209:
1851:
hierarchy, as a result, showing the "preferred" person to use in
Saulteaux discourse is the second person, followed by the first person, and finally the third person. The third person can show the proximate (the unmarked category), the obviative, the highly marked further obviative that is reserved
1775:
Ojibwa verbs also mark whether the action is direct or inverse. In the first two examples the action takes place directly, where the proximate is acting upon the obviative. This direction can be inverted meaning that the verb marks when the obviative is acting on the proximate by using the inverse
650:
The small groups of Plains Ojibwa are called the
Saulteaux. This name derives from French and refers to those that gathered around the falls – specifically the Sault Ste. Marie area of modern Ontario and Michigan. They defeated the Cheyenne in the 1700s and occupied southern Manitoba and southern
646:
It was common for small groups to go onto the Plains to exploit the hunt and then return to the
Woodland area. They would hunt moose, elk, and other forest game. As a result, they gradually advanced north and west from their Red River base, following the forest edge. The bison hunt also became
1379:: limited to Saulteaux, where the palatal and dental fricatives are common in some communities. This is not just a process of one sound assimilating to the other but both are heard. The occurrence of sibilants on the prairies is possibly coming from Plains Cree, which has only
642:
In comparison to other eastern tribes, the Ojibwa have suffered the least population loss at the time of
European contact. With the number of their peoples and early acquisition of rifles, the Ojibwa were a powerful political force during the early period of the fur trade.
1509:
fluctuates in its animacy. This may be related to the practice of a "Strawberry Dance" by certain communities. The gender of an entity is important because for many morphemes, the language uses gender-specific morphology that distinguishes the animate from the inanimate.
391:, also known as the Ritwan languages in old literature, that were once spoken in California are also relatives with Algonquian language family. Despite the geographic distance, these two languages make part of the Algic language family with the Algonquian languages.
1498:
and those that are inanimate. The animate category includes all human beings and animals. Some items that are neither human nor animal are still considered animate—e.g., rock, pipe, raspberries, pants. Even across different
Saulteaux dialects,
2126:
of the verb. The overt DPs are actually not necessary as they just repeat information and relationships already marked on the verb. As a result, the occurrence of DPs referring to the arguments of verbs is optional and often left out.
2109:
which means that it has free word order. A fully inflected verb constitutes a sentence or clause on its own with the subject, object, aspect and other notions expressed through the verbal morphology. The language dialect uses
394:
Randolph
Valentine (2000) divides Ojibwa into two major dialect groups: a southern group and a northern group. The southern dialect group includes Saulteaux in southern Manitoba and southern Saskatchewan;
2218:(transitive animate verb) order and is inflected for a direct action. We can see that the proximate is acting on the obviative as Joe is not marked and Mary is marked with the obviative marker
3132:
1274:
can be inserted between two long vowels to maintain the phonotactic constraint that vowels do not occur next to each other in
Saulteaux. When reduplication occurs on a vowel-initial root a
421:(1946) was able to reconstruct the phonology system and some of the morphology of Proto-Algonquian through the comparison of cognates from four languages: Fox, Cree, Menomini, and Ojibwa.
1486:
which means that it relies heavily on affixation to express meaning. As is the case with languages that have active morphology, word order in this language is not as rigid as
English.
2227:
Saulteaux's word order, however, would be better described as VO(S) to show the rare appearance of an overt subject, but that it does occur finally most often when it does appear.
2538:
1885:
unless attached to a noun stem ending with a glide. When there is a glide, like j or w, the suffix takes on the backness and rounding features of the glide. For example,
1062:
According to Logan (2001), lenis consonants are voiced between vowels (i.e., V_V) and between nasals and vowels (i.e., N_V). Fortis consonants are sometimes either
1216:
Nasal vowels are becoming denasalized; however, vowels may be nasalized before a nasal followed by a sibilant, i.e. in the phonotactically permissible sequences
219:
3137:
1278:
is inserted. This is marked by (y) in texts. Preroots ending in vowels that come before vowel-initial roots also receive this epenthesis. For example,
1209:
Short vowels are treated different in the Ojibwa dialects. In
Saulteaux, tensing does not occur with initial short vowels. They also do not shift to
1673:
strategy for showing prominence between third persons within a discourse environment. Within a predication one animate third person will be the
651:
Saskatchewan when the fur trade died out. They were entrenched as a plains Indian group with the signing of the Number
Treaties in the 1870s.
3122:
1127:
1004:
2111:
1147:
3054:
2671:
3147:
2542:
2239:(SRO). Some people use double vowels to represent long vowels while others lengthen the vowels by adding either a macron accent (
1373:: this is scattered among the Saulteaux communities – in general it is a southern phenomenon and most prevalent in the southeast.
1254:
is inserted between the personal prefix and the vowel when a stem is vowel-initial. This is marked by (t) in texts. For example,
938:
901:
847:
780:
1174:
344:
231:
3127:
1447:
assimilates with the roundness of the w, and the resulting string is simplified to . This does not happen in Western Ojibwa.
1184:
944:
853:
1312:
will be elided. The glides (w,y) are optionally elided in many cases, especially in casual speech. The negative particle
3142:
2106:
1157:
922:
891:
195:
1950:
For animate obviative plural, many communities do not distinguish between singular and plural in the animate obviative.
1137:
2063:
as the voluntative preverb within the Saulteaux communities, especially speakers surveyed west of central Manitoba.
1194:
1016:
831:
815:
770:
760:
928:
1406:: this occurs in many Saulteaux communities; for example, the word for 'muskrat' may be variably represented as
1494:
There is no distinction between masculine and feminine – instead there is a distinction between items that are
1473:
1206:
Western Ojibwa is non-syncopating which means that weak vowels are not deleted according to metrical position.
241:
2072:
as a negative past preverb. This is found common in areas adjacent to or bilingual with Cree, which uses the
3117:
1051:
863:
837:
821:
790:
335:
Genetically, Ojibwa is part of the Algonquian language family. This language family includes languages like
3003:. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology. Vol. 6. New York: Wenner-Gren Foundation. pp. 85–129.
2205:
2115:
1882:
1483:
1479:
1451:
1444:
1422:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1380:
1368:
1359:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1319:
1309:
1305:
1275:
1271:
1251:
1232:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
722:
718:
711:
704:
2214:
by itself already shows that someone likes another person. The verb is from the third person set of the
1881:: most Ojibwa dialects form the diminutive by adding the suffix –Vns where V, the vowel, is realized as
1043:
973:
963:
2974:
2942:
1049:
1041:
869:
700:
292:
113:
1389:: this feature is restricted to Saulteaux, probably under the influence of Plains Cree which has no
708:
348:
336:
122:
2019:
is the animate singular interrogative pronoun 'who' used by the Manitoba Saulteaux speakers while
1848:
1674:
1235:
is not pronounced the same as elsewhere, instead the preceding vowel is given a nasalized sound.
986:
418:
412:
368:
364:
352:
3078:
3050:
2667:
2123:
2119:
1670:
665:
The exact number of current Saulteaux dialect speakers is unknown. However, there are several
662:
The Ojibwa-speaking regions are found mainly to the south of Cree-speaking regions in Canada.
408:
404:
380:
2726:
2196:
The thematic information is applied verb-internally and not at the sentence level and so the
3031:
1071:
678:
376:
340:
2664:
Native Languages: A Support Document for the Teaching of Language Patterns: Ojibwe and Cree
647:
incorporated into the cycle of seasonal exploitation for many of the Ojibwa family groups.
2984:
2979:
2215:
1836:
396:
288:
284:
127:
118:
108:
100:
581:
Comparison of Central Ojibwa (Odawa), Western Ojibwa (Saulteaux), and Swampy Cree (2002)
407:
in North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. The northern dialect group includes
2998:
2527:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24).
1067:
400:
388:
384:
2528:
654:
Neither Western Ojibwa or any dialect of Ojibwa has official status in North America.
187:
3111:
2468:
1871:
1063:
683:
Saulteaux has twenty-four phonemic segments – seventeen consonants and seven vowels.
360:
356:
2236:
1083:
800:
715:
372:
308:
71:
1860:
Valentine (1994) found the following morphological properties for Western Ojibwa:
3102:
1243:
Valentine (1994) found the following phonological properties of Western Ojibwa:
1087:
208:
200:
2507:
2502:
696:
1852:
for non-prominent third persons acting or being acted upon by the obviative.
2533:
1678:
692:
666:
637:
296:
180:
164:
81:
1677:
and any other animate third persons will be obligatorily designated as the
17:
1328:: The nasals will assimilate to the following consonant of a cluster. So:
171:
3028:
A Collection of Saulteaux Texts with Translations and Linguistic Analyses
1991:. However, the Saulteaux speakers may say it in a plural context: either
304:
249:
237:
67:
3036:
2073:
1495:
245:
2201:
312:
300:
216:
56:
699:. The resonant nasals are labial /m/ and alveolar /n/. The resonant
3075:
A Saulteaux (Ojibwe) phrase book based on the dialects of Manitoba
2997:
Bloomfield, Leonard (1946). "Algonquian". In Hoijer, Harry (ed.).
2197:
3077:. Brandon, MB: Department of Native Studies, Brandon University.
2950:
2165:
1338:
is realized as labial nasal when it occurs before a labial stop
3096:
3082:
2564:
2464:
Some notable researchers who documented the Ojibwa dialect are:
2090:
as a complementizer preverb while communities in the south have
1935:
There are a number of Saulteaux communities that use the suffix
2522:
2520:
1924:
Saulteaux Ojibwa does not have a suffix for inanimate obviative
1351:
is realized as velar nasal when it occurs before a velar stop
2161:
2157:
2149:
1463:
Nasal cluster simplification does not happen in this dialect.
2446:
2434:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2386:
2380:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2301:
2289:
2277:
2219:
2209:
2091:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1978:
1969:
1963:
1954:
1942:
1936:
1928:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1876:
1865:
1830:
1777:
1685:
1645:
1629:
1611:
1595:
1577:
1561:
1543:
1527:
1455:
1438:
1432:
1413:
1407:
1313:
1289:
1279:
1255:
609:
597:
321:
263:
38:
2180:
2169:
2153:
2139:
1813:
1791:
1759:
1740:
1718:
1699:
425:
Proto-Algonquian Reconstructions made by Bloomfield (1946)
248:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1802:
621:
399:
in most of Ontario, Manitoulin Island and Georgian Bay;
3103:
OLAC resources in and about the Western Ojibwa language
2622:
2620:
2618:
2901:
2899:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2605:
2603:
1362:
is realized as when it occurs at the end of the word.
669:
found in southern Manitoba and southern Saskatchewan.
465:
457:
448:
3010:
Nahkawēwin: Saulteaux (Ojibway dialect of the Plains)
2748:
2746:
2697:
2695:
2563:
Gordon, Raymond G.; Grimes, Barbara F., eds. (2005).
2122:(DPs)) that further refer to these entities are just
3049:. Kinistin First Nation and Duval House Publishing.
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2590:
2588:
1425:
is not realized with rounding like in some dialects.
570:
563:
556:
270:
44:
194:
178:
162:
157:
97:
87:
77:
62:
52:
32:
2569:(15th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
2539:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
518:
511:
504:
3133:Indigenous languages of the North American Plains
1835:morpheme is something entirely different from an
3068:(PhD dissertation). Austin: University of Texas.
3021:. Regina: Saskatchewan Indian Federated College.
3012:. Regina: Saskatchewan Indian Federated College.
1962:The demonstrative for animate singular proximal
1856:Other morphological properties of Western Ojibwa
1239:Other phonological properties of Western Ojibwa
544:
537:
530:
2066:A number of western Saulteaux communities use
492:
485:
478:
2011:is indefinite inanimate singular 'something'.
8:
2727:"The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan | Details"
327:is the general term in the language itself.
215:Saulteau is classified as Vulnerable by the
2579:
3017:Cote, Margaret; Klokeid, Terry J. (1985).
2638:
2189:Joe-OBV 3.OBV-like-DIR-3.SG.PROX Mary-PROX
207:
29:
3035:
2626:
2025:is used by the extreme west of Saulteaux.
1985:Indefinite animate singular 'someone' is
2947:Aboriginal Language Services of Manitoba
2262:
1512:
1092:
727:
579:
423:
220:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
3000:Linguistic structures of native America
2495:
1927:Inanimate plural suffix is realized as
1033:
319:is generally used by its speakers, and
242:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2041:is the interrogative particle 'where'.
1977:First person plural exclusive 'we' is
1231:After a long vowel and before s or ʃ,
3099:(Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)
2929:
2917:
2905:
2890:
2873:
2861:
2849:
2837:
2825:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2764:
2752:
2713:
2701:
2686:
2666:. Queen's Printer for Ontario. 2002.
2650:
2609:
2594:
2033:is the interrogative particle 'when'.
295:language family. It is spoken by the
7:
2118:of the verb and any overt nouns (or
2049:is the interrogative particle 'how'.
3030:(MA thesis). University of Regina.
589:'Mary's older brother is sleeping'
2566:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
2235:The language is written using the
1947:for obviative possessor of animate
1082:The vowels are divided into three
25:
3138:First Nations languages in Canada
3047:The Saulteaux Language Dictionary
2264:Common phrases in Western Ojibwa
2084:Northern Manitoba Saulteaux have
1428:iwa-stems do not restructure to .
1193:
1183:
1173:
1156:
1146:
1136:
1126:
1015:
1003:
985:
972:
962:
943:
937:
927:
921:
900:
890:
868:
862:
852:
846:
836:
830:
820:
814:
799:
789:
779:
769:
759:
403:in southern Ontario; and finally
383:are spoken in the United States.
3064:Valentine, J. Randolph (1994).
2545:from the original on 2022-10-30
2529:"Northwestern-Saulteaux Ojibwa"
1478:Typologically, Saulteaux is an
1288:'we had it, we were there' and
1997:(which is the plural form) or
1819:Animohš-∅ owâpamikôn pôsîns-an
1371:simplified to the velar nasal
1:
2253:⟨á, é, í, ó, ú⟩
2245:⟨â, ê, î, ô, û⟩
2186:Joe-∅ o-minwênim-â-n Mary-an.
1765:Animohš-an owâpamân pôsîns-∅.
1724:Animohš-∅ owâpamân pôsîns-an.
1308:has no suffixation, then the
1304:: If a word that ends with a
1298:'(s)he sits for a long time'.
135:Northwestern-Saulteaux Ojibwa
3123:Central Algonquian languages
3066:Ojibwe dialect relationships
2447:
2435:
2423:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2381:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2302:
2290:
2278:
2220:
2210:
2107:non-configurational language
2092:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1979:
1970:
1964:
1955:
1943:
1941:while others use the suffix
1937:
1929:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1877:
1866:
1831:
1778:
1686:
1646:
1630:
1612:
1596:
1578:
1562:
1544:
1528:
1456:
1439:
1433:
1414:
1408:
1314:
1290:
1280:
1256:
622:
610:
598:
322:
264:
39:
1318:usually occurs without the
571:
564:
557:
519:
512:
505:
3164:
3045:Scott, Mary Ellen (1995).
2237:Standard Roman Orthography
1968:is used. The reduced form
1471:
729:Western Ojibwa Consonants
676:
635:
599:Nbaawan Maaniinh wsayenyan
450:
271:
45:
3026:Logan, Harold J. (2001).
2057:seems to be outstripping
1825:The dog is seen by a cat.
1690:is the obviative marker:
1358:(nk, ng) → / __# :
1103:
1100:
1098:
999:
958:
881:
752:
733:
714:. Western Ojibwa has the
611:Nibaawan Maanii osayenzan
606:Western Ojibwa/Saulteaux
315:, west of Lake Winnipeg.
228:
206:
37:
1822:dog-PROX see.INV cat-OBV
691:The consonants are four
411:in northern Ontario and
27:Ojibwe dialect of Canada
3148:Culture of Saskatchewan
3008:Cote, Margaret (1984).
2580:Cote & Klokeid 1985
2513:(subscription required)
2175:
2145:
2134:
2131:Joe ominwênimân Maryan.
1959:in nouns with a Cy stem
1808:
1797:
1786:
1754:
1746:
1735:
1713:
1705:
1694:
658:Geographic distribution
545:
538:
531:
493:
486:
479:
467:
459:
3073:Voorhis, Paul (1977).
2436:_________ ndizhinikaaz
2424:Aaniin ezhinikaazoyin?
2327:Do you speak English?
1514:Animacy vs. inanimacy
1484:polysynthetic language
1094:Western Ojibwa Vowels
230:This article contains
3128:Anishinaabe languages
3097:Our Languages: Nakawē
2767:, pp. 10, 24–34.
2485:J. Randolph Valentine
2441:My name is _________
2322:Gizhaaganaashiim ina?
1891:, 'small boat' (stem
1768:cat-PROX sees dog-OBV
1727:dog-PROX sees cat-OBV
667:Saulteaux communities
594:Central Ojibwa/Odawa
299:, a subnation of the
2975:Algonquian languages
2284:Hello: How are you?
2247:) or acute accent (
1974:is much more common.
623:Nipâniwa Mânî ostesa
303:people, in southern
3143:Culture of Manitoba
3019:Saulteaux verb book
2469:Margaret Cote-Lerat
2460:Notable researchers
2429:What is your name?
2375:Of course, I agree
2339:No, none, negative
2265:
1771:The cat sees a dog.
1730:The dog sees a cat.
1515:
1095:
730:
582:
426:
415:in Western Quebec.
2263:
2120:determiner phrases
1953:There is no final
1915:'small net' (stem
1513:
1490:Gender and animacy
1431:In some dialects,
1326:Nasal assimilation
1093:
906:⟨hš⟩
896:⟨hs⟩
795:⟨hk⟩
785:⟨hč⟩
775:⟨ht⟩
765:⟨hp⟩
753:Plosive/Affricate
728:
580:
424:
419:Leonard Bloomfield
357:Montagnais-Naskapi
291:, a member of the
93:10,000 (2002)
2920:, pp. 97–99.
2864:, pp. 54–55.
2852:, pp. 53–54.
2840:, pp. 52–54.
2803:, pp. 37–40.
2511:(18th ed., 2015)
2457:
2456:
2249:⟨´⟩
2241:⟨^⟩
1662:
1661:
1322:in casual speech.
1204:
1203:
1199:⟨â⟩
1189:⟨a⟩
1179:⟨ê⟩
1162:⟨ô⟩
1152:⟨o⟩
1142:⟨î⟩
1132:⟨i⟩
1030:
1029:
1021:⟨y⟩
1009:⟨w⟩
991:⟨n⟩
978:⟨n⟩
968:⟨m⟩
949:⟨š⟩
933:⟨s⟩
874:⟨k⟩
858:⟨č⟩
842:⟨t⟩
826:⟨p⟩
805:⟨h⟩
629:
628:
578:
577:
444:Proto-Algonquian
433:'he walks along'
256:
255:
238:rendering support
234:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
3155:
3086:
3069:
3060:
3041:
3039:
3022:
3013:
3004:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2949:. Archived from
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2894:
2888:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2731:esask.uregina.ca
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2613:
2607:
2598:
2592:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2524:
2515:
2514:
2500:
2473:Terry J. Klokeid
2450:
2438:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2390:
2384:
2372:
2360:
2351:Yes, definitely
2348:
2336:
2324:
2315:It's a nice day
2312:
2305:
2293:
2281:
2279:Aaniin, boozhoo!
2266:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2223:
2213:
2182:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2095:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2062:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1958:
1946:
1940:
1932:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1903:, 'small tree' (
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1869:
1847:There is also a
1843:Person hierarchy
1834:
1815:
1804:
1793:
1781:
1761:
1742:
1720:
1701:
1689:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1516:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1459:
1453:
1446:
1443:which is where
1442:
1436:
1424:
1417:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1382:
1370:
1361:
1354:
1350:
1347:→ / __k :
1346:
1341:
1337:
1334:→ / __p :
1333:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1287:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1253:
1234:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1200:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1163:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1096:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1038:
1022:
1019:
1010:
1007:
992:
989:
979:
976:
969:
966:
950:
947:
941:
934:
931:
925:
907:
904:
897:
894:
875:
872:
866:
859:
856:
850:
843:
840:
834:
827:
824:
818:
806:
803:
796:
793:
786:
783:
776:
773:
766:
763:
731:
724:
720:
713:
706:
703:are labio-velar
679:Ojibwe phonology
625:
613:
601:
583:
574:
567:
560:
548:
541:
534:
522:
515:
508:
496:
489:
482:
470:
462:
453:
452:
427:
325:
274:
273:
267:
222:
211:
190:
174:
167:
103:
48:
47:
42:
30:
21:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3108:
3107:
3093:
3072:
3063:
3057:
3044:
3025:
3016:
3007:
2996:
2993:
2985:Ojibwe dialects
2980:Ojibwe language
2971:
2966:
2965:
2956:
2954:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2904:
2897:
2889:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2744:
2735:
2733:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2693:
2689:, pp. 6–7.
2685:
2681:
2674:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2639:Bloomfield 1946
2637:
2633:
2625:
2616:
2612:, pp. 1–2.
2608:
2601:
2593:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2548:
2546:
2526:
2525:
2518:
2512:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2479:James H. Howard
2476:Harold J. Logan
2462:
2393:'I don't know'
2307:
2269:Western Ojibwa
2261:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2194:
2192:Joe likes Mary.
2184:
2173:
2143:
2132:
2114:to express the
2105:Saulteaux is a
2103:
1858:
1845:
1827:
1817:
1806:
1795:
1773:
1763:
1752:
1744:
1732:
1722:
1711:
1703:
1667:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1492:
1476:
1470:
1460:, 'rabbit' is .
1450:The quality of
1241:
1198:
1188:
1178:
1161:
1151:
1141:
1131:
1080:
1060:
1059:
1039:
1035:
1020:
1008:
990:
977:
967:
948:
932:
905:
895:
873:
857:
841:
825:
804:
794:
784:
774:
764:
689:
681:
675:
660:
640:
634:
401:Ottawa or Odawa
333:
289:Ojibwe language
261:(also known as
236:Without proper
224:
223:
214:
186:
170:
163:
153:
104:
101:Language family
99:
90:
89:Native speakers
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3161:
3159:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3118:Ojibwe culture
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3092:
3091:External links
3089:
3088:
3087:
3070:
3061:
3055:
3042:
3023:
3014:
3005:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2934:
2932:, p. 100.
2922:
2910:
2895:
2878:
2866:
2854:
2842:
2830:
2805:
2793:
2781:
2769:
2757:
2742:
2718:
2706:
2691:
2679:
2672:
2655:
2643:
2631:
2627:Valentine 1994
2614:
2599:
2584:
2572:
2555:
2516:
2503:Western Ojibwa
2494:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2310:Mino-giizhigan
2303:Mino-giizhigad
2298:
2297:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2260:
2259:Common phrases
2257:
2232:
2231:Writing system
2229:
2174:
2146:o-minwênim-â-n
2144:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2082:
2064:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2012:
2004:
1983:
1975:
1960:
1951:
1948:
1933:
1925:
1922:
1874:
1857:
1854:
1844:
1841:
1807:
1796:
1785:
1784:
1753:
1745:
1734:
1733:
1712:
1704:
1693:
1692:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1643:
1626:
1625:
1609:
1592:
1591:
1575:
1558:
1557:
1541:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1491:
1488:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1448:
1429:
1426:
1419:
1394:
1384:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1342:
1323:
1299:
1265:
1240:
1237:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1154:
1144:
1134:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1079:
1076:
1068:preglottalized
1058:
1057:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1001:
997:
996:
994:
982:
980:
970:
960:
956:
955:
953:
951:
935:
919:
917:
913:
912:
910:
908:
898:
888:
886:
883:
879:
878:
876:
860:
844:
828:
812:
808:
807:
797:
787:
777:
767:
757:
754:
750:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
688:
685:
674:
671:
659:
656:
633:
630:
627:
626:
619:
615:
614:
607:
603:
602:
595:
591:
590:
587:
576:
575:
568:
561:
554:
550:
549:
542:
535:
528:
524:
523:
516:
509:
502:
498:
497:
490:
483:
476:
472:
471:
463:
455:
445:
441:
440:
439:'he narrates'
437:
436:'he fears it'
434:
431:
332:
331:Classification
329:
259:Western Ojibwa
254:
253:
240:, you may see
226:
225:
213:
212:
204:
203:
198:
192:
191:
184:
176:
175:
168:
160:
159:
158:Language codes
155:
154:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
139:Western Ojibwa
132:Nuclear Ojibwe
107:
105:
98:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
64:
60:
59:
54:
53:Native to
50:
49:
35:
34:
33:Western Ojibwa
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3160:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3056:1-895850-51-7
3052:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2953:on 2016-06-25
2952:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2911:
2908:, p. 97.
2907:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2893:, p. 55.
2892:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2876:, p. 54.
2875:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2791:, p. 10.
2790:
2785:
2782:
2779:, p. 17.
2778:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2673:0-7794-3384-X
2669:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2556:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2258:
2256:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2172:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1870:is used as a
1868:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1648:
1644:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1614:
1610:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1580:
1576:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1546:
1542:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1497:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1480:agglutinating
1475:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1449:
1441:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1405:
1395:
1388:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1357:
1343:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1316:
1303:
1302:Glide elision
1300:
1296:
1294:
1286:
1284:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1229:
1214:
1207:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1053:
1045:
1040:allophone of
1037:
1034:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:
988:
983:
981:
975:
971:
965:
961:
957:
954:
952:
946:
940:
936:
930:
924:
920:
918:
915:
914:
911:
909:
903:
899:
893:
889:
887:
884:
880:
877:
871:
865:
861:
855:
849:
845:
839:
833:
829:
823:
817:
813:
810:
809:
802:
798:
792:
788:
782:
778:
772:
768:
762:
758:
755:
751:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
726:
717:
710:
702:
698:
695:and thirteen
694:
686:
684:
680:
672:
670:
668:
663:
657:
655:
652:
648:
644:
639:
631:
624:
620:
617:
616:
612:
608:
605:
604:
600:
596:
593:
592:
588:
585:
584:
573:
569:
566:
562:
559:
555:
552:
551:
547:
543:
540:
536:
533:
529:
526:
525:
521:
517:
514:
510:
507:
503:
500:
499:
495:
491:
488:
484:
481:
477:
474:
473:
469:
464:
461:
456:
454:
446:
443:
442:
438:
435:
432:
429:
428:
422:
420:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
330:
328:
326:
324:
318:
314:
310:
307:and southern
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:Plains Ojibwa
278:
268:
266:
260:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
233:
227:
221:
218:
210:
205:
202:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
183:
182:
177:
173:
169:
166:
161:
156:
140:
137:
136:
134:
133:
131:
130:
129:
126:
125:
124:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
110:
106:
102:
96:
92:
86:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3074:
3065:
3046:
3027:
3018:
3009:
2999:
2955:. Retrieved
2951:the original
2946:
2937:
2925:
2913:
2869:
2857:
2845:
2833:
2796:
2784:
2772:
2760:
2755:, p. 9.
2734:. Retrieved
2730:
2721:
2709:
2704:, p. 8.
2682:
2663:
2658:
2653:, p. 3.
2646:
2634:
2597:, p. 1.
2582:, p. 2.
2575:
2565:
2558:
2547:. Retrieved
2532:
2506:
2498:
2482:Paul Voorhis
2463:
2234:
2226:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2178:
2148:
2137:
2104:
1859:
1846:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1811:
1800:
1789:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1738:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1716:
1708:
1697:
1683:
1668:
1493:
1477:
1396:
1386:
1376:
1367:
1325:
1301:
1292:
1282:
1268:y-Epenthesis
1267:
1258:
1248:t-Epenthesis
1247:
1242:
1230:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1084:short vowels
1081:
1064:preaspirated
1061:
1036:
716:glottal stop
690:
682:
664:
661:
653:
649:
645:
641:
618:Swampy Cree
447:
417:
393:
334:
320:
316:
309:Saskatchewan
280:
276:
262:
258:
257:
229:
179:
138:
72:Saskatchewan
3037:10294/12912
2291:Nimino-ayaa
2211:ominwênimân
2208:. The verb
2112:pronominals
1980:niinawi(n)d
1864:The suffix
1684:The suffix
1613:masinahikan
1421:Quality of
1088:long vowels
367:in Canada.
323:Nakawēmowin
265:Nakawēmowin
244:instead of
70:, southern
40:Nakawēmowin
18:Nakawēmowin
3112:Categories
2991:References
2957:2022-01-05
2943:"Services"
2930:Logan 2001
2918:Logan 2001
2906:Logan 2001
2891:Logan 2001
2874:Logan 2001
2862:Logan 2001
2850:Logan 2001
2838:Logan 2001
2826:Logan 2001
2801:Logan 2001
2789:Logan 2001
2777:Logan 2001
2765:Logan 2001
2753:Logan 2001
2736:2015-12-01
2714:Scott 1995
2702:Logan 2001
2687:Logan 2001
2651:Logan 2001
2610:Logan 2001
2595:Logan 2001
2549:2022-10-29
2508:Ethnologue
2448:Giin dash?
2405:Thank you
2363:Yes, yeah
2296:I am fine
1888:jiimaanens
1837:accusative
1798:owâpamikôn
1736:Animohš-an
1714:pôsîns-an.
1669:This is a
1654:strawberry
1522:Inanimate
1504:strawberry
1474:Morphology
1472:See also:
1468:Morphology
882:Fricative
697:obstruents
687:Consonants
677:See also:
636:See also:
451:pemohθeewa
349:Potawatomi
293:Algonquian
123:Potawatomi
114:Algonquian
2534:Glottolog
2453:And you?
2206:arguments
2116:arguments
2054:Ninoonde-
1900:mitigoons
1809:pôsîns-an
1787:Animohš-∅
1776:morpheme
1755:pôsîns-∅.
1695:Animohš-∅
1679:obviative
1675:proximate
1665:Obviation
1638:raspberry
1404:initially
1264:'I work'.
1086:and four
739:Alveolar
693:resonants
673:Phonology
638:Saulteaux
586:Language
532:pemoohnɛw
527:Menomini
506:pimohteew
480:pemoseewa
430:Language
413:Algonquin
365:Blackfoot
317:Saulteaux
297:Saulteaux
277:Saulteaux
201:Saulteaux
181:Glottolog
165:ISO 639-3
82:Saulteaux
78:Ethnicity
66:southern
3083:80510100
2969:See also
2543:Archived
2400:Miigwech
2346:Miinange
2272:English
2176:Mary-an.
2124:adjuncts
1988:awi(i)ya
1965:waha(we)
1912:asabiins
1872:locative
1839:marker.
1747:owâpamân
1706:owâpamân
1647:otêhimin
1631:miskomin
1570:mosquito
1409:wazhashk
1387:s > ʃ
1377:ʃ > s
1285:)-ayâmin
1261:)-anohkî
1072:extended
748:Glottal
742:Palatal
558:pimossee
494:aacimowa
487:kohtamwa
468:aacimowa
460:koqtamwa
409:Oji-Cree
405:Chippewa
381:Cheyenne
369:Menomini
353:Delaware
345:Malecite
305:Manitoba
250:Help:IPA
188:west1510
68:Manitoba
2334:Gaawiin
2202:clitics
2198:affixes
2074:cognate
2038:Aa(n)di
2030:Aanapii
1994:awiiyag
1894:jiimaan
1829:So the
1519:Animate
1496:animate
1457:waabooz
1415:ozhashk
1400:may be
1048:before
885:Fortis
756:Fortis
736:Labial
709:palatal
632:History
565:kottank
553:Ojibwa
546:aacemow
520:aacimow
377:Shawnee
341:Abenaki
337:Mi'kmaq
287:of the
285:dialect
283:) is a
272:ᓇᐦᑲᐌᒧᐎᓐ
246:Unicode
46:ᓇᐦᑲᐌᒧᐎᓐ
3081:
3053:
2670:
2388:namanj
2370:Enange
2156:-like-
2101:Syntax
2087:e-gii-
2060:niwii-
2046:Aaniin
2022:awanen
2016:Awenen
1944:–anini
1906:mitigw
1849:person
1597:asikan
1563:sakimê
1281:ni-kî(
1224:, and
1101:Front
1078:Vowels
1000:Glide
959:Nasal
916:Lenis
811:Lenis
745:Velar
721:, not
701:glides
572:aacimo
539:koqtam
513:kostam
397:Ojibwa
363:, and
313:Canada
301:Ojibwe
279:, and
217:UNESCO
128:Ojibwe
119:Ojibwe
63:Region
57:Canada
2490:Notes
2417:Come
2382:Amanj
2179:Mary-
2135:Joe-∅
2078:ohci-
2069:onji-
2008:Gegoo
2000:awiya
1918:asaby
1878:-(n)s
1779:–ikô-
1671:topic
1579:wâwan
1545:cîmân
1529:inini
1437:>
1434:wiiwi
1315:kâwin
1295:)-api
1226:/nzh/
1123:High
1118:Long
1115:Short
1109:Short
1104:Back
1070:, or
501:Cree
466:*
458:*
449:*
389:Wiyot
385:Yurok
109:Algic
3079:LCCN
3051:ISBN
2668:ISBN
2412:Ambe
2358:Eya'
2204:are
2200:and
2181:PROX
2170:PROX
2138:Joe-
2093:gii-
1867:–ing
1812:cat-
1801:see.
1792:PROX
1790:dog-
1758:dog-
1750:sees
1741:PROX
1739:cat-
1717:cat-
1709:sees
1700:PROX
1698:dog-
1620:book
1604:sock
1552:boat
1452:/oo/
1445:/ii/
1423:/aa/
1398:/wa/
1369:/ng/
1270:: a
1250:: a
1222:/nz/
1218:/ns/
1168:Low
1112:Long
781:t͡ʃː
707:and
475:Fox
387:and
379:and
361:Cree
3032:hdl
2505:at
2255:).
2251:) (
2243:) (
2221:–an
2216:VTA
2158:DIR
2154:OBV
2140:OBV
1971:awe
1956:–ii
1938:–an
1930:–an
1909:),
1897:),
1883:/e/
1832:–an
1814:OBV
1803:INV
1760:OBV
1719:OBV
1687:–an
1586:egg
1536:man
1482:or
1454:in
1412:or
1402:/o/
1391:/ʃ/
1381:/s/
1360:/n/
1353:/k/
1349:/n/
1345:/n/
1340:/p/
1336:/n/
1332:/n/
1320:/w/
1310:/w/
1306:/w/
1276:/y/
1272:/y/
1257:ni(
1252:/t/
1233:/n/
1211:/a/
854:d͡ʒ
848:t͡ʃ
723:/h/
719:/ʔ/
712:/y/
705:/w/
373:Fox
275:),
232:IPA
196:ELP
172:ojw
3114::
2945:.
2898:^
2881:^
2808:^
2745:^
2729:.
2694:^
2617:^
2602:^
2587:^
2541:.
2537:.
2531:.
2519:^
2385:,
2224:.
2166:SG
1921:).
1782::
1681:.
1440:oo
1291:a(
1228:.
1220:,
1213:.
1195:aː
1175:eː
1158:oː
1138:iː
1090:.
1074:.
1066:,
993:)
902:ʃː
892:sː
791:kː
771:tː
761:pː
725:.
375:,
371:,
359:,
355:,
351:,
347:,
343:,
339:,
311:,
3085:.
3059:.
3040:.
3034::
2960:.
2828:.
2739:.
2716:.
2676:.
2641:.
2629:.
2552:.
2306:/
2168:.
2164:.
2162:3
2160:-
2152:.
2150:3
2096:.
2081:.
2003:.
1657:'
1651:'
1641:'
1635:'
1623:'
1617:'
1607:'
1601:'
1589:'
1583:'
1573:'
1567:'
1555:'
1549:'
1539:'
1533:'
1507:'
1501:'
1418:.
1393:.
1383:.
1355:.
1293:y
1283:y
1259:t
1185:ʌ
1148:ʊ
1128:ɪ
1054:/
1052:k
1050:/
1046:/
1044:n
1042:/
1017:j
1005:w
987:ŋ
984:(
974:n
964:m
945:ʒ
942:~
939:ʃ
929:z
926:~
923:s
870:g
867:~
864:k
851:~
838:d
835:~
832:t
822:b
819:~
816:p
801:ʔ
269:(
252:.
121:-
20:)
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