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National Telecommunications and Information Administration

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programs to the American public using telecommunication broadcast technologies. Funds are allocated to support the Pan-Pacific Educational and Cultural Experiments by Satellite (PEACESAT) project, which provides satellite-delivered education, medical, and environmental emergency telecommunications to numerous small-island countries and territories in the Pacific Ocean area.
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availability and capability needed for full internet engagement. In the last year, broadband access in households has increased nearly five percent and the number of people not using the internet is down over three percent. Yet, lower demographic groups continue to lack behind in internet capability.
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These programs collected data used by the NTIA to refurbish a public interactive National Broadband Map that was released in February 2011. The map was authorized by Congress with the 2008 Broadband Data Improvement Act and was funded through the 2009 economic stimulus bill. The map will continue to
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The NTIA also found that many community anchor institutions are generally underserved in broadband connectivity. The data showed that two-thirds of the surveyed schools were signed up for broadband service that provide less than half the speed that educational technology studies recommend and only
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access across the United States. Of the grant, $ 4.7 billion was allocated to provide for the implementation of broadband infrastructure, develop and amplify public computer centers, encourage reasonable adoption of broadband service, and create and sustain a nationwide map of broadband proficiency
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around the United States in under-equipped communities as well as assisting businesses and consumers to educate them on broadband internet options. The NTIA's findings show that while strides were made in broadband development and implementation, many people and institutions lack the broadband
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Additionally, the OTIA is involved with the Public Telecommunications Facilities Program (PTFP), a competitive grant program that assists public broadcasting stations, state and local governments, Indian tribes, and non-profit organizations construct facilities to bring educational and cultural
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and video programming. Issues the OPAD deals with include making sure all Americans have access to integrated broadband services, content is regulated to keep children safe on the Internet, competition in the telecommunication and information industries are cooperative and that users privacy is
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Since the program commenced, NTIA allocated $ 293 million to 56 grantees, which include one from each state, five territories and the District of Columbia. Grantees are responsible for funding the creation, expansion and maintenance, as well as supporting and encouraging the use of, broadband
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The third project that the BTOP plans to address is Sustainable Broadband Adoption. This project will center in on increasing broadband internet usage, specifically in areas where broadband technology has been unavailable or underutilized. This includes digital literacy training and outreach
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By leveraging the knowledge of the Office of Spectrum Management, Office of Policy Analysis and Development, Office of Telecommunications and Information Applications, and the Institute for Telecommunications Sciences, the OIA can provide important policy and technical breakdowns to the U.S.
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The Office of Telecommunications and Information Applications (OTIA) collaborates public and non-profit entities in productively using telecommunications and information technologies to complete national goals in addition to adequately providing public services. The OTIA is also currently
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Comprehensive Community Infrastructure is the first of three projects in the BTOP. It aims to develop and unfold new or improved broadband internet facilities as well as to network with schools, libraries, hospitals, public safety facilities and other community anchor institutions.
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In 2009, the NTIA also launched the State Broadband Data and Development Program to carry out the missions of both the Recovery Act and the Broadband Data Improvement Act to establish an encompassing project that sustains the integration of broadband technology into the economy.
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technology. These efforts are made to aid small businesses and community institutions in the efficient and effective use of technology as well as to conduct research as to the boundaries in broadband expansion and innovation of broadband technology in the future.
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Along with the continuous update of the National Broadband Map, the NTIA will sustain its state-driven efforts to increase broadband implementation and will move to expand its collaboration efforts to serve as an expansive network to empower broadband developers.
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The OIA staff helps to participate in U.S. delegations of many different meetings in which global telecommunications and information policy is discussed and developed by providing the negotiators critical policy and expertise advice.
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This project, known as the Broadband Technology Opportunities Program is being administered by the NTIA in three levels. The secondary purpose of this project is to reduce the digital gap between the various generation demographics.
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The BTOP will also focus on Public Computer centers and will create new public computer facilities or enhance existing facilities that already offer broadband services to the general public or specific vulnerable populations.
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The Office of Policy Analysis and Development (OPAD) is the domestic policy division of the NTIA. OPAD is responsible for executing and managing research and analysis and preparing policy recommendations for the
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sectors. In consultation with other U.S. agencies and the U.S. private sector, OIA partakes in both international and regional conferences and conventions to advocate for policies that open
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and information infrastructure development, strengthening domestic competition, enhancing U.S. telecommunications trade deals, as well as promoting a more effective use of the radio
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Helping to bring the benefits of advanced telecommunications technologies to millions of Americans in rural and underserved urban areas through its information infrastructure grants.
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The Office of International Affairs (OIA) is responsible for developing and the implementation of policies to strengthen U.S. companies' ability to compete worldwide in both the
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Observe the esteemed role of all stakeholders in the production and facilitation of the Internet as well as telecommunications policy issues occurring in the ICT community
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The Institute for Telecommunication Sciences (ITS) is the research and engineering laboratory of the NTIA. ITS provides technical support to NTIA by further advancing
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The NTIA's Office of Spectrum Management is in charge of regulating use of spectrum allocated to the federal government. It serves in a manner equivalent to the
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Participating in all aspects of the federal government’s communications regarding emergency readiness activities and automated information security systems
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Promoting efficient use of federal radio spectrum and encouraging the development and implementation of new and emerging telecommunications technologies.
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The OTIA is also involved with the New York City 9/11 Program and the Technology Opportunities Program (TOP). The NYC 9/11 Program provided the
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Additionally, OPAD carries out research, files reports, letters and formal comments, and proposes and responds to federal legislation for the
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contemplating the management of the Internet's domain name and numbering system (DNS), which is critical to the overall infrastructure.
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Establishing and issuing policy overlooking allocations and administrations governing the Federal spectrum use
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Participating in international government-to-government negotiations to open markets for U.S. companies.
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campaigns to educate the general public on the importance and relevance of broadband in everyday life.
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Working with Federal, state, and local public safety agencies to address future spectrum requirements.
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Open up foreign market opportunities for U.S. Telecommunications and Information Technology companies
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Preparing for, participating in, and establishing the results of international radio conferences
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Advocating competition and liberalization of telecommunications policies around the world.
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The OSM carries out the responsibilities of managing the radio frequency spectrum by:
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Sarah Morris (acting), Deputy Assistant Secretary for Communications and Information
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administering programs that are helping people switch to digital television, the
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NTIA Manual of Regulations and Procedures for Federal Radio Frequency Management
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NTIA Manual of Regulations and Procedures for Federal Radio Frequency Management
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The National Broadband Map is the foundation for efforts to expand and improve
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be updated every six months with help from grantees and the general public.
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Performing long-term research to explore uses of higher frequency spectrum.
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National Telecommunications and Information Administration official site
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four percent of libraries subscribe to recommended broadband speeds.
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broadcasters to extend and maintain the reach of their programming.
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Assigning plans for both peacetime and wartime use of the spectrum
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Office of Telecommunications and Information Applications (OTIA)
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These policies affect how Americans use and gain access to the
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U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
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for national defense, public safety, and U.S. business needs.
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Formulate international ICT policy, goals, and strategies:
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National Telecommunications and Information Administration
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National Telecommunications and Information Administration
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National Telecommunications and Information Administration
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National Telecommunications and Information Administration
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Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology
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Negotiating with foreign governments to ensure adequate
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Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service
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Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere
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Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property
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Under Secretary of Commerce for Industry and Security
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Working to ensure that all Americans have affordable
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Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade
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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 816:"Office of Policy Analysis and Development (OPAD)" 500:Carry the profits of ICTs to the global community 473:The OIA also provides long-lasting advice to the 1312:Under Secretary of Commerce for Economic Affairs 1170:Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment Program 963:"About | BTOP / SBI Archived Grant Program" 407:Office of Policy Analysis and Development (OPAD) 1418:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1468:National Institute of Standards and Technology 1016:"Senate Passes Broadband Data Improvement Act" 882:"Public Telecommunications Facilities Program" 635:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 519:Institute for Telecommunication Sciences (ITS) 2596:United States Department of Commerce agencies 1494: 1210: 8: 761:First Responder Network Authority (FirstNet) 139: 2601:Regulatory authorities of the United States 2509:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 957: 955: 359:Providing the hardware that enables public 2545: 1501: 1487: 1479: 1217: 1203: 1195: 557:Public Safety Interoperable Communications 1375:United States Patent and Trademark Office 785:"Office of the Assistant Secretary (OAS)" 470:negotiators and interagency consignments. 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 2586:1978 establishments in the United States 553:Broadband Technology Opportunity Program 457:information and communication technology 2591:United States communications regulation 2581:Government agencies established in 1978 1129:Bing, Christopher (December 14, 2020). 1041:Condon, Stephanie (February 17, 2009). 862: 860: 858: 835:"Office of International Affairs (OIA)" 776: 439:(FCC) and other regulatory committees. 1283:National Technical Information Service 1099:Nakashima, Ellen (December 13, 2020). 924:"The Technology Opportunities Program" 810: 808: 680:Broadband mapping in the United States 530:, administrator of the NTIA since 2022 485:The goal of the OIA here is to foster 462:The two main goals of the OIA are to: 138: 868:"Office of Spectrum Management (OSM)" 829: 827: 825: 459:(ICT) markets and boost competition. 443:Office of International Affairs (OIA) 7: 2555: 1288:Minority Business Development Agency 1226:United States Department of Commerce 316:United States Department of Commerce 283:United States Department of Commerce 65:adding citations to reliable sources 1278:Economic Development Administration 578:Office of Spectrum Management (OSM) 1448:Oceanic & Atmospheric Research 1393:International Trade Administration 619:electromagnetic frequency spectrum 602:Maintaining spectrum use databases 25: 1072:Federal Communications Commission 584:Federal Communications Commission 437:Federal Communications Commission 2554: 2544: 2535: 2534: 2523: 2144:Free-space optical communication 1443:Marine & Aviation Operations 1301: 745: 731: 568:Metropolitan Television Alliance 145: 41: 1350:Bureau of Industry and Security 482:Advocate U.S. policy interests 52:needs additional citations for 271:Grace Abuhamad, Chief of Staff 1: 1189:NTIA's National Broadband Map 910:"NYC 9/11 Digital Transition" 397:A Park Service radio license. 2530:Telecommunication portal 2311:Telecommunications equipment 1355:Office of Export Enforcement 1270:Deputy Secretary of Commerce 1260:Deputy Secretary of Commerce 1068:"FCC National Broadband Map" 491:flexible policy environments 341:Among its stated goals are: 2047:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 1332:Bureau of Economic Analysis 1325:Federal Audit Clearinghouse 1179:Broadband Connectivity Fund 164:; 46 years ago 2617: 1751:Telecommunications history 1239:Herbert C. Hoover Building 1181:account on USAspending.gov 677: 251:US$ 46 million (est. 2011) 249:US$ 40 million (est. 2010) 191:Herbert C. Hoover Building 29: 27:American government agency 2518: 2359:Public Switched Telephone 2171:telecommunication circuit 2132:Fiber-optic communication 1877:Francis Blake (telephone) 1672:Optical telecommunication 1299: 1232: 690:broadband internet access 228:38.8943000°N 77.0328000°W 144: 2270:Orbital angular-momentum 1707:Satellite communications 1546:Communications satellite 1428:Marine Fisheries Service 322:'s principal adviser on 181:United States government 2149:Molecular communication 1972:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 1801:Undersea telegraph line 1536:Cable protection system 1191:is no longer available) 639:Rural Utilities Service 233:38.8943000; -77.0328000 2291:Communication protocol 2077:Charles Sumner Tainter 1892:Walter Houser Brattain 1837:Edwin Howard Armstrong 1645:Information revolution 719:nation state adversary 717:likely conducted by a 711:suffered a data breach 674:National Broadband Map 631:United States Congress 629:In February 2009, the 559:(PSIC) Grant Program. 531: 449:Information Technology 398: 314:) is an agency of the 2265:Polarization-division 1997:Narinder Singh Kapany 1962:Erna Schneider Hoover 1882:Jagadish Chandra Bose 1862:Alexander Graham Bell 1593:online video platform 1251:Secretary of Commerce 613:, also known as the " 526: 396: 247:US$ 34 million (2009) 2107:Vladimir K. Zworykin 2067:Almon Brown Strowger 2037:Charles Grafton Page 1692:Prepaid mobile phone 1620:Electrical telegraph 1320:Bureau of the Census 1022:. September 26, 2008 739:United States portal 61:improve this article 2057:Johann Philipp Reis 1816:Wireless revolution 1778:The Telephone Cases 1635:Hydraulic telegraph 1156:NTIA's BTOP website 1105:The Washington Post 721:, possibly Russia. 318:that serves as the 224: /  196:Constitution Avenue 141: 2255:Frequency-division 2232:Telephone exchange 2102:Charles Wheatstone 2032:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 2007:Innocenzo Manzetti 1942:Reginald Fessenden 1677:Optical telegraphy 1510:Telecommunications 1398:Commercial Service 709:In 2020, the NTIA 646:and availability. 586:for this purpose. 536:telecommunications 532: 423:services like the 399: 329:pertaining to the 324:telecommunications 2568: 2567: 2306:Store and forward 2301:Data transmission 2215:Network switching 2166:Transmission line 2012:Guglielmo Marconi 1977:Internet pioneers 1842:Mohamed M. 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Kao 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1967:Harold Hopkins 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1867:Emile Berliner 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1806:Videotelephony 1803: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1791: 1781: 1774: 1769: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1709: 1704: 1702:Radiotelephone 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1588:Internet video 1580: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1522: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1505: 1498: 1491: 1483: 1474: 1473: 1471: 1470: 1464: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1414: 1412: 1406: 1405: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1389: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1378: 1377: 1371: 1369: 1363: 1362: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1346: 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2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2561: 2553: 2551: 2543: 2541: 2533: 2531: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2510: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2275:Code-division 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2260:Time-division 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2186:and switching 2184: 2180: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2137:optical fiber 2135: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2127:Coaxial cable 2125: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2042:Radia Perlman 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1932:Lee de Forest 1930: 1928: 1927:Thomas Edison 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1917:Donald Davies 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1902:Claude Chappe 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1746:Smoke signals 1744: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1724:Semiconductor 1722: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1583:Digital media 1581: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1433:Ocean Service 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1247:Gina Raimondo 1245: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1136: 1132: 1125: 1122: 1111:on 2020-12-13 1110: 1106: 1102: 1095: 1092: 1087: 1081: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1063: 1060: 1048: 1044: 1037: 1034: 1021: 1017: 1011: 1008: 997:on 2011-02-21 996: 992: 986: 983: 978: 972: 969: 964: 958: 956: 952: 939: 933: 930: 925: 919: 916: 911: 905: 902: 897: 891: 888: 883: 877: 874: 869: 863: 861: 859: 855: 850: 844: 841: 836: 830: 828: 826: 822: 817: 811: 809: 805: 800: 794: 791: 786: 780: 777: 771: 767: 764: 762: 759: 758: 754: 748: 743: 740: 729: 724: 722: 720: 716: 712: 704: 702: 698: 694: 691: 686: 681: 673: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 644: 640: 636: 632: 625:Broadband USA 624: 622: 620: 616: 612: 604: 601: 598: 595: 592: 591: 590: 587: 585: 577: 575: 573: 572:Freedom Tower 569: 564: 560: 558: 554: 545: 543: 541: 537: 529: 525: 518: 516: 505: 502: 499: 498: 497: 496: 492: 488: 484: 483: 481: 476: 472: 468: 467: 465: 464: 463: 460: 458: 454: 450: 442: 440: 438: 433: 430: 426: 422: 417: 415: 406: 401: 395: 388: 385: 382: 379: 375: 372: 369: 366: 362: 358: 355: 352: 348: 344: 343: 342: 336: 334: 332: 331:United States 328: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 299: 291: 287: 284: 281: 279:Parent agency 277: 270: 267: 264: 261: 260: 258: 254: 246: 244:Annual budget 242: 237: 216:38°53′39.48″N 208: 204: 200: 197: 192: 189: 185: 182: 179: 175: 161: 157: 152: 148: 143: 131: 128: 120: 117:February 2016 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: –  77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 19: 2242:Multiplexing 2117:Transmission 2082:Nikola Tesla 2072:Henry Sutton 2027:Samuel Morse 1957:Robert Hooke 1922:Amos Dolbear 1857:John Bardeen 1776: 1756:Telautograph 1660:Mobile phone 1615:Edholm's law 1598:social media 1531:Broadcasting 1292: 1237: 1134: 1124: 1113:. Retrieved 1109:the original 1104: 1094: 1080: 1062: 1050:. Retrieved 1036: 1024:. Retrieved 1010: 999:. Retrieved 995:the original 985: 971: 942:. Retrieved 932: 918: 904: 890: 876: 843: 799:"About NTIA" 793: 779: 766:White Spaces 713:following a 708: 699: 695: 687: 683: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 628: 614: 610: 608: 588: 581: 565: 561: 555:(BTOP), and 549: 533: 513: 490: 486: 461: 446: 434: 418: 410: 402:Main offices 340: 337:Agency goals 311: 307: 305: 219:77°1′58.08″W 187:Headquarters 177:Jurisdiction 123: 114: 104: 97: 90: 83: 71: 59:Please help 54:verification 51: 32:Dia (island) 2442:NPL network 2154:Radio waves 2092:Alfred Vail 2002:Hedy Lamarr 1987:Dawon Kahng 1947:Elisha Gray 1907:Yogen Dalal 1832:Nasir Ahmed 1766:Teleprinter 1630:Heliographs 1172:account on 1052:January 21, 1026:January 21, 944:January 21, 715:cyberattack 641:to bolster 633:passed the 432:protected. 231: / 2575:Categories 2488:Antarctica 2447:Toasternet 2369:Television 1852:Paul Baran 1784:Television 1768:(teletype) 1761:Telegraphy 1739:transistor 1717:Phryctoria 1687:Photophone 1665:Smartphone 1655:Mass media 1256:Don Graves 1115:2020-12-14 1001:2011-05-03 772:References 678:See also: 365:television 87:newspapers 2472:Americas 2461:Locations 2432:Internet2 2193:Bandwidth 1897:Vint Cerf 1794:streaming 1772:Telephone 1712:Semaphore 1603:streaming 643:broadband 320:president 2540:Category 2427:Internet 2417:CYCLADES 2334:Ethernet 2284:Concepts 2208:terminal 2159:wireless 1982:Bob Kahn 1825:Pioneers 1650:Internet 1541:Cable TV 725:See also 615:Red Book 540:spectrum 425:Internet 421:wireless 378:spectrum 353:service. 351:cable TV 327:policies 2560:Commons 2550:Outline 2503:Oceania 2422:FidoNet 2407:ARPANET 2220:circuit 1789:digital 1518:History 1163:in the 1135:Reuters 289:Website 167: ( 101:scholar 2498:Europe 2468:Africa 2452:Usenet 2412:BITNET 2349:Mobile 2225:packet 1734:MOSFET 1729:device 1526:Beacon 159:Formed 103:  96:  89:  82:  74:  2481:South 2476:North 2437:JANET 2374:Telex 2364:Radio 2203:Nodes 2198:Links 2119:media 1697:Radio 1682:Pager 1610:Drums 1576:video 1571:image 1561:audio 493:that: 361:radio 347:phone 194:1401 108:JSTOR 94:books 2493:Asia 2379:UUCP 2339:ISDN 1054:2023 1047:CNET 1028:2023 946:2023 609:The 489:and 451:and 363:and 349:and 312:NTIA 306:The 298:.gov 296:.doc 294:ntia 207:U.S. 169:1978 162:1978 80:news 2384:WAN 2354:NGN 2344:LAN 1625:Fax 1566:DCT 63:by 2577:: 1258:, 1249:, 1133:. 1103:. 1070:. 1045:. 1018:. 954:^ 857:^ 824:^ 807:^ 427:, 205:, 201:, 199:NW 2511:) 2507:( 1502:e 1495:t 1488:v 1218:e 1211:t 1204:v 1187:( 1137:. 1118:. 1074:. 1056:. 1030:. 1004:. 948:. 310:( 171:) 130:) 124:( 119:) 115:( 105:· 98:· 91:· 84:· 57:. 34:. 20:)

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