Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 - Knowledge (XXG)

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only one near the British aircraft's operating height of 9,000 m (30,000 ft). Soon, the task of opposing the Mosquito intruders fell to single-engine units. Confounding operational issues further, distrust permeated between crews and ground controllers for jamming and the use of decoy aircraft made interceptions difficult. Pilots had no choice but to follow their directions because the only long-range radars, Naxos and Flensburg, became useless by July 1944, and SN-2 was beginning to show signs it had been compromised. The British tactics of flying below 3,000 m (9,800 ft) caused so many contacts on the SN-2 screens it was difficult to identify and follow a specific target. Window and jamming made it very difficult for night fighters to find the bomber stream. The intruder danger became so acute by December that I./NJG 1 reported operations on only six nights claiming one victory for six losses.

1322:'s idea was for night fighters equipped with experimental SN-2 radar to cooperate with Y-control systems and "sluice" them into the bomber stream. Once there, the night fighters were ordered to transmit direction-finding signals to attract other night fighters. While semi-unguided, the radar operators and night fighter command retained some control over operations with success in August; amounting to 250 aircraft claimed shot down on all fronts. The success was offset by losses of 40 killed in the night fighter arm, with only 28 replacements in August. 61 twin-engine night fighters were lost during the month, but only 59 were replaced. As one German historian noted, the advent of the frequent Mosquito intruder operations from October "no airfield in Central Germany was safe." NJG 1 were engaged in daylight operations against the USAAF in August. Elements of the wing engaged the Eighth Air Force during the 1700:, SN-2 and Flensburg radar detectors coupled with a high level of training would inflict severe damage on the enemy provided their secrets could be kept from the enemy and enough of them were made available. Production was concentrated on SN-2, while centimetric radar came low on the list of priorities. The radar types in use, used long-wave radar waves which were prone to jamming and created high drag. The decision not to fit SN-2 to He 219s caused high losses of the type. Only Ju 88 units received Naxos. In December 1944, a final concerted effort to regain the high-frequency lead was made in the SN-3 radar. The Allied breakout from Normandy in August 1944 destroyed a significant portion of German early warning systems supporting the Kammhuber Line. This weakened day and night defences but did not leave them helpless. German Y-services continued to provide intelligence on impending air attacks. The 1243: 848: 1457:, pioneered in NJG 2, was now in use in NJG 1 during 1943 and 1944. Schnaufer, the leading night fighter in history, estimated he claimed 20 to 30 bombers using the upward firing cannon(s). According to Schnaufer, many of the less experienced crew preferred the weapon system to the conventional front-pointing guns. The method of attack was still dangerous, for British bombers carried heavy loads of fuel and explosives. A night fighter pilot could approach the bomber from below and fire into the fuel tanks and engines before making a violent evasive dive away from danger. The approach was possible as British bombers did not carry a 969: 1571: 668:, where it remained from 18 March 1941 to 5 September 1944, 18,000 workers laboured on the site, which measured 1,180 ha (2,900 acres). The two take-off runways were 1,450 m (4,760 ft) long, and a third 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in length. 2,000 lamps were used for lighting and 48 km (30 mi) of roads led to workshops, command posts, and accommodation. The formation of the night fighter wings brought together different kinds of pilots with different preferences. The crews of II./NJG 1, which were formed from Z/KG 30, preferred the 69: 1811: 1272:(canopy bed) system of radar-controlled night fighters slipping into the bomber stream and then using its own radar to pick out and engage individual bombers had gone. The effects of the raid, and the realisation German radar was temporarily blinded, led to the widespread use of the Wild Boar tactics over the summer, 1943. 791 bombers hit the city. German air defences accounted for only 1.5 percent of the attacking force. The Nazi leadership was shaken, and Kammhuber, who resisted calls to abandon the advanced 1897:

with the bearing and range of the German crew. Losses were sustained against the British intruders and were compounded when German crews switched off their sets which exposed them to friendly-fire. The impact of the technical and fuel failures were evident in the statistics. In January 1945, 1,058 sorties were flown, 117 aircraft claimed 1.3 percent of the attacking force and 47 reported lost. In February 1945, another 47 were reported lost and 181 enemy bombers claimed; 1.2 percent of the attacking forces.

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were claimed shot down in 1940 by German night fighters. I. and II./NJG 1 experienced difficulties in locating bombers in 1940 and their failures encouraged Kammhuber to introduce tighter control-based tactics for night fighters, searchlight batteries and radar. The night fighters were guided to a light and radio beacon located behind an "illuminated belt" of searchlights. Once a bomber was detected the night fighter flew into the belt, turned behind the bomber and engaged in combat.

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the speed of the unsuspecting pilot. Becker then climbed steadily to 50 m (160 ft) from below the target before he pulled up and opened fire. The Do 215 would then lose speed allowing the bomber to fly ahead and expose itself to a stream of shells. With this method, the gun sight was rarely needed. These tactics were adopted by the night fighter force. Streib claimed 22 aerial victories in 1941, making him the most successful night fighter pilot of the year.

867: B-5 between 10 August and 30 September 1941. The only Lichtenstein radar in service then became unserviceable for the next successes were not recorded until June 1942. Lichtenstein was in short supply until mid-1943, at which time 80 percent of night fighters had it. I./NJG 1 and II./NJG 2 were given priority for it because they shielded the approaches to the Ruhr. The first Ju 88C fighters, equipped with radar were delivered to II./NJG 1 at 1931:, and set for the 3/4 March 1945. The operation resulted in 22 German aircraft destroyed, 12 aircraft damaged. 45 were killed and 11 injured, 24 bombers were destroyed and 9 damaged. British casualties amounted to 78 killed, 18 wounded. NJG 1 operated against the incoming raid and were not involved in the intruder mission; Drewes and Greiner filed victory claims on this night. At the end of March 1945 the 1461:. Schoenert suggested to Kammhuber that a vertical-firing cannon be fitted in a Do 17 in mid-1941 because Becker's tactics were too complicated for the average pilot and attacking from underneath was easier, but his commander rejected the suggestion after reports from Streib and Lent. Kammhuber conceded the point a year later when Schoenert petitioned him again following tests with the Do 217. 42: 1706:'s hope of keeping German radar from the enemy failed. On 13 July 1944, a Ju 88G-1 equipped with the Flensburg radar detector set, landed in England in error and allowed the British to develop counter measures; the Germans never regained a lead in the radar field. Flensburg had been able to detect Monica radar emissions which warned RAF crews of an approaching aircraft. 4926: 1549:. Bomber Command had chosen a direct route in favourable weather conditions enabling German night fighters to be fed easily into the bomber stream. Harris direct route took the stream across several night fighter assembly points and the resulting battles left 95 RAF bombers destroyed. NJG 1 units were scrambled from as far as France. 8./NJG 1, based at the 4826: 4954: 774:, and could detect bombers entering and exiting the zone with great accuracy, but RAF bomber pilots learned to dive upon departing the belt, accelerate past the search light batteries at low-altitudes and escape the most hazardous part of the defence zone. The system bore the burden of the defensive battles in 1941. In 1942, the introduction of the 1208:. Wing Commander Braham engaged two NJG 1 crews, the 15-victory ace Georg Kraft and another fighter ace Heinz Vinke and shot them both down, killing the former and wounding the latter. Two other crews were lost on the operation. A development of the raid was the recorded entry into II./NJG 1 war diary that it was to be converted to 1604:'s shortage of fuel to operate and provide sufficient training for fighter crews became apparent. The OKL had not foreseen the collapse of its day and night fighter force and had assumed that Bomber Command would not resume deep-penetration raids for some time. Incredibly, the high command thought the 1844:

night fighter defences. Training, already inadequate, was curtailed and the night fighters were not in a position to impose serious losses on Bomber Command after August 1944. In the winter 1944/45, the night fighter force contained 1,355 aircraft. This impressive force was 85 percent operational but

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In the midst of the battle, I./NJG 1 lost group commander Meurer—with 65 claims—the third highest scoring night fighter of the war at the time in January 1944. He utilised the Schräge Musik weapon too close to a British bomber which exploded and took Meurer with it. In March 1944 another fighter

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had 20 He 219s, which proved expensive in time and effort; some 90,000 man-hours per aircraft in comparison to 30,000 on the Ju 88C and G. A handful were delivered to II./NJG 1. At the start of the battle, NJG 1 was mostly still a Bf 110 unit. Streib commanded Stab/NJG 1

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in February 1942. Only four sets arrived and it took several weeks for them to become operational. The crews soon came to appreciate the device and were eager to secure it for their aircraft. Other platforms were tested in NJG 1 at this time. In March 1942 the Dornier Do 217 J was also tested by

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allowing the RAF crews to home in on emissions created from German SN-2. Other Mosquitos were equipped with "perfectos" which sent interrogating pulses to trigger the IFF (identification friend or foe) in German fighters. When the German set replied, the signal betrayed the aircraft as hostile along

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cooperated closely with operational units to produce modifications at request, but these were contradictory. In II./NJG 1 pilots argued for a cannon of 30 mm calibre, only later to show a preference for 20 mms . When the crews complained about the two-man He 219, the manufacturer

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Becker developed his own tactics for attacking a bomber. He stalked the aircraft from the stern, just below the height shown on the radar. After sighting the bomber, he dived and accelerated to avoid being spotted by the tail gunner. Once underneath the enemy, Becker reduced the throttle and matched

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Föster of 8./NJG 1 was given the distinction of the first NJG 1 air victory on the night of the 9 July 1940. At this time, NJG 1 was experimenting in night interceptions using their Bf 110s and Do 17s with the support of a single searchlight regiment. Only 42 British bombers

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and 1 were apparently reserved for action against the returning bombers. The diversions had little effect. NJG 1, 2 and 3 operated along the bomber stream route all night. Of the 72 aircraft Bomber Command reported lost, 45 were against predictive anti-aircraft fire, 18 were shot down by night

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would produce further problems. The bombers could outrun a Bf 110C or D in a shallow dive and at altitudes of over 5,000 m (16,000 ft). German pilots would have to detect the bomber early in order to be able to dive from much greater heights. The introduction of newer radar variants,

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had 20 He 219A-0, A-2 and A-5s. The A-0 were brought up to latter standards. II./NJG 1 operated small numbers of He 219s, but most pilots were not comfortable with the type and they found the performance was not significantly better than the Bf 110. The crews did not like being

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From July 1944 to May 1945, Bomber Command made 10 large raids per month. From October 1944 60-80 Mosquitos flew into Germany on an average of ten nights per month. The He 219 pilots in NJG 1 could do little to oppose them. In July 1944 NJG 1 He 219s claimed three of them; but

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system for a simple practice of using their own radar to detect bombers once ground controllers led them to the bomber stream. When there, pilots were expected to fight until fuel or ammunition was expended. The tame boar method predominated in what was to become a successful period for the night

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early warning receivers in March 1943 allowed the Germans to develop Flensburg. The Monica set was captured a week after its introduction in a major blow for Bomber Command. The capture of a Ju 88 night fighter that landed in England in July 1944 exposed these developments to the British who

1129:'s defences were unable to prevent Bomber Command from severely disrupting German production. Steel production fell by 200,000 tons and the armaments industry was facing a steel shortfall of 400,000 tons. After doubling production in 1942, production of steel increased only by 20 percent in 1943. 1470:

in this field. Streib's total stood at 63, Meurer 62 at his death, Schoenert 56, the deceased Frank, 55, the late Geiger 53, Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld 51, Becker, Gildner and Knacke—all of whom had 44—were killed in the year. Schnaufer and Vinke had claimed 42 and 37 respectively. Walter Ehle,

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In equipment the German night fighter force remained capable. The Bf 110 may have been considered obsolete, but in the hands of experienced pilots it remained a formidable night fighter. The victory claims submitted by I./NJG 1 (He 219) and II./NJG 1 (Bf 110) have been

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on 29/30 May cost the British 33 aircraft. 211 RAF bombers were claimed by NJG 1 in June 1943. Total British losses were 277 for the month to all causes. During the campaign NJG 1 was able to engage Bomber Command consistently. On one night the wing scrambled 50 night fighters, only

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night fighter pilot to submit a claim on this night. Night fighters proved capable of inflicting damage on the bomber streams for the rest of the war. On 21 February 1945, Bomber Command attacked Duisburg, Worms and the Mitteland Canal, losing 34 bombers. German pilots claimed 59 shot down;

1077:. On 12/13 May the wing claimed 25, and on 13/14 May the pilots claimed another 26. On 23/24 May a further 23 were claimed. The attacks on Dortmund that night cost Bomber Command 38 aircraft. Over the next six days 58 bombers were claimed by the night of the 30/31 May. The operation against 1557:, under the command of Dietrich Schmidt, were sent into combat. Schmidt recorded the horror of combat. When he landed in Germany he found human hair and flesh on one of his propellers, presumably from the Halifax bomber he shot down that night. 2./NJG 1 flew four Bf 110s from 1404:

radar detector and the SN-2 radars had proved their worth along with Flensburg. The Monica radar gave only warning of a fighter within 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in a 45 degree cone, while Flensburg could detect the bomber from 100 km (62 mi) away. The capture of Monica and

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and Lent all claimed. On 12/13 March NJG 1 claimed 13, and repeated this again on 29/30 March. On 3/4 April the wing claimed 17. The success was not repeated until 27/28 April when its pilots submitted 10 claims. On 4/5 May NJG 1 claimed 24 bombers destroyed and was the only

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were to be used in support of the pilots. Section 253 concluded that any hindrance to offensive air forces caused by "restrictive measures" was to be avoided. The prevailing attitude to night fighting left commanders to carry out research on their own; the first occurred in

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analysed from June 1944 onward. Operating under the same conditions II./NJG 1 regularly shot down more bombers than the He 219-group. Nevertheless, Bf 110G production was tapering off as Ju 88G production increased to 339 in December 1944. The technicians at

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OKL correctly surmised that high-frequency technology rather than the number and quality of night fighters would decide the next phase of the battle. They drew the wrong conclusions from their successes in early 1944 and wrongly assumed the straightforward devices such as

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improved detection rates because of its resistance to jamming and Bomber Command crews kept their Monica sets on longer than before. The Naxos-Ju 88s were reporting few losses than other types on this time, for it gave German crews warning of an enemy to the rear.

924:. Over Lübeck, NJG 1 claimed only one bomber from seven claimed. NJG 1 claimed 21 bombers during the latter attack on Cologne on 30/31 May 1942 from the 32 claimed by German night fighter units. 41 bombers were lost. One of the wing's first losses was 1338:. 21 night fighters were destroyed during this operation alone, removing them from the Peenemünde operation that night. NJG 1 were forced to engage USAAF heavy bombers until the end of January 1944; though IV./NJG 1 flew interceptions on 4 February. 1199:

night fighters, as they got airborne or landed. These operations were successful and accounted for several German aircraft losses in June. On 14 and 25 June 1943, NJG 1 lost one and two Bf 110s to RAF night fighters. In August 1943, Bomber Command's

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under Falck and equipped with three Bf 110Bs. At Bönninghardt, I./NJG 1 mustered 34 Bf 110Cs and Ds with 22 operational. At Düsseldorf, II./NJG 1 could field 11 Ju 88Cs, four operational, and 10 Do 17Zs, nine operational. At

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caused limited interceptions. II./NJG 1's diary records that in 64 sorties from September 1942 through October, a victory was achieved only every tenth mission; two night fighters were lost. A period of "fruitless" operations began.

990:. Becker followed Gildner, killed two days before him. As the older aces were killed, Johannes Hager, who would go on to achieve 48 aerial victories joined NJG 1 in February 1943. In March 1943, Harris began his first concerted 1968:

Elements of NJG 1 continued to resist Bomber Command to the end of the war over central and eastern Germany. I./NJG 1 flew a last night fighter operation on 3/4 April 1945. The last victory of the war was claimed by III

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night force ineffective from August 1944 until the end of the war in May 1945. NJG 1 was the most successful night fighter wing and had claimed some 2,311 victories by day and night, for some 676 aircrew killed in action.

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fighters and nine to unknown causes. The Battle of Berlin cost Bomber Command 497 aircraft with a further 72 crashing in England. Included damaged aircraft the total loss stood at 1,128 bombers. 256 night fighters were lost.

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sent 12 Mosquitos to Twente, Venlo and Sint Truinden; all home to NJG 1 units. A further 17 Mosquitos were sent on pathfinder operations. NJG 2 and 3 were to plan their interceptions along the transit routes near

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on a test raid to Düsseldorf. Knacke made the last NJG 1 claim of the year against the latter type. 1942 proved to be successful in a tactical sense for German night fighters. Lent led the claims for the year with 42,

1364:-equipped night fighter recognised the change in course and was able to bring 180 night fighters to Kassel where they destroyed 39 bombers for the loss of six. NJG 1 could claim only four. Meurer, Schnaufer and 741:

signalling service were able to determine when Bomber Command operations were going to begin. Night fighters were ordered to patrol the German coast, fly to known Bomber Command bases and follow the bombers back to

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aircraft; spacious cockpits, a third man to act as lookout, longer endurance, autopilot and more powerful armament. These pilots, in some cases, were advanced in years for a military aviator, often they were former

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made modifications for a third member, only for the proposal to be dropped for a complete redesign with this in mind. When it was realised the He 219s performance over the RAF Mosquito proved insufficient the new

1875:'s most precious assets. Their loss to the Mosquito intruders of 100 Group were out of proportion to the psychological damage done. Thus, one historian writes, an air of "Mosquito phobia" took hold by mid-1944. 1904:, the weather was biggest obstacle to Bomber Command. Just six bombers were lost over Dresden, three of those losses were caused by bombs dropped upon lower flying bombers. Hans Leickhardt, NJG 5, was the only 1633:

On 31 May 1944 NJG 1 reported the following strength; Stab with He. 219 and Bf 110 contained two aircraft with one operational. I./NJG 1 contained the Bf 110, He 219 but also had some

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On 23/24 March 1944, Harris authorised a sixteenth, and final attack upon Berlin nearly five weeks after the last; having postponed it from 21 March. 811 bombers set out, with 147 providing diversion raids to

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on 17 December. III./NJG 1 reported the loss of one crew on 26 December 1944, as the land offensive came to a halt. On 1 January 1945, II./NJG 1 provided two Ju 88s as pathfinders for III./

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leader, Egmont Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld was killed on day 12. During the following weeks Bomber Command selected southwest Germany as its main area of operations, allowing for their return over neutral

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had 33 fighters, 26 operational. III./NJG 1 reported all of its 17 Bf 110s operational. IV./NJG 1 stated 14 of the 23 Bf 110s under its command were combat ready. In July, the

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killed on 18 November became the earliest casualty of the battle over Berlin. At this time, German night fighters had abandoned the old wild boar operations along with the rigid beacon-based

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formed the Night Fighter Division. Radar, searchlights and anti-aircraft artillery were coordinated under this organisation from 17 July 1940. On 23 July the headquarters was established at

1832:. Oil production fell causing fuel shortages which limited the effectiveness of German land and air operations. By mid-1944 Speer warned that if the oil plants could not be protected, the 1384:, the planned amphibious invasion of France. The battle would end in March 1944, in a defensive victory for the German night fighter force. The introduction of SN-2 radar and the passive 511:(destroyer, heavy fighter) pilots and units were used for conversion to night fighters. No night fighter training schools existed in 1940, until blind-flying schools were established at 1296:

radars. Kammhuber regarded the Wild Boar solution as an emergency measure only. NJG 1 claimed only three from a total of 12 claimed by night fighter pilots in defence of the city—

1678:, I./NJG 1 to Munster, II./NJG 1 to Düsseldorf, III./NJG 1 to Fritzlar and IV./NJG 1 to Dortmund. 2./NJG 1 was detached and operated from Niedermendig. All 807:; 13 Bf 109Cs, four operational, three Bf 109 Ds and one combat ready, 17 Bf 109 Es were present with all but one operational. On the night of 19/20 July, 1096: 4808: 1741:

Germany's rapidly deteriorating military situation necessitated the use of the night fighters in roles for which they were not equipped or trained. In December 1944, the

1406: 1266:" blew a hole in German radar coverage and the bomber streams, aided by OBOE and H2S radar were able to penetrate the defences to devastate the centre of the city. The 410:(RAF) daylight operations until 1944. Bomber Command persisted in night operations against Germany, which extended to German towns and cities from 10/11 May 1940. The 1123:

By the time the Ruhr campaign ended Bomber Command had suffered heavy losses to German night fighters and anti-aircraft defences. 1,099 were lost to all causes. The

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to swamp the Kammhuber Line. From August 1942, Bomber Command began introducing new navigation aids for its air fleets. On 31 December 1942, Bomber Command utilised

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the fuel shortages forced it to remain grounded. On 10 January 1945, NJG 1 reported a strength of 20 Bf 110s (18 operational) in Stab/NJG 1, I.

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performed well in the He 219. Production of the Heinkel was phased out in January 1945 in favour of the Ju 88G—by this time Strüning had been killed.

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To retrieve the desperate situation in the night war, Göring authorised the implementation of intruder operations over Britain again. Schnaufer, commanding

1674:'s hold on the eastern Netherlands allowed for the return of elements of NJG 1 for operations in Twente in November 1944. Stab/NJG 1 relocated to 344:

Service Regulation No. 16 concerned night fighting save for Section 253, which called for night fighting zones to be established for night fighters and

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NJG 1 operated all of the major twin-engine night fighters produced by German industry during the war. It fought in notable campaigns, such as the

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bombers but suffered damage to all of the Bf 110s sent on the interception. Four Bf 110s were shot down by return fire and an encounter with

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force. Committal of further crews was not possible in the Kammhuber system which required rigid allocation of units to specific points on the line.

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radars were required for the intercept; one to track the fighter, while the other focused on the bomber in order to coordinate the searchlight. The

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was raised on 1 July also, from II./NJG 1. IV./NJG 1 was raised on 1 October 1942 from elements of II./NJG 2. Falck became the first

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along known routes. I./NJG 2 became the sole intruder unit for this type of operation, but the results were costly. The wing lost 32 aircrew

847: 4942: 1965:. Allied forces discovered hundreds of abandoned German night fighters on airfields across Germany, unable to find the fuel to fight further. 4783: 4764: 4745: 4726: 4707: 4684: 4662: 4643: 4579: 4555: 4532: 4510: 4488: 4469: 4450: 4428: 4406: 4384: 4365: 4320: 4301: 4278: 4259: 4240: 4221: 4202: 4179: 4160: 4137: 4118: 4094: 4075: 4037: 4014: 3995: 680:, which were regarded by Bf 110 pilots as "lame ducks" unsuitable for the role. These pilots preferred other qualities not prevalent in 426:. Immediately after the occupation, Bomber Command appeared frequently to attack German positions and Falck was able to fly interceptions at 403: 1594:

night fighter force began only three months after arguably its greatest success. Aerial resistance declined by day and night and a state of

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claimed 40, as did Becker while Gildner claimed 38. On the night of the 16/17 September 1942 Knacke became the first night fighter to claim

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night-fighter pilots experienced the presence of long-range RAF night fighting aircraft for the first time over Germany. Radar-installed

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who would claim 55 aerial victories and briefly command I./NJG 1 before his death in a collision with a colleague while flying a

917: 4346: 1357: 423: 770:(illuminated night fighting) belt, which provided three radars per searchlight battery, covered the area from the Danish border to 886:

that year. Radusch, who spent several days commanding I./NJG 1 in 1940 during its formation, claimed 13. At the end of 1941

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emerged as another NJG 1 "expert" during the Ruhr campaign, claiming his first successes which reached 43 by March 1945.

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and 12 aircraft lost in exchange for 18 RAF claimed shot down. Over Europe, the German defences were limited in 1941. The

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Deutsche Nachtjagd. Materialverluste in Ausbildung und Einsatz Erganzungen zu Personalverlusten in Ausbildung und Einsatz

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perched ahead of the engines and reiterated the drawback of the missing third member or "lookout." Nevertheless, pilots

983: 791: 1923:, added his voice to the calls for reinstating these operations. Schnaufer found that by pursuing RAF bombers over the 4589: 1426:

and the wing from Deelen. Meurer commanded I./NJG 1 at Venlo which operated the Bf 110 and He 219. II.

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and Bf 109 single-engine fighters piloted by experienced night flyers to attack bombers but this became the domain of

1111:.... An unspeakable sorrow and great distress has come to the sorely tired city. Our technical development as regards 956: 812: 1610:

could prevent a landing in Western Europe. By June 1944, most night fighter units had been moved to the periphery of

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On the first night, 5/6 March 1943, NJG 1 claimed 10 bombers destroyed. Among the claimants were fighter pilots

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were killed. Knacke was killed on day three. Becker was killed in action on a rare daylight interception against the

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Germany and the Second World War: The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia, 1943–1944/5

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was another member of a successful NJG 1 night fighter team to be killed by an intruder in December 1944.

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then developed counter-measures; mainly by stripping the tail radars from their bombers or switching them off.

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was introduced with radar operators, and standardised in 1942 and 1943. Consequently, a large number of German

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1943 ended with pilots from NJG 1 leading the claim charts. Lent was acknowledged to have 76 and led the

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By 12 December 1943, the Heinkel He 219 night fighter had been added to NJG 1's order of battle and I.

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status when he claimed five bombers. 1942 ended in a lack of success. Weather, a fall in enemy activity and

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NJG 1 claimed 14. The February battles were the last successes of the night fighter force. The use of

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ordered experiments with searchlights and aircraft from the summer of 1937. In 1939 several night fighter

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during the operation, at night. On 23/24 December 88 night fighters flew ground support missions between

4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4520: 4498: 1920: 1876: 1792: 1353: 1304: 1297: 1193:. These tactics required RAF pilots to fly to German night fighter airfields and patrol them to destroy 1071: 939: 860: 604: 251: 116: 108: 1319: 1727: 1635: 1545:

On 31 March 1944, Bomber Command carried out its single most costly operation during the war when it

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also came to an abrupt halt. Monthly production failed to increase between July 1943 and March 1944.

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Bomber Command began routine 1,000-bomber raids over Germany from 30 May to 17 August 1942 using the

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German Night Fighting. Loss of Equipment in Training and use of Personnel in Training and Employment

1795:. III./NJG 1 provided four Ju 88s for II. and III./JG 1. Bodenplatte was a disaster. 1646:. The collapse of the German front in Normandy in August necessitated NJG 1s evacuation of all 4152: 1178: 690: 619: 584:

was renamed III./NJG 1. The second formation occurred the same date, 1 July, from renaming Z./

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in 1941. II./NJG 1 was equipped with the Ju 88 C and Do 17 Z-10 in 1940.

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the interference to his radar ceased and he could fly around unmolested. The operation was named

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joined the wing and became the most successful night fighter pilot in history, with 121 claims.

632: 1502:. Bomber Command flew on moonlit nights and was provided with strong Mosquito fighter support. 1326:

with some success. 15 crews of II./NJG 1 were committed to battle, and they claimed seven

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concludes; "Bomber Command had stopped Speer's armaments miracle in its tracks". Production of

4779: 4760: 4741: 4722: 4703: 4680: 4658: 4639: 4613: 4575: 4551: 4528: 4506: 4484: 4465: 4446: 4438: 4424: 4402: 4380: 4361: 4342: 4316: 4297: 4274: 4255: 4236: 4217: 4198: 4190: 4175: 4156: 4133: 4114: 4090: 4071: 4052: 4033: 4010: 3991: 2154: 2048: 2020: 1889: 1780: 1764: 1731: 1639: 1437: 1217: 1063: 991: 943: 822: 755: 459: 447: 159: 4655:

Royal Air Force Bomber Command Losses of the Second World War: Aircraft and Crew Losses, 1944

4335:

British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations Part 2

2119: 1928: 1613: 1452: 1349: 1331: 1048: 987: 936: 747: 700: 572: 415: 395: 391: 195: 4377:

Bodenplatte: The Luftwaffe's Last Hope: The Attack on Allied Airfields, New Year's Day 1945

1492:

responded by transferring II. and III./NJG 1 to France. III./NJG 1 operated from

851:

Bf 110 G night fighter with radar. The BF 110 was the mainstay of NJG 1

4930: 4597: 4593: 2168: 1772: 1554: 1365: 1236: 1186: 1157:

halted after March 1943 in the Ruhr along with ammunition fuses. Over 100,000 people were

1100: 948: 751: 638: 482: 407: 112: 754:

machine dismissed RAF bombers as "tired old cows", but the limited range of the precise

481:

Falck concluded that night fighting could not be organised and operated by one wing and

2055: 1998: 1936: 1912: 1716: 1395: 1246:

He 219 night fighter. Werner Baake flew these successfully exclusively in I./NJG 1

1182: 1067: 1044: 864: 779: 677: 516: 512: 419: 287: 220: 216: 151: 4973: 4830: 4672: 4330: 2133: 2082:

Hauptmann Heinrich Graf von Stillfried und Rattonitz, 2 October 1940 – 6 October 1940

2041: 2009: 1799: 1653: 1595: 1534: 1205: 1116: 998:. Harris had 53 squadrons for the battle, and his pathfinders were now operating the 932: 828: 808: 673: 669: 475: 322: 247: 212: 204: 155: 98: 1432:

under von Bonnin at Sint Truiden operated the Bf 110 and the Do 217 while

695:

pilots. These men did not adapt easily to the concept of controlled night fighting.

2069: 1584:/NJG 1) at Schleswig, Germany, shortly after the end of the war (19 June 1945) 1558: 1239:

purportedly committed suicide because of the failure of the German night defences.

1134: 1130: 1037: 952: 909: 905: 894: 877: 696: 455: 349: 275: 255: 134: 74: 4108: 2147: 2086: 1815: 1483: 1458: 1380:" in the belief the destruction of the German capital would end the war without 1052: 999: 872:

NJG 1; however the lack of performance made the type unpopular with crews.

784: 658: 643: 502: 1137:

were forced to cut planned increases in production. This disruption caused the

787:, eventually improved the range and identification problems prevalent in 1941. 4565: 4104: 1851:, 64 He 219s (45 operational), 24 of 37 Bf 110s combat ready in II. 1784: 1657: 1643: 1154: 1150: 1074: 880:

claimed 21, and Lent claimed 20, making him the third highest claimant in the

868: 811:, 2./NJG 1, claimed one of the first aerial victories for NJG 1; an 451: 41: 4617: 4837: 4834: 4547: 4068:

Nachtjagd: The Night Fighter Versus Bomber War over the Third Reich, 1939–45

1943:. In April 1945 the Kammhuber Line disintegrated completely as American and 1924: 1750: 1675: 1313: 1211: 1112: 1078: 904:

Bomber Command. Harris became the driving force behind producing a powerful

627: 339: 333: 328: 308: 242: 86: 4481:

Intruders over Britain: The Luftwaffe Night Fighter Offensive 1940 to 1945

1496:

from 20 April. Night fighter operations over France proved costly for the

4087:

Night Airwar: Personal Recollections of the Conflict Over Europe, 1939–45

1948: 1888:

night fighter force had to contend with technical setbacks by late 1944.

1826:

Allied bombing of Axis oil targets in 1944 had an enormous impact on the

1768: 1665: 1661: 1513: 1250:

On 24 July 1943, days after the end of the Ruhr campaign, Harris ordered

1158: 1108: 816: 771: 486: 4825: 2844: 2842: 1962: 1760: 1711: 1627: 1623: 1567:

had been destroyed in an American attack on their base shortly before.

1255: 972:

Do 217 J night fighter. A handful saw service with NJG 1

800: 743: 498: 490: 3902: 3900: 4571:

The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy

3308: 3306: 2357: 2355: 1952: 1944: 1259: 1190: 1143:(sub-components crisis). The increase of aircraft production for the 1027: 795: 354: 17: 2793: 2791: 2631: 2629: 2507: 2505: 1783:. 8./NJG 1 are known to have carried out strafing attacks near 1278:

system, was compelled to find technical solutions to the jamming of

1115:

missions and air warfare is far inferior to that of the English and

1070:. The collision may have been caused by an attack on his fighter by 610:(NJG 2), though it received personnel from I./ZG 26. III. 1940: 1809: 1642:

nearing its nadir, NJG 1 were moved to airfields spread over

1619: 1569: 1561:

and operated from Laon; the remaining eight Bf 110s from the

1538: 1530: 1526: 1398:

emissions which warned RAF crews of an approaching night fighter.

1241: 1166: 1162: 967: 846: 735:) to forestall the increasing number of Bomber Command raids. The 494: 435: 47: 4233:

Bombers over Berlin: The RAF Offensive November 1943 – March 1944

3779: 3777: 4609: 1776: 1522: 1493: 427: 383:

had been converted back to day fighter units by 16 August 1939.

264:(groups). NJG 1 was created as an air defence unit for the 4797: 1838:

would run out of fuel. The fuel shortage directly affected the

1719:"Mosquito hunter" was planned, but too late for production. I. 1630:

and Western Europe. Only NJG 1 and 3 remained in Germany.

1107:

during the night there was another exceptionally heavy raid on

4636:

100 Group (Bomber Support): RAF Bomber Command in World War II

4130:

Nuremberg: The Blackest Night in RAF History: 30/31 March 1944

1356:

further confused night fighters as was evident in the October

1165:, contributing to the inability to continue production at the 1062:

unit to report any successes that night. Among the pilots was

4936: 4445:. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Air University Press (US Air Force). 4252:

The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book

3281: 3279: 3277: 758:, and the inability to distinguish friend from foe, left the 434:

unit could defend the airspace at night with assistance from

2109:

Hauptmann Philipp von Bothmer, 1 July 1940 - 1 November 1940

4462:

To Win The Winter Sky: Air War over the Ardennes, 1944-1945

3725: 3723: 519:, which used radar to guide night fighters to RAF bombers. 258:. NJG 1 was formed on 22 June 1940 and comprised four 2742: 2740: 646:, became the first permanent commander of II./NJG 1, 4702:] (in German). Stuttgart, Germany: Motorbuch Verlag. 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 2859: 2857: 1446:

at Twente and Leeuwarden; both operated the Bf 110.

1341:

On 5 October 1943, NJG 1 with NJG 2 formed the

863:

shot down six RAF bombers while flying a radar-installed

3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 2886: 2884: 1900:

The German defences so weakened that by the time of the

1814:

Gun camera film from an RAF fighter, shows the death of

1103:, wrote in his diary on 14 May 1943 of German defences, 377:(squadrons or flights) had been established; all of the 4269:

Foreman, John; Parry, Simon; Mathews, Johannes (2004).

3764: 3762: 3323: 3321: 3216: 3214: 2937: 2935: 2580: 2578: 2576: 1185:

to Bomber Command over the Ruhr. These crews came from

4602:

The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany: 1939–1945

3350: 3348: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2522: 2520: 2372: 2370: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2191: 2189: 661:

took command of III. and IV./NJG 1 respectively.

402:

began bombing raids on German ports and shipping. The

4914: 1763:. NJG 1 and other units were ordered to provide 1759:

to split the British and American armies and capture

1360:; in which everything when wrong for the defences. A 1097:

Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda

493:. On 1 August 1940 a command post was established at 4990:

Military units and formations disestablished in 1945

4007:

History of the German Night Fighter Force, 1917–1945

2099:

Hauptmann Adolf Breves, 26 October 1944 – 8 May 1945

1508:

pilots hardly managed to engage the bomber streams.

928:, killed in June 1942 against an RAF night fighter. 3906: 3891: 3819: 3807: 3474: 3312: 3181: 3073: 3049: 2914: 2875: 2848: 2833: 2821: 2809: 2797: 2695: 2635: 2620: 2511: 2472: 2361: 1578:pose with Schnaufer's Bf 110 G-4 (G9+BA, 418:did not end the threat posed by British air power. 194: 189: 170: 165: 145: 140: 130: 122: 104: 94: 80: 62: 54: 29: 4776:Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zerstörer Aces of World War 2 2115:Hauptmann von Graeve 8 February 1941 – 5 June 1942 2112:Hauptmann Schön, 1 November 1940 – 1 February 1941 1348:, covering the Netherlands, Belgium and the Ruhr. 1262:production in the port city. The introduction of " 438:operators. Falck was invited to the Air Ministry ( 4985:Military units and formations established in 1940 4049:The Battle of Britain: An Epic Conflict Revisited 1955:. Germany was fragmented and the remnants of the 1869:. The remaining crews were regarded as among the 855:In mid-1941, NJG 1 began experimenting with 4195:The Luftwaffe over Germany: Defence of the Reich 3205: 4525:Last Year of the Luftwaffe, May 1944 – May 1945 1105: 533:was formed on 22 June 1940 from elements of I. 3268: 3244: 3232: 2758: 2231: 1802:remarked, "We sacrificed our last substance". 1449:A notable development was the introduction of 1318:(Tame Boar) tactics were used to some effect. 4809: 4443:Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe, 1933–1945 1394:crews. Flensburg had been able to detect the 1216:(Wild Boar) operations—the use of radar-less 8: 4638:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword. 4172:Mosquito Bomber/Fighter-Bomber Units 1942–45 3795: 3783: 3285: 2015: 2004: 1993: 1984: 1970: 1956: 1905: 1883: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1748: 1742: 1720: 1701: 1695: 1685: 1679: 1669: 1647: 1611: 1605: 1599: 1589: 1579: 1562: 1503: 1497: 1487: 1472: 1465: 1450: 1441: 1427: 1420: 1414: 1399: 1389: 1311: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1273: 1267: 1228: 1209: 1194: 1172: 1144: 1138: 1124: 1083: 1057: 1031: 1021: 1015: 1009: 1003: 977: 881: 839: 833: 820: 765: 759: 736: 730: 724: 710: 704: 688: 681: 653: 647: 636: 625: 617: 611: 598: 592: 579: 566: 560: 547: 534: 528: 506: 469: 463: 439: 378: 372: 364: 358: 337: 326: 306: 269: 259: 240: 232: 176: 84: 30: 4677:The Battle of the Airfields: 1 January 1945 4149:Nachtjagd, Defenders of the Reich 1940–1943 3753: 3498: 3037: 3025: 3013: 994:against a specific objective, known as the 4816: 4802: 4794: 3678: 2659: 1376:In November 1943 Arthur Harris began the " 1040:operated the Bf 110 and Do 217. 964:Battle of the Ruhr, Hamburg and Peenemünde 2460: 1961:isolated in pockets near the Ruhr and in 4757:German Night Fighter Aces of World War 2 4358:Eagle in Flames: Defeat of the Luftwaffe 4271:Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939–1945 4107:; Krebs, Gerhard; Vogel, Detlef (2006). 1419:were equipped with it. By June 1944, I. 1372:Battle of Berlin, Nuremberg and Normandy 794:/NJG 1 was based at Düsseldorf and 4949: 4921: 3486: 3256: 2863: 2683: 2671: 2647: 2484: 2185: 1806:1945: Destruction of the Kammhuber Line 1598:was achieved by Allied air forces. The 1189:, and termed their operations "flower" 920:in May 1942 began the new phase in the 597:/KG 30). On 7 September 1940 this 3988:Firestorm: The Bombing of Dresden 1945 3867: 3714: 3690: 3666: 3630: 3462: 3450: 3438: 3426: 3414: 3402: 3339: 3121: 2977: 2965: 2953: 2926: 2890: 2782: 2770: 2746: 2555: 1258:. The objective was to disrupt or end 827:II./NJG 1 only two months later. 729:began long-range intruder operations ( 26: 4483:. London: Air Research Publications. 4290:Case Studies in Strategic Bombardment 4170:Bowman, Martin; Davey, Chris (2013). 4032:] (in German). VDM Heinz Nickel. 3986:Addison, Paul; Crang, Jeremy (2006). 3969: 3930: 3918: 3879: 3855: 3843: 3831: 3768: 3741: 3702: 3654: 3642: 3618: 3606: 3594: 3570: 3558: 3546: 3534: 3522: 3510: 3390: 3378: 3366: 3354: 3327: 3297: 3220: 3193: 3169: 3157: 3145: 3133: 3109: 3097: 3085: 3061: 3001: 2989: 2941: 2902: 2731: 2719: 2707: 2608: 2596: 2584: 2567: 2543: 2526: 2496: 2448: 2436: 2424: 2412: 2400: 2388: 2376: 2346: 2334: 2322: 2310: 2279: 2267: 2255: 2243: 2219: 2207: 2195: 2058:, 28 September 1943 – 21 January 1944 515:from 1941. Kammhuber established the 268:campaign; an aerial war waged by the 7: 4399:The Nuremberg Raid: 30–31 March 1944 4254:. London: Pen & Sword Aviation. 3729: 3582: 2096:, 18 November 1943 – 25 October 1944 1030:; all operated the Bf 110. II. 942:and Lancaster bombers equipped with 803:, III/NJG 1 still operated the 336:during 1935 and 1936. Little of the 4379:. Ottringham: Hikoki Publications. 2089:, 6 October 1940 – 17 November 1943 4113:. Vol. VII. Clarendon Press. 1935:began. Allied armies breached the 1933:Western Allied invasion of Germany 1857:, 31 from 73 Bf 110s in III. 1537:coast and Berlin and target area. 1533:were held for operations near the 25: 4505:. Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan. 3907:Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004 3892:Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004 3820:Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004 3808:Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004 3475:Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004 3313:Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004 3182:Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004 3074:Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004 3050:Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004 2915:Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004 2876:Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004 2849:Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004 2834:Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004 2822:Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004 2810:Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004 2798:Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004 2696:Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004 2636:Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004 2621:Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004 2512:Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004 2473:Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004 2362:Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004 2127:Egmont Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld 2051:, 1 July 1943 – 27 September 1943 1434:Egmont Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld 1008:from Deelen, Streib commanded I. 976:In February 1943, several of the 635:, took command of I./NJG 1, 4952: 4924: 4824: 4375:Manrho, John; Pütz, Ron (2004). 2164:, 1 March 1944 – 26 October 1944 2150:, 1 October 1942 – 1 August 1943 2129:, 1 June 1943 – 20 February 1944 1181:and Mosquitos provided indirect 859:, which had become operational. 462:, the commander-in-chief of the 422:had commanded I/ZG 1 during the 67: 40: 4606:History of the Second World War 4339:Her Majesty's Stationery Office 2065:, January 1944 - 1 October 1944 2044:, 18 October 1940 – 1 July 1943 4273:. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. 2171:, 1 November 1944 – 8 May 1945 2157:, 1 August 1943 – 1 March 1944 2037:, 1 July 1940 – 6 October 1940 1882:Along with fuel shortages the 1324:Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission 406:in December 1939 ended massed 404:Battle of the Heligoland Bight 363:II from May to November 1936. 325:operations did not feature in 1: 4696:Luftkrieg bei Nacht 1939–1945 4423:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 4360:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2072:, 2 October 1944 – 8 May 1945 2001:, 26 June 1940 – 30 June 1943 1892:Mosquitos were equipped with 664:I./NJG 1 set up base at 578:on 1 July 1940, although the 4721:. Wiltshire: Crowood Press. 4657:. London: Midland Counties. 4047:Bergström, Christer (2015). 3269:Boog, Krebs & Vogel 2006 3245:Boog, Krebs & Vogel 2006 3233:Boog, Krebs & Vogel 2006 3206:Webster & Frankland 1961 3160:, pp. 108–109, 146–147. 1824:Oil campaign of World War II 1684:were subordinated to the 3. 984:United States Army Air Force 468:, ordered Falck to create a 390:in September 1939 began the 4740:. London: McWhirter Twins. 4315:. Brimscombe Port: Tempus. 4197:. London: Greenhill Books. 4132:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. 2136:, 1 March 1944 – 8 May 1945 2122:, 6 June 1942 – 31 May 1943 1133:and his armaments minister 912:operations. The attacks on 813:Armstrong Whitworth Whitley 294:existed within NJG 1. 274:against the bombing of the 5006: 4700:Air War at Night 1939–1945 4694:Hinchliffe, Peter (1998). 4464:. Pennsylvania: Combined. 4313:Schnaufer: Ace of Diamonds 4311:Hinchliffe, Peter (1999). 2759:Caldwell & Muller 2007 2415:, pp. 31, 33, 35, 37. 2232:Caldwell & Muller 2007 2012:, 1 July 1943 – March 1944 1576:Royal Australian Air Force 1368:were among the claimants. 1231:Oberkommando der Luftwaffe 1014:from Venlo, Thimmig, III. 446:) to express his views to 442:Reichsluftfahrtministerium 424:German invasion of Denmark 367:Oberkommando der Luftwaffe 4844: 4337:. Vol. III. London: 4294:University of the Pacific 4288:Hall, R. Cargill (1998). 4235:. London: Pen and Sword. 4089:. London: Crowood Press. 4070:. London: Crowood Press. 3921:, pp. 166, 207, 211. 908:command to carry out his 412:Armistice of 22 June 1940 388:German invasion of Poland 58:22 June 1940 – 8 May 1945 46:Unit crest, adopted from 39: 4608:. Vol. II. London: 4460:Parker, Danny S (1998). 4147:Bowman, Martin (2016b). 4128:Bowman, Martin (2016a). 3796:Addison & Crang 2006 3784:Addison & Crang 2006 3286:Addison & Crang 2006 3088:, pp. 101–104, 106. 2812:, pp. 70–73, 76–77. 2162:Heinz-Wolfgang Schnaufer 2094:Eckart-Wilhelm von Bonin 1913:Neptun, or FuG 218 radar 1779:, and in support of the 1386:Flensburg radar detector 1020:from Leeuwarden and IV. 1000:H2S ground-mapping radar 888:Heinz-Wolfgang Schnaufer 815:shot down at 02:15 near 723:In the autumn, 1940 the 703:were examples of the ex- 652:Philipp von Bothmer and 430:. Falck was sure that a 4736:Mason, Francis (1969). 4653:Chorley, W. R. (1992). 4634:Bowman, Martin (2011). 4250:Everitt, Chris (1985). 4024:Balss, Michael (1997). 4005:Aders, Gebhard (1978). 3754:Bowman & Davey 2013 2023:, March 1944 – May 1945 1797:General der Jagdflieger 1440:commanded III. and IV. 957:jamming of German radar 764:at a disadvantage. The 709:pilots that joined the 565:was formed from IV.(N) 346:anti-aircraft artillery 284:United States Air Force 4755:Scutts, Jerry (1998). 4574:. London: Allen Lane. 4544:Luftwaffe Fighter Aces 4356:Hooton, E. R. (1999). 4214:Air Battle of the Ruhr 3679:Manrho & Pütz 2004 2016: 2005: 1994: 1985: 1971: 1957: 1906: 1894:Serrate radar detector 1884: 1871: 1865: 1863:and 24 from 33 in IV. 1859: 1853: 1847: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1819: 1749: 1743: 1721: 1702: 1696: 1686: 1680: 1670: 1648: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1563: 1504: 1498: 1488: 1473: 1466: 1451: 1442: 1428: 1421: 1415: 1400: 1390: 1312: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1274: 1268: 1247: 1229: 1210: 1195: 1173: 1145: 1139: 1125: 1121: 1084: 1058: 1032: 1022: 1016: 1010: 1004: 978: 973: 940:de Havilland Mosquitos 902:Air Officer Commanding 882: 852: 840: 834: 821: 819:. Streib would become 766: 760: 737: 731: 725: 711: 705: 689: 682: 654: 648: 637: 626: 618: 612: 599: 593: 580: 567: 561: 548: 535: 529: 507: 470: 464: 440: 379: 373: 365: 359: 338: 327: 307: 270: 260: 241: 233: 177: 85: 31: 4941:at Knowledge (XXG)'s 4939:Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 4849:Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 4829:Nachtjagdgeschwader ( 4527:. London: Greenhill. 4503:Battle Over The Reich 4479:Parry, Simon (2003). 4231:Cooper, Alan (2013). 4212:Cooper, Alan (1992). 4189:Caldwell, Donald L.; 4085:Boiten, Theo (1999). 4066:Boiten, Theo (1997). 1975:on 16/17 April 1945. 1921:Nachtjagdgeschwader 4 1877:Hans-Heinz Augenstein 1813: 1793:Operation Bodenplatte 1656:in September 1944 to 1636:Messerschmitt Me 410s 1573: 1245: 971: 850: 348:to avoid each other. 117:Offensive counter air 109:Anti-aircraft warfare 4774:Weal, John (2012) . 4719:Messerschmitt Bf 110 4717:Mackay, Ron (2000). 4542:Spick, Mike (1996). 4051:. Oxford: Casemate. 3393:, pp. 155, 159. 3300:, pp. 136, 245. 2599:, pp. 226, 240. 1728:Ernst-Wilhelm Modrow 1518:No. 105 Squadron RAF 1362:Naxos radar detector 1328:B-17 Flying Fortress 1179:Bristol Beaufighters 922:Defence of the Reich 805:Messerschmitt Bf 109 776:Handley-Page Halifax 546:(ZG 1) and IV. 432:Messerschmitt Bf 110 266:Defence of the Reich 209:Messerschmitt Bf 110 201:Messerschmitt Bf 109 4738:Battle Over Britain 4679:. London: Grub St. 4421:The Peenemünde Raid 4417:Middlebrook, Martin 4401:. London: Penguin. 4395:Middlebrook, Martin 4216:. London: Airlife. 4153:Pen and Sword Books 3990:. London: Pimlico. 3894:, pp. 238–240. 3882:, pp. 194–198. 3858:, pp. 199–201. 3846:, pp. 211–212. 3822:, pp. 236–237. 3732:, pp. 144–145. 3717:, pp. 274–275. 3669:, pp. 207–208. 3645:, pp. 200–201. 3609:, pp. 188–190. 3573:, pp. 176–178. 3561:, pp. 172–173. 3549:, pp. 170–171. 3513:, pp. 166–167. 3405:, pp. 185–186. 3247:, pp. 201–202. 3208:, pp. 193–194. 3184:, pp. 124–125. 3148:, pp. 104–105. 3124:, pp. 101–102. 2992:, pp. 157–158. 2956:, pp. 134–135. 2773:, pp. 125–126. 2674:, pp. 123–178. 2325:, pp. 226–227. 1979:Commanding officers 1588:The decline of the 1551:Château de Marchais 1299:Nachtjagdgeschwader 620:Geschwaderkommodore 606:Nachtjagdgeschwader 559:(ZG 26). II. 555:Zerstörergeschwader 542:Zerstörergeschwader 471:Nachtjagdgeschwader 234:Nachtjagdgeschwader 32:Nachtjagdgeschwader 4778:. London: Osprey. 4759:. Oxford: Osprey. 4439:Murray, Williamson 4191:Muller, Richard R. 4174:. Oxford: Osprey. 2917:, pp. 72–244. 2210:, pp. 10, 12. 1902:Bombing of Dresden 1820: 1757:Ardennes Offensive 1586: 1547:attacked Nuremberg 1382:Operation Overlord 1336:56th Fighter Group 1320:Viktor von Loßberg 1303:claimed the rest. 1252:Operation Gomorrah 1248: 996:Battle of the Ruhr 974: 926:Helmut Woltersdorf 893:In February 1942, 857:Lichtenstein radar 853: 400:RAF Bomber Command 299:Battle of the Ruhr 292:night fighter aces 280:RAF Bomber Command 4912: 4911: 4785:978-1-85532-753-5 4766:978-1-85532-696-5 4747:978-0-901928-00-9 4728:978-1-86126-313-1 4709:978-3-613-01861-7 4686:978-1-898697-15-2 4664:978-0-904597-91-2 4645:978-1-84415-418-0 4581:978-0-14-100348-1 4557:978-0-8041-1696-1 4534:978-1-85367-440-2 4512:978-0-7110-0481-8 4490:978-1-871187-16-8 4471:978-0-938289-35-7 4452:978-1-58566-010-0 4430:978-1-84415-336-7 4408:978-0-14-008114-5 4386:978-1-902109-40-4 4367:978-1-85409-343-1 4322:978-0-7524-1690-8 4303:978-1-4102-2480-4 4280:978-0-9538061-4-0 4261:978-1-78346-360-2 4242:978-1-78159-065-2 4223:978-1-85310-201-1 4204:978-1-85367-712-0 4181:978-1-4728-0049-7 4162:978-1-4738-4986-0 4139:978-1-4738-5211-2 4120:978-0-19-822889-9 4096:978-1-86126-298-1 4077:978-1-86126-086-4 4039:978-3-925480-36-2 4016:978-0-354-01247-8 4009:. London: Janes. 3997:978-1-84413-928-6 3786:, pp. 65–66. 3705:, pp. 91–96. 3076:, pp. 95–97. 3064:, pp. 94–96. 3028:, pp. 88–89. 2980:, pp. 90–94. 2878:, pp. 84–91. 2851:, pp. 81–83. 2836:, pp. 79–80. 2824:, pp. 76–77. 2749:, pp. 78–79. 2570:, pp. 45–46. 2499:, pp. 18–19. 2451:, pp. 33–54. 2427:, pp. 32–33. 2270:, pp. 17–29. 2258:, pp. 16–17. 2246:, pp. 15–16. 2222:, pp. 10–16. 2155:Hans-Joachim Jabs 2049:Hans-Dieter Frank 2021:Hans-Joachim Jabs 1890:No. 100 Group RAF 1781:Siege of Bastogne 1765:close air support 1664:, Düsseldorf and 1640:Normandy Campaign 1438:Hans-Joachim Jabs 1332:P-47 Thunderbolts 1218:Focke-Wulf Fw 190 1140:Zulieferungskrise 1082:one-sixth of the 1064:Hans-Dieter Frank 992:military campaign 823:Gruppenkommandeur 790:In mid-1940, the 478:on 22 June 1940. 448:Albert Kesselring 360:Luftkreiskommando 226: 225: 178:Geschwaderkennung 160:Hans-Joachim Jabs 16:(Redirected from 4997: 4965: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4945: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4920: 4828: 4818: 4811: 4804: 4795: 4789: 4770: 4751: 4732: 4713: 4690: 4668: 4649: 4621: 4598:Butler, J. R. M. 4594:Frankland, Noble 4585: 4561: 4538: 4516: 4494: 4475: 4456: 4434: 4412: 4390: 4371: 4352: 4326: 4307: 4284: 4265: 4246: 4227: 4208: 4185: 4166: 4143: 4124: 4100: 4081: 4062: 4058:978-1612-00347-4 4043: 4020: 4001: 3973: 3967: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3772: 3766: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3499:Middlebrook 1987 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3316: 3310: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3038:Middlebrook 2006 3035: 3029: 3026:Middlebrook 2006 3023: 3017: 3014:Middlebrook 2006 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2852: 2846: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2530: 2524: 2515: 2509: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2365: 2359: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2120:Wolfgang Thimmig 2019: 2008: 1997: 1988: 1974: 1960: 1929:Operation Gisela 1909: 1887: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1754: 1746: 1724: 1705: 1699: 1689: 1683: 1673: 1651: 1617: 1614:Luftflotte Reich 1609: 1603: 1593: 1583: 1566: 1507: 1501: 1491: 1476: 1469: 1456: 1445: 1431: 1424: 1418: 1403: 1393: 1378:Battle of Berlin 1358:attack on Kassel 1350:Operation Corona 1317: 1295: 1289: 1283: 1277: 1271: 1234: 1215: 1198: 1176: 1148: 1142: 1128: 1090:Dietrich Schmidt 1087: 1061: 1035: 1025: 1019: 1013: 1007: 988:Eighth Air Force 981: 885: 843: 837: 826: 769: 763: 748:killed in action 740: 734: 728: 714: 708: 701:Rudolf Schoenert 694: 685: 657: 651: 642: 631: 623: 615: 602: 596: 583: 570: 564: 551: 538: 532: 510: 501:in the occupied 473: 467: 445: 416:Battle of France 396:French Air Force 392:Second World War 382: 376: 370: 362: 343: 332: 312: 303:Battle of Berlin 273: 263: 246: 236: 180: 90: 73: 71: 70: 44: 34: 27: 21: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4980:Luftwaffe Wings 4970: 4969: 4968: 4958: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4944:sister projects 4943: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4915: 4913: 4908: 4840: 4822: 4792: 4786: 4773: 4767: 4754: 4748: 4735: 4729: 4716: 4710: 4693: 4687: 4671: 4665: 4652: 4646: 4633: 4629: 4627:Further reading 4624: 4588: 4582: 4564: 4558: 4541: 4535: 4519: 4513: 4497: 4491: 4478: 4472: 4459: 4453: 4437: 4431: 4415: 4409: 4393: 4387: 4374: 4368: 4355: 4349: 4329: 4323: 4310: 4304: 4287: 4281: 4268: 4262: 4249: 4243: 4230: 4224: 4211: 4205: 4188: 4182: 4169: 4163: 4146: 4140: 4127: 4121: 4103: 4097: 4084: 4078: 4065: 4059: 4046: 4040: 4023: 4017: 4004: 3998: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3968: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3782: 3775: 3767: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3728: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3681:, pp. 5–6. 3677: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3319: 3311: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2855: 2847: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2670: 2666: 2660:Hinchliffe 1999 2658: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2634: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2611:, pp. 3–4. 2607: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2533: 2525: 2518: 2510: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2411: 2407: 2399: 2395: 2387: 2383: 2375: 2368: 2360: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2309: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2169:Hermann Greiner 2035:Günther Radusch 1981: 1808: 1574:Members of the 1555:Marchais, Aisne 1478:fighter force. 1374: 1366:Werner Husemann 1254:, an attack on 1237:Hans Jeschonnek 1227:. The Chief of 1202:Operation Hydra 1187:Fighter Command 1101:Joseph Goebbels 1036:under Ehler at 966: 949:Reinhold Knacke 767:Helle Nachtjagd 752:Nazi propaganda 721: 633:Günther Radusch 603:was renamed I./ 587:Kampfgeschwader 525: 483:Josef Kammhuber 408:Royal Air Force 320: 229: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 181: 172: 158: 154: 147: 115: 113:Air superiority 111: 68: 66: 50: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5003: 5001: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4798: 4791: 4790: 4784: 4771: 4765: 4752: 4746: 4733: 4727: 4714: 4708: 4691: 4685: 4673:Franks, Norman 4669: 4663: 4650: 4644: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4590:Webster, C. K. 4586: 4580: 4562: 4556: 4539: 4533: 4517: 4511: 4495: 4489: 4476: 4470: 4457: 4451: 4435: 4429: 4413: 4407: 4391: 4385: 4372: 4366: 4353: 4347: 4331:Hinsley, Harry 4327: 4321: 4308: 4302: 4285: 4279: 4266: 4260: 4247: 4241: 4228: 4222: 4209: 4203: 4186: 4180: 4167: 4161: 4144: 4138: 4125: 4119: 4101: 4095: 4082: 4076: 4063: 4057: 4044: 4038: 4021: 4015: 4002: 3996: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3972:, p. 227. 3935: 3933:, p. 211. 3923: 3911: 3909:, p. 247. 3896: 3884: 3872: 3870:, p. 384. 3860: 3848: 3836: 3834:, p. 207. 3824: 3812: 3810:, p. 234. 3800: 3788: 3773: 3758: 3746: 3744:, p. 123. 3734: 3719: 3707: 3695: 3693:, p. 486. 3683: 3671: 3659: 3657:, p. 205. 3647: 3635: 3633:, p. 147. 3623: 3621:, p. 190. 3611: 3599: 3597:, p. 185. 3587: 3585:, p. 143. 3575: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3527: 3525:, p. 168. 3515: 3503: 3501:, p. 146. 3491: 3479: 3477:, p. 137. 3467: 3465:, p. 262. 3455: 3453:, p. 220. 3443: 3441:, p. 223. 3431: 3429:, p. 207. 3419: 3417:, p. 197. 3407: 3395: 3383: 3381:, p. 236. 3371: 3369:, p. 110. 3359: 3344: 3342:, p. 214. 3332: 3330:, p. 203. 3317: 3315:, p. 127. 3302: 3290: 3273: 3271:, p. 315. 3261: 3259:, p. 563. 3249: 3237: 3235:, p. 314. 3225: 3223:, p. 251. 3210: 3198: 3196:, p. 105. 3186: 3174: 3172:, p. 147. 3162: 3150: 3138: 3126: 3114: 3112:, p. 145. 3102: 3100:, p. 143. 3090: 3078: 3066: 3054: 3042: 3040:, p. 195. 3030: 3018: 3006: 3004:, p. 142. 2994: 2982: 2970: 2968:, p. 135. 2958: 2946: 2944:, p. 598. 2931: 2919: 2907: 2895: 2893:, p. 141. 2880: 2868: 2866:, p. 163. 2853: 2838: 2826: 2814: 2802: 2787: 2785:, p. 132. 2775: 2763: 2751: 2736: 2724: 2712: 2710:, p. 241. 2700: 2688: 2686:, p. 115. 2676: 2664: 2652: 2650:, p. 127. 2640: 2625: 2613: 2601: 2589: 2587:, p. 240. 2572: 2560: 2558:, p. 252. 2548: 2531: 2516: 2501: 2489: 2487:, p. 278. 2477: 2465: 2463:, p. 295. 2461:Bergström 2015 2453: 2441: 2429: 2417: 2405: 2393: 2381: 2366: 2364:, p. 125. 2351: 2339: 2327: 2315: 2313:, p. 226. 2284: 2282:, p. 224. 2272: 2260: 2248: 2236: 2224: 2212: 2200: 2198:, p. 239. 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2165: 2158: 2151: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2130: 2123: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2090: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2066: 2059: 2056:Manfred Meurer 2052: 2045: 2038: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2017:Oberstleutnant 2013: 2002: 1999:Wolfgang Falck 1980: 1977: 1937:Siegfried Line 1807: 1804: 1732:Heinz Strüning 1717:Heinkel He 419 1373: 1370: 1307:claimed two . 1223:Jagdgeschwader 1183:fighter escort 1072:Wing Commander 1068:Heinkel He 219 1045:Manfred Meurer 965: 962: 865:Dornier Do 215 780:Avro Lancaster 756:Würzburg radar 720: 717: 678:Dornier Do 217 666:Venlo Airfield 574:Jagdgeschwader 524: 521: 517:Kammhuber Line 489:, in occupied 460:Hermann Göring 420:Wolfgang Falck 319: 316: 288:airborne radar 237:1 (NJG 1) 227: 224: 223: 221:Dornier Do 217 217:Heinkel He 219 198: 192: 191: 190:Aircraft flown 187: 186: 174: 171:Identification 168: 167: 163: 162: 152:Wolfgang Falck 149: 143: 142: 138: 137: 132: 128: 127: 124: 120: 119: 106: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 82: 78: 77: 64: 60: 59: 56: 52: 51: 45: 37: 36: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5002: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4963: 4962: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4932: 4922: 4918: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4833:wing) of the 4832: 4831:Night fighter 4827: 4819: 4814: 4812: 4807: 4805: 4800: 4799: 4796: 4787: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4521:Price, Alfred 4518: 4514: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4499:Price, Alfred 4496: 4492: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4348:0-11-630940-7 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3983: 3978: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3801: 3798:, p. 68. 3797: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3771:, p. 94. 3770: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3756:, p. 79. 3755: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3540: 3537:, p. 23. 3536: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3360: 3357:, p. 67. 3356: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3291: 3288:, p. 65. 3287: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3136:, p. 88. 3135: 3130: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3055: 3052:, p. 95. 3051: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3019: 3016:, p. 98. 3015: 3010: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2929:, p. 67. 2928: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2908: 2905:, p. 46. 2904: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2803: 2800:, p. 69. 2799: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2764: 2761:, p. 77. 2760: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2734:, p. 45. 2733: 2728: 2725: 2722:, p. 84. 2721: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2701: 2698:, p. 63. 2697: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2665: 2662:, p. xi. 2661: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2641: 2638:, p. 42. 2637: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2623:, p. 41. 2622: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2549: 2546:, p. 41. 2545: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2529:, p. 40. 2528: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2514:, p. 27. 2513: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2478: 2475:, p. 10. 2474: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2442: 2439:, p. 32. 2438: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2406: 2403:, p. 30. 2402: 2397: 2394: 2391:, p. 17. 2390: 2385: 2382: 2379:, p. 18. 2378: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2349:, p. 27. 2348: 2343: 2340: 2337:, p. 29. 2336: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2237: 2234:, p. 41. 2233: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2134:Martin Drewes 2131: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2042:Werner Streib 2039: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2010:Werner Streib 2007: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1966: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1914: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1880: 1878: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1825: 1817: 1812: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1800:Adolf Galland 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1752: 1745: 1739: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1707: 1704: 1698: 1691: 1688: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1654:Low Countries 1650: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1615: 1608: 1602: 1597: 1596:air supremacy 1592: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1515: 1509: 1506: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1479: 1475: 1468: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1454: 1453:Schräge Musik 1447: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1423: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1315: 1308: 1306: 1305:August Geiger 1302: 1300: 1294: 1288: 1287:Liechtenstein 1282: 1276: 1270: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1244: 1240: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1226: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1213: 1207: 1203: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1141: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1086: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1054: 1050: 1049:Herbert Lütje 1046: 1041: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1018: 1012: 1006: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 980: 970: 963: 961: 958: 954: 950: 945: 941: 938: 934: 933:bomber stream 929: 927: 923: 919: 916:in March and 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 898:Arthur Harris 896: 891: 889: 884: 879: 873: 870: 866: 862: 861:Ludwig Becker 858: 849: 845: 842: 836: 830: 829:Oberfeldwebel 825: 824: 818: 814: 810: 809:Werner Streib 806: 802: 797: 793: 788: 786: 781: 777: 773: 768: 762: 757: 753: 749: 745: 739: 733: 732:Fernnachtjagd 727: 718: 716: 713: 707: 702: 698: 693: 692: 684: 679: 675: 674:Dornier Do 17 671: 670:Junkers Ju 88 667: 662: 660: 656: 650: 645: 641: 640: 634: 630: 629: 622: 621: 614: 609: 607: 601: 595: 590: 588: 582: 577: 575: 569: 563: 558: 556: 550: 545: 543: 537: 531: 522: 520: 518: 514: 509: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 479: 477: 472: 466: 461: 457: 453: 449: 444: 443: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 384: 381: 375: 369: 368: 361: 356: 351: 350:Search lights 347: 342: 341: 335: 331: 330: 324: 323:Night fighter 317: 315: 311: 310: 304: 300: 295: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 253: 249: 248:night fighter 245: 244: 239:was a German 238: 235: 228:Military unit 222: 218: 214: 213:Junkers Ju 88 210: 206: 205:Dornier Do 17 202: 199: 197: 193: 188: 185: 179: 175: 169: 164: 161: 157: 156:Werner Streib 153: 150: 144: 139: 136: 133: 129: 125: 121: 118: 114: 110: 107: 103: 100: 99:Night Fighter 97: 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 76: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 43: 38: 33: 28: 19: 4964:from Commons 4959: 4938: 4848: 4775: 4756: 4737: 4718: 4699: 4695: 4676: 4654: 4635: 4601: 4569: 4546:. New York: 4543: 4524: 4502: 4480: 4461: 4442: 4420: 4398: 4376: 4357: 4334: 4312: 4289: 4270: 4251: 4232: 4213: 4194: 4171: 4151:. Barnsley: 4148: 4129: 4109: 4086: 4067: 4048: 4029: 4025: 4006: 3987: 3979:Bibliography 3926: 3914: 3887: 3875: 3863: 3851: 3839: 3827: 3815: 3803: 3791: 3749: 3737: 3710: 3698: 3686: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3638: 3626: 3614: 3602: 3590: 3578: 3566: 3554: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3506: 3494: 3487:Bowman 2016a 3482: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3434: 3422: 3410: 3398: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3335: 3293: 3264: 3257:Hinsley 1988 3252: 3240: 3228: 3201: 3189: 3177: 3165: 3153: 3141: 3129: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3081: 3069: 3057: 3045: 3033: 3021: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2922: 2910: 2898: 2871: 2864:Everitt 1985 2829: 2817: 2805: 2778: 2766: 2754: 2727: 2715: 2703: 2691: 2684:Everitt 1985 2679: 2672:Everitt 1985 2667: 2655: 2648:Everitt 1985 2643: 2616: 2604: 2592: 2563: 2551: 2492: 2485:Bowman 2016b 2480: 2468: 2456: 2444: 2432: 2420: 2408: 2396: 2384: 2342: 2330: 2318: 2275: 2263: 2251: 2239: 2227: 2215: 2203: 2070:Werner Baake 2063:Paul Förster 1983: 1982: 1967: 1918: 1899: 1881: 1821: 1818:and his crew 1740: 1736: 1708: 1692: 1687:Jagddivision 1632: 1587: 1559:Saint-Dizier 1544: 1510: 1480: 1463: 1448: 1412: 1396:Monica radar 1375: 1345:Jadgdivision 1344: 1340: 1309: 1298: 1249: 1222: 1171: 1135:Albert Speer 1131:Adolf Hitler 1122: 1106: 1094: 1042: 1038:Sint-Truiden 975: 953:ace in a day 930: 910:area bombing 906:heavy bomber 895:Air Marshall 892: 878:Paul Gildner 874: 854: 789: 783:such as the 722: 719:World War II 697:Werner Baake 663: 605: 586: 573: 554: 541: 526: 480: 456:Erhard Milch 385: 321: 296: 276:German Reich 256:World War II 231: 230: 183: 135:World War II 75:Nazi Germany 4566:Tooze, Adam 4105:Boog, Horst 3868:Boiten 1999 3715:Murray 1983 3691:Parker 1998 3667:Parker 1998 3631:Boiten 1999 3463:Hooton 1999 3451:Murray 1983 3439:Cooper 2013 3427:Cooper 2013 3415:Cooper 2013 3403:Cooper 2013 3340:Murray 1983 3122:Boiten 1999 2978:Cooper 1992 2966:Cooper 1992 2954:Cooper 1992 2927:Cooper 1992 2891:Cooper 1992 2783:Boiten 1997 2771:Hooton 1999 2747:Boiten 1997 2556:Hooton 1999 2148:Helmut Lent 2087:Walter Ehle 1816:Heinz Vinke 1516:in France. 1484:Switzerland 1459:ball turret 1388:helped the 1155:locomotives 1053:Heinz Vinke 785:Freya radar 659:Helmut Lent 644:Walter Ehle 513:Schleißheim 503:Netherlands 131:Engagements 4974:Categories 3970:Aders 1978 3931:Aders 1978 3919:Aders 1978 3880:Parry 2003 3856:Parry 2003 3844:Aders 1978 3832:Aders 1978 3769:Price 1991 3742:Price 1991 3703:Price 1991 3655:Aders 1978 3643:Aders 1978 3619:Aders 1978 3607:Aders 1978 3595:Aders 1978 3571:Aders 1978 3559:Aders 1978 3547:Aders 1978 3535:Price 1991 3523:Aders 1978 3511:Aders 1978 3391:Aders 1978 3379:Aders 1978 3367:Price 1973 3355:Aders 1978 3328:Price 1973 3298:Aders 1978 3221:Aders 1978 3194:Price 1973 3170:Aders 1978 3158:Aders 1978 3146:Aders 1978 3134:Aders 1978 3110:Aders 1978 3098:Aders 1978 3086:Aders 1978 3062:Aders 1978 3002:Aders 1978 2990:Balss 1997 2942:Tooze 2006 2903:Price 1973 2732:Aders 1978 2720:Aders 1978 2708:Aders 1978 2609:Spick 1996 2597:Aders 1978 2585:Aders 1978 2568:Aders 1978 2544:Aders 1978 2527:Aders 1978 2497:Aders 1978 2449:Aders 1978 2437:Aders 1978 2425:Aders 1978 2413:Parry 2003 2401:Aders 1978 2389:Aders 1978 2377:Aders 1978 2347:Aders 1978 2335:Aders 1978 2323:Aders 1978 2311:Aders 1978 2280:Aders 1978 2268:Aders 1978 2256:Aders 1978 2244:Aders 1978 2220:Aders 1978 2208:Aders 1978 2196:Aders 1978 2176:References 2167:Hauptmann 2153:Hauptmann 2118:Hauptmann 2068:Hauptmann 2054:Hauptmann 2047:Hauptmann 2033:Hauptmann 1785:Maastricht 1755:began the 1644:Westphalia 1474:Himmelbett 1334:of the US 1310:In August 1275:Himmelbett 1269:Himmelbett 1206:Peenemünde 1151:Adam Tooze 1075:Bob Braham 937:pathfinder 869:Leeuwarden 841:Himmelbett 706:Luft Hansa 691:Luft Hansa 476:Düsseldorf 452:Ernst Udet 414:after the 318:Background 286:. In 1941 148:commanders 141:Commanders 4838:Luftwaffe 4835:Wehrmacht 4618:873914176 4548:Ivy Books 3730:Hall 1998 3583:Hall 1998 2181:Citations 2104:III/NJG 1 1986:Kommodore 1958:Wehrmacht 1925:North Sea 1907:Luftwaffe 1885:Luftwaffe 1872:Luftwaffe 1841:Luftwaffe 1835:Luftwaffe 1829:Wehrmacht 1751:Waffen SS 1744:Wehrmacht 1703:Luftwaffe 1676:Paderborn 1671:Wehrmacht 1652:from the 1607:Luftwaffe 1601:Luftwaffe 1591:Luftwaffe 1505:Luftwaffe 1499:Luftwaffe 1489:Luftwaffe 1467:Luftwaffe 1391:Luftwaffe 1314:Zahme Sau 1212:Wilde Sau 1196:Luftwaffe 1174:Luftwaffe 1146:Luftwaffe 1126:Luftwaffe 1117:Americans 1113:submarine 1095:The Nazi 1085:Luftwaffe 1079:Wuppertal 1059:Luftwaffe 883:Luftwaffe 761:Luftwaffe 738:Luftwaffe 726:Luftwaffe 712:Luftwaffe 683:Zerstörer 649:Hauptmann 628:Hauptmann 594:Zerstörer 523:Formation 508:Zerstörer 465:Luftwaffe 340:Luftwaffe 334:war games 329:Wehrmacht 309:Luftwaffe 271:Luftwaffe 243:Luftwaffe 87:Luftwaffe 4931:Aviation 4675:(1994). 4596:(1961). 4568:(2006). 4523:(1991). 4501:(1973). 4441:(1983). 4419:(2006). 4397:(1987). 4341:(HMSO). 4333:(1988). 4193:(2007). 2141:IV/NJG 1 2077:II/NJG 1 1939:and the 1666:Fritzlar 1662:Dortmund 1514:Le Havre 1293:Würzburg 1204:against 1159:dehoused 1109:Duisburg 986:(USAAF) 979:Experten 835:Würzburg 817:Saerbeck 772:Maubeuge 487:Brussels 380:Staffeln 374:Staffeln 282:and the 166:Insignia 4600:(ed.). 2028:I/NJG 1 1963:Bavaria 1947:forces 1822:In the 1761:Antwerp 1712:Heinkel 1681:Gruppen 1658:Münster 1649:Staffel 1628:Hungary 1624:Austria 1564:Staffel 1553:, near 1354:Mandrel 1256:Hamburg 1191:sorties 1169:plant. 1005:Staffel 918:Cologne 900:became 801:Cologne 744:England 499:Utrecht 491:Belgium 261:Gruppen 196:Fighter 146:Notable 63:Country 4917:Portal 4782: 4763: 4744: 4725: 4706: 4683: 4661: 4642: 4616: 4578: 4554: 4531: 4509: 4487: 4468: 4449: 4427: 4405: 4383: 4364: 4345: 4319: 4300: 4277: 4258: 4239: 4220: 4201: 4178: 4159: 4136: 4117: 4093: 4074: 4055: 4036: 4013: 3994: 2160:Major 2146:Major 2132:Major 2125:Major 2092:Major 2085:Major 2061:Major 2040:Major 2006:Oberst 1995:Oberst 1972:Gruppe 1953:Torgau 1945:Soviet 1866:Gruppe 1860:Gruppe 1854:Gruppe 1848:Gruppe 1722:Gruppe 1668:. The 1535:Baltic 1529:, and 1486:. The 1443:Gruppe 1429:Gruppe 1422:Gruppe 1416:Gruppe 1407:Boozer 1264:Window 1260:U-boat 1033:Gruppe 1028:Twente 1023:Gruppe 1017:Gruppe 1011:Gruppe 914:Lübeck 796:Deelen 613:Gruppe 600:Gruppe 581:Gruppe 568:Gruppe 562:Gruppe 549:Gruppe 536:Gruppe 530:Gruppe 505:. The 394:. The 355:Berlin 173:symbol 81:Branch 72: 55:Active 4961:Media 4698:[ 4028:[ 1941:Rhine 1773:Sedan 1769:Liège 1697:Naxos 1620:Italy 1539:NJG 4 1531:NJG 6 1527:NJG 5 1401:Naxos 1281:Freya 1167:Krupp 1163:Essen 1026:from 655:Major 639:Major 497:near 495:Zeist 436:radar 357:, by 48:ZG 76 18:NJG 1 4780:ISBN 4761:ISBN 4742:ISBN 4723:ISBN 4704:ISBN 4681:ISBN 4659:ISBN 4640:ISBN 4614:OCLC 4610:HMSO 4576:ISBN 4552:ISBN 4529:ISBN 4507:ISBN 4485:ISBN 4466:ISBN 4447:ISBN 4425:ISBN 4403:ISBN 4381:ISBN 4362:ISBN 4343:ISBN 4317:ISBN 4298:ISBN 4275:ISBN 4256:ISBN 4237:ISBN 4218:ISBN 4199:ISBN 4176:ISBN 4157:ISBN 4134:ISBN 4115:ISBN 4091:ISBN 4072:ISBN 4053:ISBN 4034:ISBN 4011:ISBN 3992:ISBN 1791:for 1789:JG 1 1777:Metz 1775:and 1747:and 1730:and 1581:Stab 1523:Sylt 1494:Laon 1436:and 1352:and 1290:and 944:OBOE 792:Stab 778:and 699:and 676:and 454:and 428:dusk 398:and 386:The 301:and 252:wing 126:Wing 123:Size 105:Role 95:Type 4904:200 4899:102 4894:101 4889:100 1951:at 1949:met 1618:in 1343:1. 1225:300 1161:in 571:of 552:of 539:of 474:at 278:by 254:of 182:of 4976:: 4884:11 4612:. 4604:. 4592:; 4550:. 4296:. 4292:. 4155:. 3938:^ 3899:^ 3776:^ 3761:^ 3722:^ 3347:^ 3320:^ 3305:^ 3276:^ 3213:^ 2934:^ 2883:^ 2856:^ 2841:^ 2790:^ 2739:^ 2628:^ 2575:^ 2534:^ 2519:^ 2504:^ 2369:^ 2354:^ 2287:^ 2188:^ 1771:, 1690:. 1660:, 1626:, 1622:, 1525:. 1284:, 1235:, 1099:, 1051:, 1047:, 672:, 624:. 589:30 557:26 527:I 458:. 450:, 184:G9 4947:: 4919:: 4879:7 4874:6 4869:5 4864:4 4859:3 4854:2 4817:e 4810:t 4803:v 4788:. 4769:. 4750:. 4731:. 4712:. 4689:. 4667:. 4648:. 4620:. 4584:. 4560:. 4537:. 4515:. 4493:. 4474:. 4455:. 4433:. 4411:. 4389:. 4370:. 4351:. 4325:. 4306:. 4283:. 4264:. 4245:. 4226:. 4207:. 4184:. 4165:. 4142:. 4123:. 4099:. 4080:. 4061:. 4042:. 4019:. 4000:. 3489:. 1301:3 608:2 591:( 576:2 544:1 250:- 35:1 20:)

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