744:(peoples) in both the United States and Canada to revive the Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota languages. In the program of the 2009 summit, the list of the tribes forming the "Seven Council Fires" included the Assiniboine and Stoney in the "Fire" of the Yanktonai. (This was the group from which they are said to have separated historically.) Later, the two Nakota tribes were shifted to the end of the list. The wording, "Also includes the Stoney and Assiniboine People," was retained.
702:. According to the Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre (SICC), some elder Stoney say they can understand Lakota better than Assiniboine. They believe they may be "Rocky Mountains Sioux" rather than descendants of the Hohe ("Rebels," as the Assiniboine used to be called).
375:
specialists, has seldom reflected Parks and DeMallie's work. The change cannot be regarded as a subsequent terminological regression caused by the fact that
Yankton-Yanktonai people lived together with the Santee in the same reserves.
431:
to their Sioux ancestry and the value of their native language: "As descendants of the great Sioux nations, the Stoney tribal members of today prefer to conduct their conversation and tribal business in the Siouan mother tongue".
439:
The
Assiniboine-Stoney tribes have supported recent "pan-Sioux" attempts to revive the native languages. Their representatives attend the annual "Lakota, Dakota, Nakota Language Summits." Since 2008, these have been sponsored by
351:
research at the Sioux and
Assiniboine reservations to establish the precise dialectology of the Sioux language. They ascertained that both the Santee and the Yankton/Yanktonai referred (and refer) to themselves by the
595:
Raymond DeMallie reports that the word 'nakota' had "become a symbol of self-identification for
Yankton and Yanktonai young people that distinguished them from the Santee-Sisseton and Teton ..." ("Sioux ...", p.
411:
Recently the
Assiniboine and, especially, the Stoney have begun to minimize the historic separation from the Dakota, claiming a shared identity with the broader Sioux Nation. This can be seen on
444:(Dragonfly Community), the Lakota non-profit organization for the promotion and strengthening of the language. They promote a mission of "Uniting the Seven Council Fires to Save the Language".
859:
270:
Historically, the tribes belonging to the Sioux nation known as the Oceti
Sakowin (Seven Council Fires) have generally been classified into three large regional groups:
740:. The Lakota promoters acknowledge a common origin with the Nakota peoples: 2008's Language Summit was an effort to unite the Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota ("Sioux")
686:
660:
550:
929:
468:
329:
to designate those who speak one of the Dakota/Lakota dialects, except the
Assiniboine. The latter, however, include themselves under the term (
924:
583:
605:
A like thesis is held by James H. Howard. While admitting that, in modern times, all the oriental and central Sioux groups use the term
570:
See the works by G. E. Gibbon and J. D. Palmer cited among the sources of the present article or Paul B. Neck's book about Dakota chief
180:
774:(written, illustrated, and published by Edward S. Curtis; edited by Frederick Webb Hodge), Seattle, E. S. Curtis , 1907–1930, 20 v. (
919:
893:
823:
793:
491:, 2 Pts./vols., Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 30, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, U.S. GPO, 1907/1910 (1:376), and
417:
772:
The North
American Indian : being a series of volumes picturing and describing the Indians of the United States, and Alaska
858:, Special Issue, Florence M. Voegelin Memorial Volume, Vol. 34:1-4 (Spring - Winter, 1992), pp. 233-255 (accessible online at
881:
848:
808:
939:
748:
788:(Vol. 13, Part 2, p. 718–760), William C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 2001 (
541:, University of Toronto (cited by Parks & Rankin, p. 97). For a non-linguist point of view, cf. also E. S. Curtis (
140:
126:
690:
724:
664:
336:
For a long time, very few scholars criticized this classification. Among the first was the
Yankton/Lakota scholar
914:
869:(Vol. 13, Part 1, p. 94–114), William C. Sturtevant (gen. ed.), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 2001.
247:
944:
321:
The
Assiniboine separated from the Yankton-Yanktonai grouping around 1640. All tribes of Sioux use the term
934:
465:
909:
854:
Parks, Douglas R., DeMallie, Raymond J., "Sioux, Assiniboine and Stoney Dialects: A Classification",
484:
121:
42:
781:
344:
106:
86:
537:
The inaccuracy of the scheme was also discussed, in 1976, in Patricia A. Shaw's PhD Dissertation,
865:
Parks, Douglas R. & Rankin, Robert L., "The Siouan languages", in Raymond J. DeMallie (ed.),
499:, American Museum of Natural History. Anthropological Handbook 1, New York: McGraw Hill, 1954 (8)
215:
189:
38:
509:
889:
877:
844:
819:
804:
789:
727:. Tusweca Tiospaye : Uniting the Seven Council Fires to Save Our Language. Archived from
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337:
222:) long ago and moved further west from the original territory in the woodlands of what is now
767:
752:
492:
472:
368:
203:
135:
50:
367:) was (and is) exclusive usage of the Assiniboine and of their Canadian relatives, the
903:
436:'s Assiniboine and Stoney tribes also claim identification with the Sioux tradition.
427:
400:
389:
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303:
295:
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274:
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184:
46:
433:
371:. The subsequent academic literature, however, especially if it is not produced by
239:
231:
31:
396:
372:
348:
99:
79:
415:'s Stoney official Internet sites, for example, in the self-designation of the
379:
Currently, the groups refer to themselves as follows in their mother tongues:
745:
17:
841:
The Dakota peoples: a history of the Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota through 1863
571:
310:), consisting of the four bands: Mdewakanton, Sisseton, Wahpeton, Wahpekute;
223:
514:
Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)
775:
235:
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461:
412:
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243:
227:
176:
208:
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has just "fallen into disuse'" among the Yankton and the Yanktonai (
460:
For the usage of the term "nakona" by Fort Peck's Assiniboine, cf.
466:
http://www.neh.gov/grants/guidelines/hisamples/HI-TCU-FortPeck.pdf
561:
A summary of the research can be found in Parks/DeMallie, 1992.
343:
In 1978, Douglas R. Parks, A. Wesley Jones, David S. Rood, and
843:. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2008 (
833:, Sixteenth edition, Tex.: SIL International. Online version:
834:
637:
includes both the Assiniboine/Stoney and the Lakota/Dakota.
317:, the two central tribes of the Yankton and the Yanktonai.
689:. Saskatchewan Indigenous Cultural Centre. Archived from
784:, "Sioux until 1850"; in Raymond J. DeMallie (ed.),
661:"Bearspaw, Chiniki, Wesley Nakoda Nations (Stoney)"
146:
112:
92:
72:
60:
30:"Nokota" redirects here. For the horse breed, see
818:, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1984 (
547:The Teton Sioux. The Yanktonai. The Assiniboin,
578:, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 2008,
226:into the northern and northwestern regions of
8:
489:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico
278:
867:Handbook of North American Indians: Plains
786:Handbook of North American Indians: Plains
533:
531:
27:Native name of indigenous North Americans
801:The Sioux: the Dakota and Lakota nations
609:to designate themselves (and the whole
453:
386:– Dakota, Santee, Yankton and Yanktonai
803:, Malden, Blackwell Publishers, 2003 (
725:"Lakota Dakota Nakota Language Summit"
687:"Hohe Nakoda History & Background"
313:Western Dakota, collectively known as
214:The Assiniboine branched off from the
57:
886:Indiani. I Pellerossa Tribù per Tribù
629:
627:
7:
462:http://fpcctalkindian.nativeweb.org/
876:, Salamander Books, Londra, 1993 (
831:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
663:. Treaty 7 Nations. Archived from
291:), who form the westernmost group;
25:
930:Native American tribes in Montana
648:http://www.alexisnakotasioux.com/
874:Pocket guide to native Americans
248:Western Siouan language dialects
884:) – Italian edition consulted:
539:Dakota Phonology and Morphology
187:who usually go by the name of
1:
925:First Nations in Saskatchewan
613:), he suggests that the form
67:"ally / friend" // "mountain"
829:Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009.
856:Anthropological Linguistics
246:in Canada. In each of the
64:/ Nakoda / Nakona // Îyârhe
961:
888:, Idealibri, Milan, 1993 (
835:http://www.ethnologue.com/
234:in the United States, and
36:
29:
425:, or in the claim of the
107:Îyethkabi / Îyethka Oyade
920:First Nations in Alberta
576:Inkpaduta. Dakota Leader
776:Northwestern University
392:– Lakota or Teton Sioux
279:
872:Christopher Westhorp,
768:Curtis, Edward Sheriff
347:engaged in systematic
136:Îyethka Îabi / wîchoîe
497:Indians of the plains
940:Algonquian ethnonyms
839:Palmer, Jessica D.,
782:DeMallie, Raymond J.
43:Assiniboine language
712:Thuswéčha Thióšpaye
345:Raymond J. DeMallie
262:all mean "friend".
816:The Canadian Sioux
814:Howard, James H.,
751:2009-12-11 at the
485:Frederick W. Hodge
483:See, as examples,
471:2011-06-15 at the
266:Linguistic history
216:Great Sioux Nation
39:Assiniboine people
619:The Canadian ...
584:978-0-8061-3950-0
510:"The Assiniboine"
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915:Nakoda (Stoney)
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799:Guy E. Gibbon,
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37:Main articles:
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359:. The name of
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181:Native peoples
179:used by those
160:
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158:Îyethka Makóce
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141:Îyethka Wowîhâ
127:Nakón Wíyutabi
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731:on 2009-08-13
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18:Nakota people
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733:. Retrieved
729:the original
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691:the original
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669:. Retrieved
665:the original
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422:First Nation
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338:Ella Deloria
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240:Saskatchewan
232:North Dakota
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155:
153:Nakón Mąkóce
151:Assiniboine:
150:
130:
117:Assiniboine:
116:
103:
97:Assiniboine:
96:
83:
77:Assiniboine:
76:
61:
54:
32:Nokota horse
910:Assiniboine
746:2009 Summit
397:Assiniboine
190:Assiniboine
122:Nakón Iyábi
100:Nakón Oyáde
904:Categories
882:1856000230
849:0786431776
809:1557865663
735:2009-10-01
697:2013-02-12
671:2017-10-15
545:, vol. 3,
373:linguistic
349:linguistic
304:anglicized
285:anglicized
280:Thítȟuŋwaŋ
197:), in the
572:Inkpaduta
520:August 8,
315:Wičhíyena
300:Isáŋyathi
224:Minnesota
218:(aka the
201:, and of
175:) is the
749:Archived
469:Archived
399:and the
294:Eastern
236:Manitoba
139:(sign):
134:(oral):
125:(sign):
120:(oral):
113:Language
762:Sources
635:endonym
621:, p. 4)
615:Nakhóta
607:Dakhóta
549:p. 142
487:(ed.),
413:Alberta
354:autonym
327:Lakóta,
323:Dakóta,
244:Alberta
228:Montana
177:endonym
156:Stoney:
147:Country
131:Stoney:
104:Stoney:
87:Îyethka
84:Stoney:
892:
880:
860:JSTORE
847:
822:
807:
792:
611:nation
582:
401:Stoney
369:Stoney
365:Nakoda
361:Nakota
357:Dakota
331:Nakóta
308:Santee
296:Dakota
275:Lakota
260:lakota
256:dakota
252:nakota
242:, and
209:Canada
204:Stoney
173:Nakona
169:Nakoda
165:Nakota
93:People
80:Nakóda
73:Person
62:Nakota
49:, and
742:oyate
596:750).
448:Notes
420:Sioux
289:Teton
207:, in
890:ISBN
878:ISBN
845:ISBN
820:ISBN
805:ISBN
790:ISBN
722:Cf.
684:Cf.
658:Cf.
646:Cf.
633:The
580:ISBN
522:2023
464:and
363:(or
258:and
230:and
195:Hohe
193:(or
167:(or
333:).
325:or
306:as
287:as
183:of
171:or
906::
896:).
770:,
626:^
530:^
512:.
495:,
340:.
302:;
283:;
254:,
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211:.
45:,
41:,
862:.
851:)
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778:)
738:.
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674:.
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574:(
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298:(
277:(
34:.
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