44:
47:
Cross-section from the chicken's nasal cavity. (A) Panoramic scanning of the section, (b) concha nasalis media, (c) meatus nasi, (d) optic nerve of nervi trigeminus, (e) nasal septum, (f) inferior nasal meatus, (g) infraorbital sinus, (i) choanal cleft. (B) Diffuse lymphoid follicle covered by FAE
582:
Zanvit, Peter; Tichopád, Aleš; HavlĂÄŤková, Martina; Novotná, Olga; Jirkovská, Marie; Kološtová, KatarĂna; ÄŚechová, Dana; Julák, Jaroslav; Ĺ terzl, Ivan (2010). "Adjuvant effect of
Bacillus firmus on the expression of cytokines and toll-like receptors in mouse nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue
282:
is an effective way to stimulate respiratory immune system. This way of immunization can provoke both the cell-mediated and humoral immune responses and is capable of stimulating both the mucosal and systemic immune systems. A dose of i.n. administered antigen can be much smaller than of oral
370:
Asanuma, Hideki; Hodson
Thompson, Amy; Iwasaki, Takuya; Sato, Yuko; Inaba, Yuji; Aizawa, Chikara; Kurata, Takeshi; Tamura, Shin-ichi (1997-03-28). "Isolation and characterization of mouse nasal-associated lymphoid tissue".
620:"Phase I Evaluation of Intranasal Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine with Nontoxigenic Escherichia coli Enterotoxin and Novel Biovector as Mucosal Adjuvants, Using Adult Volunteers"
688:
Kweon, Mi-Na; Yamamoto, Masafumi; Watanabe, Fumiko; Tamura, Shinichi; Ginkel, Frederik W. van; Miyauchi, Akira; Takagi, Hiroaki; Takeda, Yoshifumi; Hamabata, Takashi (2002-11-01).
618:
Stephenson, Iain; Zambon, Maria C.; Rudin, Anna; Colegate, Anthony; Podda, Audino; Bugarini, Roberto; Giudice, Giusseppe del; Minutello, Ada; Bonnington, Susan (2006-05-15).
125:
or in newborn mice. First signs of NALT (HEV with associated lymphocytes) occurs one week after birth, but full formation is established after 5–8 weeks. In contrast to
291:. Thus, it would be a suitable way of vaccination against airborne viruses and bacteria. In 1997, nasal-spray vaccine containing inactivated
354:
690:"A Nontoxic Chimeric Enterotoxin Adjuvant Induces Protective Immunity in Both Mucosal and Systemic Compartments with Reduced IgE Antibodies"
168:
142:
28:
151:
gene, which induce genesis of CD3CD4CD45 cells. These cells accumulates on the site of NALT after birth and induce NALT formation.
31:(MALT) in mammals. It protects body from airborne viruses and other infectious agents. In humans, NALT is considered analogous to
163:
and it is the first site of recognition and elimination of inhaled pathogens. It has a key role in inducing mucosal and systemic
215:
32:
106:. CD4 T cells are in naive state, marked by high expression of CD45RB. B cells are mostly in unswitched state, with
138:
317:
76:
296:
742:
134:
674:
Yamamoto, Masafumi, et al. "A nontoxic adjuvant for mucosal immunity to pneumococcal surface protein A."
312:
55:
NALT in mice is localized on cartilaginous soft palate of upper jaw, it is situated bilaterally on the
527:"Induction of antibody-secreting cells and T-helper and memory cells in murine nasal lymphoid tissue"
408:"Induction of antibody-secreting cells and T-helper and memory cells in murine nasal lymphoid tissue"
300:
235:
211:
56:
311:
in some patients. Thus, scientists are looking for more suitable and safe adjuvants, for expamle,
178:
or pathogen recognition, lymphocytes in NALT proliferate and differentiate. They start to produce
103:
719:
711:
657:
639:
600:
564:
546:
507:
489:
445:
427:
388:
350:
346:
339:
231:
187:
701:
647:
631:
592:
554:
538:
497:
481:
435:
419:
380:
292:
288:
227:
223:
219:
183:
126:
110:
107:
95:
72:
50:(C) NALT located on the dorsal side of choanal cleft. (D) NALT located on the nasal septum.
164:
99:
308:
63:, T cell and B cell enriched zones, follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) with epithelial
652:
619:
559:
542:
526:
502:
469:
440:
423:
407:
207:
71:. M cells are typical for antigen intake from mucosa. In some areas of NALT, there are
68:
64:
384:
736:
635:
263:
259:
203:
199:
195:
191:
122:
91:
275:
175:
596:
315:
et al. in 1998 on mice model proved safe and efficient i.n. vaccination against
304:
279:
583:(NALT) after intranasal immunization with inactivated influenza virus type A".
130:
60:
43:
715:
643:
550:
493:
431:
239:
723:
661:
604:
511:
568:
449:
392:
406:
Wu, H.-Y.; Nikolova, E. B.; Beagley, K. W.; Russell, M. W. (1996-08-01).
247:
179:
160:
284:
121:
Formation of NALT starts early after birth, it is not present during
87:
83:
485:
706:
689:
243:
42:
525:
Wu, H Y; Nikolova, E B; Beagley, K W; Russell, M W (1996-08-01).
307:, but it had to be withdrawn from the market, because it caused
147:
90:. The T-cell population contains about 3–4 times more
27:) represents immune system of nasal mucosa and is a part of
266:
are established and last for long time after immunization.
470:"NALT- versus Peyer's-patch-mediated mucosal immunity"
337:
Murphy, Kenneth; Travers, Paul; Walport, Mark (2008).
79:. Dendritic cells and macrophages are also present.
171:similarly to Peyer's patches in a small intestine.
338:
468:Kiyono, Hiroshi; Fukuyama, Satoshi (2004-09-01).
159:NALT in mice has strategic position for incoming
230:. Activated B cells can migrate through body to
210:(amount depend on used immunizating agent or
8:
321:and in 2002 also against influenza virus.
59:side of the palate. It consists mainly of
705:
651:
558:
501:
439:
329:
21:nasopharynx- associated lymphoid tissue
345:. New York: Garland Science. pp.
287:, because antigens are not exposed to
48:located on the concha nasalis media.
7:
463:
461:
459:
133:, NALT formation is independent of
82:NALT contains about same amount of
543:10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.d01-690.x
424:10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.d01-690.x
14:
29:mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
636:10.1128/JVI.80.10.4962-4970.2006
373:Journal of Immunological Methods
694:Journal of Infectious Diseases
98:. Most of T cells are with αβ
77:HEVs (high endothelial venule)
1:
385:10.1016/S0022-1759(96)00243-8
218:and produce antigen-specific
167:. NALT is inductive site of
102:(TCR) and only few are with
597:10.1016/j.imlet.2010.08.006
759:
474:Nature Reviews. Immunology
676:The Journal of Immunology
678:161.8 (1998): 4115-4121.
318:Streptococcus pneumoniae
145:signalling. It requires
341:Janeway's Immunobiology
297:heat-labile enterotoxin
238:, because they express
214:). B cells go through
52:
46:
236:genito-uritary tract
624:Journal of Virology
585:Immunology Letters
274:Intranasal (i.n.)
188:type I interferons
53:
630:(10): 4962–4970.
356:978-0-8153-4123-9
313:Masafumi Yamamoto
289:digestive enzymes
216:isotype switching
174:After intranasal
73:lymphatic vessels
750:
728:
727:
709:
700:(9): 1261–1269.
685:
679:
672:
666:
665:
655:
615:
609:
608:
579:
573:
572:
562:
522:
516:
515:
505:
465:
454:
453:
443:
403:
397:
396:
367:
361:
360:
344:
334:
758:
757:
753:
752:
751:
749:
748:
747:
733:
732:
731:
687:
686:
682:
673:
669:
617:
616:
612:
581:
580:
576:
524:
523:
519:
486:10.1038/nri1439
467:
466:
457:
405:
404:
400:
369:
368:
364:
357:
336:
335:
331:
327:
293:influenza virus
272:
255:
251:
165:immune response
157:
127:Peyer's patches
119:
100:T cell receptor
41:
33:Waldeyer's ring
12:
11:
5:
756:
754:
746:
745:
735:
734:
730:
729:
707:10.1086/344526
680:
667:
610:
574:
537:(4): 493–500.
517:
480:(9): 699–710.
455:
418:(4): 493–500.
398:
379:(2): 123–131.
362:
355:
328:
326:
323:
271:
268:
253:
249:
156:
153:
118:
115:
40:
37:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
755:
744:
743:Immune system
741:
740:
738:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
684:
681:
677:
671:
668:
663:
659:
654:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
614:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
578:
575:
570:
566:
561:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
521:
518:
513:
509:
504:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
464:
462:
460:
456:
451:
447:
442:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
402:
399:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
366:
363:
358:
352:
348:
343:
342:
333:
330:
324:
322:
320:
319:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:administered
281:
277:
269:
267:
265:
261:
257:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
154:
152:
150:
149:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
116:
114:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
51:
45:
38:
36:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
697:
693:
683:
675:
670:
627:
623:
613:
591:(1): 26–34.
588:
584:
577:
534:
530:
520:
477:
473:
415:
411:
401:
376:
372:
365:
340:
332:
316:
309:Bell's palsy
303:was used in
276:immunization
273:
176:immunization
173:
158:
146:
123:embrygenesis
120:
81:
69:erythrocytes
54:
49:
24:
20:
16:
15:
305:Switzerland
280:vaccination
270:Vaccination
232:respiratory
226:and mainly
131:lymph nodes
117:Development
113:phenotype.
96:CD8 T cells
92:CD4 T cells
61:lymphocytes
531:Immunology
412:Immunology
325:References
295:with nLT (
242:receptors
182:, such as
716:0022-1899
644:0022-538X
551:0019-2805
494:1474-1733
432:1365-2567
301:adjuvants
256:-integrin
240:chemokine
180:cytokines
161:pathogens
67:and some
57:posterior
39:Structure
737:Category
724:12402195
662:16641287
605:20709105
512:15343369
260:Memory T
212:adjuvans
155:Function
653:1472052
569:8881748
560:1456620
503:7097243
450:8881748
441:1456620
393:9107301
347:459–490
285:antigen
264:B cells
88:B cells
84:T cells
65:M cells
722:
714:
660:
650:
642:
603:
567:
557:
549:
510:
500:
492:
448:
438:
430:
391:
353:
104:γδ TCR
17:Nasal-
299:) as
244:CCR10
208:IL-10
184:IFN-Îł
143:ROR-Îł
139:LT-βR
135:IL-7R
94:than
720:PMID
712:ISSN
658:PMID
640:ISSN
601:PMID
565:PMID
547:ISSN
508:PMID
490:ISSN
446:PMID
428:ISSN
389:PMID
351:ISBN
262:and
246:and
234:and
204:IL-6
200:IL-5
196:IL-4
192:IL-2
169:MALT
141:and
129:and
108:sIgM
86:and
75:and
25:NALT
702:doi
698:186
648:PMC
632:doi
593:doi
589:134
555:PMC
539:doi
498:PMC
482:doi
436:PMC
420:doi
381:doi
377:202
278:or
228:IgA
224:IgG
220:IgM
206:or
148:Id2
111:IgD
19:or
739::
718:.
710:.
696:.
692:.
656:.
646:.
638:.
628:80
626:.
622:.
599:.
587:.
563:.
553:.
545:.
535:88
533:.
529:.
506:.
496:.
488:.
476:.
472:.
458:^
444:.
434:.
426:.
416:88
414:.
410:.
387:.
375:.
349:.
258:.
222:,
202:,
198:,
194:,
190:,
186:,
137:,
35:.
726:.
704::
664:.
634::
607:.
595::
571:.
541::
514:.
484::
478:4
452:.
422::
395:.
383::
359:.
254:1
252:β
250:4
248:α
23:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
