156:
313:
514:
from being held accountable. It allowed across-the-board, silent defiance of international treaties and conventions â one cannot apply the requirements for humane treatment in war if one cannot locate a victim or discern that victim's fate. Additionally, the policy lessened German subjects' moral qualms about the Nazi regime, as well as their desire to speak out against it, by keeping the general public ignorant of the regime's malfeasance and by creating extreme pressure for service members to remain silent.
523:
50:
357:, while the Gestapo operated as the main executive agency of the political police system. The decree aimed to intimidate local populations into submission, by denying friends and families of seized persons any knowledge of their whereabouts or their fate. The prisoners were secretly transported to Germany and vanished without a trace. In 1945, abandoned SD records were found to include merely names and the initials "NN" (
667:
757:
694:(with its formidable domestic information control) to hide the program, people's diaries and periodicals of the time show that it became progressively known to the German public. Soldiers brought back information, families on rare occasion heard from or about loved ones and Allied news sources and the
290:
had also received a so-called "FĂŒhrer's decree" from Hitler on 7 December, 1941, and while this order was not documented in writing, Keitel immediately passed it on to the appropriate authorities in the form of "guidelines" and likewise issued a secret decree containing more detailed instructions for
597:
At the camps, the prisoners were forced to stand for hours in freezing and wet conditions at 5:00 a.m. every morning, standing strictly to attention, before being sent to work a twelve-hour day with only a twenty-minute break for a scant meal. They were confined in cold and starving conditions; many
509:
were many. The policy, enforced in Nazi-occupied countries, meant that whenever someone was arrested, the family would learn nothing about the person's fate. The people arrested, sometimes only suspected resisters, were secretly sent to
Germany and perhaps to a concentration camp. Whether they lived
274:
is of the opinion that, in such cases, penal servitude or even a hard labor sentence for life will be regarded as a sign of weakness. An effective and lasting deterrent can be achieved only by the death penalty or by taking measures which will leave the family and the population uncertain as to the
431:
Natzweiler concentration camp, in particular, became an isolation camp for political prisoners from northern and western Europe under the decree's mandate. Natzweiler was the most prominent concentration camp with NN prisoners and probably also the one in which most of them spent the longest time.
513:
The program made it far more difficult for other governments or humanitarian organisations to accuse the German government of specific misconduct because it obscured whether or not internment or death had even occurred, let alone the cause of the person's disappearance. It thereby kept the Nazis
488:
III. Prisoners taken to
Germany are subject to military procedure only if particular military interests require this. In case German or foreign authorities inquire about such prisoners, they are to be told that they have been arrested but that the proceedings do not allow any further information.
484:
II. The offences listed in paragraph I as a rule are to be dealt with in the occupied countries only if it is probable that sentence of death will be passed upon the offender, at least the principal offender, and if the trial and the execution can be completed in a very short time. Otherwise the
557:
transports were marked by broad red bands; on their backs and both trouser legs was a cross, with the letters "NN" to its right. From these emblems, it was possible to recognize immediately what class a prisoner belonged to and how he or she was pigeonholed and evaluated by the
495:
V. The Chief of the High
Command of the Armed Forces determines in which occupied territories this decree is to be applied. He is authorized to explain and to issue executive orders and supplements. The Reich Minister of Justice will issue executive orders within his own
335:
to be transported to
Germany secretly, and further treatment of the offenders will take place here; these measures will have a deterrent effect because - A. The prisoners will vanish without a trace. B. No information may be given as to their whereabouts or their
1115:
The camp soon grew in size, and inmates included mostly Jews from all over Europe, but also political prisoners, Russian POWs, and Nacht und Nebel ErlaĂ (q.v.) prisoners from Poland, Hungary, Belgium, France, the
Netherlands, Greece, Yugoslavia, Slovalia, and
233:
Hitler and his upper-level staff made a critical decision not to conform to what they considered unnecessary rules, and in the process, abandoned "all chivalry towards the opponent" and removed "every traditional restraint on warfare". During the
189:. Most of the early prisoners were of two sorts: they were either political prisoners of personal conviction or of the belief, whom the Nazis deemed in need of "re-education" to Nazi ideals, or resistance leaders in occupied western Europe.
108:, while the family and the population remained uncertain as to the fate or whereabouts of the alleged offender against the Nazi occupation power. Victims who disappeared in these clandestine actions were often never heard from again.
147:("Night and Fog directive") had been in wide circulation or used publicly before 1945. The designation "NN" was sometimes used, however, to refer to prisoners and deportees ("NN-Gefangener", "NN-HĂ€ftling", "NN-Sache") at the time.
249:, testified that Hitler had literally demanded that opponents of the regime, who could not be immediately given a short trial should be brought across the border to Germany in the "Night and Fog" and remain isolated there.
480:
I. Within the occupied territories, the adequate punishment for offences committed against the German State or the occupying power which endanger their security or a state of readiness is on principle the death penalty.
269:
After lengthy consideration, it is the will of the FĂŒhrer that the measures taken against those who are guilty of offenses against the Reich or against the occupation forces in occupied areas should be altered. The
365:â"transformed into mist". To this day, it is not known how many people disappeared as a result of this decree. The International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg held that the disappearances committed as part of the
291:
its implementation. Essentially, the decree was about how to more effectively combat the increasing resistance actions in the territories occupied by
Germany in Western Europe after the June 1941 beginning of
682:
decree was carried out surreptitiously, but it set the background for orders that would follow and established a "new dimension of fear". As the war continued, so did the openness of such decrees and orders.
196:
decree in
December 1941, prisoners from Western Europe were handled by German soldiers in approximately the same way as by other countries: according to international agreements and procedures such as the
510:
or died, the
Germans would give out no information to the families involved. This was done to keep the population in occupied countries quiet by promoting an atmosphere of mystery, fear and terror.
2510:
331:
Three months later Keitel further expanded on this principle in a
February 1942 letter stating that any prisoners not executed within eight days were to be handed over to the Gestapo and:
549:
prisoners' hair was shaved, and the women were given a convict costume of a thin cotton dress, wooden sandals, and a triangular black headcloth. According to historian
Wolfgang Sofsky:
2300:
416:. They were usually arrested in the middle of the night and quickly taken to prisons hundreds of kilometres away for questioning, eventually arriving at concentration camps such as
295:. The "Night and Fog" decree originally concerned only nationals of France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Norway. However, eventually some of those imprisoned under the
473:
Within the occupied territories, communistic elements and other circles hostile to Germany have increased their efforts against the German State and the occupying powers since the
492:
IV. The Commanders in the occupied territories and the Court authorities within the framework of their jurisdiction, are personally responsible for the observance of this decree.
2469:
691:
308:
Efficient and enduring intimidation can only be achieved either by capital punishment or by measures by which the relatives of the criminals do not know the fate of the criminal.
1049:
8, no. 1 (2014): 120. Original citation from the German document holdings: 4 NT, vol. XI, S. 218; s.a. Lehmanns Aussage als Zeuge im »Juristenprozess«, NT, vol. III, S. 805.
674:
Early in the war, the program caused the mass execution of political prisoners, especially Soviet POWs, who in early 1942, outnumbered the Jews in number of deaths even at
1896:
598:
had dysentery or other illnesses, and the weakest were often beaten to death, shot, guillotined, or hanged, while the others were subjected to torture by the Germans.
736:
decree with the other crimes committed by the Nazis in his closing address. In part because of his role in carrying out this decree, Keitel was sentenced to death by
477:
started. The amount and the danger of these machinations oblige us to take severe measures as a deterrent. First of all the following directives are to be applied:
444:
at the end of World War II filled with thousands of NN prisoners, whose special status was largely lost in the chaos of the last months before the liberation.
1021:
The Nazi operation against the Polish intelligentsia was code-named 'Nacht und Nebel' on the Polish lands incorporated in the Reich , and 'AB' in the GG area.
717:
facilities) on 23 November, 1944, and discovered a chamber where victims were hung by their wrists from hooks to accommodate the process of pumping poisonous
2047:
470:
Directives for the prosecution of offences committed within the occupied territories against the German State or the occupying power, of 7 December 1941.
2464:
2192:
2042:
2415:
2295:
740:, despite his insistence on being shot instead due to his military service and rank. At 1:20 a.m. on 16 October 1946 Keitel defiantly shouted out, "
1194:
2425:
2099:
879:
534:
361:); even the sites of graves were unrecorded. The Nazis even coined a new term for those who "vanished" in accordance with this decree; they were
2094:
1889:
710:
417:
1847:
1812:
1751:
1716:
1681:
956:
221:
2336:
2249:
918:
925:
930:
643:
1821:
1238:
2400:
2128:
1977:
884:
374:
2479:
2535:
2259:
2140:
2082:
1941:
1882:
1469:
1101:
1007:
602:
2459:
2123:
1972:
655:
639:
2420:
461:, uses the term to illustrate one aspect of the concentration-camp system as it morphed into a system of labour- and death-camps.
2187:
2135:
1996:
1936:
1484:
MatthĂ€us (2004), "Operation Barbarossa and the Onset of the Holocaust, June â December 1941," in Browning & MatthĂ€us (2004).
874:
2603:
1989:
246:
2598:
2583:
2118:
2111:
2075:
1984:
1953:
1919:
1851:
890:
619:, or prisoners who were too sick to work, were often murdered or transferred to other concentration camps for extermination.
425:
2578:
2304:
2106:
2087:
2066:
2018:
1948:
1929:
1868:
910:
647:
441:
421:
721:
gas into the room. Keitel later testified at the Nuremberg Trials that of all the illegal orders he had carried out, the
2588:
2203:
2197:
2152:
2059:
1924:
709:
Doubts among the Allies about the atrocities being committed by the Nazis were pushed aside when the French entered the
675:
474:
432:
When the concentration camps in the east and west of German-occupied Europe were dissolved in the face of the advancing
601:
When the inmates were totally exhausted or if they were too ill or too weak to work, they were then transferred to the
155:
2348:
2147:
2054:
378:
2023:
312:
2159:
2006:
1965:
239:
202:
54:
1378:
Kaden & Nestler (1993). "Erlass Hitlers ĂŒber die Verfolgung von Strafteten gegen das Reich, 7 December 1941."
2608:
2563:
2353:
2171:
2164:
2035:
2011:
1960:
1343:, 8 vols. and 2 suppl. vols. VII, 873â874 (Doc. No. L-90). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1946â1948.
779:
452:
437:
43:
35:
31:
2613:
2593:
2573:
2070:
2030:
1905:
127:
for "Night and Fog") is documented in German since the beginning of the 17th century. It was used by Wagner in
76:
2410:
2568:
2242:
2209:
867:
849:
808:
522:
2309:
433:
186:
105:
39:
2492:
2365:
1201:
49:
1634:
678:. As the transports grew and Hitler's troops moved across Europe, that ratio changed dramatically. The
594:
with little or no food or water on journeys lasting up to five days to their next unknown destination.
245:(OKW) in 1945-1946, the head of the legal department in the OKW, Ministerial Director and General Dr.
2447:
2254:
855:
819:
292:
282:
436:
armies and their inmates evacuated - often on cruel death-marches - centrally located camps such as
2530:
2474:
1855:
1730:
The Arms of Krupp, 1587-1968: The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Dynasty that Armed Germany at War
785:
590:. The deportees were sometimes herded 80 at a time with standing room only into slow-moving, dirty
530:
384:
Himmler immediately communicated Keitel's directive to various SS stations, and within six months,
354:
324:
215:
93:
2285:
1486:
The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939â March 1942
1195:"Enforced Disappearance as a Crime Under International Law: A Neglected Origin in the Laws of War"
1639:
The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939âMarch 1942
895:
198:
182:
139:
791:
254:
706:), it has never been determined exactly how many people disappeared as a result of the decree.
2374:
1843:
1808:
1747:
1712:
1677:
1622:
1465:
1459:
1097:
1003:
905:
813:
729:
699:
538:
385:
345:
340:
1339:
United States, Office of United States Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality,
2505:
2232:
1246:
900:
797:
760:
651:
567:
527:
258:
235:
159:
1850:â A personal account of a person who survived as a "Night and Fog" prisoner four months in
1268:
2381:
2324:
2314:
1709:
The Theory and Practice of Hell: The German Concentration Camps and the System behind Them
1283:
The Theory and Practice of Hell: The German Concentration Camps and the System behind Them
844:
773:
687:
206:
124:
71:
728:
Former Supreme Court Justice and chief prosecutor at the international Nuremberg trial,
2405:
860:
839:
563:
316:
287:
17:
2557:
2500:
2359:
2319:
2264:
1615:
1326:
631:
458:
171:
129:
1764:, part of the Nuremberg Documents, Vol. VII, pages 871-874, Nuremberg Document L-90.
2329:
2280:
802:
698:
were able to get past censorship sporadically. Although captured archives from the
591:
101:
97:
89:
1617:
The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism
1132:
The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism
666:
562:
The prisoners were often moved apparently at random from prison to prison such as
1091:
997:
349:(Security Service; SD) was given the responsibility to oversee and carry out the
2290:
2227:
833:
756:
610:
409:
134:
1418:
638:
prisoners to concentration camps deeper in Nazi-controlled territory, such as
401:
1032:
Walter Görlitz, "Keitel, Jodl, and Warlimont," cited in Barnett ed., (2003).
2541:
2341:
614:
609:, sick barrack) or other places for extermination. If a camp did not have a
370:
133:(1869) and has since been adopted into everyday German (e.g., it appears in
117:
1874:
1771:. Translated by William Templer. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
583:
224:(carried out from 1940 onwards) presaged and paralleled the activities of
1316:
Lothar Gruchmann: "Nacht- und Nebel-"Justiz... In: VfZ 29 (1981), S. 395.
745:
718:
627:
485:
offenders, at least the principal offenders, are to be taken to Germany.
1307:
Rainer Huhle, "Nacht und Nebel â Mythos und Bedeutung," (2014): 125â126.
996:
BiegaĆski, Witold (1987) . BiegaĆski, Witold; OkÄcki, StanisĆaw (eds.).
2237:
1702:
Lexikon Nationalsozialismus: Begriffe, Organisationen und Institutionen
1626:
1393:
Lexikon Nationalsozialismus: Begriffe, Organisationen und Institutionen
737:
587:
579:
575:
571:
405:
397:
262:
304:
On 12 December, Keitel issued a directive explaining Hitler's orders:
413:
393:
1688:
What We Knew: Terror, Mass Murder, and Everyday Life in Nazi Germany
1525:
What We Knew: Terror, Mass Murder, and Everyday Life in Nazi Germany
1080:
Rainer Huhle, "Nacht und Nebel â Mythos und Bedeutung," (2014): 121.
1071:
Rainer Huhle, "Nacht und Nebel â Mythos und Bedeutung," (2014): 121.
447:
Up to 30 April 1944, at least 6,639 persons had been arrested under
301:
came from Poland, Hungary, Greece, Yugoslavia, Slovakia, and Italy.
755:
665:
623:
521:
311:
154:
48:
275:
fate of the offender. Deportation to Germany serves this purpose.
2452:
1737:
Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?: The "Final Solution" in History
1226:
Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?: The "Final Solution" in History
1878:
1760:. New York: MJF Books. Originally published in . Drawing upon
451:
orders. Some 340 of them may have been executed. The 1956 film
1564:
The Nuremberg War Crimes Trial, 1945â46: A Documentary History
695:
388:
sent the decree to the commanders of concentration camps. The
1695:
Dokumente des Verbrechens: Aus den Akten des Dritten Reiches
1380:
Dokumente des Verbrechens: Aus den Akten des Dritten Reiches
1090:
Lepage, Jean-Denis G.G. (24 December 2013). "Gross-Rosen".
999:
Polish Resistance Movement in Poland and Abroad, 1939-1945
1723:
Savage Continent: Europe in the Aftermath of World War II
1672:
Huhle, Rainer. "Nacht und Nebel â Mythos und Bedeutung."
1538:
Savage Continent: Europe in the Aftermath of World War II
1391:
Kammer & Bartsch (1999). "Nacht und Nebel ErlaĂ," in
1045:
Rainer Huhle, "Nacht und Nebel â Mythos und Bedeutung,"
1130:, PS-1733, NOKW-2579, NG-226. Cited in Bracher (1970).
30:"Night and Fog" redirects here. For the 1956 film, see
220:'Extraordinary Operation of Pacification') in
92:
on 7 December, 1941 targeting political activists and
1667:
Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany
1512:
Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany
1096:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 67.
670:
The body of Wilhelm Keitel after his execution, 1946
2523:
2436:
2393:
2273:
2220:
2180:
1912:
27:
Directive issued by Adolf Hitler on 7 December 1941
1614:
1822:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. (2014).
1437:
1435:
1002:. PWN--Polish Scientific Publishers. p. 48.
1744:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
1704:(Rororo-Sachbuch). Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuch.
1693:Kaden, Helma, and Ludwig Nestler, eds., (1993).
1497:Taylor & Shaw (2002). "Nacht und Nebel," in
1461:Concentration Camps: Guide to World War II Sites
1296:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
468:
333:
306:
267:
53:Commemorative plaque for the French victims at
1660:Nazi Germany 1933-1945: Faith and Annihilation
1327:"Nacht und Nebel decree (English translation)"
984:Nazi Germany 1933â1945: Faith and Annihilation
742:Alles fĂŒr Deutschland! Deutschland ĂŒber alles!
1890:
763:, a British agent who was executed under the
8:
1093:An Illustrated Dictionary of the Third Reich
776:(Norwegian Resistance, later Prime Minister)
296:
280:
225:
1769:The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp
1700:Kammer, Hilde and Elisabet Bartsch (1999).
1406:The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp
702:contain numerous orders stamped with "NN" (
2440:
2193:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
1897:
1883:
1875:
1739:. London & New York: Verso Publishing.
1648:. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers.
104:, who were to be imprisoned, murdered, or
261:issued the following instructions to the
96:"helpers" in the territories occupied by
42:. For the television series episode, see
38:. For the 80s Belgian synthpop band, see
1746:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
1732:. New York & Boston: Back Bay Books.
1697:. 3 BĂ€nde. Vol i. Berlin: Dietz Verlag.
1641:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
1783:The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany
1711:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
1441:Nichol, John and Rennell, Tony (2007).
1354:The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany
1143:
948:
880:List of Nazi-German concentration camps
1788:Taylor, James, and Warren Shaw (2002)
44:Law & Order (season 3) § ep57
1155:
293:the Axis war against the Soviet Union
75:
7:
1758:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
1669:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1551:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
1419:"Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 6"
143:). It is not clear whether the term
931:Without the right of correspondence
644:Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp
1776:Hitler and Nazi Germany: A History
1369:, London: Greenhill Books. p. 204.
971:Hitler and Nazi Germany: A History
885:National Defense Authorization Act
634:transported many of its remaining
533:used by Nazi Germany to transport
279:At the Armed Forces High Command,
230:, operating with similar methods.
211:AuĂerordentliche Befriedungsaktion
181:, the Nazis had begun rounding up
25:
2536:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos
1805:Army of Evil: A History of the SS
926:Timeline of SOE's Prosper Network
2188:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
1621:. New York: Praeger Publishers.
1605:Barnett, Correlli, ed., (2003).
875:List of books about Nazi Germany
1613:Bracher, Karl-Dietrich (1970).
725:decree was "the worst of all".
1807:. New York: Caliber Printing.
1781:Stackelberg, Roderick (2007).
1762:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression
1674:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Menschenrechte
1653:Gestapo: Instrument of Tyranny
1367:Gestapo: Instrument of Tyranny
1341:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression
1060:Gestapo: Instrument of Tyranny
1047:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Menschenrechte
891:Resistance during World War II
794:("Dédée") (Belgian Resistance)
656:FlossenbĂŒrg concentration camp
640:RavensbrĂŒck concentration camp
1:
1790:Dictionary of the Third Reich
1499:Dictionary of the Third Reich
911:Norwegian resistance movement
686:Despite the best attempts of
648:Buchenwald concentration camp
353:decree. The SD was mainly an
185:- both within Germany and in
175:
2204:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe
2198:German Earth and Stone Works
1838:Harthoorn, Willem Lodewijk.
1774:Spielvogel, Jackson (1992).
1728:Manchester, William (2003).
1182:The Arms of Krupp, 1587â1968
919:The Walls Came Tumbling Down
355:information-gathering agency
192:Up until the issuing of the
88:, was a directive issued by
2349:Disciplinary and Penal Code
1866:Hassall, Peter D., (1997),
1756:Shirer, William L. (1990).
1365:Crankshaw, Edward (1990) .
392:prisoners were mostly from
379:customary international law
323:program to countries under
2630:
1778:. New York: Prentice Hall.
1676:8, no. 1 (2014): 120â135.
1665:Gellately, Robert (2001).
1655:. London: Greenhill Books.
1651:Crankshaw, Edward (1990).
1644:Conot, Robert E. (2000) .
1633:Browning, Christoper, and
1269:"The Night and Fog Decree"
973:, pp. 82â120, pp. 232â264.
622:When the Allies liberated
613:of its own, the so-called
77:[ËnaxtÊÊntËneËblÌ©]
57:, showing the expressions
55:Hinzert concentration camp
29:
2443:
2301:Identification of inmates
1767:Sofsky, Wolfgang (1997).
748:opened beneath his feet.
36:Night and Fog (2009 film)
34:. For the 2009 film, see
32:Night and Fog (1956 film)
1906:Nazi concentration camps
1826:, "Night and Fog Decree"
1690:. New York: Basic Books.
1609:. New York: Grove Press.
1464:. Universal Publishers.
805:(Comtesse de Milleville)
732:listed the "terrifying"
373:which violated both the
319:expanded the repressive
2511:Soviet prisoners of war
2243:SS construction brigade
1869:Night and Fog Prisoners
1742:Overy, Richard (2006).
1443:Escape from Nazi Europe
868:Le prisonnier politique
850:Extraordinary rendition
809:Henriette Bie Lorentzen
2604:Orders by Adolf Hitler
1824:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1803:Weale, Adrian (2012).
1799:. New York: Doubleday.
1785:. New York: Routledge.
1707:Kogon, Eugen (2006) .
1686:Johnson, Eric (2006).
1658:DĂŒlffer, Jost (2009).
1458:Marc Terrance (1999).
1239:"Night and Fog Decree"
780:Virginia d'Albert-Lake
768:
671:
560:
542:
518:Treatment of prisoners
498:
338:
328:
310:
298:Nacht und Nebel Erlass
297:
281:
277:
226:
222:German-occupied Poland
210:
167:
145:Nacht-und-Nebel-Erlass
62:
40:Nacht und Nebel (band)
18:Nacht-und-Nebel-Erlass
2599:Night and Fog program
2584:Holocaust terminology
2493:Sonder- und Ehrenhaft
2411:SchutzhaftlagerfĂŒhrer
1842:, Van Gruting, 2007,
1795:Toland, John (1976).
1735:Mayer, Arno (2012) .
1662:. London: Bloomsbury.
1421:. Avalon.law.yale.edu
1382:, vol i, pp. 162â163.
759:
669:
551:
525:
428:, if they survived.
315:
158:
52:
2579:December 1941 events
2448:Prisoner functionary
2255:Politische Abteilung
2210:SS-TotenkopfverbÀnde
1792:. New York: Penguin.
1725:. New York: Picador.
1646:Justice at Nuremberg
1590:Justice at Nuremberg
1577:Justice at Nuremberg
1352:Stackelberg (2007).
1169:Justice at Nuremberg
1128:NĂŒrnberger Dokumente
856:Forced disappearance
820:Henriette Roosenburg
816:(Belgian Resistance)
541:during the Holocaust
283:Generalfeldmarschall
252:On 7 December 1941,
240:High Command of the
86:Night and Fog Decree
84:, also known as the
2589:Law of Nazi Germany
2531:Der Ort des Terrors
2480:Political prisoners
2470:Jehovah's Witnesses
2095:Natzweiler-Struthof
1840:Verboden te sterven
1721:Lowe Keith (2012).
1180:Manchester (2003).
1158:, pp. 140â144.
969:Spielvogel (1992).
788:(French Resistance)
786:Charles Delestraint
711:Natzweiler-Struthof
692:Propaganda Ministry
531:covered goods wagon
465:Text of the decrees
325:military occupation
183:political prisoners
1510:Gellately (2001).
1058:Crankshaw (1956).
896:Belgian Resistance
871:- a 1949 sculpture
769:
744:" just before the
672:
543:
329:
199:Geneva Conventions
168:
162:issued orders for
140:The Magic Mountain
63:
2551:
2550:
2519:
2518:
2375:Arbeit macht frei
1848:978-90-75879-37-7
1814:978-0-451-23791-0
1752:978-0-39332-797-7
1717:978-0-37452-992-5
1682:978-3-73440-024-7
1607:Hitler's Generals
1034:Hitler's Generals
906:French Resistance
752:Notable prisoners
730:Robert H. Jackson
713:camp (one of the
553:Prisoners of the
375:Hague Conventions
346:Sicherheitsdienst
341:Reinhard Heydrich
219:
116:The alliterative
106:made to disappear
61:and "NN-Deported"
16:(Redirected from
2621:
2609:Political quotes
2564:1940s neologisms
2441:
2426:Luftwaffe guards
1899:
1892:
1885:
1876:
1818:
1630:
1620:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1573:
1567:
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1541:
1534:
1528:
1523:Johnson (2006).
1521:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1445:, Penguin Books.
1439:
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1245:. Archived from
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1200:. Archived from
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1016:
993:
987:
982:DĂŒlffer (2009).
980:
974:
967:
961:
960:
957:"Wörterbuchnetz"
953:
901:Dutch Resistance
798:Noor Inayat Khan
761:Noor Inayat Khan
652:Schloss Hartheim
505:The reasons for
475:Russian campaign
300:
286:
259:Heinrich Himmler
229:
214:
180:
177:
174:gained momentum
170:Even before the
160:Heinrich Himmler
79:
21:
2629:
2628:
2624:
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2622:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2614:1941 quotations
2594:Nazi war crimes
2574:1941 in Germany
2554:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2515:
2501:"Race defilers"
2486:Nacht und Nebel
2432:
2389:
2382:Jedem das Seine
2269:
2216:
2176:
1908:
1903:
1864:
1833:Further reading
1830:
1815:
1802:
1635:JĂŒrgen MatthĂ€us
1612:
1601:
1596:
1587:
1583:
1574:
1570:
1562:Marrus (1997).
1561:
1557:
1549:Shirer (1990).
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863:(War on Terror)
845:Commissar Order
829:
824:
792:Andrée de Jongh
774:Trygve Bratteli
765:Nacht und Nebel
754:
734:Nacht und Nebel
723:Nacht und Nebel
715:Nacht und Nebel
704:Nacht und Nebel
688:Joseph Goebbels
680:Nacht und Nebel
664:
636:Nacht und Nebel
555:Nacht und Nebel
547:Nacht und Nebel
528:Holocaust train
520:
507:Nacht und Nebel
503:
467:
449:Nacht und Nebel
390:Nacht und Nebel
367:Nacht und Nebel
359:Nacht und Nebel
351:Nacht und Nebel
321:Nacht und Nebel
255:ReichsfĂŒhrer-SS
236:Nuremberg trial
227:Nacht und Nebel
201:. However, the
194:Nacht und Nebel
187:occupied Europe
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164:Nacht und Nebel
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121:Nacht und Nebel
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67:Nacht und Nebel
59:Nacht und Nebel
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2524:Historiography
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2043:KrakĂłw-PĆaszĂłw
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1588:Conot (2000).
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1575:Conot (2000).
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1490:
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1294:Overy (2006).
1287:
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1281:Kogon (2006).
1274:
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1228:, pp. 337-338.
1224:Mayer (2012).
1217:
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1167:Conot (2000).
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564:Fresnes Prison
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457:, directed by
386:Richard GlĂŒcks
317:Wilhelm Keitel
288:Wilhelm Keitel
247:Rudolf Lehmann
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1797:Adolf Hitler
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1599:Bibliography
1589:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1550:
1545:
1537:
1532:
1524:
1519:
1514:, pp. 51â69.
1511:
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1498:
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1485:
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1460:
1455:(in English)
1450:
1442:
1423:. Retrieved
1413:
1405:
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1340:
1335:
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1295:
1290:
1282:
1277:
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1247:the original
1242:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1209:. Retrieved
1202:the original
1189:
1181:
1176:
1168:
1163:
1151:
1144:Bracher 1970
1139:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1107:. Retrieved
1092:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1033:
1028:
1020:
1013:. Retrieved
998:
991:
983:
978:
970:
965:
951:
917:
866:
803:Mary Lindell
764:
741:
733:
727:
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703:
685:
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673:
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144:
138:
128:
120:
115:
102:World War II
98:Nazi Germany
90:Adolf Hitler
85:
81:
66:
65:
64:
58:
2465:Homosexuals
2406:LagerfĂŒhrer
2291:Early camps
2228:Appellplatz
2124:RavensbrĂŒck
2119:Niederhagen
1985:Gross-Rosen
1973:FlossenbĂŒrg
1920:Arbeitsdorf
1852:Gross-Rosen
922:(1957 book)
834:Black jails
642:for women,
616:MuselmÀnner
611:gas chamber
426:Gross-Rosen
410:Netherlands
179: 1941
135:Thomas Mann
80:), meaning
2558:Categories
2460:"Asocials"
2401:Commandant
2107:Neuengamme
2067:Mauthausen
2019:Kaiserwald
1949:Buchenwald
1913:Main camps
1856:Natzweiler
1627:B001JZ4T16
1425:2013-08-05
1253:22 January
1211:2013-08-05
1156:Weale 2012
939:References
782:(American)
566:in Paris,
537:and other
442:Mauthausen
422:Esterwegen
418:Natzweiler
402:Luxembourg
371:war crimes
151:Background
94:resistance
2437:Prisoners
2421:Wehrmacht
2394:Personnel
2366:Selection
2342:Muselmann
2213:(Camp SS)
1925:Auschwitz
1592:, p. 506.
1579:, p. 501.
1566:, p. 151.
1553:, p. 957.
1501:, p. 192.
1408:, p. 118.
1395:, p. 160.
1356:, p. 286.
1298:, p. 605.
1243:ushmm.org
1184:, p. 519.
1171:, p. 300.
1134:, p. 418.
1062:, p. 215.
1036:, p. 152.
676:Auschwitz
501:Rationale
363:vernebelt
242:Wehrmacht
203:AB-Aktion
172:Holocaust
118:hendiadys
2370:Slogans
2337:Language
2181:Agencies
2165:subcamps
2153:subcamps
2148:Stutthof
2141:subcamps
2129:subcamps
2112:subcamps
2100:subcamps
2088:subcamps
2076:subcamps
2060:subcamps
2055:Majdanek
2048:subcamps
2036:subcamps
2024:subcamps
2012:subcamps
2001:subcamps
1990:subcamps
1978:subcamps
1966:subcamps
1954:subcamps
1942:subcamps
1930:subcamps
1637:(2004).
1540:, p. 81.
827:See also
746:trapdoor
719:Zyklon-B
690:and the
628:Brussels
568:Waldheim
166:in 1941.
2238:Subcamp
2160:Vaivara
2007:Hinzert
836:(China)
767:program
738:hanging
662:Results
588:Stettin
580:Potsdam
576:Leipzig
572:Dresden
539:victims
406:Denmark
398:Belgium
263:Gestapo
238:of the
218:
100:during
2330:Yellow
2325:Purple
2305:Badges
2274:Topics
2260:Revier
2200:(DEST)
2172:Warsaw
1961:Dachau
1846:
1811:
1750:
1715:
1680:
1625:
1468:
1116:Italy,
1109:12 May
1100:
1015:12 May
1006:
933:(USSR)
630:, the
603:Revier
586:, and
584:LĂŒbeck
438:Dachau
434:Allied
414:Norway
412:, and
408:, the
394:France
272:FĂŒhrer
207:German
125:German
72:German
2310:Black
2071:Gusen
2031:Kauen
1205:(PDF)
1198:(PDF)
944:Notes
654:, or
624:Paris
570:near
424:, or
336:fate.
2475:Jews
2453:Kapo
2320:Pink
2303:and
2069:and
1844:ISBN
1809:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1713:ISBN
1678:ISBN
1623:ASIN
1466:ISBN
1255:2015
1111:2023
1098:ISBN
1017:2023
1004:ISBN
887:(US)
852:(US)
626:and
545:The
535:Jews
440:and
381:.
377:and
216:lit.
112:Name
696:BBC
558:SS.
343:'s
265::
137:'s
2560::
2542:KL
1872:.
1434:^
1241:.
1113:.
1019:.
700:SD
658:.
650:,
646:,
632:SS
582:,
578:,
574:,
420:,
404:,
400:,
396:,
213:,
209::
176:c.
74::
2315:P
1898:e
1891:t
1884:v
1817:.
1629:.
1474:.
1428:.
1329:.
1271:.
1257:.
1214:.
959:.
605:(
327:.
205:(
123:(
70:(
46:.
20:)
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