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345:(COW) to update file data. When a program writes data to a file, NOVA allocates some unused memory pages to hold the data and writes the data into them. Then, it appends a log entry to the inode's log that points to the new pages and describes their logical location in the file. Since appending the log entry is atomic, the write is also atomic.
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When NOVA reads a page, it confirms the checksum on each strip. If one of the strips is corrupt, it tries to recover the strip using the parity bits. If no other strips have experienced data corruption, recovery will succeed. Otherwise, recovery fails, the contents of the page are lost, and NOVA
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Whenever NOVA accesses a metadata structure, it first recomputes the checksum on both the primary and the replica. If either check results in a mismatch, NOVA repairs the damage using the other copy. If neither checksum matches, then the structure is lost and NOVA returns an error.
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mechanisms. First, it writes the new log entries to ends of the inodes that the operation will affect, then it uses the journal to record the necessary updates to the inodes' log tail pointers. Next, it marks the journal as committed and applies the updates to the tail pointers.
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NOVA is designed specifically for byte-addressable persistent memories and aims to provide high-performance, atomic file and metadata operations, and fault tolerance. To meet these goals NOVA combines several techniques found in other file systems. NOVA uses
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checksum that allows NOVA to detect if structures contents have changed with its knowledge. NOVA also stores two copies of each data structure – the "primary" and the "replica" – and stores them far from one another in memory.
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can operate on inodes in parallel. Second, the logs do not contain file data, but only metadata updates, resulting in smaller logs. Third, the logs are not stored in physically contiguous memory. Instead, NOVA stores the logs in a
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NOVA uses the logs to provide atomicity for operations that affect a single file (e.g., writing to a file or modifying its metadata). To do this, NOVA writes a log entry to empty space past the end of the log and then
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NOVA is primarily a log-structured file system, but it differs from other log-structured file systems in several respects. First, rather than using a single log for the entire file system, each
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to protect file data. It divides each 4 KB page into 512-byte strips and stores a parity strip in a dedicated region of persistent memory. It also computes (and stores a replica of) a
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Some file operations (e.g., moving a file from one directory to another) require modifying multiple inodes. To make these operations atomic, NOVA uses a simple
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has its own, dedicated log that records the updates to the inode. This allows for increased concurrency in file operations, since different
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374:. Every metadata structure (e.g., inodes, superblocks, and log entries) contains a
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NOVA: A Log-structured File System for Hybrid
Volatile/Non-volatile Main Memories
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446:"NOVA: The Newest Linux File-System, Designed For Persistent Memory - Phoronix"
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guarantees, and it uses a combination replication, metadata checksums, and
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to provide protection against metadata corruption due to media errors and
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240: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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491:"NOVA: a new file system for persistent memory [LWN.net]"
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Hardening the NOVA File System UCSD-CSE Techreport CS2017-1018
209:
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Linux, and not ready for merging with the upstream kernel.
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checksum for the eight data strips and the parity strip.
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174:, and log-structured metadata updates to provide strong
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333:updates the inode's pointer to the log tail.
34:, Computer Science and Engineering Department
8:
465:
463:
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30:Jian (Andiry) Xu, Lu Zhang, Steven Swanson,
19:
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2016:
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18:
524:NOVA: The Fastest File System for NVDIMMs
300:Learn how and when to remove this message
3571:Free and open-source software portal
3095:Free and open-source software portal
2653:Earliest eligible virtual deadline first
471:"The NOVA filesystem [LWN.net]"
412:
152:non-volatile dual in-line memory module
7:
238:adding citations to reliable sources
3513:Professional related certifications
192:University of California, San Diego
32:University of California, San Diego
154:(NVDIMM) and 3D XPoint DIMMs) for
14:
3620:Unix file system-related software
3605:Free special-purpose file systems
3292:List of software package managers
3277:Security-focused operating system
3577:
3576:
3564:
3550:
3101:
3100:
3088:
3074:
1942:Supported computer architectures
214:
3267:Distributions that run from RAM
1972:The Linux Programming Interface
225:needs additional citations for
198:. As of 2017 it is limited to
1:
3610:Free software programmed in C
3224:GNU/Linux naming controversy
3320:Linux Documentation Project
3262:Netbook-specific comparison
1724:Filesystem-level encryption
325:of 4 KB memory pages.
3636:
3219:Criticism of desktop Linux
2814:High-performance computing
2636:Process and I/O schedulers
571:Comparison of file systems
366:NOVA uses replication and
190:NOVA was developed at the
144:log-structured file system
3544:
3229:Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate
3068:
2647:Completely Fair Scheduler
1912:Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate
1634:
1350:
600:
566:
54:
38:
2568:Kernel same-page merging
1674:Extended file attributes
1375:Compact Disc File System
2911:OS-level virtualization
1773:Installable File System
16:Open-source file system
3405:Free Software Magazine
3335:Linux User Group (LUG)
3056:List of Linux adopters
1998:Linux User Group (LUG)
821:TiVo Media File System
685:Encrypting File System
249:"NOVA" filesystem
3615:Linux kernel features
816:Macintosh File System
146:for byte-addressable
49:Linux kernel 4.13
3330:Linux Mark Institute
2642:Brain Fuck Scheduler
1902:Linux Mark Institute
1829:GUID Partition Table
1176:Distributed parallel
924:Shared File System (
234:improve this article
138:) file system is an
2836:Real-time computing
2108:Linux Standard Base
1834:Apple Partition Map
1780:Virtual file system
1719:Access-control list
833:NetWare File System
362:Metadata protection
134:non-volatile memory
21:
3257:Distributions list
3252:General comparison
3214:Criticism of Linux
2824:Compute Node Linux
2410:C standard library
1824:Master Boot Record
1649:Data deduplication
1288:Google File System
1204:Google File System
690:Extent File System
652:Byte File System (
403:returns an error.
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2609:Network scheduler
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2042:Linux kernel oops
2008:
2007:
1988:Linux conferences
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1639:Case preservation
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932:Smart File System
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148:persistent memory
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3557:Linux portal
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3526:Linux Foundation
3325:Linux Foundation
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2691:Security Modules
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2017:
1897:Linux Foundation
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1659:Execute in place
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1365:Boot File System
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648:Boot File System
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3282:Package manager
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3181:Booting process
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2951:User-mode Linux
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2004:
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1947:Version history
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1768:File system API
1745:
1705:
1681:File change log
1623:
1599:Record-oriented
1572:Self-certifying
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583:Unix filesystem
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387:Data protection
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44:Preview release
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3521:CompTIA Linux+
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2674:SCHED_DEADLINE
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2669:O(1) scheduler
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2664:O(n) scheduler
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2659:Noop scheduler
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1808:Log-structured
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1711:Access control
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1669:File attribute
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1654:Data scrubbing
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1609:Steganographic
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912:Reliance Nitro
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772:Classic Mac OS
765:
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643:Be File System
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508:External links
506:
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411:
410:
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290:September 2017
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3495:Revolution OS
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3467:Linux Outlaws
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3447:
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3438:Linux Journal
3435:
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3431:Linux Gazette
3428:
3426:
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3413:
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3383:Linux malware
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3315:Linux Counter
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3308:
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3303:Organizations
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3244:Distributions
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3234:SCO and Linux
3232:
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3227:
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3207:Controversies
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3014:Thin client:
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2538:Device mapper
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2018:
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1798:Cryptographic
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1128:
1126:
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1118:
1117:wear leveling
1113:
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416:
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394:
386:
384:
380:
377:
373:
372:software bugs
369:
361:
359:
356:
348:
346:
344:
343:copy-on-write
337:Copy-on-write
336:
334:
332:
326:
324:
319:
315:
304:
301:
293:
282:
279:
275:
272:
268:
265:
261:
258:
254:
251: –
250:
246:
245:Find sources:
239:
235:
229:
228:
223:This section
221:
217:
212:
211:
206:Log structure
205:
203:
201:
197:
193:
185:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:copy-on-write
165:
164:log structure
159:
157:
153:
150:(for example
149:
145:
141:
137:
135:
130:
120:
110:
106:
103:
100:
98:
94:
91:
88:
85:
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57:
53:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
27:
23:
3581:
3562:
3548:
3501:
3493:
3471:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3424:Linux Format
3422:
3410:
3403:
3378:Range of use
3195:
3158:Linux kernel
3105:
3086:
3072:
2802:Linux kernel
2720:Tomoyo Linux
2315:File systems
1970:
1922:SCO disputes
1883:Organization
1876:Linux kernel
1763:File manager
1414:
1332:
1233:
1059:Flash memory
1026:Optical disc
964:soft updates
944:Soup (Apple)
594:non-rotating
560:File systems
494:
485:
474:
449:
440:
430:– via
426:21 September
424:. Retrieved
421:"linux nova"
415:
401:
390:
381:
365:
352:
340:
327:
311:
296:
287:
277:
270:
263:
256:
244:
232:Please help
227:verification
224:
196:Linux kernel
189:
160:
132:
128:
126:
26:Developer(s)
3473:Linux Voice
3459:Ubuntu User
3412:Full Circle
3399:DistroWatch
3272:Lightweight
3186:Kernel oops
3176:Linux-libre
3171:Linus's law
2807:Linux-libre
2700:Exec Shield
2579:Framebuffer
2282:Video4Linux
2139:System Call
1967:Developers
1907:Linus's law
1729:Permissions
1344:Specialized
576:distributed
323:linked list
140:open-source
136:accelerated
119:/linux-nova
87:File system
3599:Categories
2894:Hypervisor
2856:PREEMPT_RT
2761:KernelCare
2749:Raw device
2679:SCHED_FIFO
2589:KMS driver
2506:Components
2361:securityfs
2247:Crypto API
2189:Linux-only
2075:System.map
1978:kernel.org
1937:menuconfig
1932:GNU GPL v2
1755:Interfaces
1739:Sticky bit
1619:Versioning
1584:Journaling
1527:Rubberhose
1323:SMB (CIFS)
1115:host-side
407:References
391:NOVA uses
355:journaling
349:Journaling
341:NOVA uses
331:atomically
260:newspapers
186:Filesystem
172:journaling
59:Written in
3452:LinuxUser
3418:Linux.com
3310:LinuxChix
3033:LYME-LYCE
2756:initramfs
2725:Linux PAM
2594:Netfilter
2464:libcgroup
2430:libhybris
2402:libraries
2350:hugetlbfs
2301:Userspace
2234:In-kernel
2219:readahead
2141:Interface
2090:initramfs
2047:SystemTap
2020:Debugging
2013:Technical
1952:Criticism
1614:Synthetic
1557:Clustered
1504:Encrypted
1435:OverlayFS
1044:ISO 13490
620:Amiga OFS
615:Amiga FFS
368:checksums
176:atomicity
3583:Category
3502:The Code
3489:Phoronix
3479:LugRadio
3363:Embedded
3353:Adopters
3345:Adoption
3107:Category
3049:Adopters
3024:Server:
3005:Embedded
2981:Adoption
2874:PSXLinux
2797:Mainline
2790:Variants
2742:graphics
2695:AppArmor
2684:SCHED_RR
2604:nftables
2548:dm-crypt
2543:dm-cache
2489:liburing
2479:libevdev
2437:dietlibc
2326:configfs
2252:io uring
1699:Symbolic
1628:Features
1604:Semantic
1512:eCryptfs
1456:configfs
1425:SquashFS
1313:POHMELFS
1214:OrangeFS
1039:ISO 9660
959:UFS/UFS2
907:Reliance
895:ReiserFS
741:Files-11
635:bcachefs
592:Disk and
451:Phoronix
3531:Red Hat
3484:LWN.net
3358:Desktop
3166:History
3040:Devices
3000:Desktop
2961:coLinux
2956:MkLinux
2941:L4Linux
2869:ÎĽClinux
2851:Xenomai
2841:RTLinux
2781:Ksplice
2710:SELinux
2705:seccomp
2655:(EEVDF)
2599:Netlink
2528:Console
2523:cgroups
2474:libalsa
2400:Wrapper
2378:systemd
2341:debugfs
2310:Daemons
2272:New API
2214:inotify
2209:dnotify
2113:x32 ABI
2070:vmlinux
2062:Startup
1961:Support
1817:Layouts
1803:Default
1466:debugfs
1440:UnionFS
1334:more...
1267:OpenAFS
1235:more...
900:Reiser4
870:OpenZFS
761:HAMMER2
717:ext3cow
697:Episode
496:LWN.net
476:LWN.net
318:threads
274:scholar
170:(COW),
108:Website
97:License
3536:Ubuntu
3373:Mobile
3368:Gaming
3010:Gaming
2992:of use
2946:ELinOS
2937:Other
2931:OpenVZ
2921:Lguest
2865:-less
2776:kpatch
2771:kGraft
2737:802.11
2533:bcache
2484:libusb
2469:libdrm
2457:Newlib
2442:EGLIBC
2425:Bionic
2420:uClibc
2390:Kmscon
2364:sockfs
2357:procfs
2353:pipefs
2336:devpts
2262:kernfs
2204:splice
2159:select
2131:Kernel
2085:initrd
2080:dracut
2032:ftrace
1994:Users
1927:Linaro
1890:Kernel
1690:Links
1664:Extent
1594:Object
1562:Global
1480:specfs
1476:procfs
1471:kernfs
1449:Pseudo
1430:UMSDOS
1385:Davfs2
1380:cramfs
1318:Hadoop
1298:Lustre
1184:BeeGFS
1150:NILFS2
885:QNX4FS
848:NILFS2
756:HAMMER
746:Fossil
432:GitHub
393:RAID 4
276:
269:
262:
255:
247:
200:x86-64
180:RAID 4
113:github
90:driver
3392:Media
3197:more…
3150:Linux
2990:Range
2829:SLURM
2766:kexec
2715:Smack
2649:(CFS)
2629:zswap
2570:(KSM)
2563:evdev
2518:BlueZ
2447:klibc
2415:glibc
2373:tmpfs
2368:sysfs
2331:devfs
2322:bpffs
2199:epoll
2194:futex
2174:close
2154:ioctl
2149:POSIX
2037:kdump
1790:Lists
1734:Modes
1579:Flash
1550:Types
1532:SSHFS
1517:EncFS
1494:WinFS
1489:tmpfs
1484:sysfs
1461:devfs
1395:FTPFS
1390:EROFS
1328:SSHFS
1209:OCFS2
1162:UBIFS
1157:YAFFS
1145:NILFS
1140:LogFS
1135:JFFS2
1091:EROFS
1081:exFAT
986:Xiafs
969:WAPBL
954:UBIFS
865:OneFS
843:NILFS
838:Next3
828:MINIX
734:exFAT
662:Btrfs
630:AthFS
610:AdvFS
397:CRC32
376:CRC32
314:inode
281:JSTOR
267:books
156:Linux
117:/NVSL
75:Linux
3028:LAMP
3018:LTSP
2846:RTAI
2624:zram
2619:SLUB
2614:perf
2558:EDAC
2452:musl
2383:udev
2346:FUSE
2242:ALSA
2179:sync
2169:read
2164:open
2123:APIs
2100:ABIs
2027:CRIU
1983:LKML
1694:Hard
1686:Fork
1567:Grid
1420:MVFS
1415:NOVA
1410:LTFS
1405:Lnfs
1400:FUSE
1370:CDfs
1360:AXFS
1355:Aufs
1293:GPFS
1278:Coda
1229:Xsan
1219:PVFS
1199:GFS2
1194:CXFS
1189:Ceph
1130:JFFS
1125:CHFS
1106:NVFS
1096:F2FS
1086:TFAT
1071:APFS
1061:and
1005:z/OS
996:Xsan
981:WAFL
976:VxFS
949:Tux3
939:SNFS
921:SFS
890:ReFS
860:NTFS
812:MFS
798:HTFS
793:HPFS
788:HFS+
751:GPFS
722:ext4
712:ext3
707:ext2
681:EFS
672:CXFS
667:CVFS
654:z/VM
639:BFS
625:APFS
605:ADFS
428:2017
253:news
129:NOVA
127:The
115:.com
82:Type
20:NOVA
3191:Tux
2926:LXC
2904:Xen
2899:KVM
2863:MMU
2819:INK
2584:LVM
2574:LIO
2553:DRM
2287:IIO
2277:RCU
2257:DRM
2052:BPF
1917:Tux
1537:ZFS
1522:EFS
1308:NFS
1303:NCP
1283:DFS
1273:AFP
1263:AFS
1250:NAS
1224:QFS
1101:JFS
1076:FAT
1063:SSD
1049:UDF
1034:HSF
1015:Sun
1011:ZFS
1001:zFS
991:XFS
917:RFS
880:QFS
875:PFS
855:NSS
808:LFS
803:JFS
782:MVS
778:HFS
768:HFS
729:FAT
702:ext
677:DFS
236:by
102:GPL
3601::
2693::
1258:9P
926:VM
493:.
473:.
460:^
448:.
166:,
158:.
142:,
3142:e
3135:t
3128:v
2638::
2312:,
2223:…
2183:…
1868:e
1861:t
1854:v
1269:)
1265:(
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1013:(
1007:)
1003:(
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780:(
774:)
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552:e
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499:.
479:.
454:.
434:.
303:)
297:(
292:)
288:(
278:·
271:·
264:·
257:·
230:.
131:(
63:C
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