632:. Nouns have primary and secondary forms in both the singular and plural number. The semantic difference between these two forms is currently not well understood. Hollis (1909) characterized the primary and secondary forms as indefinite and definite forms of the noun respectively, but this is not the correct treatment of these forms according to Toweett (1979) and Creider (1989). The former author refers to the primary form as an ‘inclusive’ form, and to the secondary one as an ‘exclusive’ form, while the latter author simply explains that it is not clear what the correct characterization of these forms is. The language has no overt articles and it seems like these two forms are related to definiteness and/or specificity in some way.
221:
1185:(and retains any case marking it has). In the second one, the wh-word appears in topic position (it is followed by the topic marker kó and it loses its nominative case marking if it is a subject). The third strategy is only possible with predicative sentences, in which case the predicate appears in topic position, with the wh-word remaining
191:, a Elgeyo expression meaning "I say (to you)", gained prominence in the late 1940s and early 1950s, when several Kalenjin-speaking peoples united under it. This ethnic consolidation created a major ethnic group in Kenya, and also involved a standardization of the Kenyan Kalenjin dialects. However, since outside Kenya the name
654:
The verb agrees with both the subject and the object in person and number. The order of morphemes is that of tense – subject agreement – (aspect) – stem – (aspect), with a lot of aspectual work being done by changes in the tonal pattern and/or vowels of the subject agreement prefix and/or the verbal
620:
Nouns inflect for case (nominative vs. non-nominative) and number (singular-plural). Case is tonal and is very regular, while number formation is quite irregular, with plural being signaled in a variety of different ways, including various plural suffixes, changes in the specification of the vowels
378:
Similarly, vowel length is important for certain grammatical distinctions. For example, perfect aspect in the past is signaled through lengthening of the vowel of the subject agreement prefix. Therefore, the only difference between simple and perfect aspect in the past is that the subject agreement
351:
distinction. In (at least) Kipsigis (Toweett 1979) and Nandi (Creider 1989), all five vowels have both , and counterparts, but the contrast is neutralized for the vowel in Tugen (Jerono 2012). The neutralization of the contrast for this specific vowel is common in other
Nilotic languages of the
1114:
in the language, according to
Creider (1989). In the unmarked case, a topicalized subject appears at the end of the sentence, retaining its nominative case marking. In the marked case, the topicalized element appears at the beginning of the sentence and is followed by the topic marker kò. In this
650:
Kalenjin verbs show a distinction between past and non-past tense, with three degrees of past being distinguished (based on distance from the present). Moreover, there is a difference between perfective and imperfective aspect, and within each one of these aspects there is a further distinction
774:
The above suffixes show different behavior with respect to ATR harmony (some take the ATR value of the vowels of the stem, while others change the ATR value of the vowels of the stem). The above suffixes can co-occur on the same verb, yielding complex meanings.
658:
Finally, there is a series of suffixes that can be attached to the verb to change its argument structure or add extra meaning. Toweett (1979:129) gives for
Kipsigis the following list of verbal suffixes and other phonological changes that target verbal meaning:
624:
Moreover, each noun in the language has two different forms, called “primary” and “secondary” forms in the literature. For example, the primary form of the word for ‘bird’ in
Kipsigis is
1490:
1094:
is the only case that is marked in the language, while all other cases (accusative, genitive, dative etc.) are left unmarked. Nominative case is marked through tone only.
2524:
242:
607:
is marked with a special tonal pattern on the noun, while certain singular-plural distinctions in nouns and adjectives are signaled exclusively through tone.
1102:
Negation is expressed with the prefix ma-/maa-, which attaches to the verb. It precedes the subject agreement prefix, but it follows the tense prefixes.
651:
between simple and perfect aspect. In the non-past only, the perfect aspect also shows a distinction for simultaneous versus non-simultaneous actions.
647:
The verbal morphology of
Kalenjin is extremely rich. Moreover, nouns and adjectives follow the verbal inflection paradigm when they are predicates.
1483:
368:
harmony. As a result, all vowels in a word have the same value. In the rest of the article, Kalenjin words with will be spelled in italics.
576:
is not phonemic for consonants, but the velar and bilabial stops and are voiced intervocalically, and in fast speech there is sometimes
553:
535:
1735:
1522:
1476:
365:
345:
82:
268:
639:, which denote male and female gender respectively. Gender is not expressed in all nouns, and does not participate in agreement.
472:
371:
It is common in the language to use distinctions to signal grammatical functions. For example, in
Kipsigis, the word for ‘bird’
635:
Derivational and inflectional affixes associated with nouns are always suffixes, with the exception of the prefixes kip – and
246:
2107:
946:
For locative predicates, a special locative copula is used, in which case the order is Verb-Subject-Locative predicate.
495:
2519:
2514:
2056:
231:
848:
The order in sentences with nominal or adjectival predicates is
Predicate – Subject, as can be seen in (2) and (3).
344:
Kalenjin has a simple five-vowel inventory {a, e, i, o, u}, which is then expanded by the presence of a contrastive
2337:
584:
562:
465:
458:
92:
250:
235:
2173:
2019:
1499:
77:
1189:. The three strategies for a predicative sentence are illustrated in (7-9) below for Nandi (Creider 1989: 143).
1071:
375:
with a feature on the vowels forms its plural by changing the value of the feature to for all its vowels.
203:
of Uganda, it is common in linguistic literature to refer to the languages of the Kenyan
Kalenjin peoples as
2323:
2294:
1847:
1067:
479:
1961:
1631:
1509:
71:
2264:
1636:
1591:
1403:
588:
515:
430:
423:
998:
In the presence of an indirect object, the order is Verb – Subject – Indirect Object – Direct Object.
2228:
1966:
1888:
1609:
437:
1171:
2064:
1951:
1578:
789:
1458:
2363:
2346:
2102:
2084:
1702:
1557:
699:
600:
487:
444:
400:
177:
97:
2443:
1181:
There are three ways of forming wh-questions in
Kalenjin. In the first one, the wh-word remains
1463:
603:. Tone is used both for lexical distinctions and to signal grammatical functions. For example,
2391:
2006:
1980:
1787:
1075:
793:
738:
729:
667:
573:
527:
405:
300:
295:
87:
59:
2463:
2396:
2243:
2238:
2152:
2079:
1923:
1880:
1818:
1751:
1697:
1679:
1614:
1604:
1538:
671:
507:
395:
357:
2468:
2401:
2368:
2355:
2310:
2157:
2140:
2112:
2074:
2044:
1956:
1893:
1870:
1833:
1828:
1766:
1707:
1689:
1674:
1666:
1626:
1620:
1572:
1551:
1091:
1079:
768:
604:
547:
417:
410:
353:
305:
200:
173:
66:
43:
1390:
2495:
2427:
2411:
2406:
2386:
2318:
2274:
2269:
2248:
2223:
2188:
2146:
2122:
2117:
1945:
1928:
1908:
1823:
1813:
1792:
1782:
1567:
1562:
1111:
754:
452:
322:
316:
311:
285:
is an inclusive term for different dialects spoken in the north Rift region of Kenya.
196:
151:
141:
2508:
2289:
2279:
2208:
2198:
2193:
2132:
2069:
2034:
1898:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1797:
1712:
1656:
1599:
717:
2233:
2039:
348:
1376:
361:
220:
713:: there are two events of what the verb denotes which take place simultaneously
17:
1115:
case, if the topicalized element is a subject, it loses its nominative case.
720:
of the stem (with a vowel intervening between the two occurrences of the stem
1468:
135:
121:
1429:
Die Südnilotischen
Sprachen: Beschreibung, Vergelichung und Rekonstruktion
580:
of these consonants. The alveolar stop , though, has no voiced allophone.
698:: used for dispositional middles (and possibly other middles and/or some
577:
1147:
958:
923:
877:
859:
808:
747:: there are two or more agents involved in the event denoted by the verb
670:
morpheme (it introduces and applied argument, such as a recipient or a
181:
1453:
2284:
47:
127:
1448:
1431:(Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik vol. 7). Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
796:. An example of a simple VSO sentence in Nandi can be seen in (1).
1355:
Amu neng'ung' bounatet, ak kamuktaet, ak torornatet, agoi koigeny.
1082:, also express possession with the use of a transitive verb HAVE.
387:
The following table shows the consonant phonemes of the language:
1308:
1214:
1203:
1074:
with a transitive verb HAVE. Other verb-initial languages of the
1021:
969:
927:
881:
819:
187:
In Kenya, where speakers make up 18% of the population, the name
2003:
1733:
1520:
1472:
1055:‘Kibet read the book to the child.’ (Nandi, Creider 1989: 126)
214:
1009:
1063:, are usually placed after the direct object in Kalenjin.
621:
of the stem, or changes in the tonal pattern of the stem.
919:
873:
364:. Kalenjin, like many other African languages, exhibits
1424:. Unpublished PhD. Dissertation: University of Nairobi.
1294:
1251:
1136:
379:
prefix is short in the former, but long in the latter.
1333:
761:
707:
1162:‘The woman is sleeping.’ (Nandi, Creider 1989: 125)
2456:
2436:
2420:
2377:
2354:
2345:
2336:
2309:
2257:
2216:
2207:
2181:
2172:
2131:
2095:
2055:
2027:
2018:
1979:
1937:
1916:
1907:
1879:
1846:
1806:
1775:
1759:
1750:
1688:
1665:
1649:
1590:
1537:
134:
120:
65:
53:
39:
29:
844:‘Kibet sees the child.’ (Nandi, Creider 1989: 124)
994:‘Kiprono is in Kitale.' (Nandi, Creider 1989:123)
195:has been extended to related languages such as
1174:are formed by attaching the question particle
788:The predominant word order in the language is
1484:
8:
249:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2351:
2342:
2213:
2178:
2024:
2015:
2000:
1913:
1756:
1747:
1730:
1543:
1534:
1517:
1491:
1477:
1469:
1090:Kalenjin is a marked nominative language:
1052:PAST-read-applicative Kibet.NOM child book
942:‘He is happy.’ (Nandi, Creider 1989: 123)
686:: action and movement towards the speaker
269:Learn how and when to remove this message
897:‘I am Nandi.’ (Nandi, Creider 1989: 121)
389:
1368:
722:): the action is repeated several times
1422:Tugen Word Order. A Minimalist Program
26:
678:tonal and/or vowel change of the stem
7:
1349:ko u ye kinyochini kaat che lelwech.
247:adding citations to reliable sources
1345:Konech rani amitwogikyok che bo ra.
1066:Finally, Kalenjin is unusual among
680:: the action is towards the speaker
1415:Nandi: Their Language and FolkLore
1328:
25:
1341:Ingoyaak eng' ng'ony mageng'ung',
561:
552:
534:
514:
494:
478:
471:
464:
457:
443:
436:
429:
422:
1464:PanAfrican L10n page on Kalenjin
1178:to the last word of a sentence.
219:
1436:A Study of Kalenjin linguistics
1343:Ko u ye kiyaei eng' kipsengwet.
1334:
207:, after the principal variety.
1347:Ak inyoiywech kaat lelutikyok,
792:(VSO), a common word order in
628:, while its secondary form is
1:
2525:Verb–subject–object languages
1329:The Lord's Prayer in Kalenjin
1110:There are two strategies for
741:(it introduces an instrument)
692:: action is ‘off’ the speaker
1510:Nilo-Saharan language family
1413:Hollis, Alfred Claud. 1909.
991:is-at.3SG Kiprono.NOM Kitale
762:
708:
591:to the following consonant.
1449:Kalenjin–English Dictionary
1417:. Negro Universities Press.
1377:"Maasai Contrastive Vowels"
1335:Kwandanyo ne mi kipsengwet,
2541:
1438:. Kenya Literature Bureau.
2489:
2014:
1999:
1746:
1729:
1546:
1533:
1516:
1506:
1500:Eastern Sudanic languages
281:The Kenyan conception of
67:Linguistic classification
34:
1986:Large group listed below
1454:Kalenjin Word of the Day
1434:Toweett, Taaitta. 1979.
1353:ago soruech eng' yaityo.
1351:Amemutech ole mi yomset,
1337:Ingotililit kaineng'ung.
347:, as well as a phonemic
1427:Rottland, Franz. 1982.
1274:‘Which one is the cow?’
1167:Interrogative sentences
1076:Nilotic language family
841:see.3SG Kibet.NOM child
790:Verb – Subject – Object
583:All nasals apart from
1420:Jerono, Prisca. 2012.
1402:Creider, Chet A., and
1391:"Didinga Grammar Book"
1339:Ingonyo bounateng'ung.
1068:verb-initial languages
1045:kíi-sôoman-tʃi Kípe:t
1508:Part of the proposed
1404:Jane Tapsubei Creider
1324:‘Which one is a cow?’
1059:VP adverbs, such as
894:1SG-Nandi PN.1SG.NOM
366:Advanced Tongue Root
243:improve this section
2108:Lango (South Sudan)
1159:woman TOP sleep.3SG
2520:Kalenjin languages
2515:Languages of Kenya
1459:A Kalenjin website
1408:A Grammar of Nandi
147:(Central Kalenjin)
2502:
2501:
2496:extinct languages
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2452:
2451:
2332:
2331:
2305:
2304:
2168:
2167:
2007:Nilotic languages
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1975:
1974:
1842:
1841:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1645:
1644:
1393:. 11 August 2014.
1321:which TOP cow.NOM
1226:cow.NOM which.NOM
1012:-read-applicative
985:mìitey Kíiproono
571:
570:
279:
278:
271:
184:language family.
162:
161:
60:East African Rift
16:(Redirected from
2532:
2352:
2343:
2214:
2179:
2025:
2016:
2009:
2001:
1914:
1757:
1748:
1731:
1544:
1535:
1518:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1470:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1359:
1358:
1310:
1296:
1253:
1216:
1205:
1172:Yes–no questions
1149:
1138:
1070:, in expressing
1023:
1011:
971:
960:
939:happy PN.3SG.NOM
929:
925:
921:
887:aa-náantíiintèt
883:
879:
875:
861:
821:
810:
765:
711:
565:
556:
538:
518:
498:
482:
475:
468:
461:
447:
440:
433:
426:
390:
352:region, such as
274:
267:
263:
260:
254:
223:
215:
199:of Tanzania and
158:
154:
148:
144:
130:
93:Southern Nilotic
83:Southern Eastern
27:
21:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2473:
2448:
2432:
2416:
2373:
2328:
2301:
2253:
2203:
2164:
2127:
2091:
2051:
2010:
2005:
1987:
1971:
1933:
1903:
1875:
1838:
1802:
1771:
1742:
1717:
1684:
1661:
1641:
1586:
1529:
1512:
1502:
1497:
1445:
1399:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1312:
1298:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1263:
1255:
1245:
1235:
1231:
1218:
1207:
1194:
1169:
1164:
1151:
1140:
1130:
1120:
1108:
1100:
1092:nominative case
1088:
1057:
1043:
1035:
1025:
1014:
1003:
996:
983:
973:
962:
951:
944:
931:
911:
903:
899:
885:
864:
856:aa-náantíiintèt
853:
846:
833:
823:
812:
801:
786:
781:
645:
618:
613:
605:nominative case
597:
385:
342:
337:
332:
306:Naandi (Cemual)
275:
264:
258:
255:
240:
224:
213:
201:Elgon languages
174:dialect cluster
170:Kalenjin proper
166:Elgeyo language
156:
150:
149:
146:
140:
126:
78:Eastern Sudanic
55:
44:Kalenjin people
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2457:Omotik–Datooga
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2379:Nandi–Markweta
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2349:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2324:Southern Burun
2321:
2319:Northern Burun
2315:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2295:Lango (Uganda)
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
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2220:
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2205:
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2201:
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2191:
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2170:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
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2161:
2160:
2150:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2031:
2029:
2022:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1977:
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1973:
1972:
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1964:
1959:
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1918:
1911:
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1443:External links
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1112:topicalization
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1106:Topicalization
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1006:kíi-sôoman-tʃi
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835:kêerey Kípe:t
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700:anticausatives
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609:
601:tonal language
599:Kalenjin is a
596:
593:
569:
568:
566:
559:
557:
550:
544:
543:
541:
539:
532:
530:
524:
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510:
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484:
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476:
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455:
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427:
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398:
393:
384:
381:
341:
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329:
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327:
326:
320:
314:
309:
298:
287:
277:
276:
227:
225:
218:
212:
209:
180:branch of the
160:
159:
138:
132:
131:
124:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
110:
109:
108:
107:
106:
105:
69:
63:
62:
57:
51:
50:
41:
37:
36:
32:
31:
24:
18:Nandi–Markweta
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2537:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2455:
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2429:
2426:
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2423:
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2413:
2410:
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2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
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2376:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
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2359:
2357:
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2344:
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2335:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1848:Eastern Jebel
1845:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1732:
1728:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
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1668:
1664:
1658:
1655:
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1648:
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1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1618:
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1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
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1589:
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1580:
1576:
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1569:
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1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1275:
1272:
1271:cow TOP which
1269:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1116:
1113:
1105:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1013:
1007:
999:
995:
992:
989:
988:
982:
979:
978:
972:
966:
961:
955:
947:
943:
940:
937:
936:
930:
917:
916:
910:
907:
898:
895:
892:
890:
884:
871:
869:
863:
857:
849:
845:
842:
839:
838:
832:
829:
828:
822:
816:
811:
805:
797:
795:
791:
783:
778:
776:
770:
766:
764:
759:
757:or reciprocal
756:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
736:
733:
731:
727:
724:
721:
719:
718:Reduplication
715:
712:
710:
704:
701:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
669:
665:
662:
661:
660:
656:
652:
648:
642:
640:
638:
633:
631:
627:
622:
615:
610:
608:
606:
602:
594:
592:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
567:
564:
560:
558:
555:
551:
549:
546:
545:
542:
540:
537:
533:
531:
529:
526:
525:
522:
520:
517:
513:
511:
509:
506:
505:
502:
500:
497:
493:
491:
489:
486:
485:
481:
477:
474:
470:
467:
463:
460:
456:
454:
451:
450:
446:
442:
439:
435:
432:
428:
425:
421:
419:
416:
415:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
391:
388:
382:
380:
376:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
356:of Kenya and
355:
350:
346:
339:
334:
324:
323:(North) Tugen
321:
318:
315:
313:
310:
307:
304:
303:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
292:
289:
288:
286:
284:
273:
270:
262:
252:
248:
244:
238:
237:
233:
228:This section
226:
222:
217:
216:
210:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
153:
143:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
123:
119:
104:
101:
100:
99:
96:
95:
94:
91:
90:
89:
86:
85:
84:
81:
80:
79:
76:
75:
73:
70:
68:
64:
61:
58:
52:
49:
45:
42:
38:
33:
28:
19:
2491:
2421:Okiek–Mosiro
2378:
2265:Southern Luo
2145:
2057:Teso–Turkana
1944:
1737:
1619:
1577:
1550:
1524:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1385:
1371:
1332:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1229:‘Which cow?’
1228:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1109:
1101:
1089:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1016:
1008:
1005:
997:
993:
990:
986:
984:
980:
976:
975:
967:
964:
956:
953:
945:
941:
938:
934:
932:
918:
914:
913:
908:
905:
896:
893:
888:
886:
872:
867:
866:
858:
855:
847:
843:
840:
836:
834:
830:
826:
825:
817:
814:
806:
803:
787:
773:
760:
750:
744:
739:instrumental
734:
725:
716:
705:
695:
689:
683:
677:
663:
657:
653:
649:
646:
636:
634:
629:
625:
623:
619:
598:
582:
572:
386:
377:
372:
370:
349:vowel length
343:
290:
282:
280:
265:
256:
241:Please help
229:
204:
192:
188:
186:
169:
165:
163:
102:
72:Nilo-Saharan
56:distribution
2229:Belanda Bor
1889:Keiga Jirru
1610:El Hugeirat
1592:Hill Nubian
730:antipassive
672:beneficiary
668:applicative
362:South Sudan
157:(Markweeta)
2509:Categories
2182:Dinka–Nuer
2133:Ongamo–Maa
2065:Karamojong
1952:Daju Mongo
1579:Old Nubian
1363:References
1314:inkoró kó
1268:kó ínkoró?
1154:chepyóséet
1124:chepyóséet
1078:, such as
1072:possession
784:Word Order
769:comitative
611:Morphology
585:assimilate
383:Consonants
54:Geographic
2494:indicate
2364:Kupsabiny
2103:Dongotono
2085:Nyangatom
1807:Southwest
1776:Southeast
1740:languages
1736:Southern
1703:Miisiirii
1558:Dongolawi
1527:languages
1523:Northern
965:Kíiproono
755:reflexive
630:tàrìityét
335:Phonology
230:does not
211:Varieties
136:Glottolog
122:ISO 639-3
40:Ethnicity
2392:Kipsigis
2347:Kalenjin
2338:Southern
2258:Southern
2217:Northern
1406:. 1989.
1098:Negation
1047:làakwéet
1029:làakwéet
968:Kiprono.
837:làakwéet
827:làakwéet
726:–iis/-sa
578:lenition
488:Sibilant
401:Alveolar
301:Markweta
296:Kipsigis
283:Kalenjin
259:May 2024
193:Kalenjin
189:Kalenjin
178:Kalenjin
172:, are a
152:mark1255
142:cent2293
98:Kalenjin
35:Kalenjin
2492:Italics
2464:Datooga
2397:Markwet
2244:Shilluk
2174:Western
2153:Samburu
2080:Turkana
2045:Mandari
2020:Eastern
1981:Nilotic
1938:Western
1924:Logorik
1917:Eastern
1819:Didinga
1698:Mararit
1680:Nyimang
1615:Ghulfan
1605:Dilling
1258:ínkoró?
1223:inkorò?
1210:inkorò?
1187:in situ
1183:in situ
1156:kó rúey
1049:púukúut
1038:púukúut
987:kitâali
977:kitâali
933:páypây
794:Nilotic
763:-taaita
637:che:p -
574:Voicing
528:Lateral
406:Palatal
358:Didinga
325:(Kenya)
319:(Kenya)
308:(Kenya)
251:removed
236:sources
182:Nilotic
176:of the
155:
145:
88:Nilotic
46:, some
2469:Omotik
2444:Pökoot
2437:Pökoot
2402:Naandi
2369:Sabaot
2285:Dholuo
2275:Adhola
2270:Acholi
2141:Maasai
2113:Lokoya
2096:Lotuko
2075:Toposa
1957:Nyolge
1894:Temein
1881:Temein
1871:Sillok
1834:Tennet
1829:Laarim
1767:Majang
1752:Surmic
1708:Sungor
1675:Afitti
1627:Kadaru
1621:Haraza
1573:Nobiin
1552:Birgid
1539:Nubian
1283:inkoró
1213:which.
1146:sleep.
1080:Maasai
1061:always
1020:Kibet.
1017:Kípe:t
981:Kitale
957:is-at.
954:mìitey
906:páypây
862:-Nandi
818:Kibet.
815:Kípe:t
804:kêerey
779:Syntax
655:stem.
626:tàríit
508:Rhotic
396:Labial
373:tàríit
354:Maasai
340:Vowels
205:Elgeyo
103:Elgeyo
48:Dorobo
30:Elgeyo
2428:Ogiek
2412:Tugen
2407:Terik
2387:Keiyo
2356:Elgon
2311:Burun
2290:Kumam
2249:Thuri
2224:Anuak
2189:Dinka
2158:Camus
2147:Ngasa
2123:Otuho
2118:Lopit
1962:Nyala
1946:Beigo
1929:Shatt
1824:Murle
1814:Baale
1793:Mursi
1788:Meʼen
1783:Kwegu
1760:North
1690:Taman
1667:Nyima
1632:Karko
1568:Midob
1563:Kenzi
1357:Amen.
1316:teetà
1302:teetà
1286:which
1266:teetá
1261:which
1239:teetá
1221:teetà
1198:teetà
1128:woman
1033:child
909:happy
831:child
709:chiin
643:Verbs
616:Nouns
589:place
548:Glide
418:Nasal
411:Velar
317:Keiyo
312:Terik
291:Nandi
197:Okiek
168:, or
2280:Alur
2239:Päri
2199:Reel
2194:Nuer
2070:Teso
2040:Kuku
2035:Bari
2028:Bari
1967:Sila
1909:Daju
1899:Tese
1866:Molo
1861:Kelo
1856:Gaam
1798:Suri
1713:Tama
1657:Nara
1650:Nara
1637:Wali
1600:Dair
1307:cow.
1202:cow.
1143:rúey
1086:Case
1041:book
1010:PAST
935:ínee
915:ínee
889:áne:
868:áne:
807:see.
751:-kee
735:-een
684:–aan
664:–tʃi
595:Tone
587:for
453:Stop
234:any
232:cite
164:The
2234:Jur
2209:Luo
1309:NOM
1295:TOP
1279:(9)
1252:TOP
1243:cow
1234:(8)
1215:NOM
1204:NOM
1193:(7)
1148:3SG
1137:TOP
1119:(6)
1022:NOM
1002:(5)
970:NOM
959:3SG
950:(4)
928:NOM
924:3SG
902:(3)
882:NOM
878:1SG
860:1SG
852:(2)
820:NOM
809:3SG
800:(1)
745:-ya
696:–ak
690:–ta
360:of
245:by
128:kln
2511::
1291:kó
1248:kó
1176:–í
1133:kó
920:PN
874:PN
767::
753::
737::
728::
666::
473:tʃ
1738:n
1525:k
1492:e
1485:t
1478:v
1410:.
1379:.
1318:?
1304:?
926:.
922:.
891:.
880:.
876:.
870:.
706:–
702:)
674:)
563:j
554:w
536:l
516:r
496:s
480:k
466:t
459:p
445:ŋ
438:ɲ
431:n
424:m
272:)
266:(
261:)
257:(
253:.
239:.
74:?
20:)
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