929:. These are particles that provide the surfaces necessary for water vapor to condensate below supersaturation conditions. The freezing of organic matter in these aerosols promotes the formation of clouds in warmer and drier environments than where they would otherwise form, especially at high latitudes such as the North Atlantic Ocean. Organic matter in these aerosols help nucleation of water droplets at these regions, yet plenty of unknowns remain, such as what fraction contain ice-freezing organic materials, and from what biological sources. Nevertheless, the role of phytoplankton blooms as a source of enhanced ice nucleating particles has been confirmed in laboratory experiments, implying the important role of these aerosols in cloud radiative forcing. Primary marine aerosols created through bubble-bursting emission have been measured in the North Atlantic during spring 2008 by the International Chemistry Experiment in the Arctic Lower Troposphere (ICEALOT). This research cruise measured clean, or background, areas and found them to be mostly composed of primary marine aerosols containing hydroxyl (58% ±13) and alkene (21% ±9) functional groups, indicating the importance of chemical compounds in the air with biological origin. Nonetheless, the small temporal scale of these measurements, plus the inability to determine the exact source of these particles, justifies the scientific need for a better understanding of aerosols over this region.
1096:(DMSP) by phytoplankton. Another chemical compound, dimethyl sulfide (DMS), has been identified as a major volatile sulfur compound in most oceans. DMS concentrations in the world's seawater have been estimated to be, on average, on the order of 102.4 nanograms per liter (ng/L). Regional values of the North Atlantic are roughly 66.8 ng/L. These regional values vary seasonally and are influenced by the effects of continental aerosols. Nonetheless, DMS is one of the dominant sources of biogenic volatile sulfur compounds in the marine atmosphere. Since its conceptualization, several research studies have found empirical and circumstantial evidence supporting the CLAW hypothesis in mid-latitudes of the Atlantic Ocean. The NAAMES campaign sought to provide an empirical understanding of the effects of marine bioaerosols on cloud formation and global radiation balance by quantifying the mechanisms underlying the CLAW hypothesis.
880:(or soot). The second mechanism by which aerosols alter the planet's temperature is called the indirect effect, which occurs when a cloud's microphysical properties are altered causing either an increase in reflection of incoming solar radiation, or an inhibited ability of clouds to develop precipitation. The first indirect effect is an increase in the amount of water droplets, which leads to an increase in clouds that reflect more solar radiation and therefore cool the planet's surface. The second indirect effect (also called the cloud's lifetime effect) is the increase in droplet numbers, which simultaneously causes an increase in droplet size, and therefore less potential for precipitation. That is, smaller droplets mean clouds live longer and retain higher liquid water content, which is associated with lower precipitation rates and higher cloud
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1116:, and other biological components are released by phytoplankton and bacteria. They are concentrated into nano-sized gels on the surface of the oceans. Specifically, such compounds are concentrated in the sea surface micro-layer (SML), the uppermost film of water in the ocean. The SML is considered a "skin" within the top 1 millimeter of water where the exchange of matter and energy occurs between the sea and atmosphere. The biological, chemical, and physical processes occurring here may be some of the most important anywhere on Earth, and this thin layer experiences the first exposure to climatic changes such as heat, trace gases, winds, precipitation, and also wastes such as nanomaterials and plastics. The SML also has important roles in air-sea gas exchange and the production of primary organic aerosols.
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period. The biogenic origin was the production of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) by phytoplankton, which then act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and affect cloud formation. This study classified the sulfates as "New
Sulfate", formed by nucleation in the atmosphere; and "Added Sulfate", which were existing aerosols in the atmosphere where sulfate was incorporated. During the November 2015 cruise (Campaign 1), primary sea salt was the main mechanism (55%) for CCN budget. However, during the spring bloom in May–June 2016 (Campaign 2) Added Sulfate accounted for 32% of CCN while sea-salt accounted for 4%. These empirical measurements by seasonality will help improve the accuracy of climate models that simulate warming or cooling effects of marine bioaerosols.
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biologic materials, including bacteria, archaea, algae, and fungi, and have been estimated to comprise as much as 25% of global total aerosol mass. Dispersal of these PBAPs occur via direct emission into the atmosphere through fungi spores, pollen, viruses, and biological fragments. Ambient concentrations and sizes of these particles vary by location and seasonality, but of relevance to NAAMES are the transient sizes of fungi spores (0.05 to 0.15 ÎĽm in diameter) and larger sizes (0.1 to 4 ÎĽm) for bacteria. Marine organic aerosols (OA) have been estimated through their correlation to chlorophyll pigments to vary in magnitude between 2-100 Tg per year. However, recent studies of OA are correlated with
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1257:, conducted 10-hour flights in a “Z-pattern” above the study area. Flights took place at both high-altitudes and low-altitudes to measure aerosol heights and aerosol/ecosystem spatial features. High-altitude flights collected data on above-cloud aerosols and atmospheric measurements of background aerosols in the troposphere. Once above the ship, the airplane underwent spiral descents to low-altitude to acquire data on the vertical structure of aerosols. These low-altitude flights sampled aerosols within the marine boundary layer. Cloud sampling measured in-cloud droplet number, density, and size measurements.
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characterized by both the natural terrestrial and anthropogenic inputs. Relevant to NAAMES are the emissions from industry and urban environments in eastern North
America, which emit substantial quantities of sulfates, black carbon, and aromatic compounds. Such substances can be transported hundreds of kilometers over the sea. This contribution of continental influences may create a false positive signal in the biological fluorescence signals being measured and could affect cloud microphysical properties in the open North Atlantic Ocean. Furthermore, aerosols such as
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the rate of the addition of water equals the rate of growth. The deepening of the surface mixed layer dilutes the predator-prey interactions and decouples growth and grazing. When the mixed layer stops deepening, the increase in growth rate becomes apparent, but now growth and grazing become coupled again. The shoaling of the mixed layer concentrates predators, thereby increasing grazing pressure. However, the increase in light availability counters grazing pressure, which allows growth rates to remain high. In late spring, when the mixed layer is even more shallow,
816:. This generally occurs closer to the surface in the absence of turbulence and vertical mixing, and is determined through the interpretation of vertical humidity and temperature profiles. The MBL is often a localized and temporally dynamic phenomenon, and therefore its height into the air column can vary considerably from one region to another, or even across the span of a few days. The North Atlantic is a region where diverse and well-formed MBL clouds are commonly formed, and where MBL layer height can be between 2.0-and 0.1 km in height
1089:. A percentage of these aerosols are assimilated into clouds, which then can generate a negative feedback loop by reflecting solar radiation. The ecosystem-based hypothesis of phytoplankton bloom cycles (explored by NAAMES) suggests that a warming ocean would lead to a decrease in phytoplankton productivity. Decreased phytoplankton would cause a decrease in aerosol availability, which may lead to fewer clouds. This would result in a positive feedback loop, where warmer oceans lead to fewer clouds, which allows for more warming.
88:
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762:(e.g. temperature, density, salinity, and other ocean dynamic properties) when they separate. As the eddies migrate, their physical properties change as they mix with the surrounding water. In the Gulf Stream, migrating eddies are known as anticyclonic or cyclonic eddies based on the direction in which they spin (clockwise vs. counter-clockwise). The two eddies differ in motion, physical properties, and, consequently, their effects on biology and chemistry of the ocean.
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1039:(IPCC), forecasted an increase in global surface ocean temperatures by +1.3 to +2.8 degrees Celsius over the next century, which will cause spatial and seasonal shifts in North Atlantic phytoplankton blooms. Changes in community dynamics will greatly affect the bioaerosols available for cloud condensation nuclei. Therefore, cloud formation in the North Atlantic is sensitive to bioaerosol availability, particle size, and chemical composition.
51:, clouds, and climate. The study focused on the sub-arctic region of the North Atlantic Ocean, which is the site of one of Earth's largest recurring phytoplankton blooms. The long history of research in this location, as well as relative ease of accessibility, made the North Atlantic an ideal location to test prevailing scientific hypotheses in an effort to better understand the role of phytoplankton aerosol emissions on Earth's energy budget.
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However, predicting aerosol quantity, size distribution, and composition through water samples are currently problematic. Investigators suggest that future measurements focus on comparing fluorescence detection techniques that are able to detect proteins in aerosols. NAAMES filled this research gap by providing a fluorescent-based instrument (See section on
Atmospheric Instruments below), both in the air column and near the sea's surface.
896:. This process is sometimes also called sedimentation. However, different types of biogenic organic aerosols exhibit different microphysical properties, and therefore their removal mechanisms from the air will depend on humidity. Without a better understanding of aerosol sizes and composition in the North Atlantic Ocean, climate models have limited ability to predict the magnitude of the cooling effect of aerosols in global climate.
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of air) above the ocean surface, which perturbs the direction of the mean surface wind and generates texture, roughness, and waves on the sea's surface. Two types of boundary layers exist. One is a stable, convective layer found between the lower 100m of the atmosphere extending up to approximately 3 km in height, and is referred to as the convective boundary layer (CBL). The other boundary layer forms as a result of a surface
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the atmosphere (primary) or whether they have reacted and changed in composition (secondary) after being emitted from their source. Aerosols emitted from the marine environment are one of the largest components of primary natural aerosols. Marine primary aerosols interact with anthropogenic pollution, and through these reactions produce other secondary aerosols.
28:
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scientists tested new approaches to measuring cloud droplet size, and found that using a research scanning polarimeter correlated well with direct cloud droplet probe measurements and high-spectral resolution LIDAR. Their findings suggest that polarimetric droplet size retrieval may be an accurate and useful tool to measure global cloud droplet size.
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these instruments, particles are collected on a filter and light transmission through the filter is monitored continuously. This method is based on the integrating plate technique, in which the change in optical transmission of a filter caused by particle deposition is related to the light absorption coefficient of the deposited particles using
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breaking waves, which then rise to the atmosphere and burst into hundreds of ultra-fine droplets ranging from 0.1-1.0 ÎĽm in diameter. Sea-spray aerosols are mostly composed of inorganic salts, such as sodium and chloride. However, these bubbles sometimes carry organic material found in seawater, forming secondary organic compounds (SOAs) such as
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as much as 63% of the aerosol mass in the atmosphere, while during winter periods of low biological activity it only accounted for 15% of the aerosol mass. Those data provided early empirical evidence of this emission phenomena, while also showing that organic matter from ocean biota can enhance cloud droplet concentrations by as much as 100%.
1447:, which is an important metric of biogeochemistry and ecosystem dynamics. By coupling a submersible laser diffraction particle sizer with a continuously flowing seawater system, scientists were able to accurately measure particle size distribution just as well as more established (but more time- and effort-intensive) methods such as
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and increasing intermediary biomass. The campaigns were designed to observe each unique phase, in order to resolve the scientific debates on the timing of bloom formations and the patterns driving annual bloom re-creation. The NAAMES project also investigated the quantity, size, and composition of aerosols generated by
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1229:, to embark on 26-day cruises covering 4700 nautical miles. The ship first sailed to 40W. It then moved due north from 40N to 55N latitude along the 40W longitude parallel. This intensive south-north transect involved multiple stationary measurements. The ship then returned to port in Woods Hole.
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were deployed to collect physical properties and bio-optical measurements. Argo floats are a battery-powered instrument that uses hydraulics to control its buoyancy to descend-and-ascend in the water. The Argo floats collect both the biological and physical properties of the ocean. The data collected
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are particles composed of living and non-living components released from terrestrial and marine ecosystems into the atmosphere. These can be forest, grasslands, agricultural crops, or even marine primary producers, such as phytoplankton. Primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) contain a range of
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The marine boundary layer (MBL) is the part of the atmosphere in direct contact with the ocean surface. The MBL is influenced by the exchange of heat, moisture, gases, particulates, and momentum, primarily via turbulence. The MBL is characterized by the formation of convective cells (or vertical flow
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Some results stemming from NAAMES research include scientific articles on aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei, phytoplankton annual cycles, phytoplankton physiology, and mesoscale biology. There have also been publications on improved methodologies including new remote sensing algorithms and
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Airplane-based measurements were designed to run at precisely the same time as the research vessel cruises so that scientists could link ocean-level processes with those in the lower atmosphere. Satellite data were also synthesized to create a more complete understanding of plankton and aerosol
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Underway sampling (i.e., while the ship was moving) occurred along the entire cruise using the ship’s flow-through seawater analysis system. Then, once it reached the beginning of the triangular transect area, the ship stopped twice a day at dawn and noon for stationary measurements to collect water
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from the natural combustion of biomass, such as wildfires. Anthropogenic aerosols are those that have been emitted from human actions, such as fossil fuel burning or industrial emissions. Aerosols are classified as either primary or secondary depending on whether they have been directly emitted into
54:
NAAMES was led by scientists from Oregon State
University and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). They conducted four field campaigns from 2015-2018 that were designed to target specific phases of the annual phytoplankton cycle: minimum, climax, intermediary decreasing biomass,
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provides relatively precise determination of phytoplankton net primary productivity, growth rate, and biomass. Both laboratory and field tests validated this approach, which does not require traditional carbon-14 isotope incubation techniques. Other NAAMES investigators employed new techniques to
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The effects of aerosols on clouds is an understudied topic despite the major implications it could have for predicting future climate change. This objective addressed this gap by using combined measurement methods to understand the contribution of various aerosols to cloud formation produced during
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To accomplish this objective, a combination of ship-based, airborne, and remote sensing measurements was used. NAAMES conducted multiple campaigns that occurred during the various phases of the cycle in order to capture the important transitory features of the annual bloom for a comprehensive
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and related chemical species emitted from phytoplankton. For example, in the eastern North
Atlantic during the spring 2002 bloom, high phytoplankton activity was marked more by organic carbon (both soluble and insoluble species) than by sea-salts. The organic fraction from phytoplankton contributed
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in the middle latitudes (between 35 and 65 degrees latitude), which blow in regions north or southward of the high-pressure sub-tropical regions of the world. Consequently, aerosols sampled over the North
Atlantic Ocean will be influenced by air masses originating in North America, and therefore be
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and model simulations created through satellite data have shown cases of the opposite phenomena. The deepening and shoaling of MLD via eddies is ubiquitous and varies seasonally. Such anomalies are most significant in the winter. Thus, the role of meso-scale eddies in MLD is complex, and a function
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This ecosystem-based view is based upon a dilution experiment where the addition of seawater dilutes predators but does not change the growth of phytoplankton. Thus, growth rates increase with dilution. Although the dilution effect is transient, predator-prey interactions can be maintained if
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Alexandrov, Mikhail D.; Cairns, Brian; Sinclair, Kenneth; Wasilewski, Andrzej P.; Ziemba, Luke; Crosbie, Ewan; Moore, Richard; Hair, John; Scarino, Amy Jo; Hu, Yongxiang; Stamnes, Snorre (2018). "Retrievals of cloud droplet size from the research scanning polarimeter data: Validation using in situ
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in oceanography. For example, Behrenfeld et al. (2017) showed that space-based LIDAR could capture annual cycles of phytoplankton dynamics in regions poleward of 45 latitude. Using these new techniques, they found that
Antarctic phytoplankton biomass mainly changes due to ice cover, while in the
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Advances in remote sensing algorithms were also developed during the NAAMES expeditions. Zhang et al. provided atmospheric corrections for the hyperspectral geostationary coastal and air pollution events airborne simulator (GCAS) instrument using both vicarious and cloud shadow approaches. Other
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Four field campaigns were conducted to target the four specific changes during the annual plankton cycle. The four NAAMES field campaigns synchronized data collections from the ship, air, and satellites, and were strategically timed to capture the four unique phases of plankton blooms in the
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aerosols (SSA) constitute one of the major sources of primary aerosols, especially from moderate and strong winds. The estimated global emission of pure sea-salt aerosols are on the order of 2,000-10,000 Tg per year. The mechanism by which this occurs starts with the generation of air bubbles in
875:
One of the most significant yet uncertain components of predictive climate change models is the impact of aerosols on the climate system. Aerosols affect Earth's radiation balance directly and indirectly. The direct effect occurs when aerosol particles scatter, absorb, or exhibit a combination of
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is a resource-based view of the North
Atlantic annual phytoplankton blooms. It is the traditional explanation for the cause of spring blooms and has been documented as a foundational concept in oceanography textbooks for over 50 years. It focuses on the environmental conditions necessary to
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and flow-cytobot. In addition to new oceanographic techniques, the NAAMES team also developed a novel method of collecting cloud water. An aircraft-mounted probe used inertial separation to collect cloud droplets from the atmosphere. Their axial cyclone technique was reported to collect cloud
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Total light scattering by aerosol particles can be measured with a nephelometer. In contrast, aerosol light absorption can be measured using several types of instruments, such as the
Particle Soot/Absorption Photometer (PSAP) and the Continuous Light Absorption Photometer (CLAP). In both of
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The dilution-recoupling hypothesis is an ecosystem-based view of the North
Atlantic annual phytoplankton bloom. This hypothesis focuses on the physical processes that alter the balance between growth and grazing. The spring bloom is considered to be one feature of an annual cycle, and
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A clear seasonal difference in the quantity of biogenic sulfate aerosols was discovered in the North Atlantic as a result of the NAAMES campaign. These aerosols were traced to two different biogenic origins, both of them marine due to the lack of continental air mass influences during the study
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and a protein are easily aerosolized in surface ocean waters, and scientists were able to quantify the amount and size resolution of the primary sea to air transport of biogenic material. These materials are small enough (0.2ÎĽm) to be largely emitted from phytoplankton and other microorganisms.
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play a significant role in modulating the Mixed Layer Depth (MLD). Fluctuations created by mesoscale eddies modulate nutrients in the base of the mixed layer. These modulations, along with light availability, drive the abundance of phytoplankton in the region. The availability of phytoplankton
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may increase stratification or decrease mixed layer depth during the winter, which would enhance the vernal bloom or increase phytoplankton biomass if this hypothesis governed spring phytoplankton bloom dynamics. A primary criticism of this resource-based view is that spring blooms occur in the
67:
The findings from NAAMES, while still forthcoming, have shed light on aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei, phytoplankton annual cycles, phytoplankton physiology, and mesoscale biology. Several methodological advances have also been published, including new remote sensing algorithms and
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Committee on Opportunities to Improve the Representation of Clouds and Aerosols in Climate Models with National Collection Systems: A Workshop; Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate; Division on Earth and Life Studies; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2016-08-31).
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Behrenfeld, Michael J.; Hu, Yongxiang; O’Malley, Robert T.; Boss, Emmanuel S.; Hostetler, Chris A.; Siegel, David A.; Sarmiento, Jorge L.; Schulien, Jennifer; Hair, Johnathan W.; Lu, Xiaomei; Rodier, Sharon (2017). "Annual boom–bust cycles of polar phytoplankton biomass revealed by space-based
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are controlled by predator-prey interactions and changes in mixed layer conditions such as temperature, light, and nutrients. Understanding the relative importance of these various factors at different stages of the seasonal cycle allows for better predictions of future ocean changes. One
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Instruments used to characterize processes in the atmosphere can be divided into those that measure gas composition, and those that measure the composition of optical properties. Generally, aerosol sampling instruments are categorized by their ability to measure optical, physical, or chemical
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Understanding taxonomic differences in photoacclimation and general phytoplankton community photoacclimation strategies is important for constructing models that rely on light as a major factor controlling bloom dynamics. Furthermore, a better understanding of phytoplankton light-driven
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mixed with carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are emitted through the impartial combustion of fossil fuels from ship engines. These unburned hydrocarbons are present in the marine boundary layer of the North Atlantic and most other remote oceanic regions. As these particles age or are
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combined with high velocity currents drive eddy motion. This motion creates a 'bulge,' i.e., high sea surface height (SSH) in the center of the Anticyclonic eddies. In contrast, cyclonic eddies exhibit a low SSH in the center. The SSH in both anticyclonic and cyclonic decreases and increases,
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Scientists also used autonomous ARGO floats at three locations during each cruise. These autonomous floating instruments measured parameters such as chlorophyll (a measure of phytoplankton abundance), light intensity, temperature, water density, and suspended particulates. A total of 12
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Backer, Lorraine C.; McNeel, Sandra V.; Barber, Terry; Kirkpatrick, Barbara; Williams, Christopher; Irvin, Mitch; Zhou, Yue; Johnson, Trisha B.; Nierenberg, Kate; Aubel, Mark; LePrell, Rebecca (2010-05-01). "Recreational exposure to microcystins during algal blooms in two California lakes".
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Previous studies show the deepening effects of MLD under anticyclonic eddies and shoaling of MLD in cyclonic eddies. These phenomena may be due to increased heat loss to the atmosphere in anticyclonic eddies. This loss of heat causes the sinking of dense water, referred to as convective
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Caller, Tracie A.; Doolin, James W.; Haney, James F.; Murby, Amanda J.; West, Katherine G.; Farrar, Hannah E.; Ball, Andrea; Harris, Brent T.; Stommel, Elijah W. (2009-01-01). "A cluster of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in New Hampshire: A possible role for toxic cyanobacteria blooms".
961:. Cyanobacteria are known to produce toxins that can be aerosolized, which when inhaled by humans can affect the nervous and liver systems. For example, Caller et al. (2009) suggested that bioaerosls from cyanobacteria blooms could play a role in high incidences of
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these two optical properties when interacting with incoming solar and infrared radiation in the atmosphere. Aerosols that typically scatter light include sulfates, nitrates, and some organic particles, while those that tend to exhibit a net absorption include mineral dust and
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can assist with better readings of satellite data on chlorophyll concentrations and sea surface temperature. A NAAMES study determined the photoacclimation responses of multiple taxonomic groups during a 4-day storm event that caused deep mixing and re-stratification in the
680:. When the surface mixed layer becomes shallower than the critical depth, initiation of the seasonal bloom occurs due to phytoplankton growth exceeding loss. There is a correlation of phytoplankton growth with springtime increases of light, temperature, and shallower
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arctic the changes in phytoplankton are driven mainly by ecological processes. In another paper, the team described new advances in satellite LIDAR techniques, and argued that a new era of space-based LIDAR has the potential to revolutionize oceanographic remote sensing.
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Fine particles are generally those below 2 micrometers (ÎĽm) in diameter. Within this category, the range of particles that accumulate in the atmosphere (due to low volatility or condensation growth of nuclei) are from 0.1-1 ÎĽm, and are usually removed from the air through
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NAAMES provided groundbreaking data on aerosols and their relationship to numerous ecosystems and oceanographic parameters. Their discoveries and methodologic innovations can be employed by modelers to determine how future oceanic ecosystem changes could affect climate.
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production and to a lesser extent chlorophyll, suggesting that organic material in sea salt aerosols are connected to biological activity in the sea's surface. The mechanisms contributing to marine organic aerosols thus remain unclear, and were a main focus of NAAMES.
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Schematic of the diverse sampling strategies for NAAMES research campaigns, including satellite sensors, vessel measurements and deployments and aircraft remote sensing. It also depicts key processes, such as phytoplankton booms and aerosol emission and
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are very small, solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in the atmosphere or inside another gas and are formed through natural processes or by human actions. Natural aerosols include volcanic ash, biological particles, and mineral dust, as well as
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Contribution of aerosols and gases in the atmosphere of to the Earth's radiative forcing. This is Figure 8.17 of Working Group 1 Firth Assessment (AR5) report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Note the net cooling effect of
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Gallitelli, Mauro; Ungaro, Nicola; Addante, Luigi Mario; Procacci, Vito; Silveri, Nicolò Gentiloni; Silver, Nicolò Gentiloni; Sabbà , Carlo (2005-06-01). "Respiratory illness as a reaction to tropical algal blooms occurring in a temperate climate".
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Behrenfeld, Michael J.; O’Malley, Robert T.; Boss, Emmanuel S.; Westberry, Toby K.; Graff, Jason R.; Halsey, Kimberly H.; Milligan, Allen J.; Siegel, David A.; Brown, Matthew B. (2016). "Revaluating ocean warming impacts on global phytoplankton".
789:, and the deepening of the MLD. In contrast, in cyclonic eddies the water temperature at the core is less cold than the Anticyclonic eddy. This therefore does not lead to deepening of the MLD. Studies conducted in the region via a network of
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O'Dowd, Colin D.; Facchini, Maria Cristina; Cavalli, Fabrizia; Ceburnis, Darius; Mircea, Mihaela; Decesari, Stefano; Fuzzi, Sandro; Yoon, Young Jun; Putaud, Jean-Philippe (2004). "Biogenically driven organic contribution to marine aerosol".
59:
in order to understand how bloom cycles affect cloud formations and climate. Scientists employed multiple complementary research methods, including intensive field sampling via research ships, airborne aerosol sampling via airplane, and
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Zhang, Minwei; Hu, Chuanmin; Kowalewski, Matthew G.; Janz, Scott J.; Lee, Zhongping; Wei, Jianwei (2017-01-23). "Atmospheric correction of hyperspectral airborne GCAS measurements over the Louisiana Shelf using a cloud shadow approach".
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This objective seeks to reconcile the competing resource-based and ecosystem-based hypotheses. NAAMES goal was to provide the mechanistic field studies necessary to understand a more holistic view of the annual bloom cycle.
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In addition to sea-spray aerosols (see section above), biogenic aerosols produced by phytoplankton are also important source of small (typically 0.2 ÎĽm) cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) particles suspended in the atmosphere. The
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Marine aerosols contribute significantly to global aerosols. Traditionally, biogeochemical cycling and climate modeling have focused on sea-salt aerosols, with less attention on biogenically-derived aerosol particles such as
1495:(DAACs). Data for each cruise campaign were stored as separate projects and each campaign’s information was publicly released within 1 year of measurement collection. Ship-based information can be viewed through the
884:. This highlights the importance of aerosol size as one of the primary determinants of aerosol quantity in the atmosphere, how aerosols are removed from the atmosphere, and the implications of these processes in climate.
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Crosbie, Ewan; Brown, Matthew D.; Shook, Michael; Ziemba, Luke; Moore, Richard H.; Shingler, Taylor; Winstead, Edward; Thornhill, K. Lee; Robinson, Claire; MacDonald, Alexander B.; Dadashazar, Hossein (2018-09-05).
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Andreae, Meinrat O.; Elbert, Wolfgang; de Mora, Stephen J. (1995). "Biogenic sulfur emissions and aerosols over the tropical South Atlantic: 3. Atmospheric dimethylsulfide, aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei".
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genus is most frequently detected in marine fungi aerosols. Fungi bioaerosols can also serve as ice nuclei, and therefore also impact the radiative budget in remote ocean regions, such as the North Atlantic Ocean.
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Kim, Hyunji; Duong, Hieu Van; Kim, Eunhee; Lee, Byeong-Gweon; Han, Seunghee (2014). "Effects of phytoplankton cell size and chloride concentration on the bioaccumulation of methylmercury in marine phytoplankton".
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Kirkpatrick, Barbara; Pierce, Richard; Cheng, Yung Sung; Henry, Michael S.; Blum, Patricia; Osborn, Shannon; Nierenberg, Kate; Pederson, Bradley A.; Fleming, Lora E.; Reich, Andrew; Naar, Jerome (2010-02-01).
2183:"Novel incubation-free approaches to determine phytoplankton net primary productivity, growth, and biomass based on flow cytometry and quantification of ATP and NAD(H): New methods to assess NPP and growth"
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would increase stratification and suppress winter mixing that occurs with the deepening of the mixed layer. The suppression of winter mixing would decrease phytoplankton biomass under this hypothesis.
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The central argument for the critical depth hypothesis is that blooms are a consequence of increased phytoplankton growth rates resulting from shoaling of the mixed layer above the critical depth. The
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There is some evidence that marine bioaerosols containing cyanobacteria and microalgae may be harmful to human health. Phytoplankton can absorb and accumulate a variety of toxic substances, such as
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Zhang, Minwei; Hu, Chuanmin; Kowalewski, Matthew G.; Janz, Scott J. (2018). "Atmospheric Correction of Hyperspectral GCAS Airborne Measurements Over the North Atlantic Ocean and Louisiana Shelf".
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One of the most recent results of the NAAMES campaign includes a better understanding of how biology helps draw atmospheric carbon dioxide down into the water column. Specifically, the impact of
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Sun, Jing; Todd, Jonathan D.; Thrash, J. Cameron; Qian, Yanping; Qian, Michael C.; Temperton, Ben; Guo, Jiazhen; Fowler, Emily K.; Aldrich, Joshua T.; Nicora, Carrie D.; Lipton, Mary S. (2016).
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Zheng, Guangjie; Wang, Yang; Aiken, Allison C.; Gallo, Francesca; Jensen, Michael P.; Kollias, Pavlos; Kuang, Chongai; Luke, Edward; Springston, Stephen; Uin, Janek; Wood, Robert (2018-12-12).
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Sanchez, Kevin J.; Chen, Chia-Li; Russell, Lynn M.; Betha, Raghu; Liu, Jun; Price, Derek J.; Massoli, Paola; Ziemba, Luke D.; Crosbie, Ewan C.; Moore, Richard H.; MĂĽller, Markus (2018-02-19).
1013:, and cough. Importantly, marine toxic aerosols have been found as far as 4 km inland, but investigators recommend additional studies that trace the fate of bioaerosols further inland.
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Although the amount and composition of aerosol particles in the marine atmosphere originate both from continental and oceanic sources and can be transported great distances, freshly emitted
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One of the instruments used to characterize the amount and composition of bioaerosols was the Wideband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensors (WIBS). This instrument uses ultraviolet light-induced
1375:. Losses through sinking during the winter were compensated by net growth of phytoplankton, and this net wintertime growth was most likely a function of reduced grazing due to dilution.
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above the ocean surface. Water samples were also collected to describe the plankton community composition, rates of productivity and respiration, and physiologic stress.
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Engel, Anja; Bange, Hermann W.; Cunliffe, Michael; Burrows, Susannah M.; Friedrichs, Gernot; Galgani, Luisa; Herrmann, Hartmut; Hertkorn, Norbert; Johnson, Martin; Liss, Peter S.;
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Engel, Anja; Bange, Hermann W.; Cunliffe, Michael; Burrows, Susannah M.; Friedrichs, Gernot; Galgani, Luisa; Herrmann, Hartmut; Hertkorn, Norbert; Johnson, Martin; Liss, Peter S.;
2426:"Property Analysis of the Real-Time Uncalibrated Phase Delay Product Generated by Regional Reference Stations and Its Influence on Precise Point Positioning Ambiguity Resolution"
867:
778:
processes in the eddies create a cold and warm core. Downwelling in the anticyclonic eddy prevents colder water from entering the surface, thus creating a warm-core in the center
892:. Wet deposition can be precipitation, snow or hail. On the other hand, coarse particles, such as old sea-spray and plant-derived particles, are removed from the atmosphere via
2903:
1563:
1310:
Two commonly measured optical parameters are absorption and scattering of light by aerosol particles. The absorption and scattering coefficients depend on aerosol quantity.
4312:
Wan, Yi; Jin, Xiaohui; Hu, Jianying; Jin, Fen (2007-05-01). "Trophic Dilution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a Marine Food Web from Bohai Bay, North China".
3740:; Collins, Douglas B.; Grassian, Vicki H.; Prather, Kimberly A.; Bates, Timothy S. (2015-04-06). "Chemistry and Related Properties of Freshly Emitted Sea Spray Aerosol".
1133:
Identify the different features of the annual cycle of phytoplankton blooms in the North Atlantic and determine the different physical processes affecting those features.
636:
NAAMES sought to better understand the impact of bioaerosol emissions on cloud dynamics and climate. It also aimed to test two competing hypotheses on plankton blooms:
4806:
3569:
3486:
3178:"Experimental studies on particle emissions from cruising ship, their characteristic properties, transformation and atmospheric lifetime in the marine boundary layer"
1434:
NAAMES scientists developed several novel measurement techniques during the project. For example, sorting flow cytometry combined with bioluminescent detection of
3447:
Opportunities to Improve Representation of Clouds and Aerosols in Climate Models with Classified Observing Systems: Proceedings of a Workshop: Abbreviated Version
1417:
4863:
Charlson, Robert J.; Lovelock, James E.; Andreae, Meinrat O.; Warren, Stephen G. (1987). "Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate".
3642:
Rastak, N.; Pajunoja, A.; Acosta Navarro, J. C.; Ma, J.; Song, M.; Partridge, D. G.; KirkevĂĄg, A.; Leong, Y.; Hu, W. W.; Taylor, N. F.; Lambe, A. (2017-05-21).
3129:"Fluorescent biological aerosol particles measured with the Waveband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor WIBS-4: laboratory tests combined with a one year field study"
1274:
2135:"Geostatistical Analysis of Mesoscale Spatial Variability and Error in SeaWiFS and MODIS/Aqua Global Ocean Color Data: SEAWIFS AND MODIS MESOSCALE VARIABILITY"
2061:
Gaube, Peter; Braun, Camrin D.; Lawson, Gareth L.; McGillicuddy, Dennis J.; Penna, Alice Della; Skomal, Gregory B.; Fischer, Chris; Thorrold, Simon R. (2018).
1393:
Atlantic ocean. There were significant differences in photoacclimation and biomass accumulation at various depths of light intensity during the storm event.
672:
growth equals phytoplankton biomass losses. In this hypothesis, losses are both constant and independent of growth. The decline in biomass may be due to
1340:(NADH). A lamp flashing the gas xenon is able to detect particle’s size and shape using high precision ultraviolet wavebands (280 nm and 370 nm).
1721:; Coffman, D. J.; Johnson, J. E.; Upchurch, L. M.; Bates, T. S. (2017). "Small fraction of marine cloud condensation nuclei made up of sea spray aerosol".
1317:
The Autonomous ARGOS floats collects Conductivity,Temperature, and Depth (CTD) measurements. It adjusts its hydraulics to ascend and descend in the water.
834:
chemically transformed as a function of time in the air, they may alter microphysical and chemical properties as they react with other airborne particles.
1020:
has been understood as the major contributor (72% in relative proportion to other phyla) to marine bioaerosols, at least in the Southern Ocean. Of these,
1077:
conceptualizes and tries to quantify the mechanisms by which phytoplankton can alter global cloud cover and provide planetary-scale radiation balance or
985:. These microcystins have been found in aerosols by a number of investigators, and such aerosols have been implicated as causing isolated cases of
602:
2868:
Gaube, P., Chelton, D. B., Samelson, R. M., Schlax, M. G., & O’Neill, L. W. (2015). Satellite observations of mesoscale eddy-induced Ekman pumping.
2975:
Sikora, Todd D. (1999-09-30). "Testing the Diagnosis of Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer Structure from Synthetic Aperture Radar". Fort Belvoir, VA.
1036:
1254:
4482:. Harmful Algal Blooms and Natural Toxins in Fresh and Marine Waters -- Exposure, occurrence, detection, toxicity, control, management and policy.
5170:
Ogren, John A. (2010-06-30). "Comment on "Calibration and Intercomparison of Filter-Based Measurements of Visible Light Absorption by Aerosols"".
4521:
1555:
1769:"The abundant marine bacterium Pelagibacter simultaneously catabolizes dimethylsulfoniopropionate to the gases dimethyl sulfide and methanethiol"
4269:
Kirso, U.; Paalme, L.; Voll, M.; Urbas, E.; Irha, N. (1990-01-01). "Accumulation of carcinogenic hydrocarbons at the sediment-water interface".
1265:
Satellite measurements were used in near real-time to help guide ship movement and flight planning. Measurements included sea surface height,
3716:
2229:"Validation of the particle size distribution obtained with the laser in-situ scattering and transmission (LISST) meter in flow-through mode"
3028:"Impact of the marine atmospheric boundary layer conditions on VSLS abundances in the eastern tropical and subtropical North Atlantic Ocean"
4603:
Cheng, Yung Sung; Villareal, Tracy A.; Zhou, Yue; Gao, Jun; Pierce, Richard H.; Wetzel, Dana; Naar, Jerome; Baden, Daniel G. (2005-01-01).
846:
Aerosol size distribution and their associated modes of accumulation or removal from the atmosphere. Original diagram by, and adapted by.
3709:
Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The Physical Science Basis
1545:
5408:
1200:
Area of study for NAAMES depicting routes of research vessels and deployment of autonomous profiling floats. Image courtesy of NASA.
1142:
Understand how the different features of the North Atlantic annual phytoplankton cycle interact to “set the stage” for annual blooms.
5155:
3520:
3462:
3280:
3245:
1439:
1337:
994:
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Representation of the direct and first indirect effect of aerosols on the albedo of clouds and therefore Earth's radiative balance.
1069:
There is growing evidence describing how oceanic phytoplankton affect cloud albedo and climate through the biogeochemical cycle of
625:
2907:
1560:
1506:
NAAMES anticipates many additional publications to be released in the coming years from ongoing research and processing of data.
958:
630:
4964:
ANDREAE, M. O.; RAEMDONCK, H. (1983-08-19). "Dimethyl Sulfide in the Surface Ocean and the Marine Atmosphere: A Global View".
4765:
Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., Burrows, S. M., Xie, Z., Engling, G., Solomon, P. A., Fraser, M. P., ... & Andreae, M. O. (2012).
595:
962:
458:
48:
5030:
Aller, Josephine Y.; Radway, JoAnn C.; Kilthau, Wendy P.; Bothe, Dylan W.; Wilson, Theodore W.; Vaillancourt, Robert D.;
3644:"Microphysical explanation of the RH-dependent water affinity of biogenic organic aerosol and its importance for climate"
1615:
Behrenfeld, Michael J.; Moore, Richard H.; Hostetler, Chris A.; Graff, Jason; Gaube, Peter; Russell, Lynn M.; Chen, Gao;
87:
1883:; Bianucci, Laura; Rasch, Philip J.; Leung, L. Ruby; Yoon, Jin-Ho; Lima, Ivan D. (2018-01-25). Dias, JoĂŁo Miguel (ed.).
1119:
A study using water samples and ambient conditions from the North Atlantic Ocean found that a polysaccharide-containing
498:
3176:
Petzold, A.; Hasselbach, J.; Lauer, P.; Baumann, R.; Franke, K.; Gurk, C.; Schlager, H.; Weingartner, E. (2008-05-06).
187:
2848:
Gaube, P., J. McGillicuddy Jr, D., & Moulin, A. J. (2019). Mesoscale eddies modulate mixed layer depth globally.
2604:
Hostetler, Chris A.; Behrenfeld, Michael J.; Hu, Yongxiang; Hair, Johnathan W.; Schulien, Jennifer A. (2018-01-03).
5084:
5031:
4012:
3887:
3737:
1718:
1661:
1444:
1093:
549:
156:
2019:"Photoacclimation Responses in Subarctic Atlantic Phytoplankton Following a Natural Mixing-Restratification Event"
1151:
Determine how the different features of the annual phytoplankton cycle affect marine aerosols and cloud formation.
1226:
1215:
926:
588:
513:
3077:"Marine boundary layer aerosol in the eastern North Atlantic: seasonal variations and key controlling processes"
4820:
Andreae, M. O. (1997-05-16). "Atmospheric Aerosols: Biogeochemical Sources and Role in Atmospheric Chemistry".
4203:
Tiano, Marion; Tronczyński, Jacek; Harmelin-Vivien, Mireille; Tixier, Céline; Carlotti, François (2014-12-15).
3358:
1086:
954:
2885:
Chi, P. C., Chen, Y., & Lu, S. (1998). Wind-driven South China Sea deep basin warm-core/cool-core eddies.
5223:"Modeling the Impact of Zooplankton Diel Vertical Migration on the Carbon Export Flux of the Biological Pump"
2063:"Mesoscale eddies influence the movements of mature female white sharks in the Gulf Stream and Sargasso Sea"
1266:
1250:
1056:
813:
534:
503:
180:
4205:"PCB concentrations in plankton size classes, a temporal study in Marseille Bay, Western Mediterranean Sea"
2300:"Development and characterization of a high-efficiency, aircraft-based axial cyclone cloud water collector"
1169:
2793:
Behrenfeld, Michael J. (2010). "Abandoning Sverdrup's Critical Depth Hypothesis on phytoplankton blooms".
1435:
508:
381:
5036:"Size-resolved characterization of the polysaccharidic and proteinaceous components of sea spray aerosol"
1768:
4800:
2996:
2927:
Klein, P., Treguier, A. M., & Hua, B. L. (1998). Three-dimensional stirring of thermohaline fronts.
1222:
842:
5287:"Substantial Seasonal Contribution of Observed Biogenic Sulfate Particles to Cloud Condensation Nuclei"
1323:
1233:
samples for incubation (e.g. respiration), and perform water-column sampling and optical measurements.
31:
The North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES) project logo. Image courtesy of NASA.
1060:
Phytoplankton booms are important sources for biogenic aerosols that provide cloud condensation nuclei
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1968:
1896:
1885:"Linking deep convection and phytoplankton blooms in the northern Labrador Sea in a changing climate"
1840:
1730:
1621:"The North Atlantic Aerosol and Marine Ecosystem Study (NAAMES): Science Motive and Mission Overview"
1535:
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initiate a bloom such as high nutrients, shallower mixing, increased light, and warmer temperatures.
438:
202:
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meander and pinch-off to create eddies. These eddies retain the physical properties of their parent
3886:
Frossard, Amanda A.; Russell, Lynn M.; Burrows, Susannah M.; Elliott, Scott M.; Bates, Timothy S.;
2227:
Boss, Emmanuel; Haëntjens, Nils; Westberry, Toby K.; Karp-Boss, Lee; Slade, Wayne H. (2018-04-30).
1367:
publication from NAAMES found the winter mixed layer depth to be positively correlated with spring
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1006:
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522:
443:
361:
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Fuzzi, S.; Baltensperger, U.; Carslaw, K.; Decesari, S.; Denier van der Gon, H.; Facchini, M. C.;
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North Atlantic: winter transition, accumulation phase, climax transition, and depletion phase.
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Finlayson-Pitts, Barbara J.; Pitts, James N. (2000), "Applications of Atmospheric Chemistry",
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properties. Physical properties include parameters such as the particle diameter and shape.
1082:
1024:
constitutes the majority (95%) of fungi classes inside this phylum. Within this group, the
942:
919:
825:
782:
Whereas in the cyclonic eddy, the upwelling entrains deep cold water and forms a cold-core.
747:
170:
129:
1085:
drives primary production in the upper layers of the ocean, aerosols are released into the
5089:"The Ocean's Vital Skin: Toward an Integrated Understanding of the Sea Surface Microlayer"
3009:
1666:"The Ocean's Vital Skin: Toward an Integrated Understanding of the Sea Surface Microlayer"
1567:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1448:
1406:
1105:
1074:
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722:
629:
Competing scientific hypothesis of plankton variability. Figure adapted from. Courtesy of
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1972:
1900:
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1989:
1956:
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453:
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134:
61:
3026:
FuhlbrĂĽgge, S.; KrĂĽger, K.; Quack, B.; Atlas, E.; Hepach, H.; Ziska, F. (2013-07-04).
1957:"Student's tutorial on bloom hypotheses in the context of phytoplankton annual cycles"
1452:
water at a rate of 4.5 ml per minute, which was stored and later analyzed in the lab.
719:
or overgrazing ends the bloom—losses exceed growth at this point in the cycle.
5402:
5388:
4290:
3530:
3472:
2663:
2536:
2208:
975:
950:
406:
260:
192:
105:
44:
5207:
5009:
4849:
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2774:
2728:
2407:
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1811:
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1372:
1329:
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830:
448:
396:
386:
326:
222:
197:
124:
119:
5372:
4833:
4491:
2944:
Kunze, E. (1986). The mean and near-inertial velocity fields in a warm-core ring.
2745:
Sverdrup, H. U. (1953). "On Conditions for the Vernal Blooming of Phytoplankton".
5191:
4985:
4017:"The case against climate regulation via oceanic phytoplankton sulphur emissions"
1909:
2130:
1880:
1616:
1540:
1530:
1402:
1368:
1313:
1270:
1078:
1026:
971:
966:
775:
755:
544:
539:
488:
428:
420:
331:
110:
5310:
4674:
3892:"Sources and composition of submicron organic mass in marine aerosol particles"
3397:
3363:"Particulate matter, air quality and climate: lessons learned and future needs"
2758:
2086:
1787:
1500:
1253:
equipped with sensitive scientific instruments. The flight crew based at
1196:
798:
induced currents contribute to a shallowing of the MLD in anticyclonic eddies.
4722:
4620:
4563:
4439:
3619:
3228:
WHITBY, KENNETH T. (1978), "The Physical Characteristics of Sulfur Aerosols",
3101:
3076:
2518:
2391:
1550:
1385:
1333:
1120:
1017:
1010:
937:
795:
790:
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677:
254:
165:
5380:
5318:
5266:
5199:
5142:, Springer Praxis Books, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006, pp. 507–566,
5124:
5105:
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5069:
4993:
4947:
4892:
4841:
4730:
4682:
4628:
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4447:
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4341:
4298:
4239:
4171:
4108:
4048:
3982:
3925:
3813:
3761:
3675:
3628:
3406:
3387:
3362:
3211:
3162:
3110:
3061:
3052:
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2814:
2766:
2712:
2637:
2585:
2459:
2399:
2333:
2324:
2262:
2094:
2044:
2035:
2018:
1918:
1860:
1795:
1750:
1701:
1682:
1665:
1646:
1637:
1620:
1269:, ocean color, winds, and clouds. Satellite data also provided mean surface
5147:
3853:
3202:
3177:
3153:
3128:
2527:
1390:
1183:
Campaign 1: Winter Transition sampling completed November 5-December 2, 2015
986:
914:
771:
17:
5336:
5257:
5001:
4791:
4766:
4748:
4690:
4646:
4507:
4455:
4403:
4368:
Genitsaris, Savvas; Kormas, Konstantinos A.; Moustaka-Gouni, Maria (2011).
4349:
4247:
4189:
4116:
4056:
3990:
3872:
3821:
3769:
3693:
3609:
3584:
2822:
2720:
2655:
2477:
2351:
2270:
2112:
1998:
1936:
1803:
1189:
Campaign 3: Declining Phase sampling completed August 30-September 24, 2017
43:) was a five-year scientific research program that investigated aspects of
4589:
3512:
1492:
5247:
5222:
5115:
3916:
3891:
3667:
2253:
2228:
2151:
2134:
1852:
1692:
1332:(UV-LIF) to detect the fluorescence signals from common amino acids like
1192:
Campaign 4: Accumulation Phase sampling completed March 20-April 13, 2018
981:
711:
other features during the cycle “set the stage” for this bloom to occur.
270:
148:
97:
79:
4546:
Turner, P. C.; Gammie, A. J.; Hollinrake, K.; Codd, G. A. (1990-06-02).
4370:"Airborne Algae and Cyanobacteria Occurrence and Related Health Effects"
4040:
3974:
3421:"Introduction to climate dynamics and climate modelling - Welcome Page"
2980:
2199:
2182:
1619:; Giovannoni, Stephen; Liu, Hongyu; Proctor, Christopher (2019-03-22).
1109:
1049:
1001:
are also thought to be involved in bioaerosol toxicity, with the genus
855:
673:
27:
4939:
4522:"Exploring Airborne Health Risks from Cyanobacteria Blooms in Florida"
4333:
4163:
4100:
3933:
3753:
3544:
Goosse H., P.Y. Barriat, W. Lefebvre, M.F. Loutre and V. Zunz (2008).
2806:
2450:
2181:
Jones, Bethan M.; Halsey, Kimberly H.; Behrenfeld, Michael J. (2017).
1980:
4884:
3297:"Atmospheric Aerosols: What Are They, and Why Are They So Important?"
2577:
2161:
1742:
1221:
All four campaigns followed a similar ship and flight plan. The
1113:
1070:
881:
265:
227:
4016:
3804:
3787:
2679:"Resurrecting the Ecological Underpinnings of Ocean Plankton Blooms"
1556:
Submesoscale and mesoscale Ekman Pumping, Dr. Dudley Chelton seminar
1186:
Campaign 2: Climax Transition sampling completed May 11-June 5, 2016
1092:
One of the key components of the CLAW hypothesis is the emission of
5034:; Coffman, Derek J.; Murray, Benjamin J.; Knopf, Daniel A. (2017).
3546:"Introduction to climate dynamics and climate modelling - Aerosols"
3454:
3837:"Sea spray aerosol as a unique source of ice nucleating particles"
3545:
3420:
1470:
624:
4386:
4369:
3361:; Koren, I.; Langford, B.; Lohmann, U.; Nemitz, E. (2015-07-24).
1496:
925:
An important biogeochemical consequence of SSA are their role as
4767:"Biogeography in the air: fungal diversity over land and oceans"
1246:
dynamics, and their potential impact on climate and ecosystems.
5221:
Archibald, Kevin M.; Siegel, David A.; Doney, Scott C. (2019).
1499:(SeaBASS) while airborne information can be viewed through the
1421:
Illustration of sources of aerosols found during NAAMES cruises
1491:
Finalized versions of field data can be viewed through NASA’s
1237:
autonomous instruments were deployed during the four cruises.
922:(DMS). This compound plays a key role in the NAAMES project.
47:
dynamics in ocean ecosystems, and how such dynamics influence
1405:
vertical migration on carbon export to the deep sea via the
751:
significantly affects the marine food web and ocean health.
691:
absence of stratification or shoaling of the mixed layer.
4707:"Inland transport of aerosolized Florida red tide toxins"
4605:"Characterization of red tide aerosol on the Texas coast"
770:
respectively, as the distance from the center increases.
2677:
Behrenfeld, Michael J.; Boss, Emmanuel S. (2014-01-03).
965:. In addition, a group of toxic compounds called
695:
Dilution-recoupling Hypothesis - an ecosystem-based view
4548:"Pneumonia associated with contact with cyanobacteria"
4140:"Methylmercury uptake by diverse marine phytoplankton"
2424:
Zhang, Yong; Wang, Qing; Jiang, Xinyuan (2017-05-19).
2017:
Graff, Jason R.; Behrenfeld, Michael J. (2018-06-14).
1214:
Ship-based instruments measured gases, particles, and
2133:; Oestreich, William K.; Tullo, Alisdair W. (2018).
1156:
each major phase of the annual phytoplankton cycle.
676:, sinking, dilution, vertical mixing, infection, or
3707:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2013).
1104:Dissolved organic compounds containing remnants of
37:
North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study
2963:Descriptive physical oceanography: an introduction
2372:IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
1955:Behrenfeld, Michael J.; Boss, Emmanuel S. (2018).
2606:"Spaceborne Lidar in the Study of Marine Systems"
1409:was parametrized and modeled for the first time.
1294:from the floats are transmitted remotely via the
969:are produced by some cyanobacteria in the genera
640:Critical Depth Hypothesis - a resource-based view
1465:Advances in satellite LIDAR ocean remote sensing
1073:, as originally proposed in the late 1980s. The
4138:Lee, Cheng-Shiuan; Fisher, Nicholas S. (2016).
3841:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1043:Marine Bioaerosols and Global Radiation Balance
3788:"Sea-spray particles cause freezing in clouds"
3449:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
1497:SeaWiFS Bio-optical Archive and Storage System
1277:(MODIS), as a proxy for primary productivity.
668:is a surface mixing depth where phytoplankton
1275:Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
596:
8:
4805:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3896:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
3568:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3485:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1469:The NAAMES team made advances in the use of
3585:"Global indirect aerosol effects: a review"
3265:Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere
1100:Emissions from the sea surface micro-layer
603:
589:
70:
5326:
5256:
5246:
5138:"Aerosol radiative forcing and climate",
5114:
5104:
5059:
4790:
4738:
4636:
4579:
4385:
4179:
3915:
3862:
3852:
3803:
3683:
3618:
3608:
3396:
3386:
3201:
3152:
3100:
3051:
2702:
2645:
2526:
2467:
2449:
2341:
2323:
2252:
2198:
2160:
2150:
2102:
2034:
1988:
1926:
1908:
1691:
1681:
1636:
1037:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
794:of simultaneous processes where enhanced
3583:Lohmann, U.; Feichter, J. (2005-03-03).
3127:Toprak, E.; Schnaiter, M. (2013-01-10).
1416:
1312:
1195:
1168:
1055:
898:
866:
841:
26:
5353:International Journal of Remote Sensing
2139:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
1582:
621:Competing hypotheses of plankton blooms
78:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5019:
4798:
4760:
4758:
4314:Environmental Science & Technology
3781:
3779:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3561:
3498:
3496:
3478:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3258:
3256:
3223:
3221:
3122:
3120:
3005:
2994:
2864:
2862:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2419:
2417:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2124:
2122:
1413:Aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei
1354:advances in satellite remote sensing.
68:advances in satellite remote sensing.
4959:
4957:
4912:
4910:
4363:
4361:
4359:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3021:
3019:
2740:
2738:
2056:
2054:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1762:
1760:
1713:
1711:
1610:
1608:
1606:
7:
2704:10.1146/annurev-marine-052913-021325
2630:10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063335
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1210:Research cruises on the R/V Atlantis
2187:Limnology and Oceanography: Methods
1546:Effects of climate change on oceans
963:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
4526:NOAA-NCCOS Coastal Science Website
3835:DeMott, P.J.; et al. (2015).
3238:10.1016/b978-0-08-022932-4.50018-5
2304:Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
1493:Distributed Active Archive Centers
1430:Improved measurement methodologies
1362:Seasonal changes in phytoplankton
25:
3589:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
3367:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
3182:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
3133:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
3081:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
3032:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
1338:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
995:non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
3273:10.1016/b978-012257060-5/50018-6
2946:Journal of physical oceanography
2870:Journal of Physical Oceanography
1065:Data to test the CLAW Hypothesis
959:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
955:polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
754:The fast-moving currents in the
730:Physical oceanographic processes
570:
569:
86:
4920:Journal of Geophysical Research
4232:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.09.040
2683:Annual Review of Marine Science
2610:Annual Review of Marine Science
1501:Atmospheric Science Data Center
5172:Aerosol Science and Technology
5140:Atmospheric Aerosol Properties
5061:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.01.053
3711:. IPCC. pp. Figure 8.17.
3267:, Elsevier, pp. 871–942,
3232:, Elsevier, pp. 135–159,
2747:ICES Journal of Marine Science
820:Regional Atmospheric Processes
802:Relevant Atmospheric Processes
1:
5373:10.1080/01431161.2017.1280633
4834:10.1126/science.276.5315.1052
4492:10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.006
4428:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
4015:; Bates, T. S. (2011-11-30).
2499:Remote Sensing of Environment
1456:New remote sensing algorithms
1249:Airborne sampling involved a
459:Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt
5227:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
5192:10.1080/02786826.2010.482111
4986:10.1126/science.221.4612.744
4291:10.1016/0304-4203(90)90079-R
3648:Geophysical Research Letters
2850:Geophysical Research Letters
1910:10.1371/journal.pone.0191509
5093:Frontiers in Marine Science
4552:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
3503:Godish, Thad (1997-08-11).
2023:Frontiers in Marine Science
1670:Frontiers in Marine Science
1625:Frontiers in Marine Science
1358:Phytoplankton annual cycles
188:Photosynthetic picoplankton
5425:
5311:10.1038/s41598-018-21590-9
4675:10.1001/jama.293.21.2599-c
4144:Limnology and Oceanography
3505:Air Quality, Third Edition
2929:Journal of marine research
2087:10.1038/s41598-018-25565-8
1788:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.65
1531:Ocean color remote sensing
1445:particle size distribution
1273:concentrations via NASA’s
1216:volatile organic compounds
1094:dimethylsulfoniopropionate
157:Heterotrophic picoplankton
5409:Oceanographic expeditions
4723:10.1016/j.hal.2009.09.003
4621:10.1016/j.hal.2003.12.002
4564:10.1136/bmj.300.6737.1440
4440:10.3109/17482960903278485
4212:Marine Pollution Bulletin
3786:Russell, Lynn M. (2015).
3295:Allen, Bob (2015-04-06).
3102:10.5194/acp-18-17615-2018
2519:10.1016/j.rse.2018.03.005
2392:10.1109/TGRS.2017.2744323
1227:Woods Hole, Massachusetts
1005:causing symptoms such as
927:cloud condensation nuclei
657:critical depth hypothesis
514:Marine primary production
5106:10.3389/fmars.2017.00165
4081:Environmental Toxicology
3388:10.5194/acp-15-8217-2015
3230:Sulfur in the Atmosphere
3053:10.5194/acp-13-6345-2013
2759:10.1093/icesjms/18.3.287
2325:10.5194/amt-11-5025-2018
2036:10.3389/fmars.2018.00209
1683:10.3389/fmars.2017.00165
1638:10.3389/fmars.2019.00122
1379:Phytoplankton physiology
1087:planetary boundary layer
5148:10.1007/3-540-37698-4_9
5040:Atmospheric Environment
4374:Frontiers in Bioscience
3902:(22): 12, 977–13, 003.
3854:10.1073/pnas.1514034112
3203:10.5194/acp-8-2387-2008
3154:10.5194/acp-13-225-2013
2887:Journal of Oceanography
1302:Atmospheric Instruments
1267:sea surface temperature
535:Paradox of the plankton
504:Diel vertical migration
4792:10.5194/bg-9-1125-2012
3610:10.5194/acp-5-715-2005
3004:Cite journal requires
2961:Talley, L. D. (2011).
1422:
1371:concentrations in the
1318:
1281:Autonomous ARGO Floats
1261:Satellite Observations
1201:
1175:
1079:homeostasis regulation
1061:
905:
872:
847:
633:
382:Gelatinous zooplankton
32:
3513:10.1201/noe1566702317
3445:Thomas, Katie (ed.).
2904:"Eddies in the Ocean"
2893:(4), 347-360. Chicago
1961:Global Change Biology
1833:Nature Climate Change
1420:
1316:
1199:
1172:
1059:
902:
870:
845:
814:atmospheric inversion
807:Marine Boundary Layer
628:
30:
5248:10.1029/2018gb005983
3917:10.1002/2014jd021913
3668:10.1002/2017gl073056
3321:"What are aerosols?"
2254:10.1364/OE.26.011125
2152:10.1002/2017JC013023
1853:10.1038/nclimate2838
1536:Oceanic carbon cycle
1016:The fungi phylum of
439:Cyanobacterial bloom
203:Marine microplankton
49:atmospheric aerosols
5365:2017IJRS...38.1162Z
5303:2018NatSR...8.3235S
5239:2019GBioC..33..181A
5184:2010AerST..44..589O
5052:2017AtmEn.154..331A
4978:1983Sci...221..744A
4932:1995JGR...10011335A
4877:1987Natur.326..655C
4828:(5315): 1052–1058.
4783:2012BGeo....9.1125F
4558:(6737): 1440–1441.
4326:2007EnST...41.3109W
4283:1990MarCh..30..337K
4224:2014MarPB..89..331T
4156:2016LimOc..61.1626L
4093:2014EnTox..29..936K
4041:10.1038/nature10580
4033:2011Natur.480...51Q
3975:10.1038/nature02959
3967:2004Natur.431..676O
3908:2014JGRD..11912977F
3660:2017GeoRL..44.5167R
3601:2005ACP.....5..715L
3398:20.500.11850/103253
3379:2015ACP....15.8217F
3194:2008ACP.....8.2387P
3145:2013ACP....13..225T
3093:2018ACP....1817615Z
3087:(23): 17615–17635.
3044:2013ACP....13.6345F
2695:2014ARMS....6..167B
2622:2018ARMS...10..121H
2570:2017NatGe..10..118B
2511:2018RSEnv.210...76A
2442:2017Senso..17.1162Z
2384:2018ITGRS..56..168Z
2316:2018AMT....11.5025C
2245:2018OExpr..2611125B
2079:2018NatSR...8.7363G
1973:2018GCBio..24...55B
1901:2018PLoSO..1391509B
1879:Balaguru, Karthik;
1845:2016NatCC...6..323B
1776:Nature Microbiology
1735:2017NatGe..10..674Q
1561:Eddies in the Ocean
1478:Future Implications
1344:Scientific Findings
1324:Beer-Lambert's Law.
1289:instruments called
824:The westerlies are
523:Ocean fertilization
444:Harmful algal bloom
362:Freshwater plankton
74:Part of a series on
5291:Scientific Reports
5085:Quinn, Patricia K.
5032:Quinn, Patricia K.
3888:Quinn, Patricia K.
3738:Quinn, Patricia K.
3620:20.500.11850/33632
2981:10.21236/ada630865
2239:(9): 11125–11136.
2200:10.1002/lom3.10213
2129:Glover, David M.;
2067:Scientific Reports
1662:Quinn, Patricia K.
1566:2019-09-17 at the
1423:
1319:
1255:St. John’s, Canada
1202:
1176:
1062:
909:Sea-spray Aerosols
906:
873:
848:
717:nutrient depletion
634:
464:Great Calcite Belt
57:primary production
33:
4972:(4612): 744–747.
4940:10.1029/94jd02828
4871:(6114): 655–661.
4669:(21): 2599–2600.
4528:. 14 October 2014
4434:(sup2): 101–108.
4334:10.1021/es062594x
4164:10.1002/lno.10318
4101:10.1002/tox.21821
3961:(7009): 676–680.
3847:(21): 5797–5803.
3798:(7568): 194–195.
3754:10.1021/cr500713g
3748:(10): 4383–4399.
3718:978-92-9169-138-8
3654:(10): 5167–5177.
3373:(14): 8217–8299.
3038:(13): 6345–6357.
2965:. Academic press.
2807:10.1890/09-1207.1
2558:Nature Geoscience
2451:10.3390/s17051162
1981:10.1111/gcb.13858
1723:Nature Geoscience
1397:Mesoscale biology
1241:Airborne sampling
1128:NAAMES Objectives
743:Meso-scale Eddies
736:Mixed Layer Depth
613:
612:
469:Milky seas effect
176:Nanophytoplankton
16:(Redirected from
5416:
5393:
5392:
5359:(4): 1162–1179.
5347:
5341:
5340:
5330:
5282:
5271:
5270:
5260:
5250:
5218:
5212:
5211:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5118:
5108:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5063:
5027:
5014:
5013:
4961:
4952:
4951:
4914:
4905:
4904:
4885:10.1038/326655a0
4860:
4854:
4853:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4804:
4796:
4794:
4777:(3): 1125–1136.
4762:
4753:
4752:
4742:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4640:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4583:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4389:
4365:
4354:
4353:
4320:(9): 3109–3114.
4309:
4303:
4302:
4271:Marine Chemistry
4266:
4260:
4259:
4209:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4183:
4150:(5): 1626–1639.
4135:
4129:
4128:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3949:
3938:
3937:
3919:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3866:
3856:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3807:
3783:
3774:
3773:
3742:Chemical Reviews
3734:
3723:
3722:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3687:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3622:
3612:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3567:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3500:
3491:
3490:
3484:
3476:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3400:
3390:
3354:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3260:
3251:
3250:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3205:
3188:(9): 2387–2403.
3173:
3167:
3166:
3156:
3124:
3115:
3114:
3104:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3055:
3023:
3014:
3013:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2992:
2972:
2966:
2959:
2953:
2942:
2936:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2906:. Archived from
2900:
2894:
2883:
2877:
2866:
2857:
2846:
2835:
2834:
2790:
2779:
2778:
2742:
2733:
2732:
2706:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2649:
2601:
2590:
2589:
2578:10.1038/ngeo2861
2552:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2528:2060/20180002173
2493:
2482:
2481:
2471:
2453:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2367:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2327:
2310:(9): 5025–5048.
2294:
2283:
2282:
2256:
2224:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2178:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2154:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2014:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1952:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1912:
1876:
1865:
1864:
1827:
1816:
1815:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1743:10.1038/ngeo3003
1715:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1685:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1640:
1612:
1083:solar irradiance
920:dimethyl sulfide
838:Role of aerosols
826:prevailing winds
748:Mesoscale eddies
707:
706:
702:
652:
651:
647:
605:
598:
591:
578:
573:
572:
234:coccolithophores
171:Microzooplankton
130:Bacterioplankton
90:
71:
64:via satellites.
21:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5284:
5283:
5274:
5258:1721.1/141177.2
5220:
5219:
5215:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5029:
5028:
5017:
4963:
4962:
4955:
4916:
4915:
4908:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4797:
4764:
4763:
4756:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4531:
4529:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4367:
4366:
4357:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4027:(7375): 51–56.
4011:
4010:
4006:
3951:
3950:
3941:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3805:10.1038/525194a
3785:
3784:
3777:
3736:
3735:
3726:
3719:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3523:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3477:
3465:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3429:
3427:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3356:
3355:
3338:
3329:
3327:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3305:
3303:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3262:
3261:
3254:
3248:
3227:
3226:
3219:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3126:
3125:
3118:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3025:
3024:
3017:
3003:
2993:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2960:
2956:
2952:(8), 1444-1461.
2943:
2939:
2926:
2922:
2913:
2911:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2884:
2880:
2867:
2860:
2856:(3), 1505-1512.
2847:
2838:
2792:
2791:
2782:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2603:
2602:
2593:
2554:
2553:
2544:
2497:measurements".
2495:
2494:
2485:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2369:
2368:
2359:
2296:
2295:
2286:
2226:
2225:
2216:
2193:(11): 928–938.
2180:
2179:
2170:
2131:Doney, Scott C.
2128:
2127:
2120:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2016:
2015:
2006:
1954:
1953:
1944:
1895:(1): e0191509.
1881:Doney, Scott C.
1878:
1877:
1868:
1829:
1828:
1819:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1617:Doney, Scott C.
1614:
1613:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1568:Wayback Machine
1526:Biological pump
1521:GAIA hypothesis
1516:CLAW hypothesis
1512:
1489:
1480:
1467:
1458:
1449:Coulter counter
1432:
1415:
1407:Biological Pump
1399:
1381:
1360:
1351:
1346:
1304:
1283:
1263:
1243:
1212:
1207:
1167:
1165:Field Campaigns
1162:
1130:
1106:polysaccharides
1102:
1075:CLAW hypothesis
1067:
1045:
999:Dinoflagellates
991:gastroenteritis
935:
911:
853:
840:
822:
809:
804:
740:
732:
723:Climate warming
708:
704:
700:
698:
697:
688:Climate warming
653:
649:
645:
643:
642:
623:
618:
609:
568:
561:
560:
559:
518:
494:CLAW hypothesis
483:
475:
474:
473:
423:
413:
412:
411:
392:Ichthyoplankton
376:
368:
367:
366:
357:
341:Marine plankton
336:
321:
313:
312:
311:
302:
293:
277:
257:
245:
239:dinoflagellates
230:
217:
209:
208:
207:
161:
151:
141:
140:
139:
115:
100:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5422:
5420:
5412:
5411:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5394:
5342:
5272:
5233:(2): 181–199.
5213:
5178:(8): 589–591.
5162:
5156:
5130:
5075:
5015:
4953:
4906:
4855:
4812:
4771:Biogeosciences
4754:
4717:(2): 186–189.
4696:
4652:
4595:
4538:
4513:
4486:(5): 909–921.
4469:
4417:
4380:(2): 772–787.
4355:
4304:
4261:
4218:(1): 331–339.
4195:
4130:
4087:(8): 936–941.
4070:
4004:
3939:
3890:(2014-11-26).
3878:
3827:
3775:
3724:
3717:
3699:
3634:
3595:(3): 715–737.
3575:
3550:www.climate.be
3536:
3521:
3492:
3463:
3455:10.17226/23527
3436:
3425:www.climate.be
3412:
3336:
3312:
3287:
3281:
3252:
3246:
3217:
3168:
3139:(1): 225–243.
3116:
3067:
3015:
3006:|journal=
2967:
2954:
2937:
2920:
2895:
2878:
2858:
2836:
2801:(4): 977–989.
2780:
2753:(3): 287–295.
2734:
2689:(1): 167–194.
2669:
2616:(1): 121–147.
2591:
2564:(2): 118–122.
2542:
2483:
2413:
2378:(1): 168–179.
2357:
2284:
2233:Optics Express
2214:
2168:
2118:
2050:
2004:
1942:
1866:
1839:(3): 323–330.
1817:
1756:
1729:(9): 674–679.
1707:
1664:(2017-05-30).
1652:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1508:
1503:(ASDC).
1488:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1431:
1428:
1414:
1411:
1398:
1395:
1380:
1377:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1303:
1300:
1282:
1279:
1262:
1259:
1242:
1239:
1225:departed from
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1101:
1098:
1066:
1063:
1044:
1041:
1022:Agaricomycetes
934:
931:
910:
907:
894:dry deposition
890:wet deposition
852:
849:
839:
836:
821:
818:
808:
805:
803:
800:
767:Coriolis force
739:
733:
731:
728:
696:
693:
682:stratification
666:critical depth
641:
638:
622:
619:
617:
614:
611:
610:
608:
607:
600:
593:
585:
582:
581:
580:
579:
563:
562:
558:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
531:
530:
519:
517:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
485:
484:
482:Related topics
481:
480:
477:
476:
472:
471:
466:
461:
456:
454:Eutrophication
451:
446:
441:
436:
434:Critical depth
431:
425:
424:
419:
418:
415:
414:
410:
409:
404:
402:Pseudoplankton
399:
394:
389:
384:
378:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
365:
364:
358:
356:
355:
354:
353:
348:
337:
335:
334:
329:
323:
322:
319:
318:
315:
314:
310:
309:
303:
301:
300:
294:
292:
291:
290:
289:
278:
276:
275:
274:
273:
268:
263:
261:foraminiferans
258:
246:
244:
243:
242:
241:
236:
231:
219:
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:
206:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
184:
183:
173:
168:
162:
160:
159:
153:
152:
147:
146:
143:
142:
138:
137:
132:
127:
122:
116:
114:
113:
108:
102:
101:
96:
95:
92:
91:
83:
82:
76:
75:
62:remote sensing
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5421:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5346:
5343:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5217:
5214:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5157:9783540262633
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5134:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5116:10026.1/16046
5112:
5107:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5076:
5071:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4926:(D6): 11335.
4925:
4921:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4859:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4816:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4711:Harmful Algae
4708:
4700:
4697:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4656:
4653:
4648:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4609:Harmful Algae
4606:
4599:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4539:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4473:
4470:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4421:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4308:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4265:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4074:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3831:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3522:9781566702317
3518:
3514:
3510:
3507:. CRC Press.
3506:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3464:9780309443425
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3440:
3437:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3282:9780122570605
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3247:9780080229324
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3049:
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3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3011:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2935:(3), 589-612.
2934:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2910:on 2019-09-17
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2876:(1), 104-132.
2875:
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2859:
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2845:
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2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
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2173:
2169:
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2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2055:
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2046:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
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1890:
1886:
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1875:
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1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1693:10026.1/16046
1689:
1684:
1679:
1675:
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1038:
1032:
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1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:
978:
977:
976:Synechococcus
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
951:methylmercury
947:
944:
939:
932:
930:
928:
923:
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916:
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901:
897:
895:
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827:
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407:Tychoplankton
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1964:
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1719:Quinn, P. K.
1673:
1669:
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1624:
1572:
1541:Algal blooms
1505:
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1373:Labrador Sea
1361:
1352:
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1327:
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1223:R/V Atlantis
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948:
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831:black carbon
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449:Spring bloom
397:Meroplankton
387:Holoplankton
327:Aeroplankton
255:radiolarians
198:Picoplankton
125:Mycoplankton
120:Mixoplankton
98:Trophic mode
66:
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18:NAAMES study
5297:(1): 3235.
5046:: 331–347.
4277:: 337–341.
2436:(5): 1162.
2073:(1): 7363.
1487:NAAMES Data
1403:zooplankton
1369:chlorophyll
1298:satellite.
1291:Argo floats
1285:Autonomous
1271:chlorophyll
1174:dispersion.
1160:Methodology
1027:Penicillium
972:Microcystis
938:Bioaerosols
933:Bioaerosols
791:Argo floats
776:downwelling
756:Gulf Stream
550:Thin layers
545:Planktology
540:Planktivore
489:Algaculture
429:Algal bloom
375:Other types
346:prokaryotes
332:Geoplankton
216:By taxonomy
111:Zooplankton
4532:2019-11-13
3555:2019-11-19
3430:2019-11-19
3359:Fowler, D.
3330:2019-11-19
3306:2019-11-19
2914:2019-11-18
1577:References
1551:Bioaerosol
1386:physiology
1334:tryptophan
1121:exopolymer
1018:Ascomycota
1011:rhinorrhea
1003:Ostreopsis
904:sulphates.
796:wind shear
760:water mass
678:parasitism
616:Background
320:By habitat
250:Protozoans
181:calcareous
166:Microalgae
5389:125904068
5381:0143-1161
5319:2045-2322
5267:0886-6236
5200:0278-6826
5125:2296-7745
5070:1352-2310
4994:0036-8075
4948:0148-0227
4893:0028-0836
4842:0036-8075
4731:1568-9883
4683:1538-3598
4629:1568-9883
4572:0959-8138
4500:0041-0101
4448:1748-2968
4396:1945-0494
4342:0013-936X
4299:0304-4203
4240:0025-326X
4172:1939-5590
4109:1522-7278
4049:0028-0836
3983:0028-0836
3926:2169-897X
3814:0028-0836
3762:0009-2665
3676:0094-8276
3629:1680-7324
3531:132094588
3481:cite book
3473:132106110
3407:1680-7324
3212:1680-7324
3163:1680-7324
3111:1680-7324
3062:1680-7324
2815:0012-9658
2767:1054-3139
2713:1941-1405
2664:207652303
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2586:1752-0894
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2400:0196-2892
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2263:1094-4087
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2095:2045-2322
2045:2296-7745
1919:1932-6203
1861:1758-678X
1796:2058-5276
1751:1752-0894
1702:2296-7745
1647:2296-7745
1391:subarctic
1009:, fever,
987:pneumonia
915:sea-spray
772:Upwelling
5403:Category
5337:29459666
5208:98466916
5087:(2017).
5010:23208395
5002:17829533
4850:40669114
4749:20161504
4691:15928279
4647:20352032
4508:19615396
4464:35250897
4456:19929741
4404:21196350
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4256:16960843
4248:25440191
4190:30122791
4125:30163983
4117:23065924
4057:22129724
3991:15470425
3873:26699469
3822:26354479
3770:25844487
3694:28781391
3564:cite web
2989:22832293
2831:15244953
2823:20462113
2775:83584002
2729:12903662
2721:24079309
2656:28961071
2556:lidar".
2478:28534844
2408:10381502
2352:33868504
2279:13753994
2271:29716037
2113:29743492
1999:28787760
1937:29370224
1889:PLOS ONE
1812:10149804
1804:27573103
1564:Archived
1510:See also
1443:measure
1205:Sampling
1110:proteins
1050:sulfates
982:Anabaena
856:Aerosols
851:Aerosols
684:depths.
631:NASA.gov
576:Category
351:protists
282:Bacteria
271:ciliates
80:Plankton
5361:Bibcode
5328:5818515
5299:Bibcode
5235:Bibcode
5180:Bibcode
5048:Bibcode
4974:Bibcode
4966:Science
4928:Bibcode
4901:4321239
4873:Bibcode
4822:Science
4779:Bibcode
4740:2796838
4638:2845976
4590:2116198
4581:1663139
4480:Toxicon
4412:2897136
4322:Bibcode
4279:Bibcode
4220:Bibcode
4181:6092954
4152:Bibcode
4089:Bibcode
4065:4417436
4029:Bibcode
3999:4388791
3963:Bibcode
3934:1167616
3904:Bibcode
3864:4889344
3685:5518298
3656:Bibcode
3597:Bibcode
3375:Bibcode
3190:Bibcode
3141:Bibcode
3089:Bibcode
3040:Bibcode
2795:Ecology
2691:Bibcode
2647:7394243
2618:Bibcode
2566:Bibcode
2507:Bibcode
2469:5470908
2438:Bibcode
2430:Sensors
2380:Bibcode
2343:8051007
2312:Bibcode
2241:Bibcode
2104:5943458
2075:Bibcode
2029:: 209.
1990:5763361
1969:Bibcode
1928:5784959
1897:Bibcode
1841:Bibcode
1731:Bibcode
1631:: 122.
1364:biomass
1349:Results
1287:in-situ
1007:dyspnea
674:grazing
670:biomass
509:f-ratio
307:Viruses
298:Archaea
266:amoebae
228:diatoms
149:By size
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1071:sulfur
993:, and
979:, and
957:, and
882:albedo
786:mixing
738:Debate
699:": -->
644:": -->
574:
555:NAAMES
421:Blooms
41:NAAMES
5385:S2CID
5204:S2CID
5006:S2CID
4897:S2CID
4846:S2CID
4460:S2CID
4408:S2CID
4252:S2CID
4208:(PDF)
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2533:S2CID
2404:S2CID
2275:S2CID
2205:S2CID
1808:S2CID
1772:(PDF)
1471:LIDAR
1296:ARGOS
1251:C-130
1081:. As
223:Algae
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5315:ISSN
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