905:
180:
802:, which degenerated into violence when French troops attempted to disperse the demonstration by force. This was later followed in November 1943 by a nationwide strike called by both Parties, which once again resulted in violent street demonstrations broken up by the military, and led the French mandatory authorities to enforce a ban on the Najjadah's legal activities until the end of the War, a ban which was supported and encouraged by the Lebanese Phalangists.
241:
920:
225:
886:. The party – still headed by the now-ageing Adnan Al-Hakim – adopted a neutralist, non-confrontational stance by withdrawing from the fighting and reducing its political activities. Consequently, the Najjadah's leadership refusal to continue to participate in the ongoing civil conflict eroded its already fragile popular support base, causing many of its disenchanted younger militants to abandon the Party to join the LNM militias.
932:
1481:
536:
768:, their sectarian base and conflicting ideological/identitarian views over the Country's future ensured that they would become entangled in the bitter political Christian-Muslim disputes. The rivalry between these two right-wing movements almost reached serious proportions on November 21, 1936 at Beirut, when a demonstration organized by the Najjadah in support of the Muslim struggle in
98:
22:
797:
agreed to put aside temporarily their political differences to form an anti-French united front, which began organizing joint large-scale demonstrations. The first one occurred in 1941, when the
Najjadah and the Phalangists organized a march at Beirut in protest against the food distribution system
845:
which fought at the side of the anti-government forces, but saw its political influence sharply decline throughout the 1960s and early 1970s. According to a
Lebanese military intelligence report, by 1975 party membership had decreased to just 500 militants and fielded a poorly-armed militia of only
792:
in June 1940, caused an upsurge of nationalistic agitation in
Lebanon, mainly carried out by the Najjadah and often in collusion with their Phalangist arch-rivals. Believing that the time was ripe for action pressuring the weakened French to accept full Lebanese independence, Adnan Al-Hakim and
776:
quarters hoisting the Syrian flag and banners with slogans calling for Arab unity, which was apparently taken by the
Christian militants as a provocation. Supporters of the Najjadah – by now a true political party – immediately took on the streets to protect the Muslim districts of
709:– expressed on its manifesto calling for Arab unity, the independence of the Arab world from foreign rule, and an Arab Lebanon – and although it never really worked for it, this did not prevent the party of attracting a very large following within the
685:
provided him a pool of potential recruits, the group initially did not match the dynamism and organizational skills of their rival organizations. It did not attract a mass following until 1936 when
1898:
1469:
1664:
1913:
478:
689:, a university teacher and politician, rose to the leadership of the organization and re-organized it into a structured political party, which grew rapidly thereafter.
889:
Marginalized during the war years, the
Najjadah re-emerged afterwards as a small organization lacking any real political support base, currently led by Adnan's nephew
1437:
736:
and pro-Western views. The ambivalent relation of such pan-Arab concepts with an ethnic nationalist perspective became apparent in its slogan "Arabism above all" (
747:
A 1970s report stated that "the
Helpers (al-Najjada) Originally a paramilitary organization, this party was advocating pan-Arabism and Muslim-Arab socialism".
574:
352:
1418:, Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Headquarters, Department of the Army (DA Pam 550-24), Washington D.C., December 1987 (Third edition 1989). –
424:
419:
681:
Although al-Nasuli promoted the
Najjadah as the Muslim equivalent of the Christian-dominated Phalanges, and Sunni Muslim students from the schools run by the
1646:
1548:
1888:
1883:
963:
660:
He often criticized the "moral chaos" in public life and adopted the supremacist motto "Arabism Above All" on his own newspaper's masthead. Al-Nasuli's
1878:
978:
43:
30:
1868:
1462:
1447:
1903:
516:
904:
1396:
1923:
1908:
498:
494:
629:
Lebanon in the 1930s witnessed the emergence of two paramilitary youth sport organizations of sectarian cast with clear fascist tendencies in
1409:
1386:
1361:
1316:
1299:
1230:
1873:
1485:
458:
195:
1455:
414:
1918:
1893:
1347:
1268:
306:
674:. The leader of the anti-British Palestine Arab guerillas in 1936-1939, upon his return from a trip to Germany, was idolized on the
1333:
1282:
1254:
948:
879:
724:
nationalist line that strived for the suppression of all foreign influences (included that of the ruling colonial power in
Lebanon,
567:
61:
1395:, American University of Beirut, Institute of Financial Economics, Lecture and Working Paper Series (2003 No.3), pp. 1–53. –
1729:
1723:
1542:
1493:
1419:
1217:
919:
319:
1823:
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883:
448:
443:
438:
682:
291:
560:
547:
471:
127:
1817:
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324:
931:
664:
also published glowing accounts of German youth's support of Hitler, featuring illustrated articles on girls in the
875:
1530:
387:
302:
772:
was confronted by
Phalangist youth militants. Its members had marched through the streets and alleyways of the
1764:
973:
506:
1829:
1735:
1628:
1524:
377:
269:
264:
257:
646:
1788:
710:
665:
642:
618:
521:
1749:
1682:
1609:
657:, with the purpose of protecting the Muslim community and to act as a counterweight to the Phalangists.
346:
890:
110:
1216:, area handbook series, Headquarters, Department of the Army (DA Pam 550-24), Washington D.C. 1989. -
1086:
400:
382:
287:
200:
1776:
1770:
1847:
1242:
953:
823:
819:
601:
339:
280:
215:
190:
1794:
1379:
Political handbook of the world: governments, regional issues, and intergovernmental organizations
1782:
1758:
958:
871:
769:
484:
1261:
Colonial citizens. Republican Rights, Paternal
Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon
1800:
1100:
1056:
1696:
1559:
1405:
1382:
1357:
1343:
1329:
1312:
1304:
1295:
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1250:
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1226:
1114:
1027:
997:
511:
1320:
1071:
1041:
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1619:
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773:
706:
136:
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1705:
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pages, with both the information and the editorials being presented by al-Nasuli himself.
610:
592:
224:
179:
910:
794:
789:
702:
686:
638:
540:
153:
149:
781:
and to counter possible Christian paramilitary organizations' attacks on these areas.
1862:
1634:
1512:
733:
613:
that has been active since the 1930s. Heavily influenced by the Christian dominated
1717:
968:
847:
785:
761:
729:
698:
671:
634:
614:
312:
132:
105:
1438:
Chamussy (René) – Chronique d’une guerre: Le Liban 1975-1977 – éd. Desclée – 1978
1012:
778:
721:
650:
356:
245:
240:
140:
842:
697:
Often described as the Muslim "twin brother" of the Phalangists, the radical
1658:
1640:
1518:
1292:
Nazism in Syria and Lebanon: The Ambivalence of the German Option, 1933-1945
1212:
Afaf Sabeh McGowan, John Roberts, As'ad Abu Khalil, and Robert Scott Mason,
97:
874:
in April 1975, the party's small armed force initially cooperated with the
834:
810:
The Najjadah survived underground though, and in the years following the
1480:
1369:, Volumes 1-4, American Zionist Emergency Council, Research Dept, 1946.
827:
607:
157:
1311:, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London 1989 (revised edition).
855:
815:
811:
799:
765:
737:
725:
714:
630:
1375:, Council on Foreign Relations, Simon & Schuster, New York 1970.
1328:(World Leaders Past & Present), Chelsea House Publishers, 1988.
814:
withdrawal their president even succeeded being elected deputy for
859:
851:
831:
641:
and the Najjadah. The latter began its existence in 1933-34 as a
862:; other sources however, still place its numbers as high as 300.
1451:
15:
1294:(SOAS/Routledge Studies on the Middle East), Routledge 2009.
1431:
170:
764:
Parties ostensibly vied for Lebanon's independence from
617:, the Naijjadeh Party gains its support primarily from
39:
720:
In ideological terms, the Najjadah adopted early on a
1810:
1748:
1695:
1618:
1608:
1590:
1558:
1502:
1492:
163:
126:
116:
104:
79:
1354:Lebanon's quest: the road to statehood, 1926-1939
1223:Histoire du Liban contemporain: Tome 2 1943-1990
1275:The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon 1967-1976
1155:McGowan, Roberts, Abu Khalil, and Scott Mason,
1463:
568:
8:
1185:(2003), p. 44, Table 1: War Period Militias.
760:Although by the mid-1930s both Najjadah and
85:
1899:Paramilitary organisations based in Lebanon
1647:Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Tashnag)
1549:Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Tashnag)
645:boy-scouts organization founded and led by
1914:Political parties established in the 1930s
1615:
1499:
1470:
1456:
1448:
1342:, Praeger Publishers Inc., New York 1980.
964:Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon
575:
561:
210:
178:
96:
76:
1373:Political handbook and atlas of the world
1088:Political handbook and atlas of the world
979:List of weapons of the Lebanese Civil War
884:Syrian military intervention of June 1976
479:Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
1432:Najjadeh Party official site (in Arabic)
990:
900:
717:during the late 1930s and early 1940s.
235:
213:
1402:Syria and Lebanon under French mandate
1059:Syria and Lebanon under French mandate
683:Maqasid Islamic Charitable Association
1144:The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon
7:
728:), which deeply contrasted with the
1263:, Columbia University Press, 2000.
1249:, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998.
925:Adnan Hakim welcomed at the airport
822:between 1956 and 1972. During the
596:
86:
1889:Factions in the Lebanese Civil War
1884:Arab nationalist political parties
1391:Samir Makdisi and Richard Sadaka,
14:
1393:The Lebanese Civil War, 1975-1990
1183:The Lebanese Civil War, 1975-1990
949:List of Islamic political parties
880:Palestine Liberation Organization
830:force of 300 fighters dressed in
1879:Arab nationalist militant groups
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937:Najjadeh Party General Secretary
930:
918:
903:
649:, the editor of the influential
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239:
223:
20:
1869:1930s establishments in Lebanon
1543:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
1102:Political handbook of the world
870:Faced with the outbreak of the
837:and equipped with Italian- and
633:and other Lebanese cities, the
246:Member State of the Arab League
1904:Nationalist parties in Lebanon
1824:Popular Nasserist Organization
1677:Popular Nasserist Organization
1309:The war for Lebanon, 1970-1985
826:, the party fielded a trained
74:Political party in Lebanon
1:
1924:Far-right politics in Lebanon
1909:Pan-Arabist political parties
1247:Civil War in Lebanon, 1975-92
866:Decline and demise: 1975-1990
806:After independence: 1943-1975
756:The mandate period: 1936-1943
1486:Political parties in Lebanon
1356:, I.B. Tauris, London 2000.
1277:, I.B. Tauris, London 2000.
800:French mandatory authorities
1874:Arab nationalism in Lebanon
1818:Progressive Socialist Party
1581:Progressive Socialist Party
1074:Nazism in Syria and Lebanon
670:, the female branch of the
606:'The Rescuers') is
1940:
1400:Stephen Hemsley Longrigg,
876:Lebanese National Movement
1919:Islamic political parties
1894:Fascism in the Arab world
1843:
1531:Lebanese Democratic Party
1031:, Vols 1-4 (1946), p. 115
882:(PLO) alliance until the
713:community, especially in
186:
168:
95:
1765:Lebanese Communist Party
1416:Lebanon: a country study
1214:Lebanon: a country study
1170:Lebanon: a country study
1157:Lebanon: a country study
974:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
705:Najjadah also advocated
34:may need to be rewritten
1830:National Dialogue Party
1629:Free Patriotic Movement
1525:Free Patriotic Movement
1404:, Octagon Books, 1972.
1381:, McGraw-Hill., 1977.
1225:, Fayard, Paris 2005.
913:with Jamal Abdel Nasser
846:100 fighters backed by
742:al-uruba fawqa al-jami‘
1730:National Liberal Party
1414:Thomas Collelo (ed.),
1340:The Lebanese Civil War
495:Diplomatic missions of
1750:17 October Revolution
1724:Independence Movement
647:Muhi al-Din al-Nasuli
619:Lebanese Sunni Muslim
1259:Elizabeth Thompson,
1181:Makdisi and Sadaka,
667:Bund Deutscher Mädel
265:Constitution of 1926
120:1933 (original form)
1848:Politics of Lebanon
1324:Matthew S. Gordon,
1196:The war for Lebanon
1119:(2000), pp. 233-234
1044:The war for Lebanon
954:1958 Lebanon crisis
824:1958 Lebanon crisis
820:Lebanese Parliament
798:established by the
216:Politics of Lebanon
191:Politics of Lebanon
122:1936 (current form)
1319:, 0-8014-9313-7 –
959:Lebanese Civil War
872:Lebanese Civil War
635:Lebanese Phalanges
615:Lebanese Phalanges
541:Lebanon portal
485:Abdallah Bou Habib
1856:
1855:
1839:
1838:
1697:March 14 Alliance
1610:National Assembly
1604:
1603:
1560:March 14 Alliance
1410:978-0-374-95088-0
1387:978-0-07-003641-3
1367:Palestine affairs
1362:978-1-86064-553-2
1317:978-0-8014-9313-3
1305:Itamar Rabinovich
1300:978-0-415-45714-9
1231:978-2-213-61521-9
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44:lead layout guide
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1513:Amal Movement
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621:communities.
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326:
325:Past Cabinets
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78:
66:
63:
55:
45:
42:and read the
41:
35:
32:
27:
18:
17:
1795:Osos Lebanon
1718:Kataeb Party
1665:Ba'ath Party
1415:
1401:
1392:
1378:
1372:
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1353:
1352:Meir Zamir,
1339:
1326:The Gemayels
1325:
1308:
1291:
1274:
1260:
1246:
1222:
1213:
1195:
1194:Rabinovich,
1190:
1182:
1177:
1169:
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1131:The Gemayels
1130:
1125:
1116:
1110:
1101:
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1087:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1058:
1052:
1043:
1042:Rabinovich,
1037:
1028:
1023:
1014:
1008:
999:
993:
969:Kataeb Party
888:
869:
848:Saudi Arabia
809:
786:World War II
783:
759:
746:
741:
719:
711:Sunni Muslim
699:conservative
696:
680:
675:
672:Hitler Youth
666:
661:
659:
654:
643:Sunni Muslim
628:
588:
586:
532:
425:
378:Governorates
372:Subdivisions
313:Najib Mikati
270:Human rights
258:Constitution
236:
144:
133:Conservatism
58:
52:October 2016
49:
38:Please help
33:
31:lead section
1811:Others (10)
1783:Khatt Ahmar
1683:Union Party
1072:Nordbruch,
779:West Beirut
651:pan-Arabist
597:حزب النجادة
522:Visa policy
357:Nabih Berri
340:Legislature
141:Pan-Arabism
87:حزب النجادة
1863:Categories
1591:Others (5)
1206:References
1142:El-Kazen,
1057:Longrigg,
1013:Thompson,
843:small-arms
734:Phoenicist
499:in Lebanon
483:Minister:
347:Parliament
145:Historical
1801:ReLebanon
1659:Al-Ahbash
1641:Hezbollah
1519:Hezbollah
1494:Ministers
1168:Collelo,
985:Footnotes
770:Palestine
437:General:
426:2022–2023
420:2014–2016
401:Elections
383:Districts
288:President
281:Executive
201:Elections
173:.najjadeh
1759:Taqaddom
1129:Gordon,
943:See also
878:(LNM) –
835:uniforms
788:and the
762:Phalange
730:Phalange
722:Pan-Arab
608:Lebanese
512:Passport
128:Ideology
1115:Zamir,
897:Gallery
828:militia
818:in the
751:History
732:'s own
637:led by
625:Origins
604:
353:Speaker
320:Cabinet
164:Website
158:Fascism
117:Founded
1442:French
1408:
1385:
1360:
1346:
1332:
1315:
1298:
1281:
1267:
1253:
1235:French
1229:
1076:(2009)
998:Zami,
856:Kuwait
841:-made
816:Beirut
812:French
774:Muslim
766:France
738:Arabic
726:France
715:Beirut
676:Bayrut
662:Bayrut
655:Bayrut
631:Beirut
593:Arabic
297:vacant
106:Leader
1612:(128)
860:Egypt
852:Qatar
832:khaki
1789:Lana
1752:(13)
1708:(19)
1699:(38)
1643:(13)
1637:(14)
1631:(17)
1622:(60)
1506:(16)
1496:(24)
1440:(in
1406:ISBN
1383:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1344:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1313:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1279:ISBN
1265:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1237:) –
1233:(in
1227:ISBN
858:and
784:The
701:and
602:lit.
587:The
449:2022
444:2018
439:2009
415:2008
307:list
292:list
175:.org
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171:www
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