British Central Africa Protectorate

134: 914:, with most people continuing to live under the social and political systems that existed before 1891. No attempt was made to remove or limit the powers of the Yao, Ngoni or Makololo chiefs (who had first entered the area in the 19th century) over the original inhabitants they had displaced, subjugated or assimilated, although the Swahili slave traders had been killed in the warfare of the 1890s or had left. One area in which early efforts to change the system manifestly failed was that of domestic slavery. Although slave-trading had been eliminated, and Johnston issued instructions that domestic slaves were to be emancipated, this particular form of slavery endured, particularly in the Central Region, well into the first quarter of the 20th century 57: 69: 823:. Their main duties were to collect taxes, to ensure a supply of labour to European-owned estates and government projects and ensure government instructions and regulations were carried out. Johnston's Collectors included ex-soldiers, ex-missionaries and ex-employees of the African Lakes Company: the main consideration was that they had African experience. A few Collectors in strategically important locations had contingents of troops attached to their district, but most had no more than one or two assistants. By 1905 there were 12 Collectors and 26 Assistant Collectors 413: 469:, and which was followed by a small number of settlers. The Portuguese government attempted to claim much of the area in which the missionaries and settlers operated, but this was disputed by the British government. To forestall a Portuguese expedition claiming effective occupation, a protectorate was proclaimed, first over the south of this area, then over the whole of it in 1889. After negotiations with the Portuguese and German governments on its boundaries, the protectorate was formally ratified by the British government in May 1891. 615:

than to establish British rule in the area. However, in October 1889 Serpa Pinto's soldiers attacked one of the Kololo chiefs, killing around 70 of his followers and, with two armed river boats, pushed up the Shire River through the area over which Buchanan had established a protectorate. After Serpa Pinto's departure owing to serious illness in November 1889, his second-in-command, João Coutinho, pushed on as far as Katunga, the nearest river port to Blantyre, and some Kololo chiefs fled to Blantyre for safety.

831:

payment. Although Johnston had a duty to look into the validity of these land deals, and although he accepted that the land belonged to its tribes and that their chiefs had no right to alienate it, he put forward the legal fiction that each chief's people had tacitly accepted he could assume such a right. As a result, Johnston accepted the validity of those claims where the signatory was the chief of the tribe occupying the land, provided that the terms of the contract were not inconsistent with British

1036: 936:

had flooded the world markets with coffee by 1905, and droughts led to its decline in favour of tobacco and cotton. Both these crops had previously been grown in small quantities, but the decline of coffee prompted planters to turn to tobacco in the Shire Highlands and cotton in the Shire Valley. Tea was also first planted commercially in 1905 in the Shire Highlands, but significant development of tobacco and tea growing only took place after the opening of the Shire Highlands Railway in 1908.

485:) and the lands west of the lake were explored by David Livingstone between the 1858 and 1864 as part of his Zambezi expeditions. Livingstone suggested that what he claimed was the area's benign climate and fertility would make it ideal for the promotion of Christianity and commerce. As a result of Livingstone's writings, several Anglican and Presbyterian missions were established in the area in the 1860s and 1870s. In 1878 The African Lakes Company Limited, predecessor to the 1745: 3910: 3920: 752:

he became concerned at the number of his young men going to work on European-owned estates in the Shire Highlands and by Johnston's forceful reaction to Yao resistance. In November 1895, he forbade his subjects either to pay taxes to, or work for, the British, and he was also accused of harassing nearby missions which had told their members not to obey Gomani's instructions. Johnston's deputy

940:

about 100 kilometres (60 mi) of the Middle Shire, where rapids and shallows made navigation impractical, and both the Upper and Lower Shire were often too shallow for larger vessels, particularly in the dry season. In addition, the main areas of economic activity in the early protectorate were in the Shire Highlands, mainly near Blantyre, which was 40 km (25 mi) from

133: 843:, title). Out of 61 claims made, only two were rejected outright and a handful reduced in size. These Certificate of Claim were issued at a time when no professional judges had been appointed to the protectorate, and the work of Johnston and his assistants was subsequently criticised by judges and later administrators. 748:

captured, given a cursory trial and hanged on 5 December: between 200 and 300 of his fighters were killed, many while attempting to surrender, as well as several hundred non-combatants, who were killed in the bombardment. The other Swahili stockades did not resist and were destroyed after their surrender.

935:

in exchange for cloth and metals and, for the first few years of the protectorate, ivory and rubber collected from indigenous vines were the principal elements of a tiny export trade. The first estate crop was coffee, grown commercially in quantity from around 1895, but competition from Brazil, which

863:

was planted. Settlers wanted labour and encouraged existing Africans to stay on the undeveloped land, and new workers (often migrants from Mozambique) to move onto it, and grow their own crops. From the late 1890s, when the estates started to produce coffee, the owners began to charge these tenants a

830:

One of the major legal problems facing Johnston was that of land claims. For up to 25 years before the protectorate was formed, a number of European traders, missionaries and others had claimed to have acquired often large areas of land through contracts signed with local chiefs, usually for derisory

767:

was influential within the kingdom, Johnston did not use force against it. It accepted British rule in 1904 on condition of retaining its own traditions. Its king was recognised as a paramount chief, the only one in the protectorate at that time, and received a government salary, whereas Gomani's son

751:

The Maseko Ngoni kingdom in the west of the protectorate had been the most powerful state in the region in the 1880s but was weakened by internal disputes and a civil war. Initially, Gomani, the victor in the civil war that ended in 1891, was on good terms with British officials and missionaries, but

651:

fixed the southern borders of what had been renamed the British Central Africa Protectorate. Although the Ruo River had been the provisional boundary between Portuguese and British spheres of influence since 1879, as part of the 1891 treaty and under strong British pressure, an area west of the Shire

614:

in Johnston's absence, despite the contrary Foreign Office instructions. It seems probable that Buchanan's action, made without reference to the Foreign Office, but following instructions that Johnston had left before he departed for the north, was to prevent any further advance by Serpa Pinto rather

561:

and Shire valleys and the vicinity, and to make conditional treaties with local rulers beyond Portuguese jurisdiction. These conditional treaties of friendship did not amount to the establishment of a British protectorate but prevented those rulers from accepting protection from another state. On his

818:

in Zomba which, with the addition of a few technical advisers appointed soon after, formed the nucleus of his central administration. In 1892, Johnston received powers to set up courts and divide the protectorate into districts and, until 1904 when the Colonial Office assumed this responsibility, he

738:

had made between 1887 and 1889, with some unofficial British government support, to dislodge him and his followers and end the slave trade. Johnston had signed a truce with him in October 1889 and left him in peace until late 1895, despite Mlozi often breaking the terms of that truce. Johnston first

597:

moved up the Shire valley. Between them, these two expeditions made over twenty treaties with chiefs in what is now Malawi. Serpa Pinto met Johnston in August 1889 east of the Ruo River, when Johnston advised him not to cross the river into the Shire Highlands. Previously, Serpa Pinto had acted with

716:

The Yao chiefdoms were closest to the European settlements in the Shire Highlands and, as early as August 1891, Johnston used his small force against three minor chiefs before attacking the most important Yao chief, who was based on the eastern shore of Lake Nyasa. After initial success, Johnston's

643:

of 11 January 1890. This demanded that the Portuguese give up all claims to territories beyond the Ruo River and west of Lake Malawi. The Portuguese government accepted under duress and ordered their troops in the Shire valley to withdraw to the south bank of the Ruo. This order was received by the

548:

declined to accept responsibility for protecting the rudimentary British settlements in the Shire Highlands, despite unsubstantiated claims by the African Lakes Company of Portuguese interference with their trading activities. However, it also declined to negotiate with the Portuguese government on

930:

and other food crops for their own consumption. As the protectorate had no economic mineral resources, its colonial economy had to be based on agriculture, but before 1907 this had hardly started to develop. In pre-colonial times trade was limited to the export of ivory and forest products such as

826:

The power of existing chiefs were minimised in favour of direct rule by the Residents, as Johnston did not consider the chiefs should play any part in the administration of the protectorate. The exception was the Northern Ngoni Kingdom, which retained a significant degree of autonomy. In practice,

780:

to fund the administration of the newly-formed protectorate was part of an attempt by Cecil Rhodes to take over the administration of all the territory claimed by Britain north of the Zambezi. This was resisted, particularly by the Scottish missionaries and, in February 1891, Salisbury agreed to a

747:

and set out for Karonga. Without any prior warning, Johnston assaulted two of Mlozi's smaller stockades on 2 December and, on the same day, surrounded Mlozi's large, double-fenced fortified town, bombarding it for two days and finally assaulting it on 4 December, facing stiff resistance. Mlozi was

939:

Before the railway opened, water was the most efficient means of transport. From the time of Livingstone's 1859 expedition, small steamers navigated the Zambezi-Lower Shire river system, and they were later introduced on the Upper Shire and Lake Malawi. The Upper and Lower Shire were separated by

890:

There was only one, rather limited, official census in this period, in 1901, which returned a population of 736,724. However, the African population was estimated on the basis of hut tax records with a multiplier for the average inhabitants per hut. As no taxes were collected in some areas in the

700:

In 1891, Johnston only controlled a fraction of the Shire Highlands, itself a small part of the whole protectorate, and initially had a force of only 70 Indian troops to impose British rule. These troops, later reinforced by Indian and African recruits, were used up to 1895 to fight several small

810:

as his base, the second moved to Zomba because it was closer to the slave route running from Lake Malawi to the coast. Johnston also preferred Zomba because of its relative isolation, healthiness and superb scenery, and it became the governor's residence and administrative capital throughout the

797:

Harry Johnston, who became Sir Henry at the end of his term, was Commissioner and Consul-General from 1 February 1891 to 16 April 1896. Alfred Sharpe, Sir Alfred from 1903, who had been Johnston's deputy from 1891, took over as Commissioner and Consul-General in 1896, serving until 1 April 1910

982:

to finance this railway, it declined to do so, but in 1901 it agreed in principle to the company building the proposed railway, and granted the company 146,300 hectares (361,600 acres) of land adjacent to the railway route. Because of delays over raising the funds needed for construction, and

891:

north of the protectorate in 1901, their inhabitants were estimated on the basis of occasional official visits. It is believed that much of the country was reasonably well populated in the mid-19th century, but by the 1880s large areas had become underpopulated through devastating raids by the

846:

In total, 59 Certificates of Claim to land rights were registered, mostly between 1892 and 1894, covering an area of 1,499,463 hectares (3,705,255 acres), or 15% of the total land area of the Protectorate. This included 1,093,614 hectares (2,702,379 acres) in the North Nyasa District that the

493:

by a group of local businessmen with links to the Presbyterian missions. Their aim was to set up a trade and transport concern that would work in close cooperation with the missions to combat the slave trade by introducing legitimate trade, to make a commercial profit, and to develop European

906:

east of the Shire Highlands estates, who became estate tenants. They began to arrive from 1899, and the 1921 census counted 108,204 "Anguru". Neither the 1901 nor the 1911 censuses recorded tribal affiliation, but the very substantial population increases in districts adjacent to Mozambique,

721:

made a special grant to allow Johnston to recruit a further 200 Indian troops and also African mercenaries to take action to counter armed resistance and, by the end of 1895, the only Yao resistance was from small armed bands without fixed bases that were able to cross into Mozambique when

789:

would be both the Administrator of the British South Africa Company's territory and Commissioner and Consul-General of the protectorate, and would receive a payment of £10,000 a year from Rhodes towards the expenses of administering both territories. This arrangement lapsed in 1900, when

115: 121: 123: 122: 630:

delta, which was deep enough to allow sea-going ships to enter the Zambezi, which was an international waterway, without having to enter Portuguese territory, whereas previously such ships had to use the port of Quelimane. Salisbury was also influenced by the offer by the

907:

especially Blantyre and Zomba districts, whose recorded populations more than doubled in this decade, suggest substantial immigration. In this period, relatively few Africans left the protectorate as migrant workers, but outward labour migration became more common later.

109: 1021: 113: 114: 120: 119: 116: 110: 108: 117: 106: 105: 104: 103: 107: 855:

estates. Except for this large grant in the Northern Region, much of the remaining land, some 351,000 hectares (867,000 acres) of estates, included much of the best arable land in the Shire Highlands, which was the most densely populated part of the country.

118: 112: 111: 725:

Next, Johnston prepared to attack Mlozi bin Kazbadema, the leader of the so-called "north end Arabs", although most of those that contemporary Europeans in East Africa described as Arabs were either Muslim Swahili from the east coast of Africa or

701:

wars against those unwilling to give up their independence. After this, until 1898, troops were used to assist the locally recruited police force to suppress the slave trade. The three main groups resisting British occupation were

3897: 102: 1565:

E. Mandala, (2006). Feeding and Fleecing the Native: How the Nyasaland Transport System Distorted a New Food Market, 1890s-1920s, The Journal of Southern African Studies, Volume 32, No 3, pp.508-12

3986: 3708: 1556:

B. Pachai, (1967). In The Wake of Livingstone and The British Administration: Some Considerations of Commerce and Christianity in Malawi, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 42-3.

1156:

Sir Harry Johnston, (1897). British Central Africa: An Attempt to Give Some Account of a Portion of the Territories Under British Influence North of the Zambesi, New York, Edward Arnold p. 81

1044: 947:

Shallow draught steamers carrying 100 tons or less had to negotiate Lower Shire marshes and low-water hazards in the Zambezi and its delta to reach the small, poorly equipped coastal port of

517:

over much of Central Africa, without maintaining effective occupation over more than a small part of it. In 1879, the Portuguese government formally claimed the area south and east of the

4001: 2113: 4021: 1493:

R. I. Rotberg, (2000).The African Population of Malawi: An Analysis of the Censuses between 1901 and 1966 by G Coleman, The Society of Malawi Journal Volume 53, Nos. 1/2, p.109.

2567: 827:

however, the relatively few district officers required the cooperation of local chiefs it administer their districts and allowed chiefs to continue in their traditional roles.

660:, a port at one of the Zambezi delta mouths where sea-going ships could transfer goods and passengers to river boats. The northern border of the protectorate was agreed at the 3996: 582:

and Lower Shire valley, which were to be part of the Portuguese sphere. This went beyond what the Foreign Office was prepared to accept, and the proposal was later rejected.

4016: 864:

rent, usually satisfied by two months’ labour a year, of which one month was to meet the worker's tax obligation; however, some owners demanded longer periods of labour.

622:, west of Lake Malawi was also contrary to Foreign Office instructions. However, it was endorsed by the Foreign Office in May 1891. This was because the discovery of the 3281: 717:

forces were ambushed and forced to retreat and, during 1892, undertook no further action against the several Yao chief that rejected British control. However, in 1893,

635:

to fund the administration of the protectorate, which convinced him to bow to popular pressure. There followed an Anglo-Portuguese Crisis in which a British refusal of

68: 56: 895:

and the famines which they caused or as the result of slave raiding. There may well have been large areas in the Shire Highlands that had been virtually depopulated.

944:, a small Shire River port. Transport of goods to river ports was by inefficient and costly head porterage, as the Shire valley was unsuitable for draught animals. 101: 3440: 553:, as it was not regarded by the Foreign Office as under effective Portuguese occupation. In order to prevent Portuguese occupation, the British government sent 4031: 871:

was imposed from 1895 in the Shire Highlands. This was gradually extended to the rest of the protectorate, becoming universal in 1906. It was nominally three

3976: 3868: 3851: 3729: 3320: 3010: 3004: 525:

valley as far north as the Ruo River. The Portuguese then attempted to negotiate British acceptance of their territorial claims, but the convening of the

2106: 3066: 743:

by paying him a subsidy and, in November 1895, he embarked a force of over 400 Sikh and African riflemen with artillery and machine guns on steamers at

458: 1367:

R E Broeder (1979), Sir Alfred Sharpe and the Imposition of Colonial Rule on the Northern Ngoni, The Society of Malawi Journal Vol. 32, No. 1 pp. 27-9

4011: 819:

selected district officials with the title of Collectors of Revenue, Their official title later became Residents, and they were the predecessors of

763:

As the northern Ngoni kingdom did not threaten European trading interests, as it was far from European-owned estates, and as the Scottish mission at

820: 466: 3875:

Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the

1670: 1430:

B. Pachai, (1973). Land Policies in Malawi: An Examination of the Colonial Legacy, The Journal of African History, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 682-3, 685.

602:

who had been left behind by Livingstone at the end of his Zambezi expedition in 1864 and had formed minor chieftainships, he crossed the Ruo to

4006: 2914: 1817: 1744: 585:

In 1888, the Portuguese government instructed its representatives in Portuguese East Africa to attempt to make treaties of protection with the

3991: 3275: 2099: 1110: 3613: 652:

and south of its confluence with the Ruo which had been controlled by an Afro-Portuguese family, was allocated to Britain and now forms the

3223: 2449: 1719: 951:

in Mozambique. Low water levels in Lake Nyasa reduced the Shire River's flow from 1896 to 1934, so the main river port was moved, first to

3553: 2220: 1885: 1729: 1583:

L. Vail (1975) The Making of an Imperial Slum: Nyasaland and Its Railways, 1895-1935, Journal of African History, Vol. 16, No. 1 pp. 91.

815: 3271: 3937: 3433: 2626: 1403:

B. Pachai, (1971). The Story of Malawi's Capitals: Old and New: 1891-1969, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 35-36.

1394:

B. Pachai, (1971). The Story of Malawi's Capitals: Old and New: 1891-1969, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 35-36.

1127: 983:

disputes over its route, it was not until early 1903 that construction began. The line was opened from Blantyre to Chiromo in 1907.

589:

chiefs southeast of Lake Malawi and in the Shire Highlands, and an expedition organised under Antonio Cardoso, a former governor of

1237:

R I Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873-1964, Cambridge (Mass), p.15

3306: 3293: 2005: 1890: 1797: 970:. However, most of its proposed route was in Portuguese territory and Quelimane was only suitable for small ships. Also in 1895, 570:

in Central Africa. The draft agreement reached in March 1889 would have created a British sphere including all the area west of

4026: 3522: 3253: 975: 648: 2852: 898:

Some of the shortfall in population may have been made good by the inward migration of families groups of so-called "Anguru",

665: 388: 3816: 3344: 2958: 2669: 2353: 218: 537:

undertook a Portuguese expedition which reached the Shire Highlands, but it failed make any treaties of protection with the

785:

would be under company administration and what later became Nyasaland would be administered by the Foreign Office. However

3626: 3390: 3141: 2479: 2411: 1138:

F Axelson, (1967). Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, pp. 182-3, 198-200. Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University Press.

3426: 2876: 2800: 2776: 2770: 2127: 1895: 1782: 848: 777: 681: 632: 3843: 3509: 2359: 1853: 1734: 1663: 557:

as British consul to Mozambique and the Interior, with instructions to report on the extent of Portuguese rule in the

875:

a year, but could be satisfied by one month's labour a year spent on a settler estate or working for the government.

3581: 3358: 3332: 3229: 2998: 1995: 1968: 1880: 644:

commander at Katunga on 8 March 1890 and all Portuguese forces had evacuated Katunga and Chiromo by 12 March.

4036: 3515: 3471: 3193: 2904: 2579: 2549: 2307: 2091: 1985: 1787: 731: 529:

ended these bilateral discussions. Meanwhile, the African Lakes Company was attempting to obtain the status of a

486: 3696: 3404: 3351: 3259: 3217: 3181: 3135: 2750: 2399: 2341: 1944: 1807: 1767: 1318:

P T Terry, (1965) The Arab War on Lake Nyasa 1887-1895 Part II, The Nyasaland Journal, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 41-3

806:

as acting Commissioner from 1 October 1907 to 1 May 1908. Although the first Consul appointed in 1883 had used

702: 594: 586: 538: 534: 526: 1574:

G. L. Gamlen, (1935). Transport on the River Shire, Nyasaland, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 86, No. 5, p.451

798:(first as Commissioner and Consul-General and then as Governor of the Nyasaland Protectorate from 1907), with 2582:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. 3913: 3745: 3620: 3588: 3569: 3235: 3187: 3129: 2838: 2782: 2158: 1448:

B. Pachai, (1978). Land and Politics in Malawi 1875-1975, Kingston (Ontario), The Limestone Press, pp. 36-7.

786: 607: 554: 499: 94: 3384: 3365: 3241: 3205: 2977: 2965: 2864: 2744: 2732: 2620: 2575: 2563: 2194: 2000: 1990: 1926: 1875: 1863: 1656: 1035: 879: 791: 640: 550: 730:, who imitated Arab dress and customs but were rarely Muslims. Mlozi had defeated two attempts which the 3923: 3529: 2684: 2461: 2443: 2252: 2183: 1939: 1921: 1868: 836: 803: 799: 292: 962:

As early as 1895, Johnston suggested a line from the protectorate's main commercial town, Blantyre, to

760:

and shot on 27 October. Within a year, 5,000 of his former subjects were working in the Blantyre area.

3872:; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. 3834: 3652: 3565: 3499: 3477: 3378: 3338: 3247: 3211: 3149: 3074: 2826: 2762: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2020: 764: 1601:

A.D.H. Leishman, (1974) The Steam Era in Malawi, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 27, No. 1 p. 47

3313: 3116: 3023: 2971: 2858: 2846: 2814: 2726: 2517: 2429: 2010: 1954: 1858: 1848: 1777: 1772: 1755: 1592:

A.D.H. Leishman (1974) The Steam Era in Malawi, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 27, No. 1 p. 46

567: 3919: 910:

British occupation did not significantly change African society within the protectorate until the

3981: 3559: 3541: 3481: 3372: 3098: 3060: 3036: 3017: 2908: 2455: 2381: 2347: 2246: 2226: 2152: 1980: 1831: 1812: 1714: 1062: 986:

Modern communications began to be established in 1891, with the opening of the territory's first

593:, set off in November 1888 for the lake. Rather later, in early 1889, a second expedition led by 462: 17: 1502:

L White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, Cambridge University Press pp. 78-9.

955:, further from the main settlements below a steep escarpment and from 1908 to Port Herald (now 922:

Throughout the period of the protectorate, most of its people were subsistence farmers growing

3505: 3123: 3088: 2820: 2708: 2656: 2650: 2634: 2473: 2467: 2417: 2387: 2317: 2066: 2059: 1949: 1909: 1843: 1802: 1691: 1683: 1123: 1106: 1096:

John G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, London, Pall Mall Press pp.77-9

782: 669: 530: 450: 203: 1613:

P. A. Cole-King, "Transport and Communication in Malawi to 1891, with a summary to 1918", in

756:

attacked and defeated Gomani's forces on 23 October 1896. Gomani was sentenced to death by a

598:

caution, but in September, following minor clashes between Serpa Pinto's advancing force and

3876: 3809: 3801: 3793: 3721: 3632: 3600: 3487: 3287: 3199: 2984: 2510: 2503: 2405: 2290: 2235: 2040: 1349:

M. E. Leslie. (1971). Ncheu in the 1890s, The Society of Malawi Journal Vol. 24, No. 1 p. 72

1309:

L M Fotheringham, (1891). Adventures in Nyasaland, London, Gilbert & Rivington pp. 12-13

807: 181: 168: 3829: 3606: 3535: 3326: 3265: 3104: 2788: 2690: 2393: 2075: 2030: 2025: 1931: 1634:

De Robeck, A Pictorial Essay of the 1898 Provisional of British Central Africa - Nyasaland

1618: 911: 727: 673: 653: 579: 521:(which currently forms the southeastern border of Malawi), and in 1882 occupied the lower 478: 359: 199: 138:

Map of southern Africa, 1897. The British Central Africa Protectorate is shaded dark pink.

1457:

B. Pachai, (1973). Land Policies in Malawi: An Examination of the Colonial Legacy, p. 683

709:

groups around the centre and north of Lake Nyasa, both involved in the slave trade, and

566:

in early 1889 attempting to negotiate an acceptable agreement on Portuguese and British

3714: 3702: 3547: 3163: 3092: 3081: 2870: 2832: 2738: 2702: 2696: 2662: 2200: 2123: 2015: 1724: 1020: 991: 979: 971: 932: 899: 860: 706: 599: 545: 457:

area. This encouraged missionary activity that started in the 1860s, undertaken by the

279: 237: 148: 1105:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, Woodbridge, James Currey, p. 51.

3970: 3755: 3575: 2756: 2640: 2080: 995: 757: 753: 689: 677: 158: 1122:

M Newitt, (1995). A History of Mozambique, London, Hurst & Co, pp 276-7, 325-6.

3785: 3493: 3054: 3048: 3029: 2794: 2529: 2436: 2375: 2369: 892: 718: 710: 661: 441:

proclaimed in 1889 and ratified in 1891 that occupied the same area as present-day

438: 260: 191: 177: 533:

from the British government, but it had not managed to do so by 1886. In 1885-86

494:

influence in the area. A mission and small trading settlement was established at

100: 3902: 3398: 3299: 3110: 2714: 2614: 2329: 2323: 1792: 1547:

J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 173, 176-8, 183.

987: 832: 735: 636: 575: 571: 522: 510: 482: 3175: 3156: 2899: 2678: 2297: 2214: 967: 903: 852: 840: 740: 713:

who had formed two aggressively expansionists kingdoms in the west and north.

514: 249: 3952: 3939: 3821: 2674: 2423: 2207: 1709: 1003: 999: 963: 590: 518: 446: 406: 328: 31: 1511:

L White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, pp. 79-81, 86-9.

1475:

R I Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 24, 43.

1439:

R. I Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 29-31.

3749: 3664: 2943: 2895: 2644: 2571: 2557: 2553: 2523: 2311: 1466:

R I Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 32-4.

1421:

R I Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 22-3.

1264:

M Newitt, (1995). A History of Mozambique, London, Hurst & Co, p 355.

1210:

M Newitt, (1995). A History of Mozambique, London, Hurst & Co, p 346.

1084: 941: 872: 744: 509:

estates from the Portuguese crown were active in the lower valley of the

495: 173: 974:

proposed building a railway from Blantyre to Chiromo, and he formed the

867:

In order to raise revenue, and also to increase the supply of labour, a

3658: 2991: 2951: 2544: 2301: 2260: 1622: 952: 868: 851:

had acquired for its mineral potential and which was never turned into

627: 603: 558: 490: 454: 978:

Limited in December 1895 to achieve this. Although Johnston urged the

3668: 3043: 2808: 2586: 2188: 2035: 1699: 1679: 1291:

J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 90-2.

1282:

J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 86-7.

1183:

J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 85-6.

1147:

J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 83-4.

1007: 956: 948: 927: 685: 657: 623: 563: 442: 393: 1484:

J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 94-5

1087:: Portrait of an African Village, Cambridge University Press p. 82. 1255:

F Axelson, (1967). Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, pp. 223-6.

3169: 2891: 2363: 1648: 1520:

R. I. Rotberg, (2000).The African Population of Malawi, pp.111-13.

1034: 1019: 923: 811:

colonial period although Blantyre remained the commercial centre.

802:

as acting Commissioner from 1 April 1907 to 30 September 1907 and

606:, now in Malawi. In response to this incursion, Johnston's deputy 549:

their claim that the Shire Highlands should be considered part of

506: 195: 794:

was formed as a separate protectorate with its own Administrator

2720: 1201:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 53, 55.

449:

in 1907. British interest in the area arose from visits made by

3773: 3685: 3422: 2931: 2603: 2278: 2171: 2095: 1652: 1300:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 58-62.

1538:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 68-9.

1412:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 70-1.

1273:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 56-7.

1219:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 54-5.

1174:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 52-3.

1743: 562:

way to take up his appointment, Johnston spent six weeks in

1529:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 68.

1385:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 56.

1246:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 56.

1228:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 55.

1192:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 54.

1165:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 53.

1045:

Postage stamps and postal history of British Central Africa

859:

In the first years of the protectorate, very little of the

1376:

J McCracken (2012), A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 63

1358:

J McCracken (2012), A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 65

1340:

J McCracken (2012), A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 64

656:. The treaty also granted Britain a 99-year lease over 618:

Johnston's proclamation of a further protectorate, the

2907:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the 513:

from the 1830s and the Portuguese government claimed

1024:

Evolution of the British Central Africa Protectorate

3987:

Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa

1967: 1908: 1830: 1754: 1690: 768:only received comparable recognition in the 1930s. 355: 347: 342: 325: 315: 303: 285: 273: 259: 243: 231: 217: 209: 187: 164: 154: 143: 39: 878:The name of the protectorate was changed to the 30:For the later history of this protectorate, see 739:secured the neutrality of the Swahili ruler of 453:from 1858 onward during his exploration of the 835:. Where claims were accepted, Johnston issued 4002:States and territories disestablished in 1907 3434: 2107: 1664: 8: 4022:1907 disestablishments in the British Empire 3869:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 3852:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 3730:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 1609: 1607: 814:In 1896, Johnston set up a small government 705:chiefs in the south of the protectorate and 541:chiefs in territories west of Lake Malawi. 3997:States and territories established in 1893 3770: 3682: 3456: 3441: 3427: 3419: 2928: 2600: 2275: 2168: 2114: 2100: 2092: 1973: 1914: 1836: 1760: 1671: 1657: 1649: 132: 36: 4017:1891 establishments in the British Empire 994:until after the railway was opened, when 781:compromise under which what later became 2913:Legitimacy of territorial establishment 1643:Fred J. Melville, British Central Africa 351:109,342 km (42,217 sq mi) 1054: 459:Universities' Mission to Central Africa 346: 341: 3898:Historical flags of the British Empire 3882:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985 27:British protectorate from 1893 to 1907 1039:Stamp displaying the BCA coat of arms 839:(in effect the grant of freehold, or 324: 314: 310: 284: 272: 268: 258: 242: 230: 226: 216: 7: 1720:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 1065:. Openlibrary.org. 1906. p. 178 1063:"Census of the British empire. 1901" 902:speaking migrants from the parts of 3977:British Central Africa Protectorate 3709:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 2552:. British Cameroons is now part of 1705:British Central Africa Protectorate 990:at Chiromo. This remained the main 431:British Central Africa Protectorate 41:British Central Africa Protectorate 2568:unilaterally declared independence 2263:1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 25: 3775:Antarctica and the South Atlantic 3754:Occupied by Argentina during the 1029:Postage stamps and postal history 772:Administration and the land issue 668:in 1890. Its western border with 502:took up residence there in 1883. 4012:1907 disestablishments in Africa 3918: 3909: 3908: 3321:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 620:Nyasaland Districts Protectorate 411: 386: 98: 67: 55: 18:Nyasaland Districts Protectorate 4032:Malawi–United Kingdom relations 1010:was established in April 1898. 976:Shire Highlands Railway Company 684:, which governed what is today 3817:Australian Antarctic Territory 2673:since 1965 (before as part of 2670:British Indian Ocean Territory 2556:, while Tanganyika is part of 2187:since 1960 (before as part of 1329:A History of Malawi, 1859-1966 1: 4007:1891 establishments in Africa 544:As late as 1888, the British 3992:Former British protectorates 2128:British Overseas Territories 1002:connection from Blantyre to 849:British South Africa Company 778:British South Africa Company 682:British South Africa Company 676:between Lake Malawi and the 649:1891 Anglo-Portuguese treaty 633:British South Africa Company 612:Shire Highlands Protectorate 489:Limited, was established in 3844:British Antarctic Territory 3554:Western Pacific Territories 1735:Political history of Malawi 1615:The Early History of Malawi 1014:History of the protectorate 4053: 3582:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 2999:British Arctic Territories 1042: 29: 3893: 3862: 3822:Commonwealth of Australia 3780: 3769: 3740: 3692: 3681: 3647: 3454: 3418: 3224:Newfoundland and Labrador 2938: 2927: 2905:League of Nations mandate 2886: 2610: 2599: 2580:Lancaster House Agreement 2550:League of Nations mandate 2539: 2285: 2274: 2178: 2167: 2134: 2053: 1976: 1917: 1839: 1763: 1741: 998:became the postal hub. A 672:was fixed in 1891 at the 487:African Lakes Corporation 481:south of Lake Nyasa (now 365: 338: 311: 299: 275:• 1893-1896 (first) 269: 255: 227: 131: 89: 81: 51: 46: 3352:Turks and Caicos Islands 2659:(protectorate) 1907–1949 2231:(integrated into the UK) 595:Alexandre de Serpa Pinto 535:Alexandre de Serpa Pinto 527:Berlin Conference (1884) 505:Concessionaires holding 3635:1919–1942 and 1945–1968 3460:18th and 19th centuries 3276:Queen Charlotte Islands 3236:North-Western Territory 3208:1665–1674 and 1702–1776 2811:1781–1784 and 1795–1819 2476:1923–1965 and 1979–1980 2159:Commonwealth of Nations 787:Henry Hamilton Johnston 666:Anglo-German Convention 555:Henry Hamilton Johnston 467:Free Church of Scotland 213:Constitutional monarchy 95:God Save the Queen/King 4027:20th century in Malawi 3385:West Indies Federation 2574:) and continued as an 2157:Current member of the 1748: 1040: 1025: 880:Nyasaland Protectorate 821:District Commissioners 792:North-Eastern Rhodesia 680:by agreement with the 641:1890 British Ultimatum 578:but not including the 551:Portuguese East Africa 498:in 1876 and a British 329:Nyasaland Protectorate 3307:Saint Kitts and Nevis 2578:state until the 1979 2184:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 1747: 1038: 1023: 918:Economy and transport 837:Certificates of Claim 804:William Henry Manning 800:Francis Barrow Pearce 732:African Lakes Company 293:Francis Barrow Pearce 165:Common languages 147:Protectorate of 3835:Realm of New Zealand 3833:(transferred to the 3820:(transferred to the 3653:Realm of New Zealand 3254:Prince Edward Island 3132:1671–1816, 1833–1960 1818:World Heritage Sites 1327:J McCracken (2012). 639:was followed by the 568:spheres of influence 3949: / 3866:Since 2009 part of 3758:of April–June 1982. 3345:Trinidad and Tobago 2959:Antigua and Barbuda 2859:Straits Settlements 317:• Established 287:• 1907 (last) 3018:Cape Breton Island 2909:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 2751:Unfederated States 2566:Southern Rhodesia 2153:Commonwealth realm 1896:Traditional Courts 1749: 1715:Chilembwe uprising 1083:L. White, (1987). 1041: 1026: 463:Church of Scotland 327:• Changed to 3953:13.500°S 34.000°E 3932: 3931: 3889: 3888: 3765: 3764: 3697:Providence Island 3677: 3676: 3642: 3641: 3510:Western Australia 3478:Van Diemen's Land 3414: 3413: 3391:Associated States 3089:Columbia District 2923: 2922: 2777:Manila and Cavite 2595: 2594: 2474:Southern Rhodesia 2468:South-West Africa 2418:Northern Rhodesia 2330:Cape of Good Hope 2270: 2269: 2147:Current territory 2089: 2088: 2049: 2048: 1963: 1962: 1904: 1903: 1886:Political parties 1881:National Assembly 1854:Foreign relations 1826: 1825: 1111:978-1-84701-050-6 783:Northern Rhodesia 776:The offer by the 670:Northern Rhodesia 531:Chartered company 451:David Livingstone 445:: it was renamed 437:) was a British 427: 426: 423: 422: 419: 418: 399: 398: 245:• 1901-1907 233:• 1893-1901 124: 85:Light in Darkness 16:(Redirected from 4044: 4037:Former countries 3964: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3942: 3922: 3912: 3911: 3877:Antarctic Treaty 3838: 3825: 3810:Falkland Islands 3802:Tristan da Cunha 3794:Ascension Island 3771: 3722:Falkland Islands 3683: 3651:Now part of the 3523:Pitcairn Islands 3488:Auckland Islands 3457: 3443: 3436: 3429: 3420: 3405:Windward Islands 3359:Vancouver Island 3136:MassachusettsBay 3005:British Columbia 2929: 2745:Federated States 2601: 2511:Tristan da Cunha 2480:Southern Nigeria 2412:Northern Nigeria 2291:Ascension Island 2276: 2232: 2169: 2143:Former territory 2140: 2116: 2109: 2102: 2093: 2069: 2062: 1974: 1935: 1915: 1837: 1768:Cities and towns 1761: 1673: 1666: 1659: 1650: 1644: 1641: 1635: 1632: 1626: 1611: 1602: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1566: 1563: 1557: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1527: 1521: 1518: 1512: 1509: 1503: 1500: 1494: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1476: 1473: 1467: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1449: 1446: 1440: 1437: 1431: 1428: 1422: 1419: 1413: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1395: 1392: 1386: 1383: 1377: 1374: 1368: 1365: 1359: 1356: 1350: 1347: 1341: 1338: 1332: 1325: 1319: 1316: 1310: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1289: 1283: 1280: 1274: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1256: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1238: 1235: 1229: 1226: 1220: 1217: 1211: 1208: 1202: 1199: 1193: 1190: 1184: 1181: 1175: 1172: 1166: 1163: 1157: 1154: 1148: 1145: 1139: 1136: 1130: 1120: 1114: 1103: 1097: 1094: 1088: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1059: 882:on 6 July 1907. 415: 414: 403: 402: 390: 389: 383: 382: 367: 366: 295: 204:Tumbuka religion 136: 126: 125: 71: 59: 37: 21: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4042: 4041: 3967: 3966: 3958:-13.500; 34.000 3957: 3955: 3951: 3948: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3928: 3885: 3858: 3832: 3830:Ross Dependency 3819: 3776: 3761: 3736: 3688: 3673: 3643: 3638: 3594: 3589:Solomon Islands 3536:North Australia 3516:South Australia 3472:New South Wales 3450: 3447: 3410: 3130:Leeward Islands 2934: 2919: 2882: 2789:Muscat and Oman 2606: 2591: 2535: 2281: 2266: 2230: 2174: 2163: 2138: 2130: 2120: 2090: 2085: 2072: 2065: 2058: 2045: 1959: 1933: 1900: 1822: 1750: 1739: 1730:1993 referendum 1686: 1677: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1625:, 1972), p. 87. 1619:Bridglal Pachai 1612: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1121: 1117: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1082: 1078: 1068: 1066: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1031: 1016: 920: 912:First World War 888: 774: 734:Limited in the 728:Nyamwezi people 722:challenged. 698: 674:drainage divide 664:as part of the 654:Nsanje District 626:channel in the 580:Shire Highlands 479:Shire Highlands 475: 412: 387: 360:Rhodesian pound 331: 318: 291: 288: 276: 246: 234: 200:Bantu mythology 172: 139: 127: 99: 77: 76: 75: 72: 64: 63: 60: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4050: 4048: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3969: 3968: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3926: 3916: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3880: 3873: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3848: 3840: 3827: 3814: 3806: 3798: 3790: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3774: 3767: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3759: 3752: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3726: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3703:Willoughbyland 3700: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3686: 3679: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3671: 3661: 3655: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3617: 3610: 3604: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3519: 3513: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3475: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3438: 3431: 3423: 3416: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3394: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3366:Virgin Islands 3362: 3356: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3333:South Carolina 3330: 3324: 3317: 3310: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3230:North Carolina 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3164:Mosquito Coast 3161: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3133: 3127: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3093:Oregon Country 3086: 3082:Cayman Islands 3078: 3072: 3071: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3040: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3002: 2996: 2988: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2962: 2955: 2948: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2932: 2925: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2917: 2911: 2902: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2880: 2874: 2871:Trucial States 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2842: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2618: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2604: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2589: 2583: 2564:Self-governing 2561: 2547: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2336:Central Africa 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2305: 2295: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2272: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2250: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2224: 2221:Ionian Islands 2218: 2212: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2144: 2141: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2124:British Empire 2121: 2119: 2118: 2111: 2104: 2096: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2071: 2070: 2063: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1945:Communications 1942: 1940:Stock Exchange 1937: 1929: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1798:National parks 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1725:Hastings Banda 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1696: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1678: 1676: 1675: 1668: 1661: 1653: 1646: 1645: 1636: 1627: 1603: 1594: 1585: 1576: 1567: 1558: 1549: 1540: 1531: 1522: 1513: 1504: 1495: 1486: 1477: 1468: 1459: 1450: 1441: 1432: 1423: 1414: 1405: 1396: 1387: 1378: 1369: 1360: 1351: 1342: 1333: 1320: 1311: 1302: 1293: 1284: 1275: 1266: 1257: 1248: 1239: 1230: 1221: 1212: 1203: 1194: 1185: 1176: 1167: 1158: 1149: 1140: 1131: 1115: 1098: 1089: 1076: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1043:Main article: 1030: 1027: 1015: 1012: 992:sorting office 980:Foreign Office 972:Eugene Sharrer 933:natural rubber 919: 916: 887: 884: 861:alienated land 773: 770: 697: 694: 546:Foreign Office 474: 471: 425: 424: 421: 420: 417: 416: 409: 400: 397: 396: 391: 379: 378: 373: 363: 362: 357: 353: 352: 349: 345: 344: 340: 339: 336: 335: 332: 326: 323: 322: 319: 316: 313: 312: 309: 308: 305: 301: 300: 297: 296: 289: 286: 283: 282: 280:Harry Johnston 277: 274: 271: 270: 267: 266: 263: 257: 256: 253: 252: 247: 244: 241: 240: 235: 232: 229: 228: 225: 224: 221: 215: 214: 211: 207: 206: 189: 185: 184: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 149:British Empire 145: 141: 140: 137: 129: 128: 97: 87: 86: 79: 78: 73: 66: 65: 61: 54: 53: 52: 49: 48: 44: 43: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4049: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3965: 3962: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3915: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3892: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3864: 3861: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3772: 3768: 3757: 3756:Falklands War 3753: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3691: 3687:South America 3684: 3680: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3646: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3576:Union Islands 3574: 3571: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3444: 3439: 3437: 3432: 3430: 3425: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3315: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3288:Rupert's Land 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 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Retrieved 1057: 1032: 1017: 985: 961: 946: 938: 921: 909: 897: 893:Ngoni people 889: 877: 866: 858: 845: 829: 825: 813: 796: 775: 765:Livingstonia 762: 750: 724: 719:Cecil Rhodes 715: 711:Ngoni people 699: 692:until 1924. 662:Songwe River 646: 619: 617: 611: 584: 543: 504: 476: 439:protectorate 434: 430: 428: 376:Succeeded by 375: 370: 261:Commissioner 192:Christianity 90: 83:Motto: 82: 74:Coat of arms 3956: / 3903:Anglosphere 3621:New Zealand 3530:New Zealand 3399:West Jersey 3314:Saint Lucia 3300:Saint Kitts 3294:Saint Croix 3274:1763–1791* 3242:Nova Scotia 3188:New England 3144:, 1691–1776 3111:East Jersey 3099:Connecticut 2978:Bay Islands 2865:Transjordan 2783:Mesopotamia 2621:Afghanistan 2615:Aden Colony 2400:Niger Coast 2366:) 1874–1957 2342:East Africa 2324:Cape Colony 2314:) 1884–1966 2304:) 1868–1966 1922:Agriculture 1793:Lake Malawi 1069:26 December 988:post office 833:sovereignty 816:Secretariat 736:Karonga War 637:arbitration 610:declared a 576:Mashonaland 523:Shire River 511:Shire River 483:Lake Malawi 371:Preceded by 334:6 July 1907 3971:Categories 3855:since 1908 3847:since 1908 3813:since 1833 3805:since 1816 3797:since 1815 3789:since 1658 3746:department 3733:since 1908 3725:since 1833 3526:since 1838 3506:Swan River 3500:Queensland 3387:1958–1962 3369:since 1666 3355:since 1799 3206:New Jersey 3176:New Albion 3160:since 1632 3157:Montserrat 3138:1629–1691 3085:since 1670 3007:1858–1866 2995:since 1619 2947:since 1650 2900:Bangladesh 2835:1841–1946 2797:1882–1963 2763:Federation 2741:1819–1826 2679:Seychelles 2623:1839–1842 2514:since 1816 2498:Tanganyika 2456:Somaliland 2444:Seychelles 2440:since 1658 2360:Gold Coast 2354:The Gambia 2298:Basutoland 2294:since 1815 2236:Free State 2229:1542–1800 2215:Heligoland 2211:since 1713 1934:(currency) 1783:Ecoregions 1331:, pp. 61-3 1050:References 968:Mozambique 904:Mozambique 886:Population 853:plantation 841:fee simple 741:Nkhotakota 572:Lake Nyasa 515:suzerainty 250:Edward VII 210:Government 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2504:Transvaal 2500:1922–1961 2494:1899–1956 2488:1893–1968 2486:Swaziland 2482:1900–1914 2470:1915–1931 2464:1910–1931 2458:1884–1960 2452:1792–1961 2446:1903–1976 2432:1900–1910 2426:1891–1964 2424:Nyasaland 2420:1924–1964 2414:1900–1914 2408:1914–1960 2402:1884–1900 2396:1856–1910 2390:1810–1968 2388:Mauritius 2384:1807–1808 2378:1862–1906 2372:1920–1963 2356:1816–1965 2350:1882–1922 2344:1895–1920 2338:1891–1907 2332:1806–1910 2326:1795–1803 2320:1919–1961 2318:Cameroons 2255:1813–1964 2249:1800–1813 2238:1921–1931 2223:1809–1864 2217:1807–1890 2208:Gibraltar 2203:1878–1960 2197:1794–1796 2151:*Current 2011:Education 1955:Transport 1891:President 1859:Judiciary 1849:Elections 1778:Districts 1756:Geography 1710:Nyasaland 1621:(London, 1004:Cape Town 1000:telegraph 964:Quelimane 873:shillings 591:Quelimane 574:and also 519:Ruo River 447:Nyasaland 407:Nyasaland 188:Religion 47:1893–1907 32:Nyasaland 3914:Category 3750:Colombia 3665:Kiribati 3542:Victoria 3482:Tasmania 3373:Virginia 3339:Stickeen 3327:Saybrook 3266:Plymouth 3212:New York 3150:Maryland 3142:Province 3105:Delaware 3075:Carolina 3067:Dominion 3061:Province 3024:Dominica 2972:Barbados 2944:Anguilla 2915:disputed 2896:Pakistan 2771:Maldives 2645:Billiton 2572:Rhodesia 2558:Tanzania 2554:Cameroon 2530:Zululand 2524:Zanzibar 2312:Botswana 2076:Category 2036:Religion 1981:Abortion 1876:Military 1832:Politics 1813:Wildlife 1684:articles 1085:Magomero 942:Chikwawa 808:Blantyre 496:Blantyre 465:and the 356:Currency 238:Victoria 3944:34°00′E 3941:13°30′S 3905:culture 3659:Vanuatu 3449:Oceania 3124:Jamaica 3117:Georgia 3037:Grenada 2992:Bermuda 2966:Bahamas 2952:Antigua 2833:Sarawak 2545:Namibia 2406:Nigeria 2382:Madeira 2302:Lesotho 2261:Minorca 2227:Ireland 2195:Corsica 2122:Former 2060:Outline 1996:Culture 1969:Society 1950:Tourism 1932:Kwacha 1910:Economy 1844:Cabinet 1803:Regions 1788:Islands 1773:Climate 1692:History 1623:Longman 953:Chiromo 869:Hut tax 707:Swahili 628:Zambezi 604:Chiromo 559:Zambezi 491:Glasgow 455:Zambezi 304:History 219:Monarch 182:Tumbuka 169:English 155:Capital 91:Anthem: 3924:Portal 3744:Now a 3715:Guiana 3669:Tuvalu 3272:Quebec 3044:Canada 2985:Belize 2877:Weihai 2821:Penang 2809:Padang 2739:Malaya 2733:Labuan 2727:Kuwait 2703:Cyprus 2697:Ceylon 2691:Brunei 2663:Borneo 2657:Bhutan 2651:Bengal 2587:Zambia 2518:Uganda 2280:Africa 2253:Colony 2243:Malta 2201:Cyprus 2189:Cyprus 2173:Europe 2139:Legend 2081:Portal 2041:Sports 2021:Health 1986:Anthem 1808:Rivers 1700:Maravi 1682: 1680:Malawi 1126: 1109: 1008:Umtali 957:Nsanje 949:Chinde 928:millet 688:under 686:Zambia 658:Chinde 624:Chinde 600:Kololo 564:Lisbon 500:consul 473:Origin 461:, the 443:Malawi 394:Maravi 307: 265: 223: 144:Status 93: 3667:and * 3633:Nauru 3627:Samoa 3601:Tonga 3560:Papua 3170:Nevis 3055:Upper 3049:Lower 2892:India 2757:Union 2715:India 2685:Burma 2641:Banka 2492:Sudan 2394:Natal 2376:Lagos 2370:Kenya 2364:Ghana 2348:Egypt 2067:Index 2031:Music 2026:Media 996:Limbe 924:maize 900:Lomwe 507:prazo 196:Islam 174:Chewa 159:Zomba 3663:Now 3657:Now 3607:Niue 3548:Fiji 3250:1843 3178:1579 2898:and 2890:Now 2721:Java 2677:and 2643:and 2605:Asia 2585:Now 2543:Now 2016:Flag 1869:LGBT 1124:ISBN 1107:ISBN 1071:2013 1006:via 477:The 429:The 348:1904 343:Area 321:1893 62:Flag 3748:of 966:in 959:). 703:Yao 647:An 587:Yao 539:Yao 435:BCA 178:Yao 3973:: 2894:, 1606:^ 926:, 202:, 198:, 194:, 180:, 176:, 3879:. 3837:) 3824:) 3619:* 3612:* 3587:* 3568:/ 3508:/ 3480:/ 3442:e 3435:t 3428:v 3319:* 3312:* 3305:* 3122:* 3091:/ 3042:* 3035:* 2983:* 2964:* 2957:* 2950:* 2681:) 2560:. 2362:( 2310:( 2300:( 2191:) 2115:e 2108:t 2101:v 1672:e 1665:t 1658:v 1113:. 1073:. 433:( 34:. 20:)

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