9
1007:10.1159/000487380
992:Heine RG (2018).
978:978-0-08-100168-4
888:978-3-030-16073-9
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1495:Diagnostics
1037:Mayo Clinic
510:instead of
449:resveratrol
433:Polyphenols
428:Polyphenols
338:lipid rafts
330:leukotriens
109:bone marrow
2177:Immunology
2100:Immunology
1733:2020-10-18
1709:2020-10-18
1684:2020-10-21
1675:"Minerals"
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1374:"Vitamins"
1317:2020-10-21
1204:2020-10-21
1180:2020-10-21
1131:2020-10-21
1104:2020-11-16
1042:2020-11-16
773:(1): 404.
536:References
504:chemokines
487:Probiotics
461:prebiotics
351:protectins
320:(DHA) are
316:(EPA) and
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105:neutrophil
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500:cytokines
347:resolvins
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219:alliinase
154:Allergies
28:nutrition
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459:Dietary
437:curcumin
355:maresins
278:Proteins
273:Proteins
182:Diabetes
101:monocyte
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2013:4006993
1964:6425910
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1728:NCCIH
1336:(PDF)
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343:IL-10
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2018:PMID
1969:PMID
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