400:. Also it has been proven that VĪ³9VĪ“2 T cells in patients with Psoriasis participate in the development of the disease. The number of VĪ³9VĪ“2 T cells increase in the skin lesions of psoriasis patients but decreased in the blood. This finding indicates redistribution of VĪ³9VĪ“2 T cells from the blood to the skin compartment in psoriasis. The psoriasis severity is associated with lower level of Ī³9VĪ“2 T cells in the circulation, therefore a successful anti-psoriatic therapy leads to increase of peripheral VĪ³9VĪ“2 T cells. The major outcome is that the measurement of these cells in blood and skin lesions can be used as a marker in order to follow up the psoriasis progression.
191:, IL-17 produced by the Ī³Ī“17 T cells will stimulate stromal cells expressing the IL-17 receptor to produce IL-33 in vivo, and therefore provide a molecular link to T reg cells expressing the IL-33 receptor ST2 in the adipose tissue, so ST2+ Treg cells will accumulate and this will lead to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. This recent finding explains the mechanism by which the number of T reg cells continuously increases during aging. On the other hand, it has been shown that, after exposing mice to cold, the production of TNF and IL-17 will act on the adipocytes uncoupling the protein
1068:). In most instances, the stimuli that trigger Vd1 expansion are not derived from pathogens but instead correspond to endogenous gene products presumably upregulated on infection. The antigens recognized by non-VĪ“2 T cells expanded in the above infectious contexts have not been characterized, but the fact that VĪ“1 T-cell responses are not blocked by monoclonal antibody directed against known classical or non-classical MHC molecules suggests recognition of a new class of conserved stress-induced antigens. A recent study of primary
727:
881:, and incidentally act as VĪ³9/VĪ“2 T cell receptor agonists. However, increasing evidence suggests that these aminobisphosphonate 'antigens' are not recognised directly by VĪ³9/VĪ“2 T cells and in fact act indirectly, via their effects on the mevalonate biosynthetic pathway, leading to an accumulation of IPP. Finally, certain alkylated
574:
writers do not indicate which system they use. For example, the IMGT (International
Immunogenetics Information System) uses the Heilig notation, but does not indicate this fact on its website. This table refers to variable chain VĪ³ gene segments and to monoclonal antibodies that detect the corresponding VĪ³ protein chains. Note that
908:
class I and II or CD1 are required for Ī³Ī“ T cell activation suggesting the existence of a novel presenting element. Strong support for a direct recognition of non-peptide antigens by the VĪ³9/VĪ“2 TCR comes from studies which demonstrated that a transfected VĪ³9/VĪ“2 TCR can confer responsiveness onto a
750:
are unique to humans and primates and represent a minor and unconventional constituent of the leukocyte population in peripheral blood (0.5-5%), yet they are assumed to play an early and essential role in sensing 'danger' by invading pathogens as they expand dramatically in many acute infections and
573:
This table summarizes the nomenclature of mouse VĪ³ chains and indicates monoclonal antibodies often used to identify these chains. This system has been best described in strain C57BL/6 and might not apply well to other strains. There are two systems of nomenclature in use (Heilig; Garman), and many
164:
in acute infections. It was recently discovered that Ī³Ī“17 T cells can produce IL-17 even when the immune response is not induced. These cells are likely to be generated from fetal Ī³Ī“ thymocytes and as they egress from the thymus, they will progress to non-lymphoid tissues such as lungs, peritoneal
151:
Recent work has shown that human VĪ³9/VĪ“2 T cells are also capable of phagocytosis, a function previously exclusive to innate myeloid lineage cells such as neutrophils, monocytes and dendritic cells This provides further evidence that the biology of Ī³Ī“ T cells spans both innate and adaptive immune
100:
The conditions that lead to responses of Ī³Ī“ T cells are not fully understood, and current concepts of them as 'first line of defense', 'regulatory cells', or 'bridge between innate and adaptive responses' only address facets of their complex behavior. In fact, Ī³Ī“ T cells form an entire lymphocyte
227:. They also interact with other innate and adaptive immune cells and modulate their functions. Ī³Ī“ T cell enhance or suppress inflammation, depending on the site and stage of disease. They rise from periphery and can be accumulated in inflamed tissue. These T cells can become active without
109:
and in the periphery. When mature, they develop into functionally distinct subsets that obey their own (mostly unknown) rules and have countless direct and indirect effects on healthy tissues and immune cells, pathogens and tissues enduring infections, and the host responses to them.
1044:
class-I-chain-related gene A (MICA) has also been proposed as an important tumor antigen recognized by VĪ“1 T cells. However, the very low affinity of MICAāVĪ“1 TCR interactions estimated by surface plasmon resonance analyses raises doubts about the functional relevance of MICA or MHC
148:. For example, according to this paradigm, large numbers of (human) VĪ³9/VĪ“2 T cells respond within hours to common molecules produced by microbes, and highly restricted intraepithelial VĪ“1 T cells will respond to stressed epithelial cells bearing sentinels of danger.
296:, are damaged by autoreactive T cells. There is infiltration of both innate and adaptive immune cells in pancreas. Studies on mice showed that Ī³Ī“ T cells play a role in T1D pathogenesis. They infiltrate islets and may even co-operate with Ī±Ī² T cells to induce T1D.
269:. This cytokine induces Th17 cells differentiation, and dendritic cell- mediated production of IL-12 and IL-23 promotes differentiation of Th17 cells to Th1 cells, which produce IFNāĪ³. Matrix metalloproteinases and NO present in inflamed tissue damage and degrade
578:'s proposed nomenclature is not widely used, leaving considerable confusion in the literature. One advantage and weakness of the Hayday nomenclature is that it is based on the gene order in the B6 genome, but this might not apply to other strains.
38:
chains called Ī± (alpha) and Ī² (beta) TCR chains. In contrast, Ī³Ī“ T cells have a TCR that is made up of one Ī³ (gamma) chain and one Ī“ (delta) chain. This group of T cells is usually less common than Ī±Ī² T cells. Their highest abundance is in the gut
1098:. These receptors are expressed almost exclusively by natural killer (NK) cells and play a central role in triggering their activation, but it has been described that Ī³Ī“ T cells can express these receptors. These cells are named NKp46+/VĪ“1 IELs.
222:
is important for development and progression of autoimmune diseases. Main sources are Th17 CD4+ Ī±Ī² T cells, but Ī³Ī“ T cell subset plays role in autoimmune pathogenesis and regulation, too, because they contribute to production of IL-17A and other
246:. They regulate immunosuppressive functions of IELs and play role in development of tolerance. These so-called protective Ī³Ī“ T cells promote tissue repair and cell healing. Pathogens and other inflammation stimuli cause production of
1040:, MHC-like, or non-MHC molecules suggest recognition of a highly diverse and heterogeneous set of antigens by non-VĪ“2 cells, although cognate interactions between non-VĪ“2 TCRs and any of these antigens have not been shown yet.
860:
is reduced 10,000-fold; whether IPP represents a physiological 'danger' signal of stressed or transformed cells is still unclear. Of pharmacological interest and with bioactivities comparable to that of IPP are synthetic
440:. Therefore, the effectiveness of immunotherapy based on Ī³Ī“ T cells is limited. Their invariant nature implies that immunotherapies that rely on them would not require customization for individual patients.
2672:
Thedrez A, Sabourin C, Gertner J, Devilder MC, Allain-Maillet S, FourniƩ JJ, et al. (February 2007). "Self/non-self discrimination by human gammadelta T cells: simple solutions for a complex issue?".
180:, therefore they are able to control the maintenance of core body temperature. Using aging mice as a model, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that act under thermoneutrality circumstances (
2347:"The bisphosphonate acute phase response: rapid and copious production of proinflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood gd T cells in response to aminobisphosphonates is inhibited by statins"
88:
compartment of mice skin. Originally referred to as Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells (Thy1+DEC), these cells are more commonly known as dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC). DETCs arise during
1109:. It is acknowledged that this subset can control the metastasis, so the higher levels of this population, the less probabilities for the tumor to progress and proliferate to other tissues.
960:. So the stimulation of VĪ³9VĪ“2 T cells with phosphoantigens results in expression of multiple markers which are associated with APC, like MHC I and II molecules, co-stimulatory molecules (
1105:, in order to follow-up its progression. Lower frequencies of NKp46+/VĪ“1 IELs in healthy intestinal tissues surrounding the tumor mass, associate with a higher tumor progression and
396:
play an essential role in the disease development. In response to IL-23, the adipose gamma T cells will produce IL-17, and this interleukin promotes development and progression of
980:). Thus activated VĪ³9VĪ“2 T cells behave like APCs (Ī³Ī“ T-APC) and present antigens to Ī±Ī² T cells. This leads to turn of naĆÆve CD4+ and CD8+ Ī±Ī² T cells into effector cells. The
3153:
900:
bind directly to the VĪ³9/VĪ“2 TCR or if a presenting element exists. There is evidence for a requirement for a species-specific cell-cell contact. However, none of the known
214:
or autoreactive T cells is present during such disease. The role of Ī³Ī“ T cell in autoimmune disease is to help B cells to produce autoantibodies, through proinflammatory
909:
hitherto unresponsive cell; furthermore, antibodies to the Ī³Ī“ TCR block recognition. Thus, the presence of a functional VĪ³9/VĪ“2 TCR appears mandatory for a response to
129:, where B and T cells coordinate a slower but highly antigen-specific immune response leading to long-lasting memory against subsequent challenges by the same antigen.
380:. In the mice models, different subsets of Ī³Ī“ T cells were identified. The most abundant were the ones producing IL-17. IL-17 induces Th17 cells and Th17 response.
428:) showed that they are tolerated and safe, but some studies report that Ī³Ī“ T cells cause cancer development for example through production of IL-17 in the
476:
3146:
1342:
Morita CT, Mariuzza RA, Brenner MB (2000). "Antigen recognition by human gamma delta T cells: pattern recognition by the adaptive immune system".
2504:"Activated gammadelta T cells express the natural cytotoxicity receptor natural killer p 44 and show cytotoxic activity against myeloma cells"
2783:
2553:"NKp46-expressing human gut-resident intraepithelial VĪ“1 T cell subpopulation exhibits high antitumor activity against colorectal cancer"
3002:
2117:"Regulatory and effector functions of gamma-delta (Ī³Ī“) T cells and their therapeutic potential in adoptive cellular therapy for cancer"
523:) and CD86-CTLA-4 interaction between APCs and Ī³Ī“ T cells. They also impair effector immune cells (DC, NK, iNKT, CD8+ T cells) through
3139:
1193:
140:
to produce junctional diversity and can develop a memory phenotype. However, the various subsets may also be considered part of the
3485:
3038:
1943:"Promoting angiogenesis within the tumor microenvironment: the secret life of murine lymphoid IL-17-producing gammadelta T cells"
1041:
1037:
905:
59:
437:
3480:
1839:
Barros MS, de AraĆŗjo ND, MagalhĆ£es-Gama F, Pereira
Ribeiro TL, Alves Hanna FS, TarragƓ AM, et al. (22 September 2021).
3423:
2961:
304:
RA is a chronic autoimmune disease caused by accumulation of self-reactive T cells, which are induced by inflammation in
3083:
3053:
3033:
145:
2215:
Garman RD, Doherty PJ, Raulet DH (June 1986). "Diversity, rearrangement, and expression of murine T cell gamma genes".
1004:
activity, a process describing the uptake of exogenous antigen and its routing to the MHC I pathway for induction CD8+
3071:
3066:
2906:
1101:
The major outcome of this study is the clinical relevance of this cells, which can be used a prognostic marker in the
1789:"Identification of a novel proinflammatory human skin-homing VĪ³9VĪ“2 T cell subset with a potential role in psoriasis"
121:, Ī³Ī“ T cells exhibit several characteristics that place them at the border between the more evolutionarily primitive
54:
molecules that activate Ī³Ī“ T cells are largely unknown. Ī³Ī“ T cells are peculiar in that they do not seem to require
3309:
1091:
812:
44:
2776:
2164:
Heilig JS, Tonegawa S (1986). "Diversity of murine gamma genes and expression in fetal and adult T lymphocytes".
918:
849:
803:
996:. But in the case of a low Ī³Ī“ T-APC: CD4+ ratio it leads to differentiation of some naĆÆve Ī±Ī² T cells into Th2 (
981:
2869:
242:Ī³Ī“ T cells are a major T cell subset of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) present in the epithelial layer of
3489:
3247:
3110:
2502:
von
Lilienfeld-Toal M, Nattermann J, Feldmann G, Sievers E, Frank S, Strehl J, Schmidt-Wolf IG (June 2006).
925:
2064:
de AraĆŗjo ND, Gama FM, de Souza Barros M, Ribeiro TL, Alves FS, Xabregas LA, et al. (7 January 2021).
730:
Mouse Vgamma locus for C57BL/6 genome; drawn to scale. Chromosome 13: 1.927 to 1.440 Megabp Heilig notation
3511:
3229:
3165:
2953:
1307:
Born WK, Reardon CL, O'Brien RL (February 2006). "The function of gammadelta T cells in innate immunity".
1148:
1087:
821:
799:
472:
429:
133:
126:
3458:
3314:
3292:
2992:
2969:
2945:
1138:
512:
118:
1477:"Ī³Ī“ T cells producing interleukin-17A regulate adipose regulatory T cell homeostasis and thermogenesis"
1094:(intraepithelial lymphocytes) which express high levels of a natural cytotoxic receptor (NCR) which is
3475:
3408:
3319:
3243:
3016:
2833:
2769:
2453:"Characterization of Adaptive Ī³Ī“ T Cells in Ugandan Infants During Primary Cytomegalovirus Infection"
2173:
1143:
910:
901:
897:
413:
141:
122:
89:
77:
antigen recognition. They are of an invariant nature. They may be triggered by alarm signals such as
3131:
3535:
3470:
3453:
3287:
3205:
3025:
2864:
2040:
1073:
373:
137:
913:
although the basis for the huge differences in bioactivity between closely related molecules like
3355:
2984:
2749:
2698:
2433:
2327:
2240:
2197:
2146:
1972:
1567:
1514:
1475:
Kohlgruber AC, Gal-Oz ST, LaMarche NM, Shimazaki M, Duquette D, Koay HF, et al. (May 2018).
1367:
1289:
1048:
Non-VĪ“2 Ī³Ī“ T cells are expanded in various infectious contexts involving intracellular bacteria (
1001:
825:
377:
203:
78:
55:
2608:(April 2000). " cells: a right time and a right place for a conserved third way of protection".
889:, however only at millimolar concentrations, i.e. with potencies 10-10-fold lower than those of
2451:
Tuengel J, Ranchal S, Maslova A, Aulakh G, Papadopoulou M, Drissler S, et al. (Oct 2021).
1787:
Laggner U, Di Meglio P, Perera GK, Hundhausen C, Lacy KE, Ali N, et al. (September 2011).
3403:
3169:
3048:
2929:
2848:
2828:
2741:
2733:
2690:
2660:
2625:
2582:
2533:
2484:
2425:
2376:
2319:
2278:
2232:
2189:
2138:
2097:
2021:
1964:
1923:
1872:
1818:
1769:
1718:
1665:
1621:
1559:
1506:
1457:
1408:
1359:
1324:
1281:
1240:
1199:
1189:
1153:
1102:
1005:
988:
response, in the most of cases to pro-inflammatory Th1 response with subsequent production of
953:
173:
1000:) or Th0 (IL-4 plus IFN-Ī³) cells. Human VĪ³9VĪ“2 T cells are also cells with excellent antigen
3582:
3523:
3463:
3435:
3430:
3398:
3385:
3375:
2921:
2897:
2725:
2682:
2650:
2617:
2572:
2564:
2523:
2515:
2474:
2464:
2415:
2407:
2366:
2358:
2309:
2270:
2224:
2181:
2128:
2087:
2077:
2011:
2003:
1954:
1913:
1903:
1862:
1852:
1808:
1800:
1759:
1749:
1708:
1700:
1689:"Ī³Ī“ T cells are essential effectors of type 1 diabetes in the nonobese diabetic mouse model"
1655:
1611:
1601:
1549:
1541:
1496:
1488:
1447:
1439:
1398:
1351:
1316:
1271:
1230:
1181:
1133:
496:
480:
361:
92:
and express an invariant and canonical VĪ³3 VĪ“1 T-cell receptor (using Garman nomenclature).
85:
2551:
Mikulak J, Oriolo F, Bruni E, Roberto A, Colombo FS, Villa A, et al. (December 2019).
1992:"Expansion and functions of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment"
726:
3418:
2913:
2261:(2000). " cells: a right time and a right place for a conserved third way of protection".
1684:
1069:
1065:
862:
417:
251:
228:
168:
The Ī³Ī“17 T that will accumulate in the adipose tissue (dermis) will not only controls the
34:(TCR) on their surface. Most T cells are Ī±Ī² (alpha beta) T cells with TCR composed of two
31:
1387:"Human gamma delta T cells: a lymphoid lineage cell capable of professional phagocytosis"
262:
is responsible for cell-mediated production of antimicrobial peptides and tissue repair.
2420:
2395:
2177:
3445:
3390:
3331:
3251:
3224:
2577:
2552:
2528:
2503:
2479:
2452:
2371:
2346:
2092:
2065:
2016:
1991:
1918:
1891:
1867:
1840:
1813:
1788:
1764:
1737:
1713:
1688:
1616:
1589:
1501:
1476:
1452:
1427:
1123:
836:
528:
488:
412:
and high cytokine secretion of Ī³Ī“ T cells suggest that these cells can be effective in
309:
305:
270:
266:
255:
211:
161:
2314:
2297:
1176:
Holtmeier W, Kabelitz (2005). "ĪĪ“ T Cells Link Innate and
Adaptive Immune Responses".
856:
and ubiquitously present in all living cells (including human cells), yet its potency
3576:
3413:
3302:
3120:
3102:
2940:
2902:
2823:
2753:
2712:
2686:
2621:
2605:
2519:
2362:
2274:
2258:
2228:
1276:
1259:
1128:
1013:
997:
985:
830:
780:
760:
575:
548:
524:
247:
207:
177:
114:
2702:
2437:
2244:
2150:
1385:
Wu Y, Wu W, Wong WM, Ward E, Thrasher AJ, Goldblatt D, et al. (November 2009).
1293:
499:
and induction of anti-tumor response. Ī³Ī“ T cells also interact with DCs and develop
3380:
3365:
3360:
3297:
3195:
2935:
2838:
2331:
2201:
2066:"Translating Unconventional T Cells and Their Roles in Leukemia Antitumor Immunity"
1976:
1571:
1518:
1371:
1118:
1072:
infection in infants found increased VĪ“1 T cells that also expressed the typically
1049:
929:
874:
764:
756:
536:
500:
433:
188:
181:
35:
388:
Psoriasis is one of the autoimmune diseases in which the Ī³Ī“ T cells together with
2007:
1235:
1218:
924:
These VĪ³9VĪ“2 T cells can also behave like professional antigen-presenting cells (
846:, are unable to produce HMB-PP and do not specifically activate VĪ³9/VĪ“2 T cells.
3115:
2818:
2813:
957:
870:
866:
776:
768:
544:
540:
464:
460:
425:
333:
329:
321:
317:
313:
169:
125:
that permits a rapid beneficial response to a variety of foreign agents and the
70:
2729:
2568:
3503:
3256:
3162:
2792:
2411:
1908:
1857:
1545:
1532:
Papotto PH, Silva-Santos B (May 2018). "Got my Ī³Ī“17 T cells to keep me warm".
1492:
1320:
1106:
933:
878:
820:
parasites, but is absent from the human host. Bacterial species that lack the
511:Ī³Ī“ T cells perform a regulatory and suppressive role in the TME expression of
452:
337:
285:
224:
102:
2737:
2345:
Hewitt RE, Lissina A, Green AE, Slay ES, Price DA, Sewell AK (January 2005).
1804:
1754:
1704:
1660:
1643:
1606:
1443:
1403:
1386:
952:). It means that the stimulation with IPP or HMB-PP induces migration to the
921:
cannot be explained by conventional epitope presentation/recognition models.
3561:
3266:
3088:
3043:
2891:
2296:
Eberl M, Hintz M, Reichenberg A, Kollas AK, Wiesner J, Jomaa H (June 2003).
772:
468:
456:
397:
357:
356:Ī³Ī“ T cells are involved in development of this autoimmune disease. They are
345:
215:
2745:
2694:
2664:
2655:
2638:
2629:
2586:
2537:
2488:
2429:
2380:
2323:
2282:
2142:
2101:
2082:
2025:
1968:
1927:
1876:
1822:
1773:
1722:
1669:
1625:
1563:
1510:
1461:
1412:
1363:
1328:
1285:
1203:
113:
Like other 'unconventional' T cell subsets bearing invariant TCRs, such as
2298:"Microbial isoprenoid biosynthesis and human gammadelta T cell activation"
2236:
2193:
1959:
1942:
1355:
1244:
790:
Of note, all VĪ³9/VĪ“2 T cells recognize the same small microbial compound (
3551:
3336:
3324:
3282:
3236:
3200:
2857:
2808:
2041:""Off-the-shelf" cancer immunotherapy inches closer with new mouse study"
1428:"The natural and the inducible: interleukin (IL)-17-producing Ī³Ī“ T cells"
1053:
993:
989:
842:
532:
484:
421:
409:
389:
289:
259:
231:
ligand ā they can induce inflammation in autoimmune diseases very fast.
3556:
3370:
3219:
3190:
3076:
1554:
817:
784:
535:. Also IL-17 secreted by Ī³Ī“ T cells has pro-tumorogenic role (enhanced
293:
195:, which is required for inducing a UCP1-dependent thermogenic program.
66:
63:
51:
2469:
2133:
2116:
1185:
928:). It seems that human VĪ³9VĪ“2 T cells are characterized by a specific
160:
Recently, it was believed that Ī³Ī“17 T cells were only able to produce
3528:
3516:
3261:
3212:
2879:
2843:
2800:
2185:
1017:
914:
890:
853:
807:
795:
520:
243:
219:
106:
40:
27:
1217:
Bergstresser PR, Sullivan S, Streilein JW, Tigelaar RE (July 1985).
1008:. Thus activated cytotoxic T cells can effectively kill infected or
308:
and joints. RA patients have higher numbers of Ī³Ī“ T cells producing
234:Ī³Ī“ T cells have clinical association with many autoimmune diseases.
1260:"Skin gammadelta T-cell functions in homeostasis and wound healing"
1180:. Chemical Immunology and Allergy. Vol. 86. pp. 151ā183.
376:, and these cells accumulate in demyelinated areas of CNS and make
1590:"Ī³Ī“ T Lymphocytes: An Effector Cell in Autoimmunity and Infection"
1095:
1077:
1009:
969:
937:
882:
745:
725:
516:
492:
369:
365:
325:
74:
1841:"Ī³Ī“ T Cells for Leukemia Immunotherapy: New and Expanding Trends"
1219:"Origin and function of Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells in mice"
932:
migration program, including multiple receptors for inflammatory
893:, thereby raising questions about their physiological relevance.
810:
is an essential metabolite in most pathogenic bacteria including
1892:"Gamma-delta (Ī³Ī“) T cells: friend or foe in cancer development?"
1081:
977:
973:
965:
961:
949:
945:
941:
436:
and cell growth or because their ability to increase numbers of
393:
341:
192:
3135:
2765:
2639:"Immunosurveillance and immunoregulation by gammadelta T cells"
2761:
1061:
443:Ī³Ī“ T cells can be divided into effector and regulatory cells:
340:
induced by inflammatory cytokines, together with RANKL, cause
281:
2713:"Unconventional Ī³Ī“ T cells 'the new black' in cancer therapy"
1045:
class-I-chain-related gene B (MICB) recognition by VĪ“1 TCRs.
630:
17D1; can detect VĪ³6VĪ“1 when pretreated with GL3 antibodies
184:) or after cold exposure have recently been acknowledged.
1736:
Cruz MS, Diamond A, Russell A, Jameson JM (6 June 2018).
463:, Ī³Ī“ T cells interact with stress-induced molecules on
1738:"Human Ī±Ī² and Ī³Ī“ T Cells in Skin Immunity and Disease"
1036:
TCRs and the existence of VĪ“1 clones reactive against
312:. It leads to production of inflammatory cytokines by
73:. Ī³Ī“ T cells are believed to have a prominent role in
1683:
Markle JG, Mortin-Toth S, Wong AS, Geng L, Hayday A,
751:
may exceed all other lymphocytes within a few days,
3544:
3502:
3444:
3345:
3275:
3183:
3176:
3101:
3024:
3015:
2983:
2878:
2799:
1086:A recent study has identified a specific subset of
580:
368:. Patients have increased numbers of Ī³Ī“ T cells in
2711:
1644:"Role of gamma-delta (Ī³Ī“) T cells in autoimmunity"
101:system that develops under the influence of other
613:536; 17D1 specific for VĪ³5(Heilig)+VĪ“1 clonotype
364:, cells that participate in the myelinization of
265:On the other hand, pathogenic Ī³Ī“ T cells produce
885:have been described to activate VĪ³9/VĪ“2 T cells
1637:
1635:
1583:
1581:
794:)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (
483:deposited on tumor cells). Ī³Ī“ T cells secrete
467:and secrete cytotoxic molecules, inflammatory
43:, within a population of lymphocytes known as
3147:
2777:
1056:) as well as extracellular bacteria, such as
84:A Ī³Ī“-T-cell sub-population exists within the
8:
2396:"Ī³Ī“ T-APCs: a novel tool for immunotherapy?"
451:After infiltrating a tumor as a response to
332:(RANKL causes conversion of precursors into
132:Ī³Ī“ T cells may be considered a component of
1588:Shiromizu CM, Jancic CC (16 October 2018).
1171:
1169:
3180:
3154:
3140:
3132:
3021:
2884:
2784:
2770:
2762:
852:itself is structurally closely related to
144:in which a specific TCR can function as a
2654:
2576:
2527:
2478:
2468:
2419:
2370:
2313:
2132:
2091:
2081:
2015:
1958:
1917:
1907:
1866:
1856:
1812:
1763:
1753:
1712:
1659:
1615:
1605:
1553:
1500:
1451:
1402:
1275:
1234:
984:, induced by Ī³Ī“ T-APC, most often led to
475:cells. They can also lyse tumor cells by
2643:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
1990:Qu P, Wang LZ, Lin PC (September 2016).
1426:Chien YH, Zeng X, Prinz I (April 2013).
1223:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
873:(Aredia), that are widely used to treat
477:antibodyādependent cellular cytotoxicity
348:erosion, which leads to RA development.
1834:
1832:
1165:
1258:Jameson J, Havran WL (February 2007).
1028:The extensive structural diversity of
491:, which leads to higher expression of
1890:Zhao Y, Niu C, Cui J (January 2018).
956:, specifically to the T cell area of
824:and synthesize IPP via the classical
479:(ADCC) (through binding Fc region of
7:
2508:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
2400:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
2351:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
1344:Springer Seminars in Immunopathology
1012:cells. This fact can be used in the
896:It is still not clear whether these
3003:Mucosal associated invariant T cell
688:peripheral lymphoid tissues;JĪ³4CĪ³4
254:, it induces Ī³Ī“ T cells to produce
165:cavity, dermis, tongue and uterus.
667:most common form in intestinal IEL
555:Gene families in different species
408:Non-MHC restricted recognition of
206:results from abnormal response of
14:
1896:Journal of Translational Medicine
798:), a natural intermediate of the
336:). Matrix metalloproteinases and
273:, leading to development of IBD.
3039:Lymphokine-activated killer cell
2687:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2006.00468.x
2622:10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.975
2520:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03078.x
2363:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02665.x
2275:10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.975
2115:Paul S, Lal G (September 2016).
1277:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2006.00483.x
1178:Mechanisms of Epithelial Defense
543:, expansion and polarization of
438:myeloid derived suppressor cells
60:major-histocompatibility-complex
2121:International Journal of Cancer
1642:Paul S, Lal G (February 2015).
284:is an autoimmune disease where
238:Inflammatory bowel diseases IBD
3481:Immunoglobulin class switching
2394:Moser B, Eberl M (July 2011).
2070:Journal of Immunology Research
2039:Irving, Michael (2023-11-13).
1947:European Journal of Immunology
416:. Trials in numerous cancers (
1:
2315:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00483-6
1309:Current Opinion in Immunology
3084:Type 3 innate lymphoid cells
3072:Type 2 innate lymphoid cells
3067:Type 1 innate lymphoid cells
3054:Uterine natural killer cells
3034:Cytokine-induced killer cell
2229:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90787-7
2008:10.1016/j.canlet.2015.10.022
1941:Silva-Santos B (July 2010).
1648:Journal of Leukocyte Biology
1236:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12275516
146:pattern recognition receptor
96:Innate and adaptive immunity
2710:Dolgin, Elie (2022-06-01).
2610:Annual Review of Immunology
2263:Annual Review of Immunology
633:reproductive mucosa;JĪ³1CĪ³1
45:intraepithelial lymphocytes
3599:
3310:Polyclonal B cell response
2730:10.1038/s41587-022-01363-6
2637:Girardi M (January 2006).
2569:10.1172/jci.insight.125884
968:) and adhesion receptors (
813:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
69:, although some recognize
3062:
2887:
2412:10.1007/s00018-011-0706-6
1909:10.1186/s12967-017-1378-2
1858:10.3389/fimmu.2021.729085
1546:10.1038/s41590-018-0090-6
1493:10.1038/s41590-018-0094-2
1321:10.1016/j.coi.2005.11.007
1020:and infectious diseases.
804:isopentenyl pyrophosphate
547:and their suppression of
495:, positive regulation of
1805:10.4049/jimmunol.1100804
1755:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01304
1705:10.4049/jimmunol.1203502
1661:10.1189/jlb.3RU0914-443R
1607:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02389
1444:10.1016/j.it.2012.11.004
1404:10.4049/jimmunol.0901772
669:orthologous to human VĪ³1
3111:Hematopoietic stem cell
2870:Lymphoplasmacytoid cell
1845:Frontiers in Immunology
1742:Frontiers in Immunology
1594:Frontiers in Immunology
1103:colorectal cancer (CRC)
497:cytotoxic T lymphocytes
300:Rheumatoid arthritis RA
3424:Tolerance in pregnancy
3166:adaptive immune system
2656:10.1038/sj.jid.5700003
1149:Adaptive immune system
1139:Natural killer T cells
822:non-mevalonate pathway
800:non-mevalonate pathway
731:
430:tumor microenvironment
127:adaptive immune system
119:Natural Killer T cells
71:MHC class Ib molecules
62:(MHC) presentation of
3459:Somatic hypermutation
3293:Polyclonal antibodies
3288:Monoclonal antibodies
3017:Innate lymphoid cells
2993:Natural killer T cell
2675:Immunological Reviews
1960:10.1002/eji.201040707
1793:Journal of Immunology
1693:Journal of Immunology
1391:Journal of Immunology
1356:10.1007/s002810000042
1264:Immunological Reviews
1024:Human non-VĪ“2 T cells
911:non-peptidic antigens
898:non-peptidic antigens
729:
584:Heilig and Tonegawa's
513:transcription factors
352:Multiple sclerosis MS
176:but also an adaptive
3476:Junctional diversity
3244:Antigen presentation
2718:Nature Biotechnology
2083:10.1155/2021/6633824
1432:Trends in Immunology
1229:(1 Suppl): 85sā90s.
1144:Innate immune system
1058:Borrelia burgdorferi
863:aminobisphosphonates
806:(IPP) biosynthesis.
507:Regulatory functions
414:cancer immunotherapy
156:Murine thermogenesis
123:innate immune system
3471:V(D)J recombination
3454:Affinity maturation
3206:Antigenic variation
2985:Innate-like T cells
2865:Transitional B cell
2178:1986Natur.322..836H
1076:associated markers
374:cerebrospinal fluid
277:Type 1 diabetes T1D
187:When mice are in a
138:rearrange TCR genes
79:heat shock proteins
20:Gamma delta T cells
1154:Regulatory T cells
1002:cross-presentation
902:antigen-presenting
826:mevalonate pathway
732:
685:2.11 Pereira 1995
593:"Hayday's system"
447:Effector functions
204:Autoimmune disease
174:regulatory T cells
56:antigen processing
3570:
3569:
3498:
3497:
3248:professional APCs
3129:
3128:
3097:
3096:
3011:
3010:
2470:10.3390/v13101987
2406:(14): 2443ā2452.
2172:(6082): 836ā840.
2134:10.1002/ijc.30109
1699:(11): 5392ā5401.
1534:Nature Immunology
1481:Nature Immunology
1186:10.1159/000086659
1134:Cytotoxic T cells
1006:cytotoxic T cells
954:lymphatic tissues
828:instead, such as
740:Human VĪ“2 T cells
724:
723:
560:Laboratory mice (
539:, recruitment of
473:adaptive immunity
432:, which promotes
134:adaptive immunity
90:fetal development
3590:
3464:Clonal selection
3436:Immune privilege
3431:Immunodeficiency
3386:Cross-reactivity
3376:Hypersensitivity
3181:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3133:
3049:Adaptive NK cell
3022:
2885:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2763:
2757:
2715:
2706:
2668:
2658:
2633:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2482:
2472:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2423:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2317:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2186:10.1038/322836a0
2161:
2155:
2154:
2136:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2019:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1962:
1953:(7): 1873ā1876.
1938:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1870:
1860:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1799:(5): 2783ā2793.
1784:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1757:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1663:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1609:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1557:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1504:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1455:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1397:(9): 5622ā5629.
1382:
1376:
1375:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1279:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1238:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1173:
589:Garman's system
581:
362:oligodendrocytes
292:, which produce
210:. Production of
3598:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3540:
3494:
3440:
3419:Clonal deletion
3347:
3341:
3271:
3172:
3160:
3130:
3125:
3093:
3058:
3007:
2979:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2925:
2917:
2910:
2874:
2852:
2795:
2790:
2760:
2709:
2671:
2636:
2616:(1): 975ā1026.
2604:
2600:
2598:Further reading
2595:
2594:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2033:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1196:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1115:
1070:cytomegalovirus
1066:cytomegalovirus
1026:
982:differentiation
904:molecules like
742:
737:
670:
668:
590:
585:
571:
569:Mouse VĪ³ chains
566:
557:
509:
449:
418:renal carcinoma
406:
386:
354:
302:
279:
252:dendritic cells
240:
201:
158:
142:innate immunity
98:
32:T-cell receptor
30:that have a Ī³Ī“
17:
12:
11:
5:
3596:
3594:
3586:
3585:
3575:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3508:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3450:
3448:
3446:Immunogenetics
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3394:
3393:
3391:Co-stimulation
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3351:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3332:Immune complex
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3252:Dendritic cell
3240:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3230:Conformational
3227:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3187:
3185:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2938:
2933:
2923:
2915:
2908:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2766:
2759:
2758:
2724:(6): 805ā808.
2707:
2681:(1): 123ā135.
2669:
2634:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2543:
2514:(3): 528ā533.
2494:
2443:
2386:
2357:(1): 101ā111.
2337:
2288:
2250:
2223:(5): 733ā742.
2207:
2156:
2127:(5): 976ā985.
2107:
2056:
2031:
2002:(1): 253ā256.
1996:Cancer Letters
1982:
1933:
1882:
1828:
1779:
1728:
1675:
1654:(2): 259ā271.
1631:
1577:
1540:(5): 427ā429.
1524:
1487:(5): 464ā474.
1467:
1438:(4): 151ā154.
1418:
1377:
1350:(3): 191ā217.
1334:
1299:
1250:
1209:
1194:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1129:Helper T cells
1126:
1124:Memory T cells
1121:
1114:
1111:
1090:-resident VĪ“1
1025:
1022:
837:Staphylococcus
741:
738:
736:
733:
722:
721:
720:JĪ³3-pseudoCĪ³3
718:
716:
713:
710:
706:
705:
702:
700:
697:
694:
690:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
673:
672:
665:
664:F2.67 Pereira
662:
659:
656:
652:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
635:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
618:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
601:
600:
597:
594:
591:
587:
570:
567:
565:
558:
556:
553:
508:
505:
448:
445:
405:
402:
385:
382:
353:
350:
306:synovial fluid
301:
298:
278:
275:
271:basal membrane
239:
236:
212:autoantibodies
200:
197:
157:
154:
97:
94:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3595:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3414:Clonal anergy
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3303:Microantibody
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3122:
3121:Prolymphocyte
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3103:Lymphopoiesis
3100:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2941:Memory T cell
2939:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2898:Cytotoxic CD8
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2834:Marginal zone
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2657:
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2308:(1ā3): 4ā10.
2307:
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2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1874:
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1854:
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1833:
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1790:
1783:
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1715:
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1690:
1687:(June 2013).
1686:
1679:
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1671:
1667:
1662:
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1649:
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1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1119:Naive T cells
1117:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:and viruses (
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1014:immunotherapy
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
986:T helper cell
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
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880:
876:
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838:
833:
832:
831:Streptococcus
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
781:toxoplasmosis
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:salmonellosis
758:
754:
749:
747:
739:
734:
728:
719:
717:
714:
711:
708:
707:
703:
701:
698:
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692:
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687:
684:
681:
678:
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674:
666:
663:
660:
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653:
649:
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643:
640:
637:
636:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
619:
616:Skin, JĪ³1CĪ³1
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
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598:
595:
592:
588:
583:
582:
579:
577:
576:Adrian Hayday
568:
563:
559:
554:
552:
550:
546:
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538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
506:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
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482:
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474:
471:and activate
470:
466:
462:
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446:
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439:
435:
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419:
415:
411:
403:
401:
399:
395:
391:
383:
381:
379:
375:
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363:
359:
351:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
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319:
315:
311:
307:
299:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
276:
274:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:retinoic acid
245:
237:
235:
232:
230:
226:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:immune system
205:
198:
196:
194:
190:
185:
183:
179:
178:thermogenesis
175:
171:
166:
163:
155:
153:
149:
147:
143:
139:
136:in that they
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
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72:
68:
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61:
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48:
46:
42:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
16:T cell subset
3381:Inflammation
3366:Alloimmunity
3361:Autoimmunity
3346:Immunity vs.
3298:Autoantibody
3196:Superantigen
2997:
2721:
2717:
2678:
2674:
2649:(1): 25ā31.
2646:
2642:
2613:
2609:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2463:(10): 1987.
2460:
2456:
2446:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2305:
2302:FEBS Letters
2301:
2291:
2269:: 975ā1026.
2266:
2262:
2253:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2048:. Retrieved
2044:
2034:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1848:
1844:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1745:
1741:
1731:
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1692:
1678:
1651:
1647:
1597:
1593:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1315:(1): 31ā38.
1312:
1308:
1302:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1177:
1100:
1085:
1057:
1050:mycobacteria
1047:
1033:
1029:
1027:
930:inflammatory
923:
895:
886:
875:osteoporosis
869:(Zometa) or
857:
848:
841:
835:
829:
811:
791:
789:
765:ehrlichiosis
757:tuberculosis
752:
748:/VĪ“2 T cells
744:
743:
650:lung;JĪ³1CĪ³1
572:
562:Mus musculus
561:
549:CD8+ T cells
537:angiogenesis
510:
501:Th1 response
455:produced by
450:
442:
434:angiogenesis
407:
387:
355:
303:
280:
264:
241:
233:
202:
199:Autoimmunity
189:steady state
186:
182:steady state
167:
159:
150:
131:
117:-restricted
112:
99:
83:
49:
36:glycoprotein
23:
19:
18:
3504:Lymphocytes
3163:Lymphocytic
3116:Lymphoblast
2814:Plasmablast
2793:Lymphocytes
2557:JCI Insight
2076:: 6633824.
1555:10451/49126
1270:: 114ā122.
958:lymph nodes
871:pamidronate
867:zoledronate
777:listeriosis
769:brucellosis
735:Human forms
596:antibodies
545:neutrophils
541:macrophages
465:tumor cells
461:macrophages
426:lung cancer
334:osteoclasts
330:osteoblasts
322:fibroblasts
318:macrophages
314:neutrophils
170:homeostasis
152:responses.
3545:Substances
3409:Peripheral
3397:Inaction:
3276:Antibodies
3257:Macrophage
3170:complement
2930:Regulatory
2903:Helper CD4
2829:Follicular
2050:2023-11-13
1851:: 729085.
1160:References
1107:metastasis
934:chemokines
879:metastases
453:chemokines
338:cathepsins
225:chemokines
103:leukocytes
24:Ī³Ī“ T cells
3562:Cytolysin
3552:Cytokines
3399:Tolerance
3348:tolerance
3267:Immunogen
3089:LTi cells
3044:Null cell
2892:Thymocyte
2754:249709518
2738:1546-1696
2606:Hayday AC
2259:Hayday AC
2045:New Atlas
1685:Danska JS
877:and bone
773:tularemia
599:comments
469:cytokines
457:monocytes
398:psoriasis
384:Psoriasis
358:cytotoxic
346:cartilage
216:cytokines
86:epidermal
52:antigenic
3577:Category
3512:Cellular
3356:Immunity
3354:Action:
3337:Paratope
3325:Idiotype
3315:Allotype
3283:Antibody
3237:Mimotope
3201:Allergen
3184:Antigens
3177:Lymphoid
3077:Nuocytes
3026:NK cells
2858:B10 cell
2746:35705714
2703:86017229
2695:17291284
2665:16417214
2630:10837080
2587:31689241
2538:16734623
2489:34696417
2438:22604758
2430:21573785
2421:11114695
2381:15606619
2324:12782281
2283:10837080
2245:46363401
2151:33681064
2143:27012367
2102:33506055
2026:26519756
1969:20549671
1928:29316940
1902:(1): 3.
1877:34630403
1823:21813772
1774:29928283
1748:: 1304.
1723:23626013
1670:25502468
1626:30386339
1600:: 2389.
1564:29670236
1511:29670241
1462:23266231
1413:19843947
1364:11116953
1329:16337364
1294:83853368
1286:17291283
1204:15976493
1113:See also
1054:listeria
887:in vitro
865:such as
858:in vitro
843:Borrelia
647:UC310A6
422:leukemia
410:antigens
360:against
290:pancreas
260:cytokine
67:epitopes
47:(IELs).
3583:T cells
3557:Opsonin
3536:NK cell
3524:Humoral
3404:Central
3371:Allergy
3320:Isotype
3220:Epitope
3191:Antigen
2880:T cells
2809:B1 cell
2801:B cells
2578:6975269
2529:1941970
2480:8537190
2457:Viruses
2372:1809263
2332:9930822
2237:3486721
2202:4338771
2194:2943999
2174:Bibcode
2093:7808823
2017:7477794
1977:7160235
1919:5761189
1868:8493128
1814:3187621
1765:5997830
1714:3836168
1617:6198062
1572:4937603
1519:4986319
1502:8299914
1453:3622789
1372:8146031
1245:2409184
1074:NK cell
818:malaria
785:malaria
704:JĪ³1CĪ³1
671:JĪ³1CĪ³1
586:system
378:plaques
294:insulin
288:of the
286:Ī² cells
258:. This
105:in the
81:(HSP).
64:peptide
28:T cells
3529:B cell
3517:T cell
3262:B cell
3225:Linear
3213:Hapten
2824:Memory
2819:Plasma
2752:
2744:
2736:
2701:
2693:
2663:
2628:
2585:
2575:
2563:(24).
2536:
2526:
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2477:
2436:
2428:
2418:
2379:
2369:
2330:
2322:
2281:
2243:
2235:
2200:
2192:
2166:Nature
2149:
2141:
2100:
2090:
2024:
2014:
1975:
1967:
1926:
1916:
1875:
1865:
1821:
1811:
1772:
1762:
1721:
1711:
1668:
1624:
1614:
1570:
1562:
1517:
1509:
1499:
1460:
1450:
1411:
1370:
1362:
1327:
1292:
1284:
1243:
1202:
1192:
1018:cancer
915:HMB-PP
891:HMB-PP
883:amines
854:HMB-PP
840:, and
808:HMB-PP
796:HMB-PP
783:, and
715:GV5S3
712:VĪ³1.3
699:GV5S2
696:VĪ³1.2
682:GV5S1
679:VĪ³1.1
661:GV4S1
644:GV3S1
627:GV2S1
610:GV1S1
521:Helios
404:Cancer
324:, and
244:mucosa
220:IL-17A
107:thymus
41:mucosa
26:) are
2936:NaĆÆve
2844:Pre-B
2839:NaĆÆve
2750:S2CID
2699:S2CID
2434:S2CID
2328:S2CID
2241:S2CID
2198:S2CID
2147:S2CID
1973:S2CID
1568:S2CID
1515:S2CID
1368:S2CID
1290:S2CID
1096:NKp46
1078:NKG2C
1010:tumor
994:TNF-Ī±
990:IFN-Ī³
970:CD11a
938:CXCR3
533:TGF-Ī²
529:IL-10
517:FoxP3
493:MHC-I
489:IL-17
485:IFN-Ī³
370:brain
366:axons
326:RANKL
310:IL-17
267:IL-17
256:IL-22
162:IL-17
75:lipid
3168:and
2896:Ī±Ī² (
2853:cell
2742:PMID
2734:ISSN
2691:PMID
2661:PMID
2626:PMID
2583:PMID
2534:PMID
2485:PMID
2426:PMID
2377:PMID
2320:PMID
2279:PMID
2233:PMID
2217:Cell
2190:PMID
2139:PMID
2098:PMID
2074:2021
2022:PMID
1965:PMID
1924:PMID
1873:PMID
1819:PMID
1770:PMID
1719:PMID
1666:PMID
1622:PMID
1560:PMID
1507:PMID
1458:PMID
1409:PMID
1360:PMID
1325:PMID
1282:PMID
1241:PMID
1200:PMID
1190:ISBN
1092:IELs
1082:CD57
1080:and
1052:and
1032:and
998:IL-4
992:and
978:CD54
974:CD18
966:CD86
962:CD80
950:CCR5
948:and
946:CCR2
942:CCR1
917:and
816:and
753:e.g.
709:VĪ³3
693:VĪ³2
676:VĪ³1
658:VĪ³5
655:VĪ³7
641:VĪ³2
638:VĪ³4
624:VĪ³4
621:VĪ³6
607:VĪ³3
604:VĪ³5
531:and
525:IL-4
487:and
459:and
394:Th17
392:and
372:and
344:and
342:bone
320:and
193:UCP1
115:CD1d
58:and
50:The
3490:HLA
3486:MHC
2851:reg
2726:doi
2683:doi
2679:215
2651:doi
2647:126
2618:doi
2573:PMC
2565:doi
2524:PMC
2516:doi
2512:144
2475:PMC
2465:doi
2416:PMC
2408:doi
2367:PMC
2359:doi
2355:139
2310:doi
2306:544
2271:doi
2225:doi
2182:doi
2170:322
2129:doi
2125:139
2088:PMC
2078:doi
2012:PMC
2004:doi
2000:380
1955:doi
1914:PMC
1904:doi
1863:PMC
1853:doi
1809:PMC
1801:doi
1797:187
1760:PMC
1750:doi
1709:PMC
1701:doi
1697:190
1656:doi
1612:PMC
1602:doi
1550:hdl
1542:doi
1497:PMC
1489:doi
1448:PMC
1440:doi
1399:doi
1395:183
1352:doi
1317:doi
1272:doi
1268:215
1231:doi
1182:doi
1088:gut
1062:HIV
1042:MHC
1038:MHC
1034:VĪ“3
1030:VĪ“1
1016:of
926:APC
919:IPP
906:MHC
850:IPP
802:of
755:in
746:VĪ³9
551:).
481:IgG
390:Th1
328:by
282:T1D
250:by
229:TCR
218:.
172:of
3579::
3250::
2998:Ī³Ī“
2972:VM
2964:RM
2956:EM
2948:CM
2928:/
2926:17
2920:/
2912:/
2909:FH
2905:/
2748:.
2740:.
2732:.
2722:40
2720:.
2716:.
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2689:.
2677:.
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2641:.
2624:.
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2581:.
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2559:.
2555:.
2532:.
2522:.
2510:.
2506:.
2483:.
2473:.
2461:13
2459:.
2455:.
2432:.
2424:.
2414:.
2404:68
2402:.
2398:.
2375:.
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2326:.
2318:.
2304:.
2300:.
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2267:18
2265:.
2239:.
2231:.
2221:45
2219:.
2196:.
2188:.
2180:.
2168:.
2145:.
2137:.
2123:.
2119:.
2096:.
2086:.
2072:.
2068:.
2043:.
2020:.
2010:.
1998:.
1994:.
1971:.
1963:.
1951:40
1949:.
1945:.
1922:.
1912:.
1900:16
1898:.
1894:.
1871:.
1861:.
1849:12
1847:.
1843:.
1831:^
1817:.
1807:.
1795:.
1791:.
1768:.
1758:.
1744:.
1740:.
1717:.
1707:.
1695:.
1691:.
1664:.
1652:97
1650:.
1646:.
1634:^
1620:.
1610:.
1596:.
1592:.
1580:^
1566:.
1558:.
1548:.
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1536:.
1513:.
1505:.
1495:.
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1483:.
1479:.
1456:.
1446:.
1436:34
1434:.
1430:.
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