19:
121:, the alliance further discussed the technical details as well as the political and military implications of the proposed elements of the US missile defense system in Europe. Allied leaders recognized that the planned deployment of European-based US missile defense assets would help protect many Allies, and agreed that this capability should be an integral part of any future NATO-wide missile defense architecture. In August 2008, Poland and the United States signed a preliminary deal to place part of the
70:(NC3A) and NATO's Conference of National Armaments Directors (CNAD) were also involved in negotiations. The study concluded that missile defense is technically feasible, and it provided a technical basis for ongoing political and military discussions regarding the desirability of a NATO missile defense system. The United States negotiated with Poland and the Czech Republic over the course of several years after on the deployment of
334:'s Vice Admiral Jon Hill was to announce in February 2020 whether another contractor would be required. By 2018 the Aegis SM-3 Block IB missiles were already on-site in Poland; the Aegis Ashore Ballistic Missile Defense System in Romania is operational. Naval Support Facility-Redzikowo is to be declared operational on Friday, 15 December 2023, according to the Prime Minister of Poland, Donald Tusk.
109:
air defense systems in Poland. This came at a time when tension was high between Russia and most of NATO and resulted in a nuclear threat on Poland by Russia if the building of the missile defenses went ahead. On 20 August 2008 the United States and Poland signed the agreement, while Russia sent
309:
and a Turkey-based radar system have been put under NATO command in the German base. "Our system will link together missile defense assets from different Allies – satellites, ships, radars and interceptors – under NATO command and control. It will allow us to defend against threats from outside the
287:
Phase Four (2020 timeframe) will enhance the ability to counter medium- and intermediate-range missiles and potential future inter-continental ballistic missile (ICBM) threats to the United States from the Middle East, through the deployment of the SM-3 Block IIB interceptor. Each phase will include
266:
Phase One (2011 timeframe) will address short- and medium-range ballistic missile threats by deploying current and proven missile defense systems. It calls for the deployment of Aegis
Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD)-capable ships equipped with proven SM-3 Block IA interceptors. In March of this year
326:
while Poland and
Romania have agreed to host US land-based SM-3 missiles in the coming years. According to a State Department official Frank A. Rose, the United States has "offered EPAA assets to the Alliance" as an "interim BMD capability", including the AN/TPY-2 radar deployed in Turkey, which is
283:
Phase Three (2018 timeframe) will improve coverage against medium- and intermediate-range missile threats with an additional land-based SM-3 site in Poland and the deployment of a more advanced SM-3 interceptor (the Block IIA). Poland agreed to host the interceptor site in
October 2009, and today,
275:
Phase Two (2015 timeframe) will expand coverage against short- and medium-range threats with the fielding of a land-based SM-3 missile defense interceptor site in
Romania and the deployment of a more capable SM-3 interceptor (the Block IB). On September 13, the United States and Romania signed the
178:
Phase One (in the 2011 timeframe) – Deploy current and proven missile defense systems available in the next two years, including the sea-based Aegis Weapon System, the
Standard Missile-3 (SM-3) interceptor (Block IA), and sensors such as the forward-based Army Navy/Transportable Radar Surveillance
150:
On 17 September 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama announced that the planned deployment of long-range missile defense interceptors and equipment in Poland and the Czech
Republic was not to go forward, and that a defense against short- and medium-range missiles using
186:
Phase Two (in the 2015 timeframe) – After appropriate testing, deploy a more capable version of the SM-3 interceptor (Block IB) in both sea- and land-based configurations, and more advanced sensors, to expand the defended area against short- and medium-range missile
337:
A 2012 GAO report found that the phase four interceptors may be poorly placed and of the wrong type to defend the United States. This capability was planned to be in place by 2020, but this has "been delayed to at least 2022 due to cuts in congressional funding."
261:
Also in
September 2011, the White House released a Factsheet that reports on the European Phased Adaptive Approach (EPAA). With respect to EPAA's implementation as part of the NATO missile defense in Europe the factsheet notes the four phases outlined above:
313:
NATO long-term goal is to merge missile defense assets provided by individual Allies into a coherent defense system so that full coverage and protection for all NATO European populations, territory and forces against the threats posed by proliferation of
246:, Romania; the upgrade was completed August 9, 2019 and the THAAD battery has returned to its home station. Other parts of the missile defense system are planned to be built in Portugal, Poland, Romania and Spain. In September 2011, NATO invited
271:
was the first in a sustained rotation of ships to deploy to the
Mediterranean Sea in support of EPAA. Phase One also calls for deploying a land-based early warning radar, which Turkey agreed to host as part of the NATO missile defense
296:
NATO leaders declared that the NATO missile defense system has reached interim capability. Interim capability means that a basic command and control capability has been tested and installed at NATOs
Headquarters Allied Air Command in
81:
system to protect Europe from missile attacks and NATO's decision-making North
Atlantic Council held consultations on missile defense in the first meeting on the topic at such a senior level. In response, Russian Prime Minister
194:
Phase Four (in the 2020 timeframe) – After development and testing are complete, deploy the SM-3 Block IIB to help better cope with medium- and intermediate-range missiles and the potential future ICBM threat to the United
190:
Phase Three (in the 2018 timeframe) – After development and testing are complete, deploy the more advanced SM-3 Block IIA variant under development, to counter short-, medium-, and intermediate-range missile threats;
327:"under NATO operational control". Rose also said that "In addition, U.S. BMD-capable Aegis ships in Europe are also now able to operate under NATO operational control when threat conditions warrant."
1335:
276:
U.S.-Romanian Ballistic Missile Defense Agreement. Once ratified, it will allow the United States to build, maintain, and operate the land-based BMD site in Romania. The missile defense system in
101:
On 14 July 2007, Russia gave notice of its intention to suspend the CFE treaty, effective 150 days later. On 14 August 2008, the United States and Poland came to an agreement to place
86:
claimed that such a deployment could lead to a new arms race and could enhance the likelihood of mutual destruction. He also suggested that his country would freeze its compliance with the 1990
98:
claimed the system would not affect strategic balance or threaten Russia, as the plan is to base only ten interceptor missiles in Poland with an associated radar in the Czech Republic.
871:
1219:
655:
91:
767:
942:
174:
Factsheet entitled "Fact Sheet on U.S. Missile Defense Policy - A "Phased, Adaptive Approach" for Missile Defense in Europe" contains the following four phases:
167:
calling for a strategic partnership between Russia and the Alliance, explicitly involving technological cooperation of the two parties' missile defense systems.
685:
87:
67:
318:
is ensured. This goal is expected to be released sometime between the end of the 2010s and the beginning of the 2020s. To this end Spain will host four US
125:
shield in Poland that would be linked to air-defense radar in the Czech Republic. More than 130,000 Czechs signed a petition for a referendum on the base.
1311:
255:
1408:
1112:
163:
would also not go ahead. The two deployment cancellation announcements were later followed with a statement by newly named NATO Secretary General
305:, while NATO Allies provide sensors and interceptors to connect to the system. It also means that US ships with anti-missile interceptors in the
27:
464:
1288:
568:
330:
In 2020, the Aegis Ashore site in Poland had not yet been completed, due to incomplete auxiliary controls for heating, power, and cooling.
102:
1006:
1227:
1398:
359:
239:
235:
155:
warships would be deployed instead. Following the change in plans, Russian President Dimitri Medvedev announced that a proposed Russian
390:
47:
970:"The Path to an Entrenching Alliance: Utilitarianism and Historical Institutionalism in Committing to NATO's Missile Defense System"
410:
1249:
1383:
215:
was actually deployed to the Black Sea, the Russian Foreign Ministry issued a statement voicing concern about the deployment.
74:
and a radar tracking system in the two countries. Both countries' governments indicated that they would allow the deployment.
946:
385:
31:
18:
771:
234:, Turkey, went operational in 2012. The BMD component in Romania was undergoing an upgrade in May 2019; in the interim a
1378:
436:
1359:
925:
1190:
1322:
77:
In April 2007, NATO's European allies called for a NATO missile defense system which would complement the American
111:
1007:
Sgt. 1st Class Jason Epperson (May 22, 2019) US deploys THAAD anti-missile system in first deployment to Romania
134:
warning the Danes that their participation in this merge of assets would make their warships targets of Russian
1403:
737:
323:
78:
371:
Poland has sought cooperation with France and Germany in the establishment of a joint missile defense system.
227:
1029:
611:
1144:
633:
54:. Plans for this system have changed several times since first studied in 2002, including as a response to
331:
243:
71:
872:"Fact Sheet on U.S. Missile Defense Policy - A "Phased, Adaptive Approach" for Missile Defense in Europe"
183:), to address regional ballistic missile threats to Europe and our deployed personnel and their families;
380:
164:
118:
95:
90:(CFE)—which limits military deployments across the continent—until all NATO countries had ratified the
208:
200:
658:[Ambassador warns: Missile shield will cost dearly and provide less security] (in Danish).
468:
441:
319:
293:
152:
989:
315:
903:
1289:
PAUL MCLEARY (February 12, 2020) Stalled Polish Missile Defense Site Needs Extra $ 96M, 2 Years
981:
306:
298:
139:
51:
135:
1253:
1087:
1058:
207:
systems already deployed by American units. Though initially supportive of the plan, once
204:
130:
122:
106:
43:
258:, subsequently told the press, "We are analysing the report. It is under consideration."
1274:
1252:. MISSILETHREAT.com - A project of the Claremont Institute. 20 May 2012. Archived from
1165:
1117:
1017:
876:
659:
354:
251:
156:
83:
414:
1392:
284:
with the Polish ratification process complete, this agreement has entered into force.
23:
1161:
793:
707:
1336:"The GOP claim that Obama scrapped a missile defense system as 'a gift' to Putin"
1300:
128:
On 20 March 2015, Russia's ambassador to Denmark wrote a letter to the editor of
1312:"Pentagon study: U.S. defense shield against Iran missiles is seriously flawed."
845:
819:
542:
516:
490:
350:
346:
342:
171:
160:
1323:"Alaska’s Ground Based Interceptors to Pivot US Defenses Against North Korea."
742:
142:
commented that if there's a war, Danish warships will be targets in any case.
985:
1301:(11 Dec 2023) US anti-missile base in Poland to start operations - Polish PM
203:
began after Obama's speech in September 2009. These missiles complement the
1197:. Defence Talk - Global Defense, Aerospace and Military Portal. 23 May 2012
656:"Ambassadør advarer: Missilskjold vil koste dyrt og give mindre sikkerhed"
585:
277:
223:
180:
993:
969:
686:"Ruslands ambassadør: Danske skibe kan blive mål for russisk atomangreb"
363:
that the change was made to ensure a more effective defense for Europe.
310:
Euro-Atlantic area," NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen said.
302:
231:
219:
353:
have called Obama's changes from the system Bush proposed a "gift" to
55:
1360:"Poland Wants to Build Missile Defense System with France, Germany."
968:
TAĞMA, Halit Mustafa Emin; MÜFTÜLER-BAÇ, Meltem; UZUN, Ezgi (2013).
247:
66:
A missile defense feasibility study was launched in May 2001. The
17:
1220:"NATO decides to activate missile shield despite Russian threats"
1130:
889:
1034:
226:. The first element of this revised system, the early warning
30:(including ship borne launchers) in 2009, replacing a planned
288:
upgrades to the missile defense command and control system.
770:. Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance (MDAA). Archived from
1162:"NATO declares first stage of missile shield operational"
1030:"Part of NATO missile defense system goes live in Turkey"
250:
to be a partner in its ballistic missile defense system.
1088:"India studying NATO offer on joining missile programme"
1185:
1183:
943:"Romania Agrees to Host Ballistic Missile Interceptor"
222:
agreed to host the SM-3 missiles starting in 2015 at
1284:
1282:
1113:"Fact Sheet: Implementing Missile Defense in Europe"
731:
729:
1214:
1212:
926:"USS Monterey returns to US after missile defense."
467:. News.xinhuanet.com. 19 April 2007. Archived from
199:The deployment of warships equipped with the Aegis
1250:"NATO Declares Missile Defense System Operational"
1191:"NATO Declares Interim Missile Defence Capability"
1059:"NATO offers missile defense cooperation to India"
543:"Europe | Russia suspends arms control pact"
34:system deployed in Poland and the Czech Republic.
1379:Active Layered Theatre Ballistic Missile Defense
974:Uluslararası İlişkiler / International Relations
159:surface to surface missile deployment in nearby
146:Active Layered Theater Ballistic Missile Defense
138:. Denmark's former Minister for Foreign Affairs
1145:"Janes | Latest defence and security news"
50:(NATO) in several member states and around the
1156:
1154:
586:"Norway: Russia to freeze NATO military ties"
88:Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
68:NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency
8:
1226:. The Raw Story. 20 May 2012. Archived from
762:
760:
738:"Obama sharply alters missile defense plans"
1081:
1079:
736:William H. McMichael (17 September 2009).
634:"VĂce jak 130 000 podpisu pro referendum"
437:"U.S. Might Negotiate on Missile defence"
411:"NATO - Topic: Ballistic missile defence"
103:a base with ten interceptor missiles
280:became operational on 18 December 2015.
256:Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Program
612:"Poland, U.S. sign missile shield deal"
402:
1018:August 12/19: Romanian Repair Finished
569:"Why Putin Pulled Out of a Key Treaty"
110:word to Norway that it was suspending
28:Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System
941:Kaufmann, Stephen (4 February 2010).
7:
1086:T.S. Subramanian (7 October 2011).
708:"Obama shelves Europe missile plan"
517:"Nato chief dismisses Russia fears"
360:Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War
240:62nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment
846:"Nato chief reaches out to Russia"
794:"Russia hails US missile overhaul"
391:Missile defense systems by country
48:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
14:
1275:United States Department of State
491:"Russia in defense warning to US"
1334:Kessler, Glenn (28 March 2014).
768:"Phased Adaptive Approach (PAA)"
636:. Nezakladnam.cz. 27 August 2008
46:system being constructed by the
906:. Strategy Page. 4 October 2009
413:. 10 March 2015. Archived from
170:According to a September 2009
1409:Military installations of NATO
386:European Sky Shield Initiative
32:Ground-Based Midcourse Defense
1:
945:. america.gov. Archived from
820:"Q&A: US missile defence"
684:From, Lars (20 March 2015).
341:Some Republicans including
40:NATO missile defense system
1425:
1399:Military equipment of NATO
904:"Awesome Aegis Ascendant"
238:unit, B Battery (THAAD),
1057:PTI (4 September 2011).
228:radar station in KĂĽrecik
79:national missile defense
673:(subscription required)
332:Missile Defense Agency
35:
614:. CNN. 15 August 2008
381:Destroyer Squadron 60
357:, but Gates wrote in
165:Anders Fogh Rasmussen
119:2008 Bucharest Summit
96:Jaap de Hoop Scheffer
21:
1224:Agence France-Presse
218:On 4 February 2010,
201:RIM-161 SM-3 missile
94:. Secretary General
72:interceptor missiles
1340:The Washington Post
1121:. 15 September 2011
949:on 10 February 2010
880:. 17 September 2009
852:. 18 September 2009
826:. 20 September 2012
800:. 18 September 2009
774:on 8 September 2012
714:. 17 September 2009
471:on 13 February 2010
442:The Washington Post
294:2012 Chicago Summit
254:, the architect of
26:proposed using the
1256:on 28 January 2013
931:, 1 November 2011.
465:"Xinhua – English"
316:ballistic missiles
242:, was emplaced in
92:adapted CFE treaty
36:
1365:, 11 August 2012.
1131:National Archives
1038:. 16 January 2012
924:Vergakis, Brock.
890:National Archives
688:. Jyllands Posten
307:Mediterranean Sea
140:Holger K. Nielsen
52:Mediterranean Sea
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592:. 20 August 2008
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567:Y. Zarakhovich,
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417:on 10 March 2015
407:
367:National systems
136:nuclear missiles
105:with associated
1424:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1404:Missile defense
1389:
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1384:NATO topic page
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1230:on 22 July 2014
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662:. 20 March 2015
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523:. 19 April 2007
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497:. 26 April 2007
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445:. 24 April 2007
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205:Patriot missile
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131:Jyllands-Posten
123:missile defense
107:MIM-104 Patriot
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44:missile defense
22:U.S. President
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1373:External links
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980:(36): 75–100.
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1168:. 21 May 2012
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