816:. Only one female (the queen) and one to three males reproduce, while the rest of the members of the colony function as workers. The queen and breeding males are able to breed at one year of age. Workers are sterile, with the smaller focusing on gathering food and maintaining the nest, while larger workers are more reactive in case of attack. The non-reproducing females appear to be reproductively suppressed, meaning the ovaries do not fully mature, and do not have the same levels of certain hormones as the reproducing females. On the other hand, there is little difference of hormone concentration between reproducing and non-reproducing males. In experiments where the reproductive female was removed or died, one of the non-reproducing females would take over and become sexually active. Non-reproducing members of the colony are involved in cooperative care of the pups produced by the reproducing female. This occurs through the workers keeping the pups from straying, foraging for food, grooming, contributing to extension of tunnels, and keeping them warm.
774:
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measurements of females before they became reproductive and after show significant increases in body size. It is believed that this trait does not occur due to pre-existing morphological differences but to the actual attainment of the dominant female position. As with the reproductive females, the reproductive males also appear to be larger than their non-reproducing counterparts but the difference is smaller than in females. These males also have visible outlines of the testes through the skin of their abdomens. Unlike the females, there are usually multiple reproducing males.
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and their visual acuity is poor. Their legs are thin and short; however, they are highly adept at moving underground and can move backward as fast as they can move forward. Their large, protruding teeth are used to dig and their lips are sealed just behind the teeth, preventing soil from filling their mouths while digging. About a quarter of their musculature is used in the closing of their jaws while they dig. They have little hair (hence the common name) and wrinkled pink or yellowish skin. They lack an insulating layer in the skin.
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174:
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877:, dispersers are only interested in mating with individuals from foreign colonies rather than their own colony's queen. They also show little interest in working cooperatively with colony members in their natal burrow. Hence, the disperser morph is well-prepared to promote the exchange of individuals as well as genetic material between two otherwise separate colonies.
130:
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914:(weighing as much as a thousand times the body weight of a typical mole-rat) that they find deep underground through their mining operations. A single tuber can provide a colony with a long-term source of food—lasting for months, or even years, as they eat the inside but leave the outside, allowing the tuber to regenerate.
854:. There are two main types of worker, the "frequent workers" who frequently perform tasks such as foraging and nest building and "infrequent workers" that show role overlap with the "frequent workers" but perform at a much slower rate. Workers are sterile when there is no new reproductive role to fill.
832:
Gestation is about 70 days. A litter typically ranges from three to twelve pups, but may be as large as twenty-eight. The average litter size is eleven. In the wild, naked mole-rats usually breed once a year, if the litter survives. In captivity, they breed all year long and can produce a litter
521:
in that, unlike other mammals, body temperature tracks ambient temperatures. However, it has also been claimed that "the Naked Mole-Rat has a distinct temperature and activity rhythm that is not coupled to environmental conditions." The relationship between oxygen consumption and ambient temperature
468:
has a high affinity for oxygen, increasing the efficiency of oxygen uptake. It has a very low respiration and metabolic rate for an animal of its size, about 70% that of a mouse, thus using oxygen minimally. In response to long periods of hunger, its metabolic rate can be reduced by up to 25 percent.
442:
Typical individuals are 8 to 10 cm (3 to 4 in) long and weigh 30 to 35 grams (1.1 to 1.2 oz). Queens are larger and may weigh well over 50 grams (1.8 oz), the largest reaching 80 grams (2.8 oz). They are well adapted to their underground existence. Their eyes are quite small,
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mode when temperature is at 29 °C or higher. At lower temperatures, naked mole-rats can use behavioral thermoregulation. For example, cold naked mole-rats huddle together or seek shallow parts of the burrows that are warmed by the sun. Conversely, when they get too hot, naked mole-rats retreat
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Smaller workers focus on acquiring food and maintaining tunnels, while the larger workers are more reactive in case of attacks. As in certain bee species, the workers are divided along a continuum of different worker-caste behaviors instead of discrete groups. Some function primarily as tunnellers,
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of the liver of humans, naked mole-rats, and mice were compared. The maximum lifespans of humans, naked mole-rats, and mice are respectively c. 120, 30 and 3 years. The longer-lived species, humans and naked mole-rats, expressed DNA repair genes, including core genes in several DNA repair pathways,
2820:
Kim EB, Fang X, Fushan AA, Huang Z, Lobanov AV, Han L, Marino SM, Sun X, Turanov AA, Yang P, Yim SH, Zhao X, Kasaikina MV, Stoletzki N, Peng C, Polak P, Xiong Z, Kiezun A, Zhu Y, Chen Y, Kryukov GV, Zhang Q, Peshkin L, Yang L, Bronson RT, Buffenstein R, Wang B, Han C, Li Q, Chen L, Zhao W, Sunyaev
824:
The relationships between the queen and the breeding males may last for many years; other females are temporarily sterile. Queens live from 13 to 18 years, and are extremely hostile to other females behaving like queens, or producing hormones for becoming queens. When the queen dies, another
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and 20% oxygen. In zero-oxygen atmosphere, it can survive 18 minutes apparently without suffering any harm (but none survived a test of 30 minutes). During the anoxic period it loses consciousness, its heart rate drops from about 200 to 50 beats per minute, and breathing stops apart from sporadic
715:
Reproducing females become the dominant female, usually by founding new colonies, fighting for the dominant position, or taking over once the reproducing female dies. These reproducing females tend to have longer bodies than that of their non-reproducing counterparts of the same skull width. The
617:
In 2016, a report was published that recorded the first ever discovered malignancies in two naked mole-rats, in two individuals. However, both naked mole-rats were captive-born at zoos, and hence lived in an environment with 21% atmospheric oxygen compared to their natural 2–9%, which may have
893:
Reproductively active female naked mole rats tend to associate with unfamiliar males (usually non-kin), whereas reproductively inactive females do not discriminate. The preference of reproductively active females for unfamiliar males is interpreted as an adaptation for inbreeding avoidance.
330:
873:. Dispersers are morphologically, physiologically and behaviorally distinct from colony members and actively seek to leave their burrow when an escape opportunity presents itself. These individuals are equipped with generous fat reserves for their journey. Though they possess high levels of
1434:
Park TJ, Reznick J, Peterson BL, Blass G, Omerbašić D, Bennett NC, Kuich PH, Zasada C, Browe BM, Hamann W, Applegate DT, Radke MH, Kosten T, Lutermann H, Gavaghan V, Eigenbrod O, Bégay V, Amoroso VG, Govind V, Minshall RD, Smith ES, Larson J, Gotthardt M, Kempa S, Lewin GR (April 2017).
2322:
Zhang, Zhihui; Tian, Xiao; Lu, J. Yuyang; Boit, Kathryn; Ablaeva, Julia; Zakusilo, Frances
Tolibzoda; Emmrich, Stephan; Firsanov, Denis; Rydkina, Elena; Biashad, Seyed Ali; Lu, Quan; Tyshkovskiy, Alexander; Gladyshev, Vadim N.; Horvath, Steve; Seluanov, Andrei (2023-08-23).
3775:
Debebe, Tewodros; Biagi, Elena; Soverini, Matteo; Holtze, Susanne; Hildebrandt, Thomas Bernd; Birkemeyer, Claudia; Wyohannis, Dereje; Lemma, Alemayehu; Brigidi, Patrizia; Savkovic, Vulk; König, Brigitte; Candela, Marco; Birkenmeier, Gerd (29 August 2017).
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at a higher level than did mice. In addition, several DNA repair pathways in humans and naked mole-rats were up-regulated compared with mice. These findings suggest that increased DNA repair facilitates greater longevity, and also are consistent with the
598:" (HMW-HA) (a natural sugary substance), which is over "five times larger" than that in cancer-prone humans and cancer-susceptible laboratory animals. The scientific report was published a month later as the cover story of the journal
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Clusters averaging 75 to 80 individuals live together in complex systems of burrows in arid
African deserts. The tunnel systems built by naked mole-rats can stretch up to three to five kilometres (2–3 mi) in cumulative length.
672:. This has been referred to as "living their life in pulses". Their longevity has also been attributed to "protein stability". Because of their extraordinary longevity, an international effort was put into place to sequence the
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In July 2023 a study reported the transference of the gene responsible for HMW-HA from a naked mole rat to mice leading to improved health and an approximate 4.4 percent increase in median lifespan for the mice.
1391:
Maina, J.N.; Maloiy, G.M.O.; Makanya, A.N. (September 1992). "Morphology and morphometry of the lungs of two East
African mole rats, Tachyoryctes splendens and Heterocephalus glaber (Mammalia, Rodentia)".
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which prevents cellular reproduction at a much higher cell density than p16 does. The combination of p16 and p27 in naked mole-rat cells is a double barrier to uncontrolled cell proliferation, one of the
472:
The naked mole-rat survives for at least 5 hours in air that contains only 5% oxygen; it does not show any significant signs of distress and continues normal activity. It can live in an atmosphere of 80%
555:, a type of neurotransmitter, the pain signaling works as it does in other mammals but only with capsaicin and not with acids. This is proposed to be an adaptation to the animal living in high levels of
334:
395:(cold-blooded) form of body temperature regulation, as well as exhibiting a complex social structure split between reproductive and non-reproductive castes, making it and the closely related
387:
The naked mole-rat exhibits a highly unusual set of physiological and behavioral traits that allow it to thrive in a harsh underground environment; most notably its being the only mammalian
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every 80 days. The young are born blind and weigh about 2 grams (0.07 oz). The queen nurses them for the first month, after which the other members of the colony feed them
1498:
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2421:
Buffenstein, Rochelle; Craft, Wendy (2021). "The
Idiosyncratic Physiological Traits of the Naked Mole-Rat; a Resilient Animal Model of Aging, Longevity, and Healthspan".
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Naked mole-rats have a high resistance to tumours, although it is likely that they are not entirely immune to related disorders. A potential mechanism that averts
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at 28 years. The mortality rate of the species does not increase with age, and thus does not conform to that of most mammals (as frequently defined by the
4889:
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Pérez VI, Buffenstein R, Masamsetti V, Leonard S, Salmon AB, Mele J, Andziak B, Yang T, Edrey Y, Friguet B, Ward W, Richardson A, Chaudhuri A (March 2009).
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MacRae SL, Croken MM, Calder RB, Aliper A, Milholland B, White RR, Zhavoronkov A, Gladyshev VN, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V, Zhang ZD, Vijg J (December 2015).
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Jarvis JU, Bennett NC (1993). "Eusociality has evolved independently in two genera of bathyergid mole-rats — but occurs in no other subterranean mammal".
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Csiszar A, Labinskyy N, Orosz Z, Xiangmin Z, Buffenstein R, Ungvari Z (August 2007). "Vascular aging in the longest-living rodent, the naked mole rat".
984:, which has the goal of photographing all species living in zoos and wildlife sanctuaries around the globe in order to inspire action to save wildlife.
3038:
2929:"RNA sequencing reveals differential expression of mitochondrial and oxidation reduction genes in the long-lived naked mole-rat when compared to mice"
1701:
Park TJ, Lu Y, Jüttner R, Smith ES, Hu J, Brand A, Wetzel C, Milenkovic N, Erdmann B, Heppenstall PA, Laurito CE, Wilson SP, Lewin GR (January 2008).
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female takes her place, sometimes after a violent struggle with her competitors. Once established, the new queen's body expands the space between the
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Naked mole-rats' substance P deficiency has also been tied to their lack of the histamine-induced itching and scratching behavior typical of rodents.
333:
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Keane M, Craig T, Alföldi J, Berlin AM, Johnson J, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V, Di Palma F, Lindblad-Toh K, Church GM, de Magalhães JP (December 2014).
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Buffenstein R (May 2008). "Negligible senescence in the longest living rodent, the naked mole-rat: insights from a successfully aging species".
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Naked mole-rats can live longer than any other rodent, with lifespans in excess of 37 years; the next longest-lived rodent is the
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In 2013, scientists reported that the reason naked mole-rats do not get cancer can be attributed to an "extremely high-molecular-mass
2698:"Protein stability and resistance to oxidative stress are determinants of longevity in the longest-living rodent, the naked mole-rat"
1227:
O'Riain MJ, Faulkes CG (2008). "African Mole-Rats: Eusociality, Relatedness and
Ecological Constraints". In Korb J, Heinze J (eds.).
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as happens with glycolysis of glucose. As of 2017, it was not known how the naked mole-rat survives acidosis without tissue damage.
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1915:
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407:(the highest classification of sociality) in mammals. The naked mole-rat lacks pain sensitivity in its skin, and has very low
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2102:"Naked mole-rat has increased translational fidelity compared with the mouse, as well as a unique 28S ribosomal RNA cleavage"
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1999:
Tian X, Azpurua J, Hine C, Vaidya A, Myakishev-Rempel M, Ablaeva J, Mao Z, Nevo E, Gorbunova V, Seluanov A (July 2013).
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2425:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 1319. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 246.
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The reason for their longevity is debated, but is thought to be related to their ability to substantially reduce their
4812:
4695:
3864:
2927:
Yu C, Li Y, Holmes A, Szafranski K, Faulkes CG, Coen CW, Buffenstein R, Platzer M, de Magalhães JP, Church GM (2011).
2756:"Proposal to Sequence an Organism of Unique Interest for Research on Aging: Heterocephalus glaber, the Naked Mole-Rat"
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The naked mole-rat is native to the drier parts of the tropical grasslands of East Africa, predominantly southern
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Horvath, Steve; Haghani, Amin; Macoretta, Nicholas; Ablaeva, Julia; Zoller, Joseph A.; et al. (2021-12-23).
1262:"Eusociality in African mole-rats: new insights from patterns of genetic relatedness in the Damaraland mole-rat (
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of the naked mole-rat. A draft genome was made available in 2011 with an improved version released in 2014. Its
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function longer in their lifespan than shorter-living rats. Queens age more slowly than other naked mole rats.
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in their intestines ferment the fibres, allowing otherwise indigestible cellulose to be turned into volatile
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and oxidation reduction are expressed more than they are in mice, which may contribute to their longevity.
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4432:
3661:
4700:
3261:
Jarvis, Jennifer (May 1981). "Eusociality in a Mammal: Cooperative
Breeding in Naked Mole-Rat Colonies".
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604:. A few months later, the same University of Rochester research team announced that naked mole-rats have
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Seluanov A, Hine C, Azpurua J, Feigenson M, Bozzella M, Mao Z, Catania KC, Gorbunova V (November 2009).
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491:
289:
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Park, T.J.; Lewin, G.R.; Buffenstein, R. (2010). "Naked Mole Rats: Their
Extraordinary Sensory World".
2880:"The Naked Mole Rat Genome Resource: facilitating analyses of cancer and longevity-related adaptations"
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is common among naked mole-rats within a colony. Prolonged inbreeding is usually associated with lower
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A naked mole-rat living at the
Lincoln Children's Zoo was the first animal to be photographed for the
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Inbreeding is avoided because it ordinarily leads to the expression of recessive deleterious alleles.
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Model of naked mole-rat soldiers, workers, and queen, a social structure similar to the castes of the
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3415:"Counting mole-rat mammaries and hungry pups, biologists explain why naked rodents break the rules"
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Azpurua J, Ke Z, Chen IX, Zhang Q, Ermolenko DN, Zhang ZD, Gorbunova V, Seluanov A (October 2013).
1099:"A newly recognized family from the Horn of Africa, the Heterocephalidae (Rodentia: Ctenohystrica)"
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869:. However, the discovery of a disperser role has revealed an outbreeding mechanism in addition to
582:"). The cells of most mammals, including naked mole-rats, undergo contact inhibition via the gene
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due to poorly ventilated living spaces which would cause acid to build up in their body tissues.
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The naked mole-rat does not regulate its body temperature in typical mammalian fashion. They are
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Sherman, Paul W.; Jarvis, Jennifer U. M.; Braude, Stanton H. (August 1992). "Naked Mole Rats".
1857:"Hypersensitivity to contact inhibition provides a clue to cancer resistance of naked mole-rat"
952:. They are at their most vulnerable when constructing mounds and ejecting soil to the surface.
932:. This may be part of their eusocial behavior and a means of sharing hormones from the queen.
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3904:"Nature photographer Joel Sartore taking cue from Noah with his National Geographic Photo Ark"
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Jarvis JU (1981). "Eusociality in a Mammal: Cooperative
Breeding in Naked Mole-Rat Colonies".
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that produce extremely error-free proteins. Because of both of these discoveries, the journal
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266:
1758:"Absence of histamine-induced itch in the African naked mole-rat and "rescue" by Substance P"
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Naked mole-rats are not threatened. They are widespread and numerous in the drier regions of
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2639:
2628:"DNA methylation clocks tick in naked mole rats but queens age more slowly than nonbreeders"
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1654:"Catecholaminergic innervation of interscapular brown adipose tissue in the naked mole-rat (
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Delaney MA, Ward JM, Walsh TF, Chinnadurai SK, Kerns K, Kinsel MJ, Treuting PM (May 2016).
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Landry SO (1957). "The interrelationships of the New and Old World hystricomorph rodents".
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East
African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa, Volume 2, Part B: Hares and Rodents
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518:
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368:
1942:
Callaway, Ewen (19 June 2013). "Simple molecule prevents mole rats from getting cancer".
3793:
3630:
3572:
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3362:
3274:
3079:"Morphological divergence of breeders and helpers in wild Damaraland mole-rat societies"
2944:
2838:
2823:"Genome sequencing reveals insights into physiology and longevity of the naked mole rat"
2713:
2542:
Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology
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2016:
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Museum Senckenbergianum: Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Beschreibenden Naturgeschichte
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and are active both day and night, sleeping for short periods several times in between.
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4386:
4225:
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3709:
3685:"Kin discrimination and female mate choice in the naked mole-rat Heterocephalus glaber"
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3176:
3012:
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2904:
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expanding the large network of tunnels within the burrow system, and some primarily as
729:
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556:
360:
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3833:
Reardon, Sara (20 October 2015). "Poo turns naked mole rats into better babysitters".
3639:
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902:
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Sherman PW, Jarvis JU (November 2002). "Extraordinary life spans of naked mole-rats (
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2001:"High-molecular-mass hyaluronan mediates the cancer resistance of the naked mole rat"
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699:
685:
658:
158:
153:
73:
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3732:
Charlesworth D, Willis JH (November 2009). "The genetics of inbreeding depression".
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1959:
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1032:. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 (errata version published in 2017).
949:
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523:
427:
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While formerly considered to belong to the same family as other African mole-rats,
3761:
3545:
3306:
2176:
2159:
578:, which prevents cell division once individual cells come into contact (known as "
2953:
2483:"Naked mole-rat mortality rates defy Gompertzian laws by not increasing with age"
1723:
1314:
1236:
547:. As a result, the naked mole-rats feel no pain when they are exposed to acid or
4804:
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1861:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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1951:
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Buffenstein, Rochelle; Park, Thomas; Hanes, Martha; Artwohl, James E. (2012).
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527:
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58:
17:
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2356:
2268:
2251:
1974:
1832:
1811:
1510:
1499:"Naked mole-rats are now even weirder: Without oxygen, they live like plants"
1437:"Fructose-driven glycolysis supports anoxia resistance in the naked mole-rat"
4282:
3521:
3282:
2722:
2126:
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in response to adverse conditions, and so prevent aging-induced damage from
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42:
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1054:"Säugethiere aus der Ordnung der Nager, beobachtet im nordöstlichen Africa"
4079:
3648:
3537:
3298:
3003:
2291:
Cormier, Zoe (5 November 2012). "Blind mole rats may hold key to cancer".
1703:"Selective inflammatory pain insensitivity in the African naked mole-rat (
1687:
885:
Colonies range in size from 20 to 300 individuals, with an average of 75.
4843:
4639:
4207:
4201:
3588:
2325:"Increased hyaluronan by naked mole-rat Has2 improves healthspan in mice"
918:
786:
778:
750:
605:
502:
487:
205:
118:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
3378:
2846:
2499:
2481:
Ruby, J Graham; Smith, Megan; Buffenstein, Rochelle (January 24, 2018).
2024:
4739:
4314:
4180:
3529:
3290:
3142:
1407:
847:
805:
758:
681:
657:). Naked mole-rats are highly resistant to cancer and maintain healthy
372:
103:
78:
1532:"The Naked Mole-Rat: A New Long-Living Model for Human Aging Research"
1471:
1115:
1098:
129:
4752:
4682:
4213:
4195:
3559:
Bengtsson, B.O. (August 1978). "Avoiding inbreeding: at what cost?".
3453:
Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals
1342:
Handbook of the Mammals of the World Volume 6: Lagomorphs and Rodents
724:
The naked mole-rat's subterranean habitat imposes constraints on its
673:
571:
457:
416:
225:
215:
195:
4616:
3745:
1014:
1001:
940:
Naked mole rats are primarily preyed upon by snakes—especially the
4569:
911:
901:
834:
772:
754:
456:
The naked mole-rat is well adapted to the limited availability of
376:
364:
328:
3034:
Bernstein H, Payne CM, Bernstein C, Garewal H, Dvorak K (2008). "
460:
within the tunnels of its typical habitat. It has underdeveloped
3889:
3778:"Unraveling the gut microbiome of the long-lived naked mole-rat"
2585:
American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology
813:
461:
415:. It is also remarkable for its longevity and its resistance to
4726:
4620:
4152:
2476:
2474:
2398:"Longevity gene from naked mole rats extends lifespan of mice"
809:
801:
800:
The social structure of naked mole-rats is similar to that in
637:) are also resistant to cancer, but by a different mechanism.
4066:
Shuster G, Sherman PW (1998). "Tool use by naked mole-rats".
2798:
2201:"Two Naked Mole Rats, Seemingly Immune to Cancer, Got Cancer"
1166:
The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster, and Other Rodents
486:
breathing attempts. When deprived of oxygen, the animal uses
3053:, New York, Chapter 1, pp. 1-47. open access, but read only
2776:
1319:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 224.
614:
named the naked mole-rat "Vertebrate of the Year" for 2013.
430:, more recent investigation places it in a separate family,
2821:
SR, Park TJ, Zhang G, Wang J, Gladyshev VN (October 2011).
3892:
Red List: Heterocephalus Glaber listed as "least concern".
3869:. Bloomsbury Natural History. February 2013. p. 670.
3036:
Cancer and aging as consequences of un-repaired DNA damage
1316:
The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals: Second Edition
1260:
Burland TM, Bennett NC, Jarvis JU, Faulkes CG (May 2002).
829:
in her backbone to become longer and ready to bear pups.
2988:"DNA repair in species with extreme lifespan differences"
3124:
3122:
3240:(30th anniversary ed.). Oxford University Press.
4558:
3083:
Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
2676:"Ugly Duckling Mole Rats Might Hold Key To Longevity"
2160:"Breakthrough of the year 2013. Notable developments"
797:) is the only other eusocial mammal currently known.
3673:, Jill Locantore, Smithsonian Zoogoer, May/June 2002
1812:"Initial Case Reports of Cancer in Naked Mole-rats (
785:
The naked mole-rat was the first mammal found to be
4629:
4518:
4509:
4482:
4459:
4312:
4280:
4249:
4240:
3613:Bromham, Lindell; Harvey, Paul H (September 1996).
3615:"Behavioural ecology: Naked mole-rats on the move"
3450:
3233:
1756:Smith ES, Blass GR, Lewin GR, Park TJ (May 2010).
1652:Daly TJ, Williams LA, Buffenstein R (April 1997).
1207:"Naked Mole Rat Genome May Hold Key to Long Life"
3421:. Archived from the original on 18 January 2000.
3318:
3316:
1916:"A Homely Rodent May Hold Cancer-Fighting Clues"
1077:University of California Publications in Zoology
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3204:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
2423:The Extraordinary Biology of the Naked Mole-Rat
4113:"Small Mammals (with a naked mole-rat webcam)"
3890:International Union for Conservation of Nature
3393:"San Diego's Animals. Mammals: Naked Mole-rat"
1631:"Uncovering the secrets of the naked mole-rat"
1575:"Rewiring metabolism under oxygen deprivation"
4164:
2058:"Genetic tricks of the longest-lived animals"
1340:Wilson DE, Lacher TE, Mittermeier RA (2016).
1047:
1045:
1038:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T9987A22184136.en
910:Naked mole-rats feed primarily on very large
837:until they are old enough to eat solid food.
8:
2493:. eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd: e31157.
1136:. University of Chicago Press. p. 489.
531:to the deeper, cooler parts of the burrows.
4026:"Naked Mole-rats Hold Clues to Human Aging"
3960:"Heterocephalus glaber: Cooperation is Key"
1209:. Human Health & Longevity. LiveScience
1092:
1090:
4617:
4515:
4246:
4171:
4157:
4149:
3325:"Eight ugly animals we should save anyway"
3200:Sherman PW, Jarvis J, Alexander R (1991).
1805:
1803:
1429:
1427:
1425:
732:, most individuals possess a free-running
688:sequencing revealed that genes related to
314:
147:
128:
31:
3809:
3708:
3638:
3094:
3011:
2962:
2952:
2903:
2854:
2731:
2721:
2651:
2516:
2498:
2364:
2267:
2175:
2135:
2125:
2069:
2032:
1890:
1880:
1831:
1783:
1773:
1732:
1722:
1677:
1606:
1549:
1530:Buffenstein, Rochelle (1 November 2015).
1470:
1460:
1344:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 312.
1289:
1114:
1103:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1013:
403:) the only widely recognized examples of
3049:(Editors: Honoka Kimura and Aoi Suzuki)
1097:Patterson BD, Upham NS (November 2014).
4565:
993:
4115:. Smithsonian National Zoological Park
3683:Clarke FM, Faulkes CG (October 1999).
3424:
3077:Young AJ, Bennett NC (November 2010).
1573:Storz JF, McClelland GB (April 2017).
371:regions. It is closely related to the
359:, is a burrowing rodent native to the
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3162:
3160:
2801:. Naked Mole-Rat Genome Resource 2011
1537:The Journals of Gerontology: Series A
1492:
1490:
7:
2250:Welsh JS, Traum TL (November 2016).
2229:"Cancer detected in naked mole rats"
1028:Maree, S. & Faulkes, C. (2016).
850:, protecting the group from outside
4890:IUCN Red List least concern species
3457:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
3131:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1975:"Naked mole-rat gives cancer clues"
1670:10.1046/j.1469-7580.1997.19030321.x
501:. This pathway is not inhibited by
323:Distribution of the naked mole-rat
3914:from the original on June 16, 2018
3483:"Meet the 'sabre-toothed sausage'"
3177:10.1016/b978-0-08-045337-8.00152-2
1174:10.1016/b978-0-12-380920-9.00045-6
539:The skin of naked mole-rats lacks
25:
4925:Extant Zanclean first appearances
4097:"Strange Creature Immune to Pain"
3902:Biga, Leo Adam (April 10, 2018).
3413:Segelken, Roger (9 August 1999).
3371:10.1038/scientificamerican0892-72
3202:The Biology of the Naked Mole-rat
655:Gompertz-Makeham law of mortality
4604:
4592:
4580:
4568:
3962:. Brookfield Zoo. Archived from
3689:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
3096:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01066.x
2799:"Naked Mole-Rat Genome Resource"
2252:"Regarding Mole Rats and Cancer"
2199:St Fleur N (February 19, 2016).
2170:(6165): 1435–41. December 2013.
1270:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
1168:. Elsevier. pp. 1055–1074.
172:
4496:(Heliophobius argenteocinereus)
4024:Bryner, Jeanna (October 2006).
3663:The Naked Truth About Mole-Rats
3169:Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior
928:Naked mole-rats sometimes also
906:A captive naked mole-rat eating
631:Judean Mountains blind mole-rat
375:and is the only species in the
4915:Negligibly senescent organisms
3561:Journal of Theoretical Biology
3323:Marshall M (17 October 2014).
2779:. Naked Mole-Rat Database 2011
2678:. Sciencedaily.com. 2007-10-16
2396:Valich, Lindsey (2023-08-23).
1497:Guarino, Ben (23 April 2017).
1231:. Springer. pp. 207–223.
551:. When they are injected with
1:
3866:Mammals of Africa, Volume III
3640:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)70671-4
3051:Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
2896:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu579
2177:10.1126/science.342.6165.1444
1374:Smithsonian National Zoo Park
4930:Taxa named by Eduard Rüppell
3982:. Chicago Zoological Society
3581:10.1016/0022-5193(78)90151-0
2954:10.1371/journal.pone.0026729
1724:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060013
1237:10.1007/978-3-540-75957-7_10
623:Golan Heights blind mole-rat
574:is an "over-crowding" gene,
341:Various aged naked mole-rats
3047:New Research on DNA Damages
2597:10.1152/ajpheart.01287.2006
2431:10.1007/978-3-030-65943-1_8
1229:Ecology of Social Evolution
4946:
4435:(Fukomys vandewoestijneae)
4427:(Fukomys ochraceocinereus)
3802:10.1038/s41598-017-10287-0
2758:. Genomics.senescence.info
2644:10.1038/s43587-021-00152-1
2349:10.1038/s41586-023-06463-0
2056:Holmes, Bob (4 May 2021).
1664:. 190 ( Pt 3) (3): 321–6.
705:DNA damage theory of aging
452:Metabolism and respiration
4895:Mammals described in 1842
4545:
4190:
4179:Extant species of family
4059:10.1017/S0952836902001437
3843:10.1038/nature.2015.18606
3431:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2777:"Naked Mole-Rat Database"
2554:10.1007/s00360-007-0237-5
2301:10.1038/nature.2012.11741
2071:10.1146/knowable-050421-5
1973:Briggs H (19 June 2013).
1952:10.1038/nature.2013.13236
1914:Zimmer C (19 June 2013).
1551:10.1093/gerona/60.11.1369
1130:Kingdon J (1 July 1984).
322:
313:
295:
288:
169:Scientific classification
167:
145:
136:
127:
34:
27:Burrowing eusocial rodent
4095:Choi CQ (January 2008).
3938:Ciszek, Deborah (1999).
3734:Nature Reviews. Genetics
2269:10.1177/0300985816646434
1833:10.1177/0300985816630796
745:Distribution and habitat
618:promoted tumorigenesis.
545:cutaneous sensory fibers
522:switches from a typical
391:with an almost entirely
4532:(Heterocephalus glaber)
4300:Matabeleland mole-rat (
4294:(Cryptomys hottentotus)
4141:genome assembly in the
3995:Baskauf, Steve (2003).
3522:10.1126/science.7209555
3283:10.1126/science.7209555
2723:10.1073/pnas.0809620106
2127:10.1073/pnas.1313473110
1882:10.1073/pnas.0905252106
1633:. DataScience.com. 2014
1599:10.1126/science.aan1505
1462:10.1126/science.aab3896
1002:"Heterocephalus glaber"
4261:Namaqua dune mole-rat
3946:. Animal Diversity Web
3701:10.1098/rspb.1999.0877
1775:10.1186/1744-8069-6-29
1282:10.1098/rspb.2002.1978
1205:Welsh J (2011-10-12).
907:
782:
342:
4852:Paleobiology Database
4688:heterocephalus-glaber
4675:Heterocephalus_glaber
4661:Heterocephalus glaber
4631:Heterocephalus glaber
4080:10.1007/s100710050009
4043:Heterocephalus glaber
4005:Vanderbilt University
3999:Heterocephalus glaber
3942:Heterocephalus glaber
3004:10.18632/aging.100866
1814:Heterocephalus glaber
1768:(1): 1744–8069–6–29.
1705:Heterocephalus glaber
1656:Heterocephalus glaber
1030:Heterocephalus glaber
905:
776:
355:), also known as the
352:Heterocephalus glaber
340:
299:Heterocephalus glaber
4910:Fauna of East Africa
4905:Coprophagous animals
4473:(Georychus capensis)
4433:Caroline's mole rat
4350:(Fukomys damarensis)
4348:Damaraland mole-rat
4271:(Bathyergus suillus)
4263:(Bathyergus janetta)
3171:. pp. 505–512.
2256:Veterinary Pathology
1820:Veterinary Pathology
1264:Cryptomys damarensis
1008:. 26 December 2002.
948:—as well as various
871:inbreeding avoidance
795:Cryptomys damarensis
740:Ecology and behavior
566:Resistance to cancer
4410:Micklem's mole-rat
4396:Fukomys livingstoni
4389:(Fukomys kafuensis)
4373:Fukomys hanangensis
4269:Cape dune mole-rat
4183:(African mole-rats)
4143:UCSC Genome Browser
3794:2017NatSR...7.9590D
3695:(1432): 1995–2002.
3631:1996CBio....6.1082B
3573:1978JThBi..73..439B
3514:1981Sci...212..571J
3363:1992SciAm.267b..72S
3351:Scientific American
3275:1981Sci...212..571J
3232:Dawkins R (2006) .
2945:2011PLoSO...626729Y
2847:10.1038/nature10533
2839:2011Natur.479..223K
2714:2009PNAS..106.3059P
2500:10.7554/elife.31157
2341:2023Natur.621..196Z
2118:2013PNAS..11017350A
2025:10.1038/nature12234
2017:2013Natur.499..346T
1873:2009PNAS..10619352S
1591:2017Sci...356..248S
1453:2017Sci...356..307P
1052:Rüppell E (1845) .
976:National Geographic
956:Conservation status
942:Rufous beaked snake
930:eat their own feces
875:luteinizing hormone
820:Queen and gestation
791:Damaraland mole-rat
589:hallmarks of cancer
397:Damaraland mole-rat
139:Conservation status
4412:(Fukomys micklemi)
4404:(Fukomys mechowii)
4402:Mechow's mole-rat
4379:Ansell's mole-rat
4364:Nigerian mole-rat
4358:(Fukomys darlingi)
4340:Bocage's mole-rat
4332:Ansell's mole-rat
4047:Journal of Zoology
4011:on 15 January 2009
3966:on 6 December 2010
3669:2009-07-13 at the
3143:10.1007/bf02027122
3041:2014-10-25 at the
1662:Journal of Anatomy
1408:10.1007/BF01633107
1313:Kingdon J (2015).
908:
889:Female mate choice
783:
580:contact inhibition
535:Pain insensitivity
421:oxygen deprivation
401:Fukomys damarensis
343:
4920:Rodents of Africa
4877:
4876:
4623:Taxon identifiers
4556:
4555:
4541:
4540:
4505:
4504:
4494:Silvery mole-rat
4381:(Fukomys anselli)
4356:Mashona mole-rat
4342:(Fukomys bocagei)
4334:(Fukomys anselli)
4302:Cryptomys nimrodi
4184:
3997:"Naked mole rat (
3944:, naked mole rat"
3508:(4494): 571–573.
3464:978-0-313-33922-6
3395:. Sandiegozoo.org
3269:(4494): 571–573.
3247:978-0-19-286092-7
3186:978-0-08-045337-8
2440:978-3-030-65942-4
2335:(7977): 196–205.
2062:Knowable Magazine
1585:(6335): 248–249.
1544:(11): 1369–1377.
1447:(6335): 307–311.
1276:(1495): 1025–30.
1246:978-3-540-75956-0
1143:978-0-226-43720-0
1116:10.1111/zoj.12201
1006:Mammalian Species
730:constant darkness
651:African porcupine
541:neurotransmitters
413:respiratory rates
338:
327:
326:
270:
251:
162:
122:
16:(Redirected from
4937:
4870:
4869:
4860:
4859:
4847:
4846:
4834:
4833:
4821:
4820:
4808:
4807:
4795:
4794:
4782:
4781:
4769:
4768:
4756:
4755:
4743:
4742:
4730:
4729:
4717:
4716:
4704:
4703:
4691:
4690:
4678:
4677:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4618:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4597:
4596:
4585:
4584:
4573:
4572:
4564:
4516:
4511:Heterocephalinae
4419:Fukomys occlusus
4326:(Fukomys amatus)
4324:Zambian mole-rat
4292:Common mole-rat
4247:
4182:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4150:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4091:
4068:Animal Cognition
4062:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4007:. Archived from
3991:
3989:
3987:
3980:"Naked Mole Rat"
3975:
3973:
3971:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3712:
3680:
3674:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3642:
3625:(9): 1082–1083.
3610:
3593:
3592:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3456:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3422:
3419:news.cornell.edu
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3320:
3311:
3310:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3239:
3236:The Selfish Gene
3229:
3216:
3215:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3098:
3074:
3068:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3015:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2966:
2956:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2907:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2725:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2502:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2368:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2262:(6): 1264–1265.
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2227:Grens K (2016).
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2179:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2129:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2073:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2036:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1894:
1884:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1835:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1777:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1726:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1553:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1494:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1464:
1431:
1420:
1419:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1376:. Archived from
1370:Meet Our Animals
1366:"Naked Mole-Rat"
1362:
1356:
1355:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1293:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1162:"Naked Mole Rat"
1157:
1148:
1147:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1049:
1040:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
998:
734:activity pattern
726:circadian rhythm
670:oxidative stress
519:thermoregulators
515:thermoconformers
509:Thermoregulation
484:
483:
482:
432:Heterocephalidae
339:
318:
301:
265:
249:
246:Heterocephalidae
177:
176:
156:
151:
150:
132:
116:
115:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4865:
4863:
4855:
4850:
4842:
4839:Observation.org
4837:
4829:
4824:
4816:
4811:
4803:
4798:
4790:
4785:
4777:
4772:
4764:
4759:
4751:
4746:
4738:
4733:
4725:
4720:
4712:
4707:
4699:
4694:
4686:
4681:
4673:
4668:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4625:
4615:
4605:
4603:
4591:
4579:
4567:
4559:
4557:
4552:
4537:
4530:Naked mole-rat
4501:
4478:
4455:
4450:(Fukomys zechi)
4448:Ghana mole-rat
4425:Ochre mole-rat
4387:Kafue mole-rat
4308:
4276:
4236:
4186:
4177:
4132:
4127:
4118:
4116:
4111:
4102:
4100:
4094:
4065:
4040:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4014:
4012:
4003:. Bioimages at
3994:
3985:
3983:
3978:
3969:
3967:
3958:
3949:
3947:
3937:
3933:
3931:Further reading
3928:
3927:
3917:
3915:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3746:10.1038/nrg2664
3731:
3730:
3726:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3671:Wayback Machine
3660:
3656:
3619:Current Biology
3612:
3611:
3596:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3481:(May 5, 2010).
3477:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3423:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3398:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3333:
3331:
3322:
3321:
3314:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3231:
3230:
3219:
3212:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3043:Wayback Machine
3033:
3029:
2998:(12): 1171–84.
2985:
2984:
2980:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2890:(24): 3558–60.
2877:
2876:
2872:
2833:(7372): 223–7.
2819:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2681:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2441:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2231:. The Scientist
2226:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2112:(43): 17350–5.
2099:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2011:(7458): 346–9.
1998:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1867:(46): 19352–7.
1854:
1853:
1849:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1515:
1513:
1503:Washington Post
1496:
1495:
1488:
1433:
1432:
1423:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1184:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1027:
1023:
1015:10.1644/0.706.1
1000:
999:
995:
990:
972:
958:
946:Kenyan sand boa
938:
900:
891:
883:
860:
843:
822:
771:
747:
742:
722:
713:
647:
568:
537:
511:
481:
478:
477:
476:
474:
454:
449:
440:
389:thermoconformer
329:
309:
303:
297:
284:
264:
248:
171:
163:
152:
148:
141:
123:
114:
113:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4943:
4941:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4882:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4861:
4848:
4835:
4822:
4809:
4796:
4783:
4770:
4757:
4744:
4731:
4718:
4705:
4692:
4679:
4666:
4651:
4635:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4614:
4613:
4601:
4589:
4577:
4554:
4553:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4526:
4524:
4521:Heterocephalus
4513:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4490:
4488:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4471:Cape mole-rat
4467:
4465:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4445:
4442:Fukomys whytei
4438:
4430:
4422:
4415:
4407:
4399:
4392:
4384:
4376:
4369:
4366:(Fukomys foxi)
4361:
4353:
4345:
4337:
4329:
4320:
4318:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4297:
4288:
4286:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4266:
4257:
4255:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4228:
4226:Hystricognathi
4222:
4220:Hystricomorpha
4216:
4210:
4204:
4198:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4131:
4130:External links
4128:
4126:
4125:
4109:
4092:
4063:
4053:(3): 307–311.
4038:
4021:
3992:
3976:
3956:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3910:. The Reader.
3894:
3882:
3875:
3856:
3825:
3767:
3740:(11): 783–96.
3724:
3675:
3654:
3594:
3567:(3): 439–444.
3551:
3492:
3470:
3463:
3438:
3405:
3384:
3341:
3312:
3253:
3246:
3217:
3211:978-0691024486
3210:
3192:
3185:
3156:
3137:(4): 253–260.
3118:
3089:(11): 3190–7.
3069:
3066:978-1604565812
3027:
2978:
2939:(11): e26729.
2919:
2884:Bioinformatics
2870:
2812:
2790:
2768:
2747:
2708:(9): 3059–64.
2688:
2667:
2618:
2591:(2): H919–27.
2575:
2532:
2470:
2439:
2413:
2388:
2314:
2283:
2242:
2219:
2206:New York Times
2191:
2151:
2092:
2048:
1991:
1965:
1934:
1921:New York Times
1906:
1847:
1799:
1762:Molecular Pain
1748:
1693:
1644:
1622:
1565:
1522:
1486:
1421:
1402:(3): 167–179.
1383:
1380:on 2015-04-26.
1357:
1351:978-8494189234
1350:
1332:
1326:978-1472925312
1325:
1305:
1252:
1245:
1219:
1197:
1182:
1149:
1142:
1122:
1109:(4): 942–963.
1086:
1067:
1041:
1021:
992:
991:
989:
986:
971:
966:
957:
954:
937:
934:
899:
896:
890:
887:
882:
879:
859:
856:
842:
839:
821:
818:
770:
767:
746:
743:
741:
738:
721:
718:
712:
709:
700:transcriptomes
684:= 60. Further
678:somatic number
646:
643:
567:
564:
557:carbon dioxide
536:
533:
524:poikilothermic
510:
507:
479:
453:
450:
448:
445:
439:
436:
381:Heterocephalus
361:Horn of Africa
347:naked mole-rat
325:
324:
320:
319:
311:
310:
304:
293:
292:
286:
285:
281:H. glaber
278:
276:
272:
271:
261:Heterocephalus
257:
253:
252:
243:
239:
238:
233:
229:
228:
223:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
165:
164:
146:
143:
142:
137:
134:
133:
125:
124:
109:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
46:
37:
35:Naked mole-rat
26:
24:
18:Naked mole rat
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4942:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4868:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4662:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4612:
4602:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4551:
4550:
4544:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4181:Bathyergidae
4174:
4169:
4167:
4162:
4160:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4114:
4110:
4099:. LiveScience
4098:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4028:. LiveScience
4027:
4022:
4010:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3993:
3981:
3977:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3945:
3943:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3913:
3909:
3908:Thereader.com
3905:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3883:
3878:
3876:9781408122570
3872:
3868:
3867:
3860:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3771:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3455:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3406:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3342:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2816:
2813:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2548:(4): 439–45.
2547:
2543:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2243:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1645:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
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