688:). Spanish speakers from different countries or backgrounds can show a preference for one term or the other, or use them indiscriminately, but political issues or common usage might lead speakers to prefer one term over the other. This article identifies the differences between those terms, the countries or backgrounds that show a preference for one or the other, and the implications the choice of words might have for a native Spanish speaker.
139:
637:
1497:
31:
715:, have distinct and independent meanings that may be required for clarity in some specific contexts. Generally speaking, though, both terms can be used to refer to the (national) Spanish language as a whole, with a preference for one over the other that depends on the context or the speaker's origin.
2070:
is a political or cultural statement that
Spanish is only the language of Castile, perhaps also of some areas that Castile colonised, but not the language of their region, which they consider the only legitimate language to be the regional one: Catalan, Basque, Galician etc. That stance is common in
2618:
in
English is to distinguish between the Standard Spanish of the Iberian Peninsula and regional dialects. As noted above, the distinction is made to some extent in Spanish but not as far as some English-speakers go; for example, websites with language selection screens give the choice between
1641:
or
Aragonese), to the chagrin of the speakers of these languages. The phrase is not used in the Americas. "Háblame en cristiano" is also a phrase used to ask for clarification in a conversation, when the topic of the discussion is not clear or is vaguely hinted at by one of the speakers.
824:) is a more recent term that first referred to Spain as a country, and then to the predominant language spoken in that country. Spain as a truly unified nation appeared centuries later than the language and the Kingdom of Castile; in fact, it was only in the late 15th century that the
2274:, Peru in 1528, and Peruvian history classes still emphasize the Castilian origin of the first conquerors and settlers. That tendency often manifests itself in a preference for films dubbed into Latin American Spanish, which often take longer to reach the market, over those in
2250:
to refer to the
Spanish language via TV shows and cultural exchanges from Mexico, the United States, Spanish Caribbean, and Central America, this has become the more dominant name for the language, especially among younger generations and the middle to upper classes.
2300:. In practice, usage tends to be a matter of local custom rather than reflecting any philosophical or political position. However, the fact that Castile is now a region subsumed within modern Spain has been the decisive factor in the preferential usage of
851:. As a result of this process, most countries in South America now speak the same language as Castile. Until about the eighteenth century, the Kingdom of Castile, and not Spain as a whole, was the colonizing power, and the language used was called
2245:
has historically been popular mainly because this was the term introduced by the
Spanish themselves during colonial times, and continued to be the more common term used by Chileans until the 1970s. With the widespread introduction of
1061:, etc. (However, the suffix could have been restored analogically in these, or they were formed after the dissimilation took place.) Penny, in discussing loans from French and Occitan, calls this "the most remarkable loan of all,
1722:
While quotations and expressions from
Cervantes' work are still in use, the actual language and spelling that Cervantes used can sound archaic to modern readers. Modern editions may modernize it to appeal the current public.
2216:, while Canary Islands is politically part of Spain. This is because Canary Islands are miles away from mainland Spain; in all areas of Spain, Canary Islands is the only area in Spain wherein the language is only called
2202:
Both names are commonly used in parts of the world colonized by
Spanish speakers, such as Latin America and the Canary Islands. As in Spain, the implications are complex. The most common term used in Latin America is
2005:
El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado. Todos los españoles tienen el deber de conocerla y el derecho a usarla. Las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas
Comunidades
2211:
may possibly imply greater correctness, as it sometimes does in Spain, or it may merely be an alien term, referring to a region in a far-off country. The residents of Canary
Islands usually call their language
2078:
because they perceive their ethnic community to be distinct from that of Spain and therefore do not object to the language of Spain being called
Spanish. In Basque-speaking regions, whose language is not of
2012:
Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State. All Spaniards have the duty to know it and the right to use it. The other Spanish languages as well shall be official in their respective Autonomous
1753:("I want to write verse in clear vernacular, in which the townsfolk speak to their neighbor; for I'm not so learned as to make another in Latin. It will be worth, I think, a glass of good wine").
3151:
3041:
799:, a number of isolated words added to a Latin text as an aid to the reader, dated to the eleventh century. Soon after that there begin to appear discursive texts in Castilian, such as the
2063:; and in Galician, the most commonly used term is "castelán" rather than "español"). That is often mirrored by educated English-speakers to refer to the linguistic situation in Spain.
1750:
Quiero fer una prosa en roman paladino, / en cual suele el pueblo fablar con so vezino; / ca non so tan letrado por fer otro latino. / Bien valdra, como creo, un vaso de bon vino
2841:
2966:
1921:
is recommended for the language as a whole. However, popular choice of terms is not so clear, with other factors, such as customs or geographical location, being factors.
623:
486:
2902:
2880:
2946:
2924:
2119:
In monolingual regions, the implications are a little different. In such regions, there is no identity implication, but still, they must choose one of the two terms.
1719:"The language of Cervantes" in English—as a term for the Spanish language generally—comes into use in the 1840s. Examples appear in Janin (1841) and Campbell (1849).
691:
Formally speaking, the national language of Spain, the official Spanish language, is the Castilian language (as opposed to the regional languages of Spain, such as
1180:
inhabitants of Iberia). It was at first a general term that embraced the various dialects of Iberian Romance spoken in the area, including the forebears of modern
1859:(a compendium of corrected typical mistakes and doubts). The dictionary, whose production was agreed upon by the 22 different Spanish Language Academies, says:
1514:
48:
836:
unified Spain. The actual legal unification date is disputed, but commonly agreed to have occurred not earlier than the eighteenth century at the end of the
2162:, to stress the national nature of the language but with a slightly different nuance: they are accepting another region's historical language as their own.
1877:
para referirse al dialecto románico nacido en el Reino de Castilla durante la Edad Media, o al dialecto del español que se habla actualmente en esa región.
2991:
975:
is documented in works of the 13th and 14th centuries. It is suggested that the final /n/ of this form changed to /l/ by dissimilation from the previous
1900:
to refer to the Romance language arising in the Kingdom of Castile during the Middle Ages, or to the dialect of Spanish currently spoken in that region.
1192:. However, with the rise of Castile as a power, and its absorption of all surrounding regions into an ever-growing empire that eventually spread to the
3148:
1852:
3201:
3037:
3277:
2710:
3012:
3180:
578:
1621:
is actually the closest living language). This term is still used occasionally today to refer to the language, in a jocular tone. The expression
1884:
When naming the common language of Spain and of many nations of America, which is also spoken as a first language in other parts of the world,
616:
2642:("I speak Peruvian Spanish, he speaks Uruguayan Spanish, but we both speak Castilian"). That usage comes from the historical association of
2142:
but also other regions where the regional languages are not developed enough to be widely spoken by the majority of the population, such as
793:, from about the 8th to the 15th centuries. Traditionally the first recorded examples of written Castilian/Spanish are considered to be the
1561:
848:
760:
95:
2234:
had long been associated with the Spanish state in addition to Castile. Along with Basques or Catalans, Galicians might perceive the term
1533:
67:
1741:
to mean simple, straightforward language, the language spoken by the common people, as opposed to Latin. In the famous passage from his
431:
181:
2603:
of Spanish spoken in northern parts of modern Castile may also be called "Castilian." It differs from those of other regions of Spain (
2182:, i.e. 'Speak Castilian!', 'Speak properly!'. However, that nuance is not to be exaggerated, as it is perfectly possible that the term
1863:
Para designar la lengua común de España y de muchas naciones de América, y que también se habla como propia en otras partes del mundo,
1625:"talk to me in Christian", said to people not speaking Spanish at the moment, is used in opposition of the other languages of Spain, (
209:
2207:, generally considered to be a neutral term simply reflecting the country that the language came from. For people who use that term,
2043:
and so the national language is most often referred to as Castilian, particularly in the regional languages themselves (for example,
1580:
1540:
609:
114:
74:
2286:
to refer to Peninsular Spanish is exactly the opposite of how English-speakers use the two terms, which can create some confusion.
2836:
2422:) is the official language of the State. All Spaniards have the duty to know it and the right to use it. Other Spanish languages (
2963:
2027:
This choice of words, however, varies depending on many factors, including the origin of the speaker or some political nuances.
2897:
2875:
2536:
2427:
2376:
752:
190:
2941:
2919:
2230:, especially in Argentina, Chile, and Peru. One reason for this is that many early Argentine settlers were Galician, for whom
1547:
81:
1518:
554:
292:
52:
2728:
2556:
2527:
2496:
2484:
2472:
2455:
3272:
3244:
2580:
2464:
1200:
was eventually equated with the peninsular territories ruled by the Crown. With this, the break with the Roman concept of
837:
237:
3114:
2816:
2794:
Today the Spanish population of wild rabbits is much less abundant than in ancient times, due to the introduction of the
2568:
2508:
1529:
63:
2412:
1986:
2544:
735:, predecessor of the modern Spanish language, or to the variety of Spanish nowadays spoken in the historical region of
2159:
2135:
1821:
is a high-sounding epithet for clear, straightforward Spanish. Recently it has been popularized in public speeches by
1317:
736:
1471:
2267:
2194:
is also commonly and correctly used to refer to dialects of Spanish, which deviate dramatically from the standard.
1888:
The debate over which of these designations is more appropriate is presently settled. Although it is a synonym of
1087:
936:
1507:
41:
3267:
2678:
1837:
1247:. The term continues evolving as other languages adapt these words to form their own name for Spain—for example,
929:
756:
249:
1867:
La polémica sobre cuál de estas denominaciones resulta más apropiada está hoy superada. Aun siendo sinónimo de
1840:
is a normative body that rules on the orthography and general usage rules of the language. The Academy has used
3282:
2734:
2638:
is sometimes reversed to refer to another nation. For example, a Peruvian talking about a Uruguayan might say,
1855:) that may or may not have an official normative recognition but nevertheless cooperate in the creation of the
944:
768:
336:
3212:
2986:
1664:
1848:("of the Spanish language"). The Academy's usage of one term is not necessarily a condemnation of the other.
1822:
559:
281:
254:
2341:
to define the official language of the country: "El castellano es el idioma oficial de Colombia". However,
2035:
In the regions where regional languages are spoken, there is a daily need to make the contrast between the
1467:
1554:
88:
19:
3087:
2705:
1475:
855:. Thus, some Latin American countries formerly under Spanish rule have retained the custom of calling it
3248:
3008:
2100:
1978:
1267:. In Chinese, the word is taken directly from Spanish (or perhaps even Latin) rather than English: 西班牙 (
700:
592:
371:
3172:
2019:
1778:
1432:
844:
724:
438:
266:
204:
1037:. The Occitan influence is inferred because in Castilian the same Latin suffix would have produced *
3159:
2953:(Bogotá: Magisterio, 2008), p. 14: "La lengua clásica, la lengua de Cervantes y Fray Luis de León".
2431:
1654:
1181:
1091:
795:
597:
443:
396:
351:
276:
227:
176:
2673:
2423:
2408:
2099:) specifically for Spanish, since for them, it is the prevalent foreign language, just as in the
1970:
1954:
1713:
1618:
1614:
1463:
1428:
1129:. These terms, had they undergone regular sound change into Castilian, would have developed into
782:
772:
728:
468:
453:
426:
416:
411:
406:
401:
376:
366:
301:
261:
3025:
la dificultad de un castellano, el del siglo XVII, más alejado ya del nuestro de lo que se cree.
1424:
2690:
2668:
2663:
2608:
2384:
2080:
2040:
2036:
1974:
1966:
1732:
1638:
1630:
1248:
1185:
1157:
1110:
population for hyraxes. Several other theories about the name have been advanced as well (see
1079:
833:
829:
806:
801:
786:
692:
463:
361:
346:
331:
311:
169:
164:
146:
2127:, legitimately presenting it as the national language. However, they also frequently call it
2899:
Memorias históricas y estadísticas de Filipinas y particularmente de la grande isla de Luzón
2813:"De dónde viene la expresión "a mí háblame en cristiano" y qué tiene que ver con el español"
2297:
2120:
2084:
1982:
1962:
1682:
1626:
1459:
1189:
913:
764:
696:
657:
458:
421:
381:
326:
321:
316:
244:
130:
2640:
Yo hablo en español peruano, él habla en español uruguayo, pero los dos hablamos castellano
3155:
3118:
2995:
2970:
2950:
2928:
2906:
2884:
2845:
2714:
2584:
2572:
2560:
2548:
2531:
2512:
2500:
2488:
2476:
2459:
2407:) is also encountered in common speech and writing, and both terms are interchangeable in
1958:
1942:
1934:
1634:
1610:
1606:
1451:
1349:
1169:
1165:
976:
928:
by regular sound changes); and both are marked with an asterisk to indicate that they are
704:
448:
391:
386:
341:
218:
870:
relates both to the language and to the nation. The noun used for a person from Spain is
1787:
meant—in Berceo's time the same as it does today—"public, clear, obvious". (Old Spanish
2647:
2238:
as imperialistic and misrepresenting the language of Castile as the language of Spain.
1420:
825:
534:
306:
138:
1164:
began to be used to refer to these derivative languages (especially as opposed to the
3261:
2595:
Some philologists use "Castilian" only for the language spoken in Castile during the
2131:, either to assert their ownership or to distinguish it from the regional languages.
1953:(Castilian) by contrast, is more often used when contrasting the language with other
1825:
1800:
1019:
901:
515:
356:
271:
232:
1450:, keeping the original name from colonial times. Mayans speak at least 22 different
1204:
was complete, and the term acquired its modern meaning of 'all of Iberia except for
1455:
1443:
1153:
1083:
983:. This sporadic sound change is observed in some other words: Menéndez Pidal cites
477:
636:
1419:
land controlled from a series of fortified castles. It shared borders with rival
3134:
to mean recent immigrants from Spain, to be compared with the Australian use of
2795:
2630:
In the Americas, where Spanish is the native language of 20 countries, usage of
2596:
2553:
2524:
2493:
2481:
2469:
2452:
2372:
2143:
1496:
1408:
1216:
came to be used to refer to the common language of this new country: Castilian.
790:
732:
539:
199:
30:
2577:
3111:
2812:
2565:
2505:
1933:(Spanish) to contrast it to languages of other states, such as in a list with
1679:, by Manuel Sivela. Soon after that it appears in an anonymous article in the
1613:
languages - although the language spoken by Christians under Islamic rule was
569:
2604:
2541:
2437:
2147:
2139:
1828:, who has used it frequently as an equivalent for "I will clearly state..."
1439:
1395:
1193:
1103:
952:
840:. Only then did the Castilian language begin to be commonly called Spanish.
587:
564:
544:
2391:), and the official Filipino version of the current 1987 Constitution uses
2292:
may also be used to refer to the dialect of Spanish spoken in Castile, and
1398:', i.e. a castle master. There is a comic scene based on the play on words
1342:' 'fortress, castle'. Through most of the Middle Ages the word was spelled
1022:, the Spanish borrowed the Occitan name for themselves, which was the name
506:
501:
491:
2611:
is conventionally considered in Spain to be the same as Standard Spanish.
2599:
and state that it is preferable to use "Spanish" for its modern form. The
1045:. Lapesa counters the dissimilation hypothesis by citing other words with
723:
in English) has another, more restricted, meaning, relating either to the
2353:
2334:
1598:
1416:
1205:
1111:
1074:
549:
1299:(noting that the absence of "p" in the Arabic alphabet makes it a "b").
2600:
2348:
2316:
2178:
does. For example, if someone mispronounces a word, they might be told
1844:
since the 18th century, but since 1923, its dictionary and grammar are
1660:
1521: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1209:
524:
3239:
2151:
1663:
for the Spanish language began to be used early in the 19th century.
1321:
1269:
1107:
529:
2282:), which tend to be found in pirated "cam" versions of films. Using
2998:, ed. William Beattie (London: Edward Moxon, 1849), Vol. 2, p. 149.
2650:
and was later transformed in each nation through daily usage, with
1709:
in a book published in 1830, and in another one published in 1838.
2798:
1594:
1173:
1099:
1031:
896:
Two main hypotheses have been proposed for the origin of the word
810:
740:
635:
496:
3149:
El nombre del idioma español según hablantes de Santiago de Chile
1446:, descendants of the original inhabitants of the region, call it
1149:—but in reality, only the first term exists in modern Castilian.
3245:
La lengua de Castilla ya tiene nombre: ¡Castellano y no Español!
2358:
2271:
3084:«Diccionario de la lengua española» - Edición del Tricentenario
3009:"Don Quijote de la Mancha - Andrés Trapiello | PlanetadeLibros"
2921:
Cuatro palabras á los señores traductores y editores de novelas
1993:
to define the official language of the whole State, opposed to
1716:
literature generally, rather than simply to that of Cervantes.
882:
is much less widespread amongst English speakers than the term
3079:
2268:
The Governorate of New Castile (Gobernación de Nueva Castilla)
1490:
1259:), 'Spaniard', derive from the Japanese word for Spain, スペイン (
1177:
24:
2519:
Countries whose constitutions do not mention any of the terms
2047:
is virtually never used to refer to the language in Catalan:
640:
Geographic distribution of the preferential use of the terms
3068:, New York: The Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 2001.
1917:
Thus, even if both terms are allowed in Spanish, the use of
863:, with many different factors influencing the final choice.
2977:
by Alain René Le Sage (London: Joseph Thomas, 1841), p. xi.
2174:
is occasionally used to imply more of a standard form than
1352:
today. (Modern Spanish has transformed all words ending in
1907:
785:, one of several northern kingdoms that spread across the
2365:
to define the official language of the country. However,
3080:"paladino, paladina | Diccionario de la lengua española"
2190:('Christian') could be used instead. Moreover, the term
2051:
is used instead; in Basque, the name of the language is
920:. Both Latin ancestor words are based on the place name
3011:(in European Spanish). Planeta de Libros. 2015-06-02.
2940:
For example Héctor M. Ardila A. and Inés Vizcaíno G.,
2646:
with the language that was brought to the Americas by
2083:
origin (Basque is considered by many scholars to be a
1803:
of Rome. Both words are derived ultimately from Latin
2866:"De las traducciones", No. 64 (May 29, 1832), p. 264.
2074:
Conversely, some nationalist circles prefer the term
1090:
it. One theory about this name is that it comes from
847:
on a Castilian-paid expedition paved the way for the
2399:) when referring to the language. However, the term
3130:Another relic of this fact is the Argentine use of
2337:: The Colombian Constitution of 1991 uses the term
55:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2361:: The Peruvian Constitution of 1993 uses the term
1851:There are many other academies (grouped under the
2848:, Vol. 4 (Madrid: José M. Repullés, 1837), p. 66.
2258:for similar reasons to avoid the linkage between
1794:
1788:
1782:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1696:Y la lengua del pueblo castellano / Hoy se llama
1673:, first published in 1823. In 1829 it appears in
1442:, although Spanish is the official language, the
1359:
1353:
1343:
859:, while others eventually switched to calling it
144:
3038:"La Vanguardia, Nov 8 2012: "En roman paladino""
2931:(Madrid: Hijos de Doña Catalina Piñuela), p. 67.
2278:(Peninsular Spanish characterized by the use of
1712:Occasionally the term refers to the language of
1291:) for the Spanish language. The Arabic إسبانية (
18:For personal names in the Spanish language, see
2009:
2003:
1881:
1861:
1771:)—was used in medieval Spanish as a synonym of
1735:, writing in the 13th century, used the phrase
1018:According to the Occitan scenario, advanced by
2226:However, some Latin Americans prefer the term
1865:son válidos los términos castellano y español.
1117:The Romans called the inhabitants of Hispania
1816:
1704:
1694:
1688:
1687:. The poet Nicasio Camilo Jover, in his poem
1680:
1674:
1668:
1651:
1423:(to the south) and the Christian kingdoms of
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1311:
1303:
675:
661:
647:
641:
617:
8:
2693:"Why Is Spanish Sometimes Called Castilian?"
2111:is another language, different from Basque.
2103:, "French language" is the usual meaning of
1227:spread to other languages. The English name
2943:Hombres y mujeres en las letras colombianas
2785:(Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 225.
2444:Countries whose constitutions use the term
2308:Countries whose constitutions use the term
2031:Bilingual and multilingual regions of Spain
1886:the terms Castilian and Spanish are valid.
1810:
1809:"of the palace", with influence from Latin
1804:
1415:The region was thus named because it was a
1337:
1331:
1325:
1320:" in English) is commonly thought to mean '
1295:) for Spain derives directly from the word
1049:in which dissimilation did not take place:
916:term derived from a presumed Vulgar Latin *
2087:), some Basque speakers also use the term
1336:, which, in turn, is a diminutive form of
935:The dissimilation hypothesis, advanced by
624:
610:
126:
3060:
3058:
2751:(Newark, Del.: Juan de la Cuesta), p. 97.
2198:Usage and implications in former colonies
1853:Association of Spanish Language Academies
1605:("Christian") to distinguish it from the
1581:Learn how and when to remove this message
115:Learn how and when to remove this message
3251:writing about the name of the language.
3066:Tentative Dictionary of Medieval Spanish
2918:"El Tío Cigüeña" (pseud. of Juan Mieg),
1777:, i.e. the language now commonly called
1263:), which, in turn, derives from English
2763:(Madrid: Gredos, 1981), p. 199 (§51.3).
2698:
2369:is the most used term in common speech.
2345:is the most used term in common speech.
1601:, Spanish was sometimes given the name
1324:-land'. The word is derived from Latin
577:
514:
476:
291:
217:
189:
156:
129:
2707:Manual de gramática histórica española
2426:) shall be official in the respective
1793:existed alongside its learned cognate
3064:Lloyd A. Kasten and Florian J. Cody,
2975:Asmodeus: Or, the Devil on Two Sticks
2887:(Madrid: D.F.A. Fernel, 1848), p. 227
2877:Glorias de España: Poesías históricas
7:
1929:Spaniards tend to call the language
1519:adding citations to reliable sources
849:Spanish colonization of the Americas
761:Spanish colonization of the Americas
53:adding citations to reliable sources
2988:Life and Letters of Thomas Campbell
2331:is still frequent in common speech.
3202:"The Spanish Constitution (1978).
2857:Paris: Gaultier-Laguionie, p. 185.
1909:Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas,
1894:is preferable to reserve the term
1255:), 'Spanish language', and スペイン人 (
1160:, the term that would evolve into
1125:), and the relevant adjective was
14:
2783:A History of the Spanish Language
2319:: The amendment of 1994 mentions
1857:Diccionario panhispánico de dudas
1667:uses the expression in his essay
813:and evolved into modern Spanish.
3240:Detailed linguistic map of Spain
2964:"Biographical Notice of Le Sage"
2801:to mainland Europe in the 1950s.
2377:constitutions of the Philippines
2254:Peruvians often prefer the term
1799:, which usually referred to the
1495:
781:referred to the language of the
137:
29:
3278:History of the Spanish language
3183:from the original on 2022-02-27
3090:from the original on 2021-11-30
3044:from the original on 2015-02-03
3015:from the original on 2022-11-24
2819:from the original on 2019-02-09
2811:Llorente, Analía (2018-12-25).
2654:as the basis for all variants.
2591:Usage and misconceptions abroad
2134:Monolingual regions outside of
2066:For some, this use of the term
1873:preferible reservar el término
1506:needs additional citations for
1102:', named by Canaanite-speaking
1088:discovered and later subjugated
908:(from a presumed Vulgar Latin *
753:History of the Spanish language
40:needs additional citations for
2761:Historia de la lengua española
1744:Vida de Santo Domingo de Silos
1530:"Name of the Spanish language"
1376:.) The adjective derived from
1156:began to evolve into separate
64:"Name of the Spanish language"
1:
2304:in an international context.
838:War of the Spanish Succession
2717:(1904/1980), p. 181 (§66.2).
2413:languages of the Philippines
2115:Monolingual regions of Spain
2001:). Article 3 reads in part:
1987:Spanish Constitution of 1978
1637:, as well as others such as
1065:'Spanish', replacing native
2691:Gerald Erichsen, About.com:
1999:the other Spanish languages
1995:las demás lenguas españolas
1955:regional languages of Spain
1284:), or the abbreviation 西語 (
1026:plus the diminutive suffix
874:, with the collective noun
3299:
3121:Basque-English dictionary.
2909:(Manila: Diario de Manila)
1957:: official languages like
1348:, a form that survives in
1106:who mistook Spain's large
750:
17:
3162:, June 2012 (in Spanish).
2735:Libro del cauallero Zifar
2679:Iberian Romance languages
2627:, among other languages.
2296:would generally refer to
951:(which survives in other
932:, not directly attested.
757:Iberian Romance languages
683:
669:
2749:The Evolution of Spanish
2729:Poema de Fernán González
2323:in passing; schools use
1969:or unofficial ones like
1454:and dialects, including
1243:plus the English suffix
971:). The Old Spanish form
843:In 1492, the arrival of
769:History of South America
1795:
1789:
1783:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1676:Una cuestión de derecho
1646:"Language of Cervantes"
1593:During the presence of
1360:
1354:
1344:
912:), and the other on an
707:). As such both names,
145:
2625:Latin American Spanish
2428:autonomous communities
2383:, both in Spanish and
2025:
2008:
1915:
1880:
1823:Spain's Prime Minister
1817:
1811:
1805:
1759:—and, more frequently
1706:el idioma de Cervantes
1705:
1698:la lengua de Cervantes
1695:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1652:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1312:
1304:
1277:) for Spain and 西班牙语 (
1098:), meaning 'island of
943:was lengthened by the
939:, presumes that Latin
779:Castilian (castellano)
676:
662:
653:
648:
642:
570:Palenquero or Palenque
565:Chavacano or Chabacano
20:Spanish naming customs
3249:Castilian nationalist
2430:, according to their
2166:Concept of a standard
2123:usually use the term
2101:French Basque Country
2071:regionalist circles.
1846:de la lengua española
1838:Royal Spanish Academy
1832:Royal Spanish Academy
1665:Mariano José de Larra
866:In English, the term
639:
3273:Naming controversies
3173:"Noticias Jurídicas"
2896:Rafael Díaz Arenas,
2432:Statutes of Autonomy
2186:or even, jocularly,
2020:Spanish Constitution
1623:Háblame en cristiano
1515:improve this article
937:Ramón Menéndez Pidal
924:(which evolved into
845:Christopher Columbus
747:History of the terms
725:old Romance language
143:A manuscript of the
49:improve this article
3160:University of Chile
3112:Morris Student Plus
3040:. 8 November 2012.
2747:Thomas A. Lathrop,
2270:was established in
2241:In Chile, the term
2158:may be used, as in
1690:Miguel de Cervantes
1231:is from the French
1152:As the branches of
1078:was applied to the
796:Glosas Emilianenses
598:Instituto Cervantes
3177:Noticias Jurídicas
3154:2023-04-03 at the
3117:2007-07-01 at the
3078:ASALE, RAE-; RAE.
2994:2023-04-08 at the
2969:2023-04-08 at the
2949:2023-04-25 at the
2927:2023-04-25 at the
2905:2023-04-08 at the
2883:2023-04-08 at the
2844:2023-04-08 at the
2713:2023-04-25 at the
2674:Languages of Spain
2607:for example); the
2583:2013-08-22 at the
2571:2013-04-03 at the
2559:2012-10-29 at the
2554:Dominican Republic
2547:2013-08-22 at the
2530:2013-07-05 at the
2511:2013-06-25 at the
2499:2010-01-11 at the
2487:2013-02-28 at the
2475:2013-08-22 at the
2458:2017-06-17 at the
2424:languages of Spain
2418:Spain: Castilian (
2409:Philippine Spanish
2180:¡Habla castellano!
1714:Spanish Golden Age
1703:Spanish is called
1693:, states directly
1427:(to the west) and
816:However, the term
783:Kingdom of Castile
773:Kingdom of Castile
729:Kingdom of Castile
654:
2669:Iberian languages
2664:Castilian Spanish
2621:Castilian Spanish
2609:Castilian dialect
2465:Equatorial Guinea
2041:regional language
2037:national language
1815:"openly".) Today
1733:Gonzalo de Berceo
1591:
1590:
1583:
1565:
1482:Other local names
1287:
1280:
1273:
1272:phonetic symbols:
1158:Romance languages
1080:Iberian Peninsula
809:was derived from
802:Cantar de Mio Cid
787:Iberian Peninsula
634:
633:
147:Cantar de mio Cid
125:
124:
117:
99:
3290:
3268:Spanish language
3254:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3211:. Archived from
3210:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3169:
3163:
3145:
3139:
3128:
3122:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3075:
3069:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3005:
2999:
2984:
2978:
2960:
2954:
2938:
2932:
2916:
2910:
2894:
2888:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2849:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2808:
2802:
2792:
2786:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2745:
2739:
2726:For example the
2724:
2718:
2703:
2375:: The first two
2298:Standard Spanish
2085:language isolate
2023:
1913:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1727:"Román paladino"
1708:
1702:
1692:
1686:
1683:Gaceta de Madrid
1678:
1672:
1658:
1586:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1523:
1499:
1491:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1330:, the plural of
1329:
1315:
1307:
1285:
1278:
1268:
1188:, Castilian and
999:); Lathrop adds
807:Romance language
765:History of Spain
687:
681:
673:
667:
658:Spanish language
651:
645:
626:
619:
612:
337:Central American
150:
141:
131:Spanish language
127:
120:
113:
109:
106:
100:
98:
57:
33:
25:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3283:Language naming
3258:
3257:
3252:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3186:
3184:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3156:Wayback Machine
3146:
3142:
3129:
3125:
3119:Wayback Machine
3106:
3102:
3093:
3091:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3063:
3056:
3047:
3045:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3018:
3016:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2996:Wayback Machine
2985:
2981:
2971:Wayback Machine
2961:
2957:
2951:Wayback Machine
2939:
2935:
2929:Wayback Machine
2917:
2913:
2907:Wayback Machine
2895:
2891:
2885:Wayback Machine
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2846:Wayback Machine
2838:Obras completas
2835:
2831:
2822:
2820:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2793:
2789:
2780:
2776:
2772:P. 200, note 8.
2771:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2746:
2742:
2725:
2721:
2715:Wayback Machine
2704:
2700:
2687:
2660:
2614:Another use of
2593:
2585:Wayback Machine
2573:Wayback Machine
2561:Wayback Machine
2549:Wayback Machine
2532:Wayback Machine
2521:
2513:Wayback Machine
2501:Wayback Machine
2489:Wayback Machine
2477:Wayback Machine
2460:Wayback Machine
2449:
2313:
2200:
2168:
2138:include mainly
2117:
2033:
2024:
2018:
1927:
1914:
1906:
1834:
1729:
1648:
1587:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1524:
1522:
1512:
1500:
1489:
1484:
1452:Mayan languages
1435:(to the east).
1309:
977:nasal consonant
904:in Old Spanish
900:: one based on
894:
832:of Castile and
775:
749:
660:has two names:
630:
560:Roquetas Pidgin
282:irregular verbs
152:
121:
110:
104:
101:
58:
56:
46:
34:
23:
12:
11:
5:
3296:
3294:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3242:
3235:
3234:External links
3232:
3229:
3228:
3193:
3179:(in Spanish).
3164:
3147:Rojas, Darío.
3140:
3123:
3100:
3086:(in Spanish).
3070:
3054:
3029:
3000:
2979:
2955:
2933:
2911:
2889:
2868:
2859:
2850:
2829:
2803:
2787:
2774:
2765:
2753:
2740:
2719:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2659:
2656:
2648:conquistadores
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2575:
2563:
2551:
2539:
2534:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2503:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2462:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2416:
2370:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2332:
2312:
2306:
2199:
2196:
2167:
2164:
2116:
2113:
2059:, rather than
2032:
2029:
2016:
2013:Communities...
1989:uses the term
1926:
1925:Usage in Spain
1923:
1904:
1836:In Spain, the
1833:
1830:
1818:román paladino
1747:, Berceo says
1738:román paladino
1728:
1725:
1647:
1644:
1589:
1588:
1503:
1501:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1421:Moorish Iberia
1308:
1301:
1212:'. Similarly,
893:
888:
826:personal union
748:
745:
727:spoken in the
632:
631:
629:
628:
621:
614:
606:
603:
602:
601:
600:
595:
590:
582:
581:
575:
574:
573:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
535:Judaeo-Spanish
532:
527:
519:
518:
516:Interlanguages
512:
511:
510:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
481:
480:
474:
473:
472:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
435:
434:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
296:
295:
289:
288:
287:
286:
285:
284:
279:
269:
264:
259:
258:
257:
252:
242:
241:
240:
230:
222:
221:
215:
214:
213:
212:
207:
202:
194:
193:
187:
186:
185:
184:
179:
174:
173:
172:
159:
158:
154:
153:
151:, 13th century
142:
134:
133:
123:
122:
37:
35:
28:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3295:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3218:on 2012-06-08
3214:
3207:
3205:
3197:
3194:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3101:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2962:Jules Janin,
2959:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2781:Ralph Penny,
2778:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2129:el castellano
2126:
2122:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2028:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:el castellano
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1912:
1910:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1826:Mariano Rajoy
1824:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1802:
1801:Palatine Hill
1797:
1791:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1734:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1585:
1582:
1574:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532: –
1531:
1527:
1526:Find sources:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1504:This section
1502:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1412:(Chapter 2).
1411:
1410:
1406:in the novel
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:Rafael Lapesa
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
933:
931:
930:reconstructed
927:
923:
919:
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902:dissimilation
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805:. This early
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766:
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739:, in central
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372:Equatoguinean
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165:Pronunciation
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105:February 2007
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66: –
65:
61:
60:Find sources:
54:
50:
44:
43:
38:This article
36:
32:
27:
26:
21:
16:
3253:(in Spanish)
3220:. Retrieved
3213:the original
3203:
3196:
3185:. Retrieved
3176:
3167:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3107:
3103:
3092:. Retrieved
3083:
3073:
3065:
3046:. Retrieved
3032:
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3017:. Retrieved
3003:
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2821:. Retrieved
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2006:Autónomas...
2004:
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1979:Extremaduran
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1544:
1537:
1525:
1513:Please help
1508:verification
1505:
1447:
1444:Maya peoples
1437:
1414:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:also means '
1310:
1296:
1292:
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1274:
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1260:
1256:
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1244:
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1201:
1197:
1161:
1154:Vulgar Latin
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:(singular: *
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1095:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:rather than
1038:
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1000:
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984:
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972:
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948:
945:derivational
940:
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867:
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860:
856:
852:
842:
828:between the
821:
817:
815:
800:
794:
789:through the
778:
776:
720:
719:(as well as
716:
712:
708:
701:Asturleonese
690:
684:
677:
670:
663:
655:
478:Dialectology
439:Puerto Rican
267:Prepositions
111:
102:
92:
85:
78:
71:
59:
47:Please help
42:verification
39:
15:
3019:24 November
2796:myxomatosis
2597:Middle Ages
2373:Philippines
2222:castellano.
2144:Extremadura
2107:; in fact,
1779:Old Spanish
1765:(and later
1487:"Cristiano"
1448:la castilla
1409:Don Quixote
1391:'Castellano
1196:, the term
1121:(singular:
1104:Phoenicians
1030:, from the
918:hispaniolus
878:. The term
876:the Spanish
791:Middle Ages
777:Originally
733:Middle Ages
444:Rioplatense
397:New Mexican
352:Costa Rican
277:conjugation
228:Determiners
177:Orthography
3262:Categories
3222:2012-03-05
3187:2022-02-27
3094:2022-02-27
3048:2015-02-03
2823:2019-03-20
2685:References
2652:castellano
2632:castellano
2453:Costa Rica
2420:castellano
2411:and other
2397:castellano
2381:castellano
2363:castellano
2339:castellano
2325:castellano
2321:castellano
2310:castellano
2290:Castellano
2256:castellano
2243:castellano
2232:castellano
2228:castellano
2209:castellano
2192:castellano
2172:castellano
2125:el español
2121:Castilians
2068:castellano
2061:espainiera
2053:gaztelania
1951:Castellano
1875:castellano
1842:castellano
1774:castellano
1670:Literatura
1653:lengua de
1617:(of which
1571:April 2022
1541:newspapers
1385:castellano
1305:Castellano
1282:xībānyá yǔ
1257:Supein-jin
1219:The terms
1182:Portuguese
1127:hispanicus
1096:ʾî šəpānîm
1094:אי שפנים (
1086:when they
997:de in ante
910:hispaniōne
857:castellano
853:castellano
751:See also:
717:Castellano
713:castellano
682:(English:
678:castellano
668:(English:
652:(in blue).
643:castellano
469:Venezuelan
454:Salvadoran
427:Philippine
417:Peninsular
412:Panamanian
402:Nicaraguan
377:Guatemalan
367:Ecuadorian
302:Andalusian
262:Adjectives
210:Influences
75:newspapers
2616:Castilian
2605:Andalusia
2525:Argentina
2494:Nicaragua
2470:Guatemala
2438:Venezuela
2188:cristiano
2170:The term
2154:. There,
2148:Cantabria
2140:Andalusia
2057:gaztelera
1971:Aragonese
1898:Castilian
1806:palatīnum
1731:The poet
1655:Cervantes
1650:The term
1619:Aragonese
1615:Mozarabic
1603:cristiano
1468:Tz’utujil
1464:Kaqchikel
1440:Guatemala
1404:castellan
1400:Castilian
1396:castellan
1345:Castiella
1333:castellum
1253:Supein-go
1194:New World
1092:Canaanite
1072:The name
1039:españuelo
989:Barcinone
985:Barcelona
953:ethnonyms
880:Castilian
721:Castilian
685:Castilian
588:Hispanism
545:Spanglish
464:Uruguayan
362:Dominican
347:Colombian
332:Caribbean
312:Argentine
3181:Archived
3152:Archived
3132:gallegos
3115:Archived
3088:Archived
3042:Archived
3013:Archived
2992:Archived
2967:Archived
2947:Archived
2925:Archived
2903:Archived
2881:Archived
2842:Archived
2817:Archived
2732:and the
2711:Archived
2658:See also
2581:Archived
2569:Archived
2557:Archived
2545:Archived
2528:Archived
2509:Archived
2497:Archived
2485:Archived
2482:Honduras
2473:Archived
2456:Archived
2405:Espanyól
2385:Filipino
2379:specify
2354:Paraguay
2335:Colombia
2280:vosotros
2220:and not
2049:castellà
2045:espanyol
2039:and the
2017:—
1975:Asturian
1967:Galician
1949:), etc.
1905:—
1871:resulta
1869:español,
1796:palatino
1790:paladino
1784:paladino
1639:Asturian
1631:Galician
1599:Hispania
1472:Q’eqchi’
1417:frontier
1379:Castilla
1327:castella
1313:Castilla
1297:Hispania
1293:isbāniya
1249:Japanese
1206:Portugal
1202:Hispania
1186:Galician
1143:espánego
1123:hispanus
1112:Hispania
1075:Hispania
1055:borgoñón
961:borgoñón
955:such as
941:Hispania
922:Hispania
872:Spaniard
693:Galician
579:Teaching
550:Castrapo
540:Portuñol
459:Standard
422:Peruvian
407:Paraguay
382:Honduran
327:Canarian
322:Bolivian
317:Belizean
293:Dialects
250:personal
245:Pronouns
157:Overview
3110:in the
2644:español
2636:español
2601:dialect
2578:Uruguay
2446:español
2401:español
2393:Kastilà
2389:Kastilà
2367:español
2349:Ecuador
2343:español
2329:español
2317:Bolivia
2302:español
2294:español
2284:español
2276:Español
2260:español
2248:español
2236:español
2218:español
2214:español
2205:español
2184:español
2176:español
2160:Castile
2156:español
2136:Castile
2097:foreign
2081:Romance
2076:español
2022:of 1978
1983:Leonese
1963:Catalan
1939:francés
1931:español
1919:español
1890:Spanish
1768:romance
1661:epithet
1627:Catalan
1555:scholar
1476:Kʼicheʼ
1460:Pocomam
1429:Navarre
1350:Leonese
1339:castrum
1318:Castile
1286:Pinyin:
1279:Pinyin:
1275:xībānyá
1251:スペイン語 (
1237:Spanish
1233:Espagne
1225:español
1214:español
1210:Andorra
1190:Catalan
1174:Moorish
1172:of the
1162:español
1147:espango
1141:) and *
1135:espanos
1119:hispani
1100:hyraxes
1082:by the
1067:españón
1063:español
1043:español
993:delante
973:españon
947:suffix
914:Occitan
906:españón
898:español
891:Español
884:Spanish
868:Spanish
861:español
822:español
818:Spanish
737:Castile
731:in the
709:español
697:Catalan
671:Spanish
664:español
649:español
555:Creoles
525:Llanito
449:Saharan
392:Murcian
387:Mexican
342:Chilean
219:Grammar
191:History
89:scholar
3108:erdara
2566:Mexico
2506:Panama
2327:, but
2264:España
2152:Aragon
2109:erdara
2105:erdara
2093:erdera
2089:erdara
1985:. The
1959:Basque
1947:alemán
1943:German
1935:French
1781:. And
1762:romanz
1659:as an
1635:Basque
1611:Hebrew
1607:Arabic
1557:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1474:, and
1433:Aragon
1361:-iella
1355:-iello
1322:Castle
1270:Pinyin
1261:Supein
1221:España
1198:España
1178:Jewish
1170:Hebrew
1166:Arabic
1139:espano
1131:España
1108:rabbit
1084:Romans
1024:España
1013:sangne
1011:(from
1009:sangre
1007:) and
1003:(from
995:(from
991:) and
987:(from
967:, and
957:bretón
926:España
834:Aragon
830:Crowns
771:, and
705:Basque
703:, and
674:) and
530:Jopara
507:Loísmo
502:Leísmo
492:Yeísmo
432:status
307:Andean
255:object
238:gender
205:Middle
170:stress
91:
84:
77:
70:
62:
3216:(PDF)
3209:(PDF)
3136:pommy
2973:, in
2799:virus
2537:Chile
1892:, it
1812:palam
1756:Roman
1595:Moors
1562:JSTOR
1548:books
1373:-illa
1364:into
1289:xī yǔ
1265:Spain
1241:Spain
1229:Spain
1059:riñón
1051:cañón
1035:-olus
1032:Latin
1005:ingne
1001:ingle
969:lapón
965:sajón
811:Latin
741:Spain
497:Voseo
487:Seseo
357:Cuban
272:Verbs
233:Nouns
182:Names
96:JSTOR
82:books
3021:2022
2634:and
2623:and
2542:Cuba
2359:Peru
2272:Lima
2262:and
1981:and
1965:and
1911:2005
1609:and
1534:news
1431:and
1425:Leon
1367:illo
1245:-ish
1223:and
1208:and
1176:and
1168:and
1145:or *
1047:-ñón
949:-ōne
711:and
656:The
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3204:BOE
2150:or
2091:or
2055:or
1941:),
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1438:In
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1069:."
1028:-ol
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1977:,
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