335:
759:. This means that objects of transitive sentences and subjects of intransitive sentences both fall into a single grammatical case known as the absolutive. Subjects of transitive sentences, however, carry a different marking to indicate that they belong to a separate case, known as the ergative. This distinction can be seen in the following two Archi sentences. Objects and subjects of intransitive sentences carry no suffix, which is represented by the null suffix, -
259:
1345:
1329:
3996:
1361:
43:
3273:
languages of the
Caucasus is not improbable. Diakonoff and Starostin, in the most thorough attempt at finding a linkage yet published, have argued that Hurro-Urartian is a branch of the eastern Caucasian family . The etymologies, sound correspondences, and comparative morphologies these authors present are quite tentative and viewed with skepticism by many.
521:, which contributes to their large phonemic inventories. Some languages also include palatalization and labialization as contrastive features. Most languages in this family contrast tense and weak consonants. Tense consonants are characterized by the intensiveness of articulation, which naturally leads to a lengthening of these consonants.
889:
Northeast
Caucasian languages have between two and eight noun classes. In these languages, nouns are grouped into grammatical categories depending on certain semantic qualities, such as animacy and gender. Each noun class has a corresponding agreement prefix, which can attach to verbs or adjectives
1376:
A long-time classification divided the family into Nakh and
Dagestanian branches, whence the term Nakho-Dagestanian. However, attempts at reconstructing the protolanguage suggest that the Nakh languages are no more divergent from Dagestanian than the various branches of Dagestanian are from each
1233:
This kind of clausal agreement has been labelled âexternal agreementâ. The same term is also used for the (cross-linguistically even rarer) phenomenon where a converb agrees with an argument which lies outside the converb's own clause. This is seen in the following example from
Northern Akhvakh,
3272:
Sayce, for example, considered a relationship with
Georgian, 'or with any of the Caucasian languages such as Ude or Abkhas,' but admitted he lacked the tools to explore this. That Hurro-Urartian as a whole shared a yet earlier common ancestor with some of the numerous and comparatively obscure
1082:
In many
Northeast Caucasian languages, as well as appearing on adjectives and verbs, agreement can also be found on parts of speech which are not usually able to agree in other language families â for example on adverbs, postpositions, particles, and even case-marked nouns and pronouns. In the
524:
In contrast to the generally large consonant inventories of
Northeast Caucasian languages, most languages in the family have relatively few vowels, although more on average than the Northwest Caucasian languages. However, there are some exceptions to this trend, such as
1987:
Spoken mostly in
Southwest Dagestan. None are literary languages. Formerly classified geographically as East Tsezic (Hinukh, Bezta) and West Tsezic (Tsez, Khwarshi, Hunzib), these languages may actually form different subgroupings according to the latest research by
1083:
example from Archi below, doËÊzub âbigâ and abu âmadeâ, but also the adverb ditËabu âquicklyâ and the personal pronouns nenabu âweâ and belabu âto usâ, all agree in number and gender with the argument in the absolutive case, ÏÊon âcowâ.
1756:), is the biggest in terms of the number of native speakers of all the languages of the Lezgic group (other languages from this group include Tabasaran, Udi, Tsakhur and Rutul). They are spoken in the following rayons of
1390:
One factor complicating internal classification within the family is that the diachronic development of its respective branches is marked both by an extreme degree of diffusion and divergence followed by secondary
7361:
2956:
The twenty-nine languages of East
Caucasian are marked by both an extreme degree of diffusion/divergence and secondary convergence, which renders the application of the comparative method more difficult.
487:. However, more recent research has revealed that many Northeast Caucasian languages are much more phoneme-rich than previously believed, with some languages containing as many as 70 consonants.
4320:
510:
as contrastive features. Whereas
English consonant classes are divided into voiced and voiceless phonemes, Northeast Caucasian languages are known to contrast voiced, voiceless,
3295:
theories relating Caucasian with the non-Indo-European and non-Semitic languages of the ancient Middle East also lack sufficient evidence and must be considered as inconclusive
890:
of that noun. Prefixes may also have plural forms, used in agreement with a plural noun. The following table shows the nounâadjective agreement paradigm in the Tsez language.
3516:
6559:
2657:
2616:
60:
3231:
and the Methodology of Long-Range Comparison: an assessment". Paper presented at the 10th Biennial Non-Slavic Languages (NSL) Conference, Chicago, 8â10 May 1997.
3351:
6694:
1387:. An AvarâAndiâDido branch was abandoned, but has been resurrected as the "New Type" languages in Schulze (2009, 2013) and LakâDargwa has likewise returned.
7411:
4661:
4313:
2142:
Some scholars, however, doubt that the language families are related or believe that, while a connection is possible, the evidence is far from conclusive.
631:, but partially overt cases of secondary origin can be observed too. The number of noun classes in individual languages range from two to eight. Regarding
1811:
Tabasaran was once thought to be the language with the largest number of grammatical cases at 54, which could, depending on the analysis, instead be the
7351:
2701:
3509:
7556:
4306:
3365:
3162:
2949:
2894:
2832:
2746:
6184:
1226:
1PL.INCL.ERG<III.SG> be.big.ATTR-III.SG cow(III) III.SG-1PL.INCL.DAT<III.SG> quickly<III.SG> behind <III.SG>make.PFV
107:
6074:
5655:
458:
can be taken to reflect a primary division of the family into Nakh and Dagestanian branches, a view which is no longer widely accepted, or
79:
5156:
2940:
Wolfgang Schulze (2017). "11. The comparative method in Caucasian linguistics". In Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Mathias; Klein, Jared (eds.).
2726:
3502:
188:
6341:
86:
126:
7434:
6317:
756:
7566:
7561:
6687:
5556:
7276:
7264:
3355:
5475:
5411:
4654:
93:
6088:
5839:
5330:
2085:
family, citing shared vocabulary and typological features as evidence. This proposed family does not include the neighboring
4282:
64:
7341:
6201:
5336:
2770:"Greville Corbett, Gender. (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. xix + 363"
7491:
7481:
7476:
7169:
6953:
6554:
5161:
4947:
4865:
4227:
3935:
2482:
2078:
484:
438:
373:
75:
7321:
6248:
5536:
3149:
2107:
and Starostinâsee evidence of a genealogical connection between the Northeast Caucasian family and the extinct languages
7571:
7496:
7466:
6564:
6549:
5549:
5307:
5268:
689:
7346:
6323:
5181:
7444:
6785:
6680:
6544:
6538:
5596:
5514:
5487:
5191:
3771:
1605:
Spoken by 492,490 in Dagestan, as well as Azerbaijan, Central Asia and Ukraine. Dargwa proper is a literary language.
6110:
5568:
5226:
5186:
5176:
3391:
3309:
Nichols, Johanna. 2003. The Nakh-Daghestanian consonant correspondences. In Dee Ann Holisky and Kevin Tuite (eds.),
7576:
7113:
5771:
5366:
5196:
4882:
4647:
1797:
6329:
6305:
6280:
6253:
6236:
5144:
4715:
53:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7369:
7291:
7286:
6942:
6928:
6703:
6522:
5246:
5201:
5171:
4670:
3536:
3525:
2487:
2082:
2068:
645:
7052:
6001:
5833:
4888:
4704:
4337:
3623:
3488:
1411:
483:
Historically, Northeast Caucasian phonemic inventories were thought to be smaller than those of the neighboring
269:
200:
7336:
7281:
6882:
6771:
6569:
6376:
6013:
4895:
4217:
2132:
709:
3357:
Current Trends in Caucasian, East European, and Inner Asian Linguistics: Papers in Honor of Howard I. Aronson
3258:
Zimansky, Paul (September 2011), "Urartian and the Urartians", in McMahon, Gregory; Steadman, Sharon (eds.),
2473:(*qur / *qar; *qÊur ?), that suggest agriculture was well developed before the proto-language broke up.
1416:
Spoken in the Northwest Dagestan highlands and western Dagestan. Avar is the lingua franca for these and the
1377:
other, although this is still not universally accepted. The following outline, based on the work of linguist
7150:
7045:
6995:
6974:
6965:
6847:
6764:
6724:
5574:
5499:
4902:
4852:
4277:
4050:
4004:
3472:
3311:
Current Trends in Caucasian, East European and Inner Asian Linguistics: Papers in honor of Howard I. Aronson
1777:
701:
100:
7306:
7301:
7066:
7038:
7029:
6988:
6588:
6436:
6231:
6226:
6007:
5960:
5590:
5507:
5166:
5150:
4958:
4859:
4722:
4698:
4380:
3669:
507:
506:, and glottal stops and fricatives. Northeast Caucasian phonology is also notable for its use of numerous
7059:
4924:
7458:
7331:
7311:
6854:
6792:
6634:
6532:
6221:
6024:
5814:
5803:
5765:
5372:
5346:
5251:
5241:
4840:
4691:
4260:
3483:
2874:
1785:
1234:
where mÄ«ÊĆ ânot having goneâ has a masculine adverbial suffix (-Ć), agreeing with hugu ekâwa âthe manâ.
334:
6335:
6060:
2455:
and only later moved north to the Caucasus. Proto-NEC is reconstructed with words for concepts such as
7439:
7429:
7419:
7269:
7123:
6936:
6820:
6609:
6494:
6366:
6174:
6147:
6130:
6098:
5996:
5710:
5635:
5562:
5341:
5318:
5290:
5221:
5132:
4913:
4272:
4182:
3962:
3549:
2086:
1311:
503:
447:
7486:
7259:
7244:
7179:
6981:
6903:
6813:
6806:
6757:
6715:
6386:
6290:
6190:
6179:
6141:
6120:
6018:
5977:
5752:
5734:
5728:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5602:
5585:
5324:
4990:
4977:
4871:
4821:
4678:
4430:
4287:
3593:
3559:
2098:
2047:
1769:
1556:
1532:
1344:
511:
495:
381:
2824:
2046:
All figures except for Khwarshi were retrieved from Ethnologue. These languages are spoken in the
7220:
7174:
7089:
7084:
7079:
6300:
6295:
6285:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6242:
6211:
6206:
6159:
6153:
6104:
6049:
5972:
5856:
5820:
5781:
5723:
5530:
5525:
5236:
4995:
4964:
4930:
4918:
4877:
4752:
4547:
4080:
3972:
3760:
3453:
2797:
1845:
1773:
1765:
1644:
744:
716:
632:
6397:
6360:
3478:
2451:
has suggested that its speakers may have been involved in the development of agriculture in the
1540:
1328:
258:
2816:
7424:
7401:
7396:
7374:
7316:
7094:
7017:
6910:
6402:
6391:
6371:
6311:
6216:
6196:
6135:
6115:
5826:
5787:
5758:
5746:
5683:
5629:
5607:
5580:
5520:
5493:
5312:
5273:
5263:
5231:
5104:
5030:
5012:
5006:
4908:
4826:
4740:
4709:
4580:
4520:
4425:
4375:
4370:
4360:
4141:
4096:
4035:
4015:
3916:
3891:
3838:
3664:
3659:
3646:
3564:
3436:
3361:
3267:
3158:
2945:
2890:
2828:
2815:
Bond, Oliver; Corbett, Greville G.; Chumakina, Marina; Brown, Dunstan, eds. (25 August 2016).
2789:
2742:
2123:, a powerful state that existed between 1000 BC or earlier and 585 BC in the area centered on
2112:
2104:
2034:
1953:
1934:
1801:
1781:
1685:
1668:
1584:
1493:
1484:
1478:
724:
640:
639:, plurality itself may impact the class to which a noun belongs. In some cases, a grammatical
518:
491:
401:
287:
211:
31:
3413:
Schulze, Wolfgang (2001), "Die kaukasischen Sprachen", in M. Haspelmath; et al. (eds.),
1568:
723:, in which first and second persons are marked with the same suffix and verbs agree with the
7386:
7379:
7326:
7254:
7249:
7206:
7199:
7129:
7073:
7011:
6917:
6889:
6875:
6861:
6778:
6750:
6738:
6731:
6619:
6479:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6418:
6412:
6407:
6381:
6274:
6169:
6093:
6031:
5983:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5879:
5863:
5798:
5793:
5776:
5717:
5611:
5543:
5454:
5421:
5399:
5389:
5285:
5257:
5206:
5127:
5111:
5097:
5079:
5072:
5058:
5018:
5000:
4984:
4970:
4792:
4775:
4585:
4552:
4537:
4497:
4482:
4447:
4402:
4365:
4350:
4192:
4187:
4132:
4113:
4106:
4101:
4075:
4067:
4040:
4023:
3945:
3874:
3850:
3811:
3755:
3731:
3721:
3686:
3655:
3641:
3445:
3314:
3263:
3192:
2882:
2848:
2820:
2781:
2738:
2734:
2672:
2631:
2452:
2116:
2108:
2074:
1982:
1958:
1897:
1851:
1793:
1761:
1745:
1731:
1652:
1619:
1600:
1580:
1564:
1472:
1454:
1417:
1360:
562:
542:
526:
515:
499:
368:
323:
305:
278:
234:
224:
205:
3431:
1640:
1576:
1528:
17:
7213:
7164:
7118:
7001:
6896:
6868:
6827:
6744:
6614:
6489:
6474:
6443:
6164:
6125:
5990:
5936:
5808:
5670:
5436:
5431:
5296:
5211:
5092:
5085:
5065:
5047:
4952:
4935:
4734:
4597:
4515:
4487:
4477:
4472:
4460:
4455:
4420:
4410:
4345:
4235:
4174:
4149:
4045:
3967:
3955:
3887:
3883:
3862:
3784:
3716:
3711:
3699:
3694:
3631:
3569:
3347:
2448:
2168:
2167:
Below are selected Proto-Northeast Caucasian reconstructions of basic vocabulary items by
2028:
2022:
2011:
1964:
1880:
1629:
1624:
1614:
1609:
1463:
1440:
732:
728:
673:
655:
582:
572:
377:
178:
172:
7391:
7159:
6624:
6484:
6453:
6424:
6055:
5941:
5924:
5874:
5869:
5740:
5677:
5447:
5441:
5361:
5356:
5302:
5279:
5024:
4846:
4803:
4786:
4780:
4758:
4746:
4630:
4567:
4542:
4525:
4510:
4505:
4415:
4385:
4254:
4159:
4154:
3980:
3950:
3896:
3825:
3806:
3789:
3750:
3739:
3650:
3286:
3123:
3098:
3073:
1920:
1891:
1874:
1857:
1829:
1749:
1499:
1378:
409:
314:
229:
1292:
1274:
249:
7550:
6508:
6448:
6430:
5946:
5930:
5884:
5641:
5461:
5426:
5416:
5394:
5351:
5216:
4797:
4729:
4575:
4465:
4437:
4392:
4355:
4164:
3900:
3833:
3704:
3676:
3636:
3602:
3583:
3422:
3241:
2801:
2005:
1947:
1812:
1445:
1434:
1263:
736:
685:
681:
616:
552:
3457:
7296:
7104:
6838:
5405:
4615:
4590:
4557:
4530:
4212:
4118:
3921:
3855:
3794:
3765:
3588:
3575:
1863:
1707:
1698:
720:
705:
677:
661:
592:
296:
218:
3995:
3449:
4298:
2444:
1560:
1548:
697:
413:
363:
42:
6672:
2769:
1519:
Figures retrieved from Ethnologue. These languages are spoken in the following
668:
The inflectional paradigms are often based on partially classifying productive
7471:
7190:
7140:
7006:
5052:
2886:
2785:
1930:
1805:
1741:
1678:
1588:
1383:
628:
620:
397:
393:
3375:
2793:
4639:
4055:
3494:
1789:
1656:
1223:
nena<b>u doËÊzu-b ÏÊon b-ela<b>u ditËa<b>u Ïir a<b>u
740:
669:
417:
243:
3318:
1937:. Chechen and Ingush are official languages of their respective republics.
763:. Meanwhile, agents of transitive sentences take the ergative suffix, -mu.
466:(as in bordering the Caspian Sea) is only used in opposition to the use of
2873:
Creissels, Denis (13 January 2012), Gast, Volker; Diessel, Holger (eds.),
2703:
Noun classes grow on trees: noun classification in the North-East Caucasus
4028:
3528:
3402:
3031:
3010:
2989:
2676:
2635:
2124:
2051:
1926:
1757:
1737:
1715:
1648:
1636:
1572:
1544:
1536:
1524:
405:
389:
385:
165:
494:
obstruents, many Northeast Caucasian languages also possess a number of
6707:
3844:
693:
470:(as in bordering the Black Sea) for the Northwest Caucasian languages.
432:, contrasts the three established families of the Caucasian languages:
3491:(contain online dictionaries of various Northeast Caucasian languages)
2875:"External agreement in the converbal construction of Northern Akhvakh"
1703:
Spoken in the Central Dagestan highlands. Lak is a literary language.
1157:
1091:
529:, which has at least twenty-eight vowels, diphthongs and triphthongs.
428:
Several names have been in use for this family. The most common term,
6799:
6629:
6527:
3418:
2128:
2120:
1719:
636:
613:
846:
1245:
1217:
4222:
2463:
1552:
1520:
1359:
1343:
1327:
1288:
1284:
1249:
1161:
1095:
333:
3473:
Various Northeast Caucasian language dictionaries online from IDS
1213:
1189:
1173:
1153:
1127:
1107:
1053:
1008:
963:
918:
860:
842:
795:
2942:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
2469:
2457:
1674:
864:
624:
6676:
6648:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
4643:
4302:
3498:
1241:
1099:
820:
2119:
in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. Urartian was the language of
1424:
gives the following family tree for the AvarâAndic languages:
36:
1165:
1119:
3178:
3052:
2968:
1209:
1185:
1169:
1149:
1138:
1123:
1103:
1049:
1004:
1000:
959:
914:
838:
2604:. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. p. 133.
2587:
Introduction to the Study of the Languages of the Caucasus
2572:
Introduction to the Study of the Languages of the Caucasus
2557:
Introduction to the Study of the Languages of the Caucasus
2524:
Introduction to the Study of the Languages of the Caucasus
2509:
Introduction to the Study of the Languages of the Caucasus
2443:
The Proto-Northeast Caucasian language had many terms for
1045:
955:
856:
791:
3260:
The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000â323 BCE)
2725:
Foley, Steven (25 February 2021), Polinsky, Maria (ed.),
2139:
for the union of Hurro-Urartian and Northeast Caucasian.
3415:
La typologie des langues et les universaux linguistiques
1301:
long time-INT-ADD N-go.NEG-M DIST-LL man-ADD M-die-M-PF3
1259:
743:
moods all appearing as a way of conveying the evidence.
535:
Percentage of Northeast Caucasian languages by speakers
708:
oblique marking, which may, in turn, carry a partially
3208:
3206:
420:, there are currently 36 Nakh-Dagestanian languages.
3199:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 65.
7457:
7410:
7360:
7233:
7188:
7148:
7139:
7103:
7028:
6964:
6927:
6837:
6714:
6602:
6579:
6507:
6351:
6073:
6041:
5959:
5848:
5654:
5621:
5474:
5382:
5126:
5040:
4817:
4768:
4677:
4608:
4566:
4496:
4446:
4401:
4336:
4205:
4173:
4140:
4131:
4089:
4066:
4014:
4003:
3934:
3909:
3873:
3824:
3730:
3685:
3622:
3611:
3548:
3535:
2157:
2152:
2131:. The two languages are classified together as the
2089:. This hypothesis is questioned by some linguists.
242:
194:
184:
171:
159:
143:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3242:On Hurro-Urartian as an Eastern Caucasian language
3217:. New York: Russell & Russell. pp. 87â88.
2535:
2533:
2461:(*...Æ / *...ÆÆâ), as well as fruit trees such as
635:, there may be a distinction between singular and
3352:"The Nakh-Daghestanian Consonant Correspondences"
2439:Possible connections to the origin of agriculture
2881:, Berlin, Boston: DE GRUYTER, pp. 127â156,
2731:The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus
688:inflection.) Localization is mostly conveyed by
3305:
3303:
612:These languages can be characterized by strong
3392:"PersonalitÀt in den ostkaukasischen Sprachen"
2879:Clause Linkage in Cross-Linguistic Perspective
2849:"External agreement - Surrey Morphology Group"
1818:Lezgian and Tabasaran are literary languages.
755:Most Northeast Caucasian languages exhibit an
704:, group inflection (on the noun) with partial
6688:
4655:
4314:
3510:
3285:Gamkrelidze, Thomas V.; Gudava, T.E. (1998),
2733:, Oxford University Press, pp. 843â872,
2658:"Grammatical Relations in Ergative Languages"
2617:"Grammatical Relations in Ergative Languages"
2115:. Hurrian was spoken in various parts of the
1308:âlong time not having goneâ), the man died.â
1229:âWe quickly drove the big cow to us (home).â
873:mother-ERG bread-â
III.SG-bake-PROG II.SG-AUX
462:can subsume the entire family. The rare term
8:
7532:Families with more than 30 languages are in
6658:Families with more than 30 languages are in
3354:, in Tuite, Kevin; Holisky, Dee Ann (eds.),
2544:. New York: Russel & Russel. p. 88.
1635:Dargwa is spoken in the following rayons of
1395:, which complicates the comparative method.
3401:, IATS University of Munich, archived from
3399:Munich Working Papers in Cognitive Typology
3227:Nichols, J. 1997 "Nikolaev and Starostin's
1348:Latest attempt at internal classification (
1305:
338:Main areas of Northeast Caucasian languages
7237:
7145:
6695:
6681:
6673:
6515:
6081:
5965:
5662:
5480:
5137:
4832:
4683:
4662:
4648:
4640:
4321:
4307:
4299:
4137:
4011:
3619:
3545:
3517:
3503:
3495:
3360:, Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 207â251,
3157:. University of Leiden: LOT, Netherlands.
2706:. Language and Representations (Tentative)
2695:
2693:
2179:
2825:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198747291.001.0001
739:is prominent, with reported, sensory and
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2727:"Agreement in Languages of the Caucasus"
2589:. Munich: Lincom Europa. pp. 81â82.
2526:. Munich: Lincom Europa. pp. 49â54.
892:
765:
3425:: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1774â1796
3268:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0024
3229:North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary
3197:Languages of the World: An Introduction
2499:
1911:All figures retrieved from Ethnologue.
1364:Branching without relative chronology (
3313:, 207â264. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
2149:
2058:Disputed connections to other families
140:
2739:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.23
2511:. Munich: Lincom Europaq. p. 49.
692:, but it can be also partly based on
193:
7:
3484:Atlas of Multilingualism in Dagestan
3475:(select simple or advanced browsing)
2574:. Munich: Lincom Europa. p. 80.
643:is seen. Many languages distinguish
65:adding citations to reliable sources
3432:"Peering Into the Past, With Words"
3374:Schulze, Wolfgang (21 April 2013),
2768:Aristar, Anthony (September 1992).
2093:Connections to Hurrian and Urartian
1950:(3,420 speakers in Georgia in 2000)
1420:and is the only literary language.
4259:Languages between parentheses are
3489:Intercontinental Dictionary Series
3479:CIA linguistic map of the Caucasus
3430:Wuethrich, Bernice (19 May 2000),
2944:. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 106.
1310:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
25:
3011:"Ethnologue report for Khinalugh"
2656:Van Valin Jr., Robert D. (1983).
1595:Dargic (Dargin) dialect continuum
3994:
1752:themselves call it, ĐДзгО ŃlĐ°Đ» (
1381:and others, has been adopted by
257:
41:
3376:"The Languages of the Caucasus"
3330:
2928:
2916:
1989:
1714:Lak is spoken in two rayons of
1421:
1365:
1349:
1333:
653:cases, and to some degree also
76:"Northeast Caucasian languages"
52:needs additional citations for
4263:of the language on their left.
2990:"Ethnologue report for Dargwa"
2135:. Diakonoff proposed the name
1323:
757:ergativeâabsolutive morphology
1:
7557:Northeast Caucasian languages
4330:Northeast Caucasian languages
3450:10.1126/science.288.5469.1158
3383:The Languages of the Caucasus
2615:Van Valen, Robert D. (1981).
2483:Northwest Caucasian languages
2161:Northeast Caucasian languages
2079:Northwest Caucasian languages
2077:think that the Northeast and
991:III (animals and inanimates)
719:, with a few exceptions like
374:Northwest Caucasian languages
344:Northeast Caucasian languages
2700:Plaster, Keith; et al.
2559:. Lincom Europa. p. 58.
2467:(*hÊam(V)c / *hÊam(V)Ä) and
1332:Traditional classification (
1298:hu-gu ekâwa-la w-uÊâ-u-wudi.
870:buwa-mu xËalli-â
b-ar-ĆĄi b-i
747:is often tied to the tense.
450:). This may be shortened to
3385:, IATS University of Munich
3032:"Ethnologue report for Lak"
876:Mother is baking the bread.
177:One of the world's primary
18:Nakh-Daghestanian languages
7593:
7352:Chukotko-KamchatkanâAmuric
3390:Schulze, Wolfgang (2007),
2096:
2066:
1980:
1918:
1740:highlands and in Northern
1729:
1696:
1666:
1663:Khinalug (Xinalug) isolate
1598:
1409:
899:Adjectival phrase example
731:in which verbs agree with
619:. Weak tendencies towards
485:Northwest Caucasian family
29:
7520:
7240:
6643:
6518:
6084:
5968:
5665:
5483:
5140:
4835:
4686:
4671:Primary language families
4624:
4245:
3992:
3148:Khalilova, Zaira (2009).
2887:10.1515/9783110280692.127
2786:10.1017/s0022226700015449
2488:North Caucasian languages
2258:*sVÊin / *cVÊin / *ÄVÊin
2171:, which she refers to as
2153:Proto-Northeast Caucasian
2069:North Caucasian languages
700:exhibit incomplete class
256:
189:Proto-Northeast Caucasian
173:Linguistic classification
148:
5488:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
4218:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
3215:Languages of the U.S.S.R
2542:Languages of the U.S.S.R
2186:Proto-Nakh-Daghestanian
1736:Spoken in the Southeast
1398:Population data is from
715:Verbs do not agree with
490:In addition to numerous
7567:Languages of Azerbaijan
7562:Agglutinative languages
7529:have no living members.
7412:East and Southeast Asia
6655:have no living members.
4278:Languages of Azerbaijan
3291:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3213:Matthews, W.K. (1951).
2585:Hewitt, George (2004).
2570:Hewitt, George (2004).
2555:Hewitt, George (2004).
2540:Matthews, W.K. (1951).
2522:Hewitt, George (2004).
2507:Hewitt, George (2004).
2173:Proto-Nakh-Daghestanian
2103:Some linguistsânotably
2073:Some linguists such as
2019:BezhtaâHunzibâKhwarshi
1320:Language classification
508:secondary articulations
6635:Unclassified languages
6589:list of sign languages
5557:Northeastern Tasmanian
3319:10.1075/cilt.246.14nic
3246:Bibliotheca Orientalis
2774:Journal of Linguistics
2600:Dixon, R.M.W. (1987).
2158:Reconstruction of
2063:North Caucasian family
2012:Hinukh (Hinux, Ginukh)
1977:Tsezic (Didoic) family
1369:
1353:
1337:
1071:IV.AGR.SG-good spindle
1036:IV (other inanimates)
1026:III.AGR.SG-good donkey
936:I.AGR.SG-good shepherd
629:nominal classification
623:may be noted as well.
498:consonants, including
442:(AbkhazâAdyghean) and
339:
6610:Constructed languages
3287:"Caucasian Languages"
3248:XLVI (1989): 260â280.
3151:A Grammar of Khwarshi
2602:Studies in Ergativity
2378:*D=aqqâ(u) / *D=uqqâ
2133:Hurro-Urartian family
1363:
1347:
1331:
1304:âShortly after that (
769:Intransitive sentence
337:
5157:BinandereanâGoilalan
4283:Languages of Georgia
4273:Languages of Armenia
3262:, pp. 548â559,
2853:www.smg.surrey.ac.uk
2677:10.1075/sl.5.3.05van
2636:10.1075/sl.5.3.05van
2306:*rV=uqqâ / *rV=uÆÆâ
2087:Kartvelian languages
2081:are part of a wider
2050:and Bezhta areas of
1772:(Kvevar), Kasumxur,
1412:AvarâAndic languages
772:Transitive sentence
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
7572:Languages of Russia
7170:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
6954:Northwest Caucasian
6949:Northeast Caucasian
6439:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
6342:TequiracaâCanichana
6185:HarĂĄkmbutâKatukinan
4948:Northwest Caucasian
4942:Northeast Caucasian
4866:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
4288:Languages of Russia
3408:on 21 February 2012
2665:Studies in Language
2624:Studies in Language
2354:*alÄâi- (*ÊalÄâi-)
2298:*câar(i), *câad(i)
2099:Alarodian languages
2035:Khwarshi (Khvarshi)
981:II.AGR.SG-good wife
805:Mother-â
II.SG-work
601: Others (7.3%)
474:Linguistic features
456:Nakh(o)-Dagestanian
439:Northwest Caucasian
434:Northeast Caucasian
430:Northeast Caucasian
378:family of languages
144:Northeast Caucasian
7435:AustronesianâOngan
7234:Proposed groupings
6061:Tarascan/Purépecha
5550:Northern Tasmanian
5308:South Bougainville
5269:North Bougainville
3772:Caucasian Albanian
2402:*cV (*cÊV ?)
2314:*D=eqqâ / *D=aqqâ
1710:(152,000 speakers)
1686:Khinalug (Xinalug)
1370:
1354:
1338:
745:Epistemic modality
633:grammatical number
424:Name of the family
356:Vainakh-Daghestani
340:
7577:Language families
7544:
7543:
7453:
7452:
7445:Sino-Austronesian
7229:
7228:
6704:Language families
6670:
6669:
6620:Language isolates
6598:
6597:
6503:
6502:
6069:
6068:
5955:
5954:
5650:
5649:
5597:Western Tasmanian
5515:Eastern Tasmanian
5470:
5469:
5192:East Geelvink Bay
5122:
5121:
4813:
4812:
4637:
4636:
4631:extinct languages
4296:
4295:
4255:extinct languages
4201:
4200:
4127:
4126:
3990:
3989:
3930:
3929:
3367:978-1-58811-461-7
3193:Pereltsvaig, Asya
3164:978-90-78328-93-3
2951:978-3-11-018614-7
2896:978-3-11-028069-2
2834:978-0-19-874729-1
2748:978-0-19-069069-4
2435:
2414:
2413:
2410:*(W)=ÆÆi / *ÆÆwi
2165:
2164:
2105:Igor M. Diakonoff
1954:Vainakh languages
1722:and Kuli (VaÄi).
1669:Khinalug language
1430:AvarâAndic family
1406:AvarâAndic family
1374:
1373:
1080:
1079:
882:
881:
762:
382:Russian republics
366:, in contrast to
360:Caspian languages
332:
331:
179:language families
151:Nakh-Daghestanian
137:
136:
129:
111:
32:Caspian languages
16:(Redirected from
7584:
7512:Proto-Euphratean
7238:
7146:
7114:Great Andamanese
6697:
6690:
6683:
6674:
6516:
6470:Huaorani/Waorani
6354:(extant in 2000)
6318:EsmeraldaâYaruro
6089:AndoqueâUrequena
6082:
5966:
5772:Plateau Penutian
5663:
5638:(Northern Daly?)
5481:
5367:Northwest Papuan
5331:TransâNew Guinea
5197:East New Britain
5172:Central Solomons
5138:
4883:Great Andamanese
4833:
4684:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4641:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4300:
4138:
4012:
3998:
3620:
3546:
3526:Languages of the
3519:
3512:
3505:
3496:
3461:
3426:
3409:
3407:
3396:
3386:
3380:
3370:
3348:Nichols, Johanna
3333:
3327:
3321:
3307:
3298:
3297:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3255:
3249:
3240:Smeets, Rieks. "
3238:
3232:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3156:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2662:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2621:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2537:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2453:Fertile Crescent
2418:
2370:*goRg / *gog-R-
2322:*ccâVr, *ccâVri
2274:*baÊVr / *buÊVr
2234:*rVkâu / *Vrkâu
2180:
2150:
2117:Fertile Crescent
2075:Sergei Starostin
2023:Bezhta (Kapucha)
1983:Tsezic languages
1746:Lezgian language
1732:Lezgic languages
1688:(1,000 speakers)
1601:Dargin languages
1487:(500 as of 2010)
1481:(130 as of 2010)
1475:(210 as of 2010)
1466:(260 as of 2010)
1457:(210 as of 2010)
1418:Tsezic languages
1324:
1315:
1307:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1191:
1187:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1140:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1010:
1006:
1002:
965:
961:
957:
920:
916:
893:
866:
862:
858:
848:
844:
840:
822:
797:
793:
766:
760:
600:
590:
580:
570:
560:
550:
540:
396:and in Northern
369:Pontic languages
321:
312:
303:
294:
285:
276:
267:
261:
252:
141:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
7592:
7591:
7587:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7582:
7581:
7547:
7546:
7545:
7540:
7539:
7516:
7507:Paleo-Laplandic
7502:Pre-Finno-Ugric
7449:
7406:
7370:Greater Siangic
7356:
7342:UralicâYukaghir
7292:Ibero-Caucasian
7287:Elamo-Dravidian
7225:
7184:
7135:
7099:
7024:
6960:
6943:North Caucasian
6923:
6833:
6772:Paleo-Sardinian
6710:
6701:
6671:
6666:
6665:
6639:
6625:Mixed languages
6594:
6575:
6510:
6499:
6353:
6347:
6202:KatembriâTaruma
6076:
6065:
6037:
5951:
5844:
5657:
5646:
5617:
5466:
5378:
5337:TuramaâKikorian
5247:Lower Mamberamo
5202:East Strickland
5130:
5118:
5036:
4824:
4819:
4809:
4764:
4673:
4668:
4638:
4633:
4620:
4604:
4562:
4492:
4442:
4397:
4332:
4327:
4297:
4292:
4266:
4241:
4236:Shirvani Arabic
4197:
4169:
4150:Karachay-Balkar
4123:
4085:
4062:
4006:
3999:
3986:
3938:
3926:
3905:
3869:
3820:
3726:
3681:
3615:
3607:
3570:Judaeo-Georgian
3552:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3469:
3464:
3429:
3417:, vol. 2,
3412:
3405:
3394:
3389:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3308:
3301:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3239:
3235:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3154:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3130:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3105:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2479:
2449:Johanna Nichols
2441:
2194:*(b)ul, *(b)al
2169:Johanna Nichols
2148:
2101:
2095:
2083:North Caucasian
2071:
2065:
2060:
2044:
2029:Hunzib (Gunzib)
1985:
1979:
1974:
1923:
1917:
1909:
1871:Southern Samur
1837:Nuclear Lezgian
1734:
1728:
1701:
1695:
1671:
1665:
1610:Dargwa (Dargva)
1603:
1597:
1517:
1490:BagvalalâTindi
1441:Andic languages
1414:
1408:
1322:
1317:
1309:
1296:
1278:
1267:
1253:
1231:
1221:
1202:
1194:
1181:ditËa<b>u
1178:
1146:b-ela<b>u
1143:
1131:
1112:
1076:
1066:
1058:
1031:
1021:
1013:
986:
976:
968:
941:
931:
923:
887:
878:
868:
850:
832:
824:
810:
802:buwa-â
d-irxËin
800:
785:
753:
627:display covert
610:
605:
604:
603:
602:
598:
596:
588:
586:
578:
576:
568:
566:
558:
556:
548:
546:
538:
481:
476:
444:South Caucasian
426:
416:. According to
408:populations in
358:, or sometimes
352:Nakh-Daghestani
328:
327:
326:
319:
317:
310:
308:
301:
299:
292:
290:
283:
281:
274:
272:
265:
248:
235:Tsezic (Didoic)
161:
154:
152:
150:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
27:Language family
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7590:
7588:
7580:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7549:
7548:
7542:
7541:
7538:
7537:
7530:
7522:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7463:
7461:
7455:
7454:
7451:
7450:
7448:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7416:
7414:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7383:
7382:
7377:
7366:
7364:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7337:Uralo-Siberian
7334:
7329:
7324:
7322:SerbiâMongolic
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7282:Dravido-Korean
7279:
7277:DenĂ©âYeniseian
7274:
7273:
7272:
7267:
7265:DenĂ©âCaucasian
7262:
7252:
7247:
7241:
7235:
7231:
7230:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7218:
7210:
7203:
7195:
7193:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7156:
7154:
7143:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7110:
7108:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7070:
7063:
7056:
7049:
7042:
7034:
7032:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6992:
6985:
6978:
6970:
6968:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6958:
6957:
6956:
6951:
6939:
6933:
6931:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6921:
6914:
6907:
6900:
6893:
6886:
6883:Hurro-Urartian
6879:
6872:
6865:
6858:
6851:
6843:
6841:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6824:
6817:
6810:
6803:
6796:
6789:
6782:
6775:
6768:
6765:Paleo-Corsican
6761:
6754:
6747:
6742:
6735:
6728:
6720:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6692:
6685:
6677:
6668:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6656:
6649:
6645:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6550:Indo-Pakistani
6547:
6542:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6519:
6513:
6505:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6433:
6428:
6421:
6416:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6357:
6355:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6339:
6333:
6327:
6321:
6315:
6309:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6249:PiaroaâSaliban
6246:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6150:
6145:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6085:
6079:
6071:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6045:
6043:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6028:
6021:
6016:
6014:Tequistlatecan
6011:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5975:
5969:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5927:
5922:
5915:
5908:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5860:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5830:
5823:
5818:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5750:
5743:
5738:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5681:
5674:
5666:
5660:
5652:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5639:
5633:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5605:
5600:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5572:
5565:
5560:
5553:
5546:
5541:
5537:MarrkuâWurrugu
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5511:
5504:
5496:
5491:
5484:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5451:
5445:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5403:
5397:
5392:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5370:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5327:
5322:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5147:
5141:
5135:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5108:
5101:
5095:
5090:
5082:
5077:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5050:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5028:
5022:
5016:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4962:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4899:
4896:Hurro-Urartian
4892:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4868:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4844:
4836:
4830:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4790:
4783:
4778:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4738:
4732:
4727:
4719:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4695:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4644:
4635:
4634:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4458:
4452:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4407:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4342:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4303:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4257:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4020:
4018:
4009:
4001:
4000:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3942:
3940:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
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3919:
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3907:
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3894:
3880:
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3871:
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3809:
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3787:
3779:
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3777:
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3763:
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3753:
3742:
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3734:
3728:
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3697:
3691:
3689:
3683:
3682:
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3679:
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3617:
3609:
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3605:
3600:
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3581:
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3572:
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3533:
3532:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3468:
3467:External links
3465:
3463:
3462:
3444:(5469): 1158,
3427:
3410:
3387:
3371:
3366:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3331:Wuethrich 2000
3322:
3299:
3277:
3250:
3233:
3220:
3202:
3184:
3170:
3163:
3140:
3115:
3090:
3065:
3044:
3023:
3002:
2981:
2960:
2950:
2932:
2929:Schulze (2009)
2920:
2917:Nichols (2003)
2908:
2895:
2865:
2840:
2833:
2807:
2780:(2): 542â547.
2760:
2747:
2717:
2689:
2671:(3): 361â394.
2648:
2630:(3): 361â394.
2607:
2592:
2577:
2562:
2547:
2529:
2514:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2440:
2437:
2434:= gender affix
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2388:
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2280:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2250:*(CV)=(lV)ÆÆâ
2248:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:back (of body)
2220:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2146:Proto-language
2144:
2097:Main article:
2094:
2091:
2067:Main article:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:(5 as of 2010)
2009:
1994:
1990:Schulze (2009)
1981:Main article:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1951:
1939:
1921:Nakh languages
1919:Main article:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1888:Western Samur
1886:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1842:Eastern Samur
1833:
1832:(970 speakers)
1820:
1750:Lezgian people
1730:Main article:
1727:
1724:
1712:
1711:
1697:Main article:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1667:Main article:
1664:
1661:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1599:Main article:
1596:
1593:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1469:BotlikhâTindi
1467:
1464:Karata (Kirdi)
1458:
1451:AkhvakhâTindi
1449:
1446:Andi (Qwannab)
1438:
1426:
1422:Schulze (2009)
1410:Main article:
1407:
1404:
1379:Bernard Comrie
1372:
1371:
1366:Schulze (2009)
1356:
1355:
1350:Schulze (2009)
1340:
1339:
1334:Nichols (2003)
1321:
1318:
1279:
1268:
1254:
1237:
1236:
1203:
1195:
1179:
1144:
1132:
1113:
1088:nena<b>u
1086:
1085:
1078:
1077:
1059:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1014:
995:
994:
992:
988:
987:
969:
950:
949:
947:
943:
942:
924:
908:
907:
905:
901:
900:
897:
886:
883:
880:
879:
851:
833:
825:
814:
813:
811:
786:
778:
777:
774:
773:
770:
752:
749:
662:casus obliquus
609:
606:
597:
587:
577:
567:
557:
547:
537:
533:
532:
531:
480:
477:
475:
472:
452:East Caucasian
425:
422:
410:Western Europe
400:as well as in
380:spoken in the
348:East Caucasian
346:, also called
330:
329:
318:
309:
300:
291:
282:
273:
264:
263:
262:
254:
253:
246:
240:
239:
238:
237:
232:
227:
222:
215:
208:
203:
196:
192:
191:
186:
185:Proto-language
182:
181:
175:
169:
168:
163:
157:
156:
149:East Caucasian
146:
145:
135:
134:
117:September 2008
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7589:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7535:
7531:
7528:
7524:
7523:
7519:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7464:
7462:
7460:
7456:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7409:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7363:
7359:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7347:EskimoâUralic
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7242:
7239:
7236:
7232:
7222:
7219:
7216:
7215:
7211:
7209:
7208:
7204:
7202:
7201:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7192:
7187:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7151:Paleosiberian
7147:
7144:
7142:
7138:
7132:
7131:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7102:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7075:
7071:
7069:
7068:
7064:
7062:
7061:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7046:Austroasiatic
7043:
7041:
7040:
7036:
7035:
7033:
7031:
7027:
7020:
7019:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6996:Austroasiatic
6993:
6991:
6990:
6986:
6984:
6983:
6979:
6977:
6976:
6975:Indo-European
6972:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6963:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6945:
6944:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6934:
6932:
6930:
6926:
6920:
6919:
6915:
6913:
6912:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6901:
6899:
6898:
6894:
6892:
6891:
6887:
6885:
6884:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6873:
6871:
6870:
6866:
6864:
6863:
6859:
6857:
6856:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6848:Indo-European
6845:
6844:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6830:
6829:
6825:
6823:
6822:
6818:
6816:
6815:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6804:
6802:
6801:
6797:
6795:
6794:
6790:
6788:
6787:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6762:
6760:
6759:
6755:
6753:
6752:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6740:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6729:
6727:
6726:
6725:Indo-European
6722:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6698:
6693:
6691:
6686:
6684:
6679:
6678:
6675:
6661:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6642:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6601:
6591:
6590:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6578:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6560:Original Thai
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6506:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6426:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6350:
6343:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6324:HibitoâCholĂłn
6322:
6319:
6316:
6313:
6310:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6072:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6040:
6034:
6033:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5847:
5841:
5840:YumanâCochimĂ
5838:
5836:
5835:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5653:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5576:
5575:Southern Daly
5573:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5500:Darwin Region
5497:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5182:DemtaâSentani
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5129:
5125:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4903:Indo-European
4900:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4853:Austroasiatic
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4823:
4816:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4665:
4660:
4658:
4653:
4651:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4632:
4628:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4324:
4319:
4317:
4312:
4310:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4002:
3997:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3520:
3515:
3513:
3508:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3372:
3369:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3216:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3153:
3152:
3144:
3141:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3012:
3006:
3003:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2898:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2866:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2761:
2750:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2718:
2705:
2704:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2649:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:= consonant;
2425:
2421:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2255:bear (animal)
2254:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1998:Tsezic family
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1914:
1912:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1824:Lezgic family
1822:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1813:Tsez language
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1726:Lezgic family
1725:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:Karabudaxkent
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:KarataâTindi
1459:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1282:
1281:w-uÊâ-u-wudi.
1277:
1271:
1266:
1257:
1252:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1182:
1177:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1116:
1111:
1089:
1084:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1012:
998:
993:
990:
989:
985:
982:
979:
975:
972:
967:
953:
948:
945:
944:
940:
939:Good shepherd
937:
934:
930:
927:
922:
911:
906:
903:
902:
898:
895:
894:
891:
884:
877:
874:
871:
867:
854:
849:
836:
831:
828:
823:
817:
812:
809:
808:Mother works.
806:
803:
799:
789:
784:
781:
776:
775:
771:
768:
767:
764:
758:
750:
748:
746:
742:
738:
737:Evidentiality
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:postpositions
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
663:
658:
657:
652:
648:
647:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:agglutination
615:
607:
594:
584:
574:
564:
554:
544:
536:
530:
528:
522:
520:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
478:
473:
471:
469:
465:
464:North Caspian
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:
435:
431:
423:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
336:
325:
316:
307:
298:
289:
280:
271:
260:
255:
251:
247:
245:
241:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
220:
216:
214:
213:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
197:
190:
187:
183:
180:
176:
174:
170:
167:
164:
158:
153:North Caspian
147:
142:
139:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: â
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
7533:
7526:
7525:Families in
7482:Pre-Goidelic
7477:Pre-Germanic
7307:Indo-Semitic
7302:Indo-Pacific
7297:Indo-Hittite
7212:
7205:
7198:
7128:
7105:Indian Ocean
7072:
7067:Austronesian
7065:
7058:
7051:
7044:
7039:Sino-Tibetan
7037:
7016:
6994:
6989:Sino-Tibetan
6987:
6980:
6973:
6948:
6941:
6916:
6909:
6902:
6895:
6888:
6881:
6874:
6867:
6860:
6853:
6846:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6805:
6798:
6793:North Picene
6791:
6784:
6777:
6770:
6763:
6756:
6749:
6737:
6730:
6723:
6659:
6652:
6651:Families in
6586:
6537:
6435:
6423:
6273:
6241:
6232:Pano-Tacanan
6189:
6152:
6140:
6111:ArutaniâSape
6103:
6048:
6030:
6023:
6008:Oto-Manguean
6006:
5989:
5982:
5929:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5862:
5855:
5832:
5825:
5813:
5786:
5764:
5757:
5745:
5733:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5688:
5676:
5669:
5628:
5595:
5591:Western Daly
5569:PamaâNyungan
5567:
5555:
5548:
5535:
5513:
5508:Eastern Daly
5506:
5498:
5453:
5329:
5317:
5295:
5278:
5256:
5227:KaureâKosare
5187:DosoâTurumsa
5177:ChimbuâWahgi
5167:Bulaka River
5151:Austronesian
5149:
5110:
5103:
5084:
5071:
5064:
5057:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4959:Sino-Tibetan
4957:
4941:
4940:
4923:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4870:
4860:Austronesian
4858:
4851:
4839:
4785:
4723:Nilo-Saharan
4721:
4714:
4699:Austronesian
4697:
4690:
4626:
4329:
4250:
4234:
4213:Kalmyk Oirat
4119:Pontic Greek
3979:
3843:
3770:
3612:
3576:Old Georgian
3574:
3553:(Kartvelian)
3540:
3441:
3435:
3414:
3403:the original
3398:
3382:
3356:
3340:Bibliography
3325:
3310:
3294:
3290:
3280:
3271:
3259:
3253:
3245:
3236:
3228:
3223:
3214:
3196:
3187:
3179:"Ethnologue"
3173:
3150:
3143:
3131:. Retrieved
3127:
3118:
3106:. Retrieved
3102:
3093:
3081:. Retrieved
3077:
3068:
3056:. Retrieved
3053:"Ethnologue"
3047:
3035:. Retrieved
3026:
3014:. Retrieved
3005:
2993:. Retrieved
2984:
2972:. Retrieved
2969:"Ethnologue"
2963:
2955:
2941:
2935:
2923:
2911:
2900:, retrieved
2878:
2868:
2856:. Retrieved
2852:
2843:
2810:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2752:, retrieved
2730:
2720:
2708:. Retrieved
2702:
2680:. Retrieved
2668:
2664:
2651:
2639:. Retrieved
2627:
2623:
2610:
2601:
2595:
2586:
2580:
2571:
2565:
2556:
2550:
2541:
2523:
2517:
2508:
2502:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2442:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2386:*(C)=uÆâVl-
2362:*(CV=)RVxx-
2172:
2166:
2141:
2136:
2102:
2072:
2045:
2002:TsezâHinukh
1997:
1986:
1942:
1924:
1910:
1836:
1828:Peripheral:
1823:
1817:
1810:
1753:
1735:
1713:
1702:
1699:Lak language
1672:
1634:
1604:
1518:
1429:
1415:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1283:
1280:
1272:
1269:
1258:
1255:
1240:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1183:
1180:
1148:
1145:
1136:
1133:
1117:
1114:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1074:Good spindle
1073:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1044:
1041:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
999:
996:
983:
980:
977:
973:
970:
954:
951:
938:
935:
932:
928:
925:
912:
909:
888:
885:Noun classes
875:
872:
869:
855:
852:
837:
834:
829:
826:
818:
815:
807:
804:
801:
790:
787:
782:
779:
754:
714:
698:Noun phrases
672:extensions (
667:
660:
656:casus rectus
654:
650:
644:
611:
534:
523:
489:
482:
468:North Pontic
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
443:
437:
433:
429:
427:
367:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
341:
217:
210:
195:Subdivisions
162:distribution
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
7332:Ural-Altaic
7312:Indo-Uralic
7124:Sentinelese
6855:Afroasiatic
6821:Eteocypriot
6545:Germanosign
6449:Mura-PirahĂŁ
6330:LuleâVilela
6306:Bora-Witoto
6281:UruâChipaya
6254:TicunaâYuri
6237:PebaâYaguan
6222:Nambikwaran
6025:Uto-Aztecan
5961:Mesoamerica
5815:Uto-Aztecan
5804:Tsimshianic
5766:Palaihnihan
5636:Malak-Malak
5373:Papuan Gulf
5347:West Papuan
5252:Lower Sepik
5242:Lakes Plain
5145:AraiâSamaia
5133:the Pacific
4841:Afroasiatic
4716:NigerâCongo
4692:Afroasiatic
4183:Azerbaijani
2445:agriculture
2218:*kV, *kol-
2127:in current
2006:Tsez (Dido)
1961:(1,350,000)
1943:Nakh family
1915:Nakh family
1778:Magaramkent
1754:lezgi ch'al
1748:or, as the
1693:Lak isolate
1561:Kazbekovsky
1549:Gumbetovsky
1393:convergence
1205:a<b>u
1184:quickly<
1029:Good donkey
1023:b-igu Êomoy
946:II (women)
710:determining
706:attributive
504:pharyngeals
460:Dagestanian
454:. The term
414:Middle East
364:Caspian Sea
7551:Categories
7472:Pre-Celtic
7440:East Asian
7430:Austro-Tai
7420:Andamanese
7270:Eurasiatic
7191:North Asia
7141:North Asia
7053:HmongâMien
7007:Burushaski
6966:South Asia
6937:Kartvelian
6904:Philistine
6814:Eteocretan
6758:Tartessian
6539:Francosign
6387:Chiquitano
6367:Alacalufan
6175:Guaicuruan
6148:Chapacuran
6131:Cahuapanan
6099:Araucanian
6002:MixeâZoque
5997:Misumalpan
5711:Comecrudan
5563:Nyulnyulan
5342:Upper Yuat
5319:Torricelli
5291:Senu River
5222:Foja Range
5128:New Guinea
5053:Burushaski
4914:Kartvelian
4889:HmongâMien
4705:KhoeâKwadi
4431:Inkhoqwari
4338:AvarâAndic
3963:Circassian
3624:AvarâAndic
3594:Mingrelian
3128:Ethnologue
3103:Ethnologue
3078:Ethnologue
2494:References
2346:*(=D=)Vcâ
2282:*(l)onÄÄi
2239:bile, gall
1931:Ingushetia
1925:Spoken in
1835:Samur (or
1806:Azerbaijan
1742:Azerbaijan
1679:Azerbaijan
1677:region of
1673:Spoken in
1589:Azerbaijan
1571:(Agvali),
1551:(Baklul),
1543:(Tsurib),
1541:Äarodinsky
1400:Ethnologue
1384:Ethnologue
1068:r-igu ÊoÆâ
978:y-igu baru
896:Noun class
751:Ergativity
733:A argument
725:P argument
712:function.
674:absolutive
651:functional
641:collective
621:inflection
608:Morphology
448:Kartvelian
398:Azerbaijan
394:Ingushetia
362:(from the
270:AvarâAndic
201:AvarâAndic
160:Geographic
87:newspapers
7497:Pre-Vedic
7487:Pre-Greek
7459:Substrata
7362:Arunachal
7260:Nostratic
7245:Alarodian
7180:Yeniseian
7030:East Asia
6982:Dravidian
6839:West Asia
6807:Tyrsenian
6570:Tanzanian
6511:languages
6408:HodĂŻ/Joti
6352:Isolates
6291:Yanomaman
6227:OtomĂĄkoan
6191:Jirajaran
6180:Guajiboan
6142:Catacaoan
6121:Barbacoan
6050:Cuitlatec
6019:Totonacan
5978:Jicaquean
5857:Chimariko
5753:Muskogean
5735:Kalapuyan
5729:Iroquoian
5704:Chumashan
5697:Chinookan
5690:Chimakuan
5608:Yangmanic
5603:Worrorran
5586:Wagaydyic
5476:Australia
5325:Trans-Fly
4991:Yeniseian
4978:Tyrsenian
4872:Dravidian
4629:indicate
4548:Tabasaran
4261:varieties
4253:indicate
4081:Ukrainian
4056:Judeo-Tat
3973:Kabardian
3936:Northwest
3781:Southern
3761:Tabasaran
3616:(Caspian)
3613:Northeast
3560:Karto-Zan
3537:Caucasian
3099:"Chechen"
2802:146676617
2794:0022-2267
2430:= vowel;
2359:long, far
2327:die, kill
2215:hand, arm
2137:Alarodian
1967:(322,900)
1854:(655,000)
1848:(128,900)
1846:Tabasaran
1815:with 64.
1790:Usukhchay
1786:Tabasaran
1657:Sergokala
1587:rayon in
1563:(Dylym),
1539:(Shura),
1437:(761,960)
1402:16th ed.
1216:>make.
984:Good wife
933:Ă-igu aħo
741:epistemic
702:agreement
479:Phonology
418:Glottolog
244:Glottolog
7492:Vasconic
7467:Atlantic
7221:Eskaleut
7175:Yukaghir
7090:Koreanic
7085:Tungusic
7080:Mongolic
7018:Harappan
6929:Caucasus
6911:Sumerian
6786:Ligurian
6603:See also
6580:Isolates
6555:Japanese
6495:Yuracaré
6377:Candoshi
6336:Macro-JĂȘ
6301:Zaparoan
6296:Zamucoan
6286:Witotoan
6269:Tucanoan
6264:Tiniguan
6259:Timotean
6243:Quechuan
6212:Matacoan
6207:Mascoian
6197:Jivaroan
6160:Chibchan
6154:Charruan
6105:Arawakan
6042:Isolates
5973:Chibchan
5849:Isolates
5821:Wakashan
5782:Salishan
5724:Eskaleut
5630:Giimbiyu
5622:Isolates
5531:Jarrakan
5526:Iwaidjan
5383:Isolates
5237:Kutubuan
5105:Sumerian
5041:Isolates
4996:Yukaghir
4965:Tungusic
4931:Mongolic
4919:Koreanic
4878:Eskaleut
4769:Isolates
4753:Ubangian
4521:Khinalug
4426:Khwarshi
4376:Godoberi
4371:Chamalal
4361:Bagvalal
4269:See also
4223:Assyrian
4097:Armenian
4036:Ossetian
4029:Kurmanji
4007:European
3939:(Pontic)
3917:Khinalug
3892:Khwarshi
3877:(Didoic)
3803:Western
3747:Eastern
3665:Chamalal
3660:Godoberi
3647:Bagvalal
3565:Georgian
3529:Caucasus
3458:82205296
3423:New York
3350:(2003),
3195:(2012).
3133:14 March
3124:"Ingush"
3108:14 March
3083:14 March
3058:18 April
3037:18 April
3016:18 April
2995:18 April
2974:14 March
2710:20 April
2682:19 April
2641:19 April
2477:See also
2420:Notation
2226:*D=uqqâ
2125:Lake Van
2113:Urartian
2052:Dagestan
2008:(12,500)
1927:Chechnya
1900:(23,673)
1894:(47,400)
1860:(29,300)
1802:Zaqatala
1758:Dagestan
1738:Dagestan
1716:Dagestan
1649:Kayakent
1637:Dagestan
1585:Zaqatala
1573:Untsukul
1545:Gergebil
1537:Buynaksk
1525:Dagestan
1494:Bagvalal
1485:Chamalal
1479:Godoberi
1270:ekâwa-la
1115:doËÊzu-b
929:shepherd
904:I (men)
827:xËalli-â
788:d-irxËin
783:Mother-â
694:preverbs
686:genitive
682:ergative
614:suffixal
512:ejective
412:and the
406:diaspora
390:Chechnya
386:Dagestan
376:), is a
372:for the
288:Khinalug
250:nakh1245
212:Khinalug
166:Caucasus
7527:italics
7425:Austric
7402:Kho-Bwa
7397:Hrusish
7375:Siangic
7317:Karasuk
7217: ?
7130:Kenaboi
7095:Japonic
7060:KraâDai
7021: ?
7012:Kusunda
6918:Elamite
6890:Kassite
6876:Kaskian
6779:Camunic
6751:Iberian
6708:Eurasia
6653:italics
6630:Pidgins
6615:Creoles
6565:Swedish
6533:Chinese
6480:Urarina
6465:Puinave
6419:Itonama
6413:Irantxe
6382:Chimane
6312:Chimuan
6217:Nadahup
6136:Cariban
6116:Aymaran
6077:America
5919:Waikuri
5912:Tonkawa
5905:Timucua
5898:Takelma
5891:Siuslaw
5880:Kutenai
5864:Esselen
5827:Wintuan
5788:Shastan
5759:Na-Dene
5747:Maiduan
5684:Caddoan
5658:America
5612:Wagiman
5610:(incl.
5581:Tangkic
5521:Garawan
5494:Bunuban
5455:Tambora
5422:Maybrat
5390:Abinomn
5313:Teberan
5274:Pauwasi
5264:Mairasi
5232:Kiwaian
5112:Tambora
5098:Shompen
5080:Kusunda
5073:Kenaboi
5059:Elamite
5031:Siangic
5013:Kho-Bwa
5007:Hrusish
4925:KraâDai
4909:Japonic
4818:Eurasia
4793:Sandawe
4776:Bangime
4741:Songhay
4627:Italics
4586:Chechen
4581:Vainakh
4553:Tsakhur
4483:Kubachi
4366:Botlikh
4351:Akhvakh
4251:Italics
4193:Turkmen
4188:Turkish
4142:Kipchak
4107:Western
4102:Eastern
4076:Russian
4041:Persian
4024:Kurdish
4016:Iranian
3851:Chechen
3845:Arshtin
3839:Vainakh
3812:Tsakhur
3722:Kubachi
3656:Botlikh
3642:Akhvakh
3541:(areal)
3437:Science
2817:"Archi"
2338:*D=Vkâ
2330:*D=VÆâ
2266:*bVrVg
2242:*sttim
2210:*maÊ-i
2109:Hurrian
2037:(8,500)
2031:(1,420)
2025:(6,800)
1959:Chechen
1935:Georgia
1898:Tsakhur
1883:(1,000)
1877:(5,000)
1866:(6,590)
1852:Lezgian
1770:Derbent
1620:Kubachi
1569:Tsumada
1533:Botlikh
1502:(2,150)
1496:(1,450)
1473:Botlikh
1455:Akhvakh
1448:(5,800)
1118:be.big.
1064:spindle
835:b-ar-ĆĄi
830:bread-â
819:mother-
816:buwa-mu
678:oblique
659:versus
649:versus
575:(12.1%)
565:(16.3%)
563:Lezgian
555:(18.9%)
545:(33.6%)
543:Chechen
527:Chechen
500:uvulars
402:Georgia
155:Caspian
101:scholar
7387:Mijiic
7380:Digaro
7327:Pontic
7255:Borean
7250:Altaic
7214:Rouran
7207:Turkic
7200:Uralic
7189:Other
7074:Turkic
7002:Nihali
6897:Gutian
6869:Hattic
6862:Turkic
6828:Minoan
6800:Sicani
6745:Basque
6739:Turkic
6732:Uralic
6716:Europe
6528:BANZSL
6490:Yamana
6475:Trumai
6444:Movima
6398:FulniĂŽ
6361:AikanĂŁ
6275:Tupian
6170:Chonan
6094:Arauan
6032:Xincan
5984:Lencan
5937:Yokuts
5834:Yukian
5799:Tanoan
5794:Siouan
5777:Pomoan
5718:Coosan
5544:Mirndi
5437:Porome
5432:Pawaia
5286:Senagi
5258:Madang
5207:Eleman
5162:Border
5093:Nihali
5086:Minoan
5066:Hattic
5048:Basque
5019:Mijiic
5001:Digaro
4985:Uralic
4971:Turkic
4822:Europe
4679:Africa
4598:Ingush
4538:Lezgin
4516:Budukh
4498:Lezgic
4488:Mehweb
4478:Kaitag
4473:Itsari
4461:Dargwa
4456:Chirag
4448:Dargin
4421:Hunzib
4416:Hinukh
4411:Bezhta
4403:Tsezic
4381:Karata
4228:Bohtan
4206:Others
4133:Turkic
4114:German
4090:Others
4068:Slavic
4046:Talysh
3968:Adyghe
3956:Abkhaz
3946:Abazgi
3910:Others
3897:Hinukh
3888:Hunzib
3884:Bezhta
3875:Tsezic
3863:Ingush
3785:Budukh
3756:Lezgin
3744:Samur
3732:Lezgic
3717:Kaitag
3712:Itsari
3700:Dargwa
3695:Chirag
3687:Dargin
3670:Karata
3456:
3419:Berlin
3364:
3161:
3074:"Bats"
2948:
2902:1 July
2893:
2858:1 July
2831:
2800:
2792:
2754:1 July
2745:
2394:*sti-
2290:*ÉŹÉŹin
2207:tongue
2202:*cVl-
2129:Turkey
2121:Urartu
2048:Tsunta
1965:Ingush
1881:Budukh
1774:Kurakh
1744:. The
1653:KubaÄi
1645:Kaitak
1630:Chirag
1625:Itsari
1615:Kajtak
1581:Xunzaq
1565:LavaĆĄa
1521:rayons
1200:behind
1019:donkey
845:-bake-
780:buwa-â
729:Hunzib
727:, and
717:person
637:plural
599:
595:(3.8%)
591:
589:
585:(8.0%)
583:Ingush
581:
579:
573:Dargwa
571:
569:
561:
559:
551:
549:
541:
539:
519:phones
324:Tsezic
322:
320:
313:
311:
306:Lezgic
304:
302:
295:
293:
286:
284:
279:Dargic
277:
275:
268:
266:
225:Lezgic
206:Dargic
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
7165:Nivkh
7119:Ongan
6485:Warao
6454:Nukak
6425:Kunza
6403:GuatĂł
6392:CofĂĄn
6372:CamsĂĄ
6165:Choco
6126:Boran
6075:South
6056:Huave
5991:Mayan
5942:Yuchi
5925:Washo
5875:Karuk
5870:Haida
5809:Utian
5741:Keres
5678:Alsea
5671:Algic
5656:North
5448:Taiap
5442:Sulka
5297:Sepik
5212:Engan
4953:Ongan
4936:Nivkh
4804:Shabo
4787:Jalaa
4781:Hadza
4735:Mande
4609:Other
4543:Rutul
4526:Kryts
4511:Archi
4506:Aghul
4466:Kadar
4386:Tindi
4346:Andic
4175:Oghuz
4160:Nogai
4155:Kumyk
4005:Indo-
3981:Ubykh
3951:Abaza
3807:Rutul
3790:Kryts
3751:Aghul
3740:Archi
3705:Kadar
3651:Tindi
3632:Andic
3550:South
3454:S2CID
3406:(PDF)
3395:(PDF)
3379:(PDF)
3155:(PDF)
2798:S2CID
2661:(PDF)
2620:(PDF)
2464:apple
2367:round
2351:black
2303:ashes
2287:water
2279:earth
2231:heart
2199:tooth
2183:gloss
1892:Rutul
1875:Kryts
1858:Aghul
1830:Archi
1782:Rutul
1766:Akhty
1720:Kumux
1641:AquĆĄa
1577:Xebda
1553:Gunib
1529:Axvax
1500:Tindi
1287:-die-
1256:hu-gu
1056:-good
1042:r-igu
1016:Êomoy
1011:-good
997:b-igu
966:-good
952:y-igu
921:-good
910:Ă-igu
798:-work
646:local
625:Nouns
516:tense
492:front
108:JSTOR
94:books
7534:bold
7392:Miju
7160:Ainu
6660:bold
6587:See
6523:Arab
6509:Sign
6460:PĂĄez
6437:Maku
6431:Leco
5947:Zuni
5931:Yana
5885:Seri
5642:Tiwi
5462:Wiru
5427:Mpur
5417:Kuot
5400:AnĂȘm
5395:Abun
5362:Yuat
5357:Yawa
5303:Skou
5280:Ramu
5131:and
5025:Miju
4847:Ainu
4827:Asia
4825:and
4798:Laal
4759:Kadu
4747:Ijaw
4710:Kx'a
4591:Aukh
4576:Bats
4568:Nakh
4438:Tsez
4393:Avar
4356:Andi
4165:Urum
3901:Tsez
3856:Aukh
3834:Bats
3826:Nakh
3677:Avar
3637:Andi
3603:Svan
3362:ISBN
3329:See
3159:ISBN
3135:2015
3110:2015
3085:2015
3060:2013
3039:2013
3018:2013
2997:2013
2976:2015
2946:ISBN
2927:See
2915:See
2904:2021
2891:ISBN
2860:2021
2829:ISBN
2790:ISSN
2756:2021
2743:ISBN
2712:2013
2684:2013
2643:2013
2470:pear
2458:yoke
2447:and
2407:five
2391:what
2383:thin
2343:know
2335:burn
2319:name
2311:road
2295:fire
2271:moon
2247:meat
2111:and
1948:Bats
1933:and
1800:and
1798:Quba
1796:and
1794:Khiv
1762:Agul
1675:Quba
1583:and
1435:Avar
1312:help
1306:lit.
1273:man-
1260:DIST
1244:-go.
1208:<
1192:>
1176:>
1168:<
1162:INCL
1137:cow(
1134:ÏÊon
1120:ATTR
1110:>
1102:<
1096:INCL
1061:ÊoÆâ
974:wife
971:baru
847:PROG
684:and
676:and
670:stem
553:Avar
514:and
496:back
404:and
392:and
342:The
315:Nakh
230:Nakh
80:news
7107:rim
6706:of
5412:Kol
5406:Ata
5352:Yam
5217:Fas
4730:Tuu
4616:Lak
4558:Udi
4531:Jek
4051:Tat
3922:Lak
3795:Jek
3766:Udi
3589:Laz
3584:Zan
3446:doi
3442:288
3315:doi
3264:doi
3244:."
2883:doi
2821:doi
2782:doi
2735:doi
2673:doi
2632:doi
2399:one
2375:dry
2263:sun
2191:eye
1864:Udi
1804:in
1708:Lak
1523:of
1293:PF3
1275:ADD
1246:NEG
1218:PFV
1210:III
1197:Ïir
1186:III
1170:III
1166:DAT
1158:1PL
1150:III
1139:III
1124:III
1104:III
1100:ERG
1092:1PL
1050:AGR
1005:AGR
1001:III
960:AGR
926:aħo
915:AGR
865:AUX
853:b-i
839:III
821:ERG
721:Lak
593:Lak
384:of
354:or
297:Lak
219:Lak
63:by
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2796:.
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2741:,
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2692:^
2667:.
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2532:^
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1780:,
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1681:.
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1264:LL
1214:SG
1190:SG
1174:SG
1154:SG
1128:SG
1108:SG
1054:SG
1046:IV
1009:SG
964:SG
956:II
919:SG
913:I.
861:SG
857:II
843:SG
796:SG
792:II
735:.
696:.
680:,
665:.
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436:,
388:,
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3886:â
3658:â
3649:â
3518:e
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3504:v
3460:.
3448::
3421:/
3317::
3266::
3181:.
3167:.
3137:.
3112:.
3087:.
3062:.
3041:.
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2999:.
2978:.
2885::
2862:.
2837:.
2823::
2804:.
2784::
2737::
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2645:.
2634::
2628:5
2432:D
2428:V
2424:C
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1242:N
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