310:
996:
644:
950:
221:
965:
1523:
1862:
1500:
329:
2333:
1796:
400:
1096:
1905:
844:
805:
612:
2141:
663:
926:
592:
290:
1163:
1542:
2082:
624:
868:
1346:
254:
856:
2056:
356:
384:
686:
31:
820:
2312:
2121:
977:
1128:
2349:
1817:
128:
1148:
2100:
1775:
832:
1330:
1365:
270:
1116:
938:
1885:
2293:
786:
1841:
1633:. The artists and their friends complained, and the complaints reached Napoleon III. His office issued a statement: "Numerous complaints have come to the Emperor on the subject of the works of art which were refused by the jury of the Exposition. His Majesty, wishing to let the public judge the legitimacy of these complaints, has decided that the works of art which were refused should be displayed in another part of the Palace of Industry."
1411:
of the city, replanted and renovated the historic parks, and added dozens of small squares and gardens, so that no one lived more than ten minutes from a park or square. In addition, they planted tens of thousands of trees along the new boulevards that
Haussmann created, reaching out from the center to the outer neighborhoods. The parks of Paris, provided entertainment and relaxation for all classes of Parisians during the Second Empire.
2364:
43:
1267:
2237:
2000:
1719:
1444:
2678:
2630:, for the Théâtre Lyrique company. It had its first performance on 30 September 1863. Critical opinion was generally hostile, though Berlioz praised the work, writing that it "does M. Bizet the greatest honour". Public reaction was lukewarm, and the opera's run ended after 18 performances. It was not performed again until 1886. Bizet did not have a major success until
3497:
399:
328:
708:, French religious architecture broke away from the neoclassical style which had dominated Paris church architecture since the 18th century. Neo-Gothic and other historical styles began to be built, particularly in the eight new arrondissements farther from the center added by Napoleon III in 1860. The first neo-Gothic church was the
309:
2525:, commissioned especially for the Paris Opera. Once again he ran into troubles; one singer took him to court over the casting, and rivalries between other singers poisoned the production. He wrote afterwards, "I am not a composer for Paris I believe in inspiration; others only care about how the pieces are put together".
1664:
reported that visitors pushed to get into the crowded galleries where the refused paintings were hung, and the rooms were full of the laughter and mocking comments of many of the spectators. While the paintings were ridiculed by many critics and visitors, the work of the avant-garde became known for
1410:
Over the course of seventeen years, Napoleon III, Haussmann and
Alphand created 1,835 hectares of new parks and gardens, and planted more than six hundred thousand trees, the greatest expansion of Paris green space before or since. They built four major parks in the north, south, east, and west
1009:
Comfort was the first priority of Second Empire furniture. Chairs were elaborately upholstered with fringes, tassels, and expensive fabrics. Tapestry work on furniture was very much in style. The structure of chairs and sofas was usually entirely hidden by the upholstery or ornamented with copper,
1253:
New types of architecture connected with the economic expansion: railroad stations, hotels, office buildings, department stores, and exposition halls, occupied the center of Paris, which previously had been largely residential. To improve traffic circulation and bring light and air to the center of
509:
was beginning to demand a new kind of architecture: bigger, stronger and less expensive. The new age of railways and the enormous increase in travel that it caused required new train stations, large hotels, exposition halls and department stores in Paris. While the exteriors of most Second Empire
1704:
as an academic painter, but gradually began painting more freely and expressing emotions and feelings through his landscapes. His motto was "never lose that first impression which we feel." He made sketches in the forests around Paris, then reworked them into final paintings in his studio. He was
2496:
Grand opera and other musical genres also flourished under
Napoleon III. The construction of the railroad stations in Paris brought thousands of tourists from around France and Europe to the city, and increased the demand for music and entertainment. Operas and musicals could play to larger
1317:
and other sites. Viollet-le-Duc's restoration was criticized in the late 20th century for sometimes pursuing the spirit of the original work, rather than strict accuracy (for example, by using a type of Gothic tower cap from northern France for the walls of the Cité de
Carcassonne, rather than a
2665:
owner, who hired a former actress from the Comédie-Française to perform scenes of classic plays in costume. The law was revised in 1867, which opened the way to an entirely new institution in Paris, the music hall, with comedy, sets, and costumed singers and dancers. For the first time, the
2542:, an influential French social society. During the premiere, with Wagner in the audience, the Jockey Club members whistled and jeered from the first notes of the Overture. After just three performances, the Opera was pulled from the repertoire. Wagner got his revenge in 1870, when the
2656:
was a Paris institution, with at least one in every neighborhood. They ranged from a single singer with a piano to elegant cafes with orchestras. A city ordinance, designed to protect the traditional musical theaters, forbid the performers in cafés from wearing costumes, dancing, or
2617:
in 1859. This remains the composition for which he is best known; and although it took a while to achieve popularity, it became one of the most frequently staged operas of all time, with no fewer than 2,000 performances of the work having occurred by 1975 at the Paris Opéra alone.
1606:, and a medal from the Salon assured an artist of commissions from wealthy patrons or from the French government. Painters devoted great effort and intrigue to win approval from the jury to present their paintings at the Salon and arrange for good placement in the exhibit halls.
1499:
481:
what the style of the building was called, he replied simply, "Napoleon III". At the time, it was the largest opera house in the world, but much of the interior space was devoted to purely decorative spaces: grand stairways, huge foyers for promenading, and large private
1795:
2394:, which were very popular at the time. Its characteristics were a light subject, an abundance of amusement and comedy, spoken dialogue mixed with songs, and instrumental music. The first works were staged in 1848 by August Florimond Ronger, better known as
355:
2140:
1162:
1861:
995:
2514:
His work was rewarded. The opera was a critical and popular success, performed 150 times, rather than the originally proposed forty performances. He was unhappy, however, that his operas were less successful in Paris than those of his chief rival,
2081:
2055:
643:
437:
throughout Europe and across the
Atlantic. Its suitability for super-scaling allowed it to be widely used in the design of municipal and corporate buildings. In the United States, where one of the leading architects working in the style was
383:
1192:, and the Palais Garnier were constructed in the style. The major buildings, including the Opera House and the Church of Saint Augustine, were designed to be the focal points of the new avenues, and to be visible at a great distance.
2409:. The early works were limited to two performers on the stage at a time, and usually were no longer than a single act. After 1858, they became longer and more elaborate, with larger casts and several acts, and took the name first of
1922:(1819–1872) was the leader of the school of realist painters during the Second Empire who depicted the lives of ordinary people and rural life, as well as landscapes. He delighted in scandal and condemned the art establishment, the
1816:
1329:
1774:
949:
591:
289:
964:
1522:
2488:. It was a popular and critical triumph, playing for two hundred twenty-eight nights. After the final night, Napoleon III granted Offenbach French citizenship, and his name changed formally from Jacob to Jacques.
1254:
the city, Napoleon's
Prefect of the Seine destroyed the crumbling and overcrowded neighborhoods in the heart of the city and built a network of grand boulevards. The expanded use of new building materials, especially
623:
611:
2470:. Offenbach's theater attracted not only the working and middle class audiences, the traditional audience of the music halls, but also the upper classes. The comic opera scenes alternated with musical interludes by
269:
925:
804:
1095:
1840:
1345:
662:
2332:
1926:, and Napoleon III. In 1855, when his submissions to the Salon were rejected, he put on his own exhibit of forty of his paintings in a nearby building. In 1870, Napoleon III proposed giving the
1541:
2497:
houses, and play for much longer. The old theaters on the "Boulevard of Crime" were demolished to make way for a new boulevard, but larger new theaters were constructed in the center of the city.
685:
545:, decorated with classical statues representing the cities served by the railway. Baltard also used a steel frame in building the largest new church to be built in Paris during the Empire, the
3681:
2120:
245:
1904:
976:
2661:, or the use of sets or scenery; they were also forbidden to sing more than forty songs in an evening, and had to present the program in advance each day. This law was challenged by one
843:
139:
The
Napoleon III or Second Empire style took its inspiration from several different periods and styles, which were often combined in the same building or interior. The interior of the
2511:. Verdi complained that the Paris orchestra and chorus were unruly and undisciplined, and rehearsed them an unheard-of one hundred and sixty-one times before he felt they were ready.
1668:
The government of
Napoleon III also commissioned artists to produce decorative works for public buildings. Ingres was commissioned to paint the ceiling of the main salon of the
409:
in
Chicago, Illinois, designed by Canadian architect Toussaint Menard, is a classic example of the style. It is one of the five extant, public buildings in Chicago that predate the
867:
170:
Another characteristic of the
Napoleon III style is the adaptation of the design of the building to its function and the characteristics of the material used. Examples include the
3881:
2099:
2311:
1115:
2223:, attempted to break into the sculptural profession during the Second Empire, with no success; he applied three times to the École des Beaux-Arts, but was rejected each time.
426:. As the Second Empire style evolved from its 17th-century Renaissance foundations, it acquired a mix of earlier European styles, most notably the Baroque, often combined with
1318:
tower design from that region), but in Carcassonne and other cases the works would have been destroyed entirely without the intervention of Napoleon III and Viollet-le-Duc.
1147:
1364:
4171:
3841:
1226:
The expansion of the city limits by Napoleon III and Haussmann's new boulevards called for the construction of a variety of new public buildings, including the new
1127:
4217:
4053:
937:
422:
most popular in the latter half of the 19th century and early years of the 20th century. It was so named for the architectural elements in vogue during the era of the
220:
831:
1884:
855:
819:
2247:
2010:
1729:
1454:
1053:
were popular influences on chests and cabinets, buffets and credences, which were massive and built like small cathedrals, decorated with columns, frontons,
1937:
was not invented until 1874, but during the Second Empire, all the major impressionist painters were at work in Paris, inventing their own personal styles.
253:
1681:
1640:, was held in another part of the Palace of Industry, where the Salon took place. More than a thousand visitors a day came to see now-famous paintings as
1594:
was the most important event of the year for painters, engravers and sculptors. It was held every two years until 1861, and every year thereafter, in the
316:
104:
3501:
785:
728:
1184:, the Emperor's Prefect of the Seine between 1852 and 1870. The buildings of the renovation show a singularity of purpose and design, a consistency of
580:
underwent extensive restoration. In the case of the Louvre in particular, the restorations were sometimes more imaginative than precisely historical.
1656:
167:
is a Louis-Napoléon version of French Renaissance architecture; few visitors to the Louvre realize it is a 19th-century addition to the building.
4252:
2440:, composing music performed between the acts. In 1853, he wrote a short musical scene performed between acts, then a more ambitious short comedy,
2091:
1785:
2546:
captured Napoleon III and surrounded Paris; he wrote a special piece of music to celebrate the event, "Ode to the German Army at Paris".
2348:
1705:
showing paintings in the Salon as early as 1827, but he did not achieve real fame and critical acclaim before 1855, during the Second Empire.
4242:
3688:
3479:
3460:
3442:
3423:
3404:
3385:
3366:
3347:
2774:
1694:. They included "The Battle of Jacob with the Angel", "Saint Michael Slaying the Dragon", and "The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple".
4222:
4084:
3948:
3895:
3676:
241:
4202:
4131:
2847:
2460:
2322:
1414:
The Napoleon III style of landscape design for urban parks was very influential outside of France. The American landscape designer
554:
2448:. He was unable to have his work performed in the major theaters, so he tried a different approach. In 1855, taking advantage of the
2292:
4151:
3932:
3529:
1177:
116:
2789:
Copplestone, Trewin, ed., World Architecture: An illustrated history from earliest times, Crescent Books, New York, 1963 pp.310-311
2216:
for the façade of the Paris Opera (1869) caused a scandal when it was installed, because of the flamboyant pose of the nude figures.
1918:
While the academic painters dominated the Salon, new artists and new movements rose to prominent prominence under Napoleon III.
119:
carried out during the Second Empire; the new buildings, such as the Opéra, were intended as the focal points of the new boulevards.
4232:
3328:
3309:
3290:
3262:
3243:
3215:
3090:
3070:
2276:
2206:. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of
2039:
1758:
1483:
736:
598:
213:, mosaics, and silver or gold plated bronze. Wood panelling was often encrusted with rare and exotic woods, or darkened to resemble
3200:
634:
1282:
Another aspect of the Napoleon III style was the restoration of historical monuments which had been badly damaged during the
75:. It was characterized by elements of many different historical styles, and also made innovative use of modern materials, such as
4181:
3636:
374:
217:. The façade of the Opéra Garnier employed seventeen different colored materials, including various marbles, stones, and bronze.
2445:
4237:
4212:
3663:
2589:
While Verdi and Wagner certainly attracted the most attention, young new French composers were also striving to win attention.
2127:
1294:, begun in 1845, continued for twenty-five years. Some of its additions varied from the originals. Viollet-le Duc restored the
1061:, and carved angels and chimeras. They were usually constructed of walnut or oak, or sometimes of poirier stained to resemble
148:
1986:, where he met Manet, Monet, Renoir, and the other artists of a new, more natural school, and began to develop his own style.
3911:
3886:
3597:
2696:
1691:
1392:
1313:, and in 1862 he declared it a national historical monument. He also began restoration programs of the medieval walls of the
393:, designed to be one of the new gateways to Paris, with an iron framework combined with allegorical statues of French cities
347:
3085:
Kjellberg, Pierre (1994). Bronzes of the 19th Century (First ed.). Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. p. 174.
4247:
4207:
4126:
4037:
3871:
3592:
2449:
2065:
1802:
1646:
1599:
1532:
1339:, built between 1852 and 1858, was designed to give a place for relaxation and recreation to all the classes of Parisians.
1238:(1855–60), in a combination of Renaissance and Gothic styles. The new city hall was located next to the Gothic church of
1227:
1189:
692:
2174:. His style perfectly complemented the historical styles, but was original and bold enough to stand on its own. Born in
4156:
4063:
4058:
3621:
3572:
1953:
1690:
also received important official commissions. From 1857 to 1861 he worked on frescoes for the Chapelle des Anges at the
1399:, a hydraulic engineer who rebuilt the city's sewers and water supply, and provided the water needed for the parks; and
1388:
1239:
1169:
771:
676:
434:
30:
1034:, or footstool, appeared, along with the angle sofa and unusual chairs for intimate conversations between two persons (
4161:
3851:
3602:
2479:
2363:
1697:
495:
491:
474:
446:
280:
156:
144:
100:
64:
1380:
1181:
2666:
profession of singer was given formal status and composers could seek royalties for the performance of their songs.
1383:
his new Prefect of Seine in 1853, and commissioned him to build new parks on the edges of the city, on the model of
898:; Lefuel added many of his own decorations and ideas to the pavilion, including a celebrated sculpture of Flore by
3891:
3651:
3631:
3616:
3607:
3582:
2610:
2132:
1923:
1613:, the Superintendent of Fine Arts, who was known for his conservative tastes. He was scornful of the new school of
1610:
1580:
1564:
763:
442:, buildings in the style were often closer to their 17th-century roots than examples of the style found in Europe.
127:
2432:, soon emerged to challenge Hervé. Born in Germany, Offenbach was first a cello player with the orchestra of the
4146:
3626:
3542:
3507:
2626:
2507:
2484:
630:
542:
406:
191:
2538:
on March 13, 1861. Unfortunately, Wagner was unpopular with both the French critics and with the members of the
1684:. In 1862 he was awarded the title of Senator, and made a member of the Imperial Council on Public Instruction.
1576:
4176:
3567:
2258:
2179:
2021:
1740:
1465:
1195:
Napoleon III also built monumental fountains to decorate the heart of the city; his Paris city architect,
454:
2210:
art. Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. His sculpture
1965:
1669:
1595:
1295:
1287:
1271:
1046:(or toad) armchair was low, with a thickly padded back and arms, and a fringe that hid the legs of the chair.
705:
696:
573:
477:(1825–1898), who won the competition for the design when he was only thirty-seven. When asked by the Empress
1665:
the first time to the French public, and it took its place alongside the more traditional style of painting.
1290:, whose neo-Gothic design for a new Paris Opera later came in second to that of Garnier. The restoration of
1168:
New city hall of 1st Arrondissement (1855–60) (left) and new bell tower (1862) matching the Gothic Church of
197:
A basic principle of Napoleon III interior decoration was leave no space undecorated. Another principle was
3969:
3744:
3698:
3646:
3577:
2691:
2437:
2187:
2073:
1975:
1701:
1235:
1102:
1058:
534:
510:
monumental buildings usually remained eclectic, a revolution was taking place inside; based on the model of
499:
175:
4166:
4068:
3836:
3522:
2163:
2069:
1651:
1621:. In 1863, the jury of the Paris Salon refused all submissions by avant-garde artists, including those by
1614:
1314:
1204:
899:
755:. While the façade was eclectic, the structure inside was modern, supported by slender cast iron columns.
709:
229:
152:
112:
49:
2565:, where only Italian works were presented, in Italian. The major French composers of the period included
4227:
4005:
2532:
come back to Paris; Wagner rehearsed the orchestra sixty-three times for the first French production of
2203:
2166:, who contributed to the decoration of several Napoleon III landmarks, including the façade of the
1852:
1415:
1200:
1134:
911:
744:
649:
546:
506:
362:
179:
108:
2614:
2558:
2534:
1286:, or were threatened with destruction by the growth of cities. This program was largely carried out by
478:
4136:
4116:
3876:
3759:
2562:
2539:
2453:
1847:
1637:
1387:
in London, the parks he had frequented when he was in exile. Haussmann assembled a remarkable team:
1208:
1073:
740:
724:
602:
423:
225:
72:
2519:; he returned to Italy and did not come back for several years. He was persuaded to return to stage
2482:. In 1858 he took a step further with his first full-length operetta, with four acts and a chorus,
1587:
near the end of his life, was also still an important figure in both portrait and history painting.
723:
During the Second Empire, architects began to use metal frames combined with the Gothic style: the
3805:
2683:
2425:, the main theater district of Paris, and they were also staged at other theatres around the city.
2422:
2395:
2212:
2106:
1961:
1687:
1603:
1291:
907:
894:
between 1852 and 1857. Between 1864 and 1868, Napoleon III also commissioned Lefuel to rebuild the
759:
732:
713:
668:
577:
450:
419:
1513:
3693:
2554:
2317:
1949:
1911:
1676:, the Emperor's uncle. The painting was destroyed in 1871 when the building was set afire by the
1054:
511:
410:
210:
1396:
1077:
1015:
560:
The Second Empire also saw the completion or restoration of several architecture treasures: the
2403:
Latrouillatt and Truffaldini, or the inconveniences of a vendetta infinitely prolonged too long
727:, a 15th-century church rebuilt in neo-Gothic style by Simon-Claude-Constant Dufeux (1862–65),
549:(1860–1871). While the structure was supported by cast iron columns, the façade was eclectic.
4121:
3979:
3831:
3800:
3538:
3515:
3475:
3456:
3438:
3419:
3400:
3381:
3362:
3343:
3324:
3305:
3286:
3258:
3239:
3211:
3086:
3066:
2843:
2770:
2574:
2429:
2387:
2339:
2298:
2150:
1572:
1568:
1551:
1509:
1384:
1371:
1299:
1298:, or spirelet, of the cathedral, which had been partially destroyed and desecrated during the
1283:
1243:
1231:
1220:
895:
791:
717:
653:
553:(1801–1875) also used iron and glass to create a dramatic cathedral-like reading room for the
439:
3846:
3749:
3724:
3587:
2578:
2550:
2502:
2433:
2183:
2111:
1983:
1942:
1927:
1891:
1826:
1807:
1641:
1626:
1622:
1427:
1419:
1336:
1216:
1106:
1081:
883:
767:
672:
470:
140:
132:
92:
35:
1855:. Renoir studied art in Paris in 1862 and showed this painting in the Paris Salon of 1869.
3974:
3927:
3739:
3729:
3206:
Dean, Winton (1980). "Bizet, Georges (Alexandre CĂ©sar LĂ©opold)". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.).
2600:
2501:
signed a contract in 1852 to create a new work for the Paris Opera, in collaboration with
1979:
1919:
1831:
1780:
1618:
1400:
1356:
1310:
1309:
In 1855, he completed the restoration, begun in 1845, of the stained glass windows of the
1196:
1154:
1138:
1069:
704:
During the Second Empire, under the influence particularly of the architect and historian
569:
550:
462:
320:
68:
3769:
3641:
1867:
530:
83:(1852–1870) and had an important influence on architecture and decoration in the rest of
4100:
4021:
4000:
3790:
3734:
3719:
3714:
3658:
3472:
Paris Musique de l'école de Notre-Dame à la Cité de la musique: Huit Siècles d'histoire
2595:
2590:
2570:
2566:
2529:
2354:
2171:
1630:
1185:
1050:
1001:
887:
748:
561:
526:
458:
366:
300:
260:
183:
42:
4196:
3995:
3866:
3810:
2621:
2605:
2543:
2369:
2220:
2154:
1934:
1875:
1677:
1661:
891:
879:
811:
795:
617:
Interior of Saint-Augustin; with the roof supported by slender iron columns (1860–71)
565:
483:
466:
343:
339:
164:
160:
88:
3754:
2195:
2191:
2175:
1938:
1822:
1560:
1423:
1352:
1266:
1212:
538:
427:
390:
335:
334:
The Grand Salon of the apartments of the minister of state, currently known as the
171:
80:
46:
1207:. Davioud's other major Napoleon III works included the two theatres at the
17:
1948:
A major decorative painter whose career was launched under Napoleon III was
1188:
that was unusual for the period. Numerous public edifices: railway stations, the
3785:
3562:
1971:
1957:
1895:
1871:
1591:
1275:
1121:
Boulevard Haussmann, with the classic Haussmann-style apartment buildings (1870)
987:
521:
The most dramatic use of iron and glass was in the new central market of Paris,
276:
3193:
3065:(First ed.). Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. p. 174.
2194:
in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of
1258:, allowed the construction of much larger buildings for commerce and industry.
906:
of the Louvre originally featured an equestrian statue of Napoleon III by
743:(1854–59). The largest new church built in Paris during the Second Empire was
4141:
3861:
3826:
3795:
2673:
2521:
2465:
2391:
1636:
Following Napoleon's decree, an exhibit of the rejected paintings, called the
1391:, the city's first Director of the new Service of Promenades and Plantations;
1255:
1247:
1023:
1010:
shell, or other decorative elements. Novel and exotic new materials, such as
752:
522:
370:
296:
198:
187:
76:
1810:
also caused a scandal at the Paris Salon of 1863 and helped make Manet famous
1789:(1856) caused a scandal at the Paris Salon, much to the delight of the artist
3964:
2658:
2516:
2199:
1941:
exhibited two of his paintings, a landscape and portrait of his future wife
515:
469:
as "the opulent bastard child of all the styles". The best example was the
202:
1559:
Napoleon III's taste in paintings was quite traditional, favoring the
3496:
3611:
3557:
2390:. It emerged not from the classical opera, but from the comic opera and
2383:
1430:
in San Francisco both show the influence of the Napoleon III parks.
1303:
1203:(officially the Fontaine de la Paix) at the beginning of Haussmann's new
2677:
2603:; it was a commercial failure. He had no great theatrical success until
2452:, which brought enormous crowds to the city, he rented a theater on the
1512:, was purchased by Napoleon III at the Paris Salon of 1863, now in
3435:
NĂ©oclassicisme et Romantisme: architecture, sculpture, peinture, dessin
2471:
2207:
2149:(The Triumph of Flora), by Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux. South façade of the
1027:
159:, and managed to give it coherence and harmony. The Lions Gate of the
2648:
The styles of popular music also evolved under Napoleon III. The
1403:, the city's chief architect, who designed chalets, temples, grottos,
525:(1853–1870), an ensemble of huge iron and glass pavilions designed by
2632:
2475:
1584:
1031:
1019:
1011:
758:
Not all churches under Napoleon III were built in the Gothic style.
537:
also made extensive use of iron and glass in the interior of the new
487:
84:
943:
Chest in Napoleon III style, with polychrome floral decoration
3378:
Grammaire des Arts DĂ©coratifs de la Renaissance au Post-Modernisme
2498:
2302:
2162:
The most prominent sculptor of the reign of Napoleon III was
1404:
1062:
219:
214:
126:
96:
41:
2557:, where the Emperor barely escaped a terrorist bomb in 1858; the
1407:, fences, gates, lodges, lampposts, and other park architecture.
1022:, were used for the first time in European furniture, along with
2640:
went on to become one of the most performed operas of all time.
473:, begun in 1862 but not finished until 1875. The architect was
206:
115:(1871–1901). The architectural style was closely connected with
79:
and glass skylights. It flourished during the reign of Emperor
3511:
186:, and particularly the iron-framed structures of the market of
2386:, was born in Paris, and flourished especially in the work of
2230:
1993:
1974:(1834–1917), the son of a banker, studied academic art at the
1712:
1437:
564:
project realized a longstanding ambition of rationalizing the
2088:
Valenciennes defending the arts of peace with the arts of war
1004:
jardinière with putti and flower sprays, set in a metal frame
541:
train station (1842–1865), although the façade was perfectly
295:
The interior of one of the giant glass and iron pavilions of
3416:
Paris- Panorama de l'architecture de l'Antiquité à nos jours
986:
armchair with fringe hiding the legs, from the apartment of
878:
Napoleon III's many projects included the completion of the
2936:
2934:
2932:
2382:
Under Napoleon III, a new, lighter musical genre, the
3121:
3119:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
2972:
Paris Impérial — La vie quotidienne sous le Second Empire,
2871:
2869:
1230:(1861–67), influenced by the French Renaissance style, by
445:
The dominant architectural style of the Second Empire was
246:
Second Empire architecture in the United States and Canada
201:, an abundance of color obtained by using colored marble,
2997:
Paris Impérial- la vie quotidienne sous le Second Empire,
1930:
to Courbet, but Courbet disdainfully rejected the offer.
837:
Grand Salon of Napoleon III apartments in the Louvre
810:
Western façade of Pavillon de l'Horloge of the Louvre by
3302:
Paris Impérial- La vie quotidienne sous le Second Empire
2985:
Paris Impérial- la vie quotidienne sous le Second Empire
2549:
During the Second Empire, before the contraction of the
1602:. The Salon granted medals based around the traditional
931:
The salon of the Empress Eugénie at the Tuileries Palace
2254:
2017:
1736:
1461:
751:, the designer of the metal pavilions of the market of
568:, the famed stained glass windows and structure of the
2636:
in 1875. He died after the thirty-third performance.
1234:; and the new city hall of the 1st arrondissement, by
3397:
Histoire de Paris: Politique, urbanisme, civilisation
1306:
which had not originally been present to the façade.
873:
Dining room of Napoleon III apartments at Louvre
910:
over the central arch, which was removed during the
4109:
4093:
4077:
4046:
4030:
4014:
3988:
3957:
3941:
3920:
3904:
3819:
3778:
3707:
3550:
762:, constructed from 1852 to 1896, was designed in a
514:in London (1851), Parisian architects began to use
283:, in the style he called simply "Napoleon III"
2599:, in 1851 at the urging of his friend, the singer
2528:Napoleon III intervened personally to have
1176:The Napoleon III style is inseparable from
1084:and other palaces were decorated in this style.
3023:The Murals of Eugene Delacroix at Saint-Sulpice
2834:
2832:
2182:, son of a mason, his early studies were under
1153:Mairie of the 19th arrondissement in Paris, by
457:, and the styles dominant during the reigns of
2436:, then the conductor of the orchestra for the
1598:, a gigantic exhibit hall built for the Paris
849:Grand Salon of Napoleon III in the Louvre
518:frames and walls of glass in their buildings.
319:, Richelieu site (1854–1875), was designed by
3523:
2970:on 24 April 1863. Cited in Maneglier, Hervé,
1242:. Between the two structures, the architect
8:
1982:painters. In 1868, he began to frequent the
955:The chair for intimate conversations called
27:1865–1880 French architectural and art style
3359:Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier
3319:Prina, Francesca; Demartini, Elena (2006).
3208:New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
2861:Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier
2840:Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier
2463:, which opened in 1855 with a work called
1829:at the Paris Salon of 1866 under the title
1370:The Temple of Love on Lac Daumesnil in the
1302:, in a slightly different style, and added
970:The "Indiscreet", a chair for three persons
825:Gates of the Louvre by Hector Lefuel (1861)
3530:
3516:
3508:
2859:Renault, Christophe and Lazé, Christophe,
2838:Renault, Christophe and Lazé, Christophe,
2553:, Paris had three major opera houses: The
1609:The Paris Salon was directed by the Count
1088:Urbanism – Haussmann's renovation of Paris
882:, which adjoined his own residence in the
91:. Major examples of the style include the
2769:. Musée du Louvre Éditions. p. 136.
2277:Learn how and when to remove this message
2040:Learn how and when to remove this message
1759:Learn how and when to remove this message
1484:Learn how and when to remove this message
861:Louvre Salon from Napoleon III suite
2842:, (2006), Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot. (
2456:and put on his musicals to full houses.
2062:The Seasons turning the celestial Sphere
1825:exhibited a portrait of his future wife
1657:Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl
1265:
433:The style quickly spread and evolved as
29:
4218:French Renaissance Revival architecture
2923:
2707:
2288:
2248:not related to the topic of the article
2051:
2011:not related to the topic of the article
1770:
1730:not related to the topic of the article
1495:
1455:not related to the topic of the article
1325:
1091:
921:
781:
587:
249:
194:in Paris, both also by Victor Baltard.
147:combined architectural elements of the
3285:(in French). Paris: Terrail/Édigroup.
3025:. Pennsylvania State University Press.
2911:
2899:
2887:
2875:
2863:, (2006), Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot.
2739:
2727:
2585:The new French opera: Gounod and Bizet
2407:Agamemnon, or the Camel with Two Humps
1786:Young Ladies Beside the Seine (Summer)
1395:, the city's first gardener-in-chief;
131:The ceiling of the Grand Salon of the
3321:Petite encyclopédie de l'architecture
3008:
2999:Éditions Armand Colin, (1990). p. 173
2459:He then opened up a new theater, the
2417:. Hervé opened his own theater, the
1682:Grand Officer of the LĂ©gion d'honneur
1211:, as well as the ornamental fence of
317:Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art
105:Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art
7:
3178:
3110:
2092:Musée des Beaux-Arts de Valenciennes
1978:and travelled to Italy to study the
1680:. Napoleon III named Ingres a
1583:who received important commissions.
242:Second Empire architecture in Europe
224:Mrs. Benjamin Pomeroy House (1868),
3545:in architecture and decorative arts
3125:Cited in Vila (2007), pages 187-190
1700:began his career with study at the
1250:(1862), to link the two buildings.
1087:
365:(1860–1871), designed by architect
3304:(in French). Paris: Armand Colin.
3272:Héron de Villefosse, René (1959).
3210:. Vol. 2. London: Macmillan.
1215:and the kiosks and temples of the
1068:Another popular influence was the
1026:wood, and wood painted with black
766:from 1852 to 1896, principally by
25:
3255:Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris
3194:"Second Empire style" (2008). In
2765:Bresc-Bautier, Geneviève (2008).
2753:Paris- Panorama de l'architecture
2131:, Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux 1857–60
918:Interior decoration and furniture
737:Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Belleville
599:Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Belleville
465:. The combination was derided by
342:, Paris (1859-1860), designed by
3495:
3453:Dictionnaire Historique de Paris
2810:
2798:
2676:
2450:first Paris Universal Exposition
2362:
2347:
2331:
2323:la Grande-Duchesse de GĂ©rolstein
2310:
2291:
2235:
2139:
2119:
2098:
2080:
2054:
1998:
1903:
1883:
1860:
1839:
1815:
1794:
1773:
1717:
1567:. His favorite artists included
1540:
1521:
1498:
1442:
1363:
1344:
1328:
1274:to restore the medieval town of
1161:
1146:
1126:
1114:
1094:
994:
975:
963:
948:
936:
924:
866:
854:
842:
830:
818:
803:
784:
684:
661:
642:
622:
610:
590:
430:and/or low, square-based domes.
398:
382:
354:
346:and decorated with paintings by
327:
308:
288:
268:
252:
3399:. Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot.
2110:(The Dance), for façade of the
1355:designed by the city architect
1270:Napoleon III commissioned
1049:The French Renaissance and the
117:Haussmann's renovation of Paris
4253:Victorian architectural styles
3470:Vila, Marie Christine (2007).
3201:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
3151:. Yale University Press, 2010.
2942:Les Jardins du Baron Haussmann
2767:The Louvre, a Tale of a Palace
2697:Paris during the Second Empire
2090:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, 1869,
1945:, at the Paris Salon of 1866.
1692:Church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris
1590:During the Second Empire, the
1393:Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps
635:Joseph Auguste Émile Vaudremer
557:, Richelieu site (1854–1875).
65:eclectic style of architecture
1:
3198:. Retrieved 1 June 2008, from
3149:French Opera: A Short History
2401:The works of Hervé included
2257:or discuss this issue on the
2020:or discuss this issue on the
1739:or discuss this issue on the
1600:Exposition Universelle (1855)
1533:Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
1464:or discuss this issue on the
1190:tribunal de commerce de Paris
1076:, which was preferred by the
890:project was led by architect
731:by Louis-Auguste Boileau and
693:Cathedral of Clermont-Ferrand
449:, drawing liberally from the
4243:Revival architectural styles
3357:Renault, Christophe (2006).
3227:Histoire des arts décoratifs
3188:General and cited references
1956:for his murals in the Paris
1874:reading to CĂ©zanne's friend
1389:Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand
1351:The monumental gates of the
710:Basilica of Sainte-Clothilde
435:Baroque Revival architecture
190:and the reading room of the
4223:French architectural styles
3455:. Le Livre de Poche. 2013.
3063:Bronzes of the 19th Century
2172:new additions to the Louvre
1709:Birth of a new art movement
1698:Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot
1422:on the wall of his office.
601:in the neo-Gothic style by
492:1st arrondissement of Paris
486:. Another example was the
4269:
4203:Second Empire architecture
3340:Les styles en architecture
3236:Caractéristique des Styles
3061:Kjellberg, Pierre (1994).
2716:Caractéristique des styles
2133:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2066:Fontaine de l'Observatoire
1952:. He became known in the
1674:the Apotheosis of Napoleon
1581:William-Adolphe Bouguereau
1434:Painting – the Paris Salon
1199:, designed the polychrome
729:Saint-Eugene-Sainte-Cecile
494:, built in 1855–1861 in a
275:The grand stairway of the
239:
3395:Sarmant, Thierry (2012).
3300:Maneglier, Hervé (1990).
3225:De Morant, Henry (1970).
3021:Spector, Jack J. (1985).
2613:, which premiered at the
2485:Orpheus in the Underworld
2468:, a Chinese-style Musical
1954:Paris in the Belle Époque
1262:Architectural restoration
1240:Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois
1223:, and other Paris parks.
1170:Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois
772:Henri-Jacques Espérandieu
745:Church of Saint Augustine
677:Henri-Jacques Espérandieu
652:(11th arrondissement) by
633:(14th arrondissement) by
631:Saint-Pierre-de-Montrouge
547:Church of Saint Augustine
407:St. Ignatius College Prep
363:Church of Saint Augustine
180:Church of Saint Augustine
109:Church of Saint Augustine
4233:Modern history of France
4177:Richardsonian Romanesque
3779:Germany, Austria-Hungary
3689:Spanish Colonial Revival
1381:Georges-Eugène Haussmann
1379:Napoleon III named
1182:Georges-Eugène Haussmann
716:in 1841 and finished by
650:Church of Saint-Ambroise
348:Charles-Raphaël Maréchal
315:The reading room of the
4085:Serbo-Byzantine Revival
4047:Russian Empire and USSR
3970:National Romantic style
3896:Black-and-white Revival
3253:Fierro, Alfred (1996).
3234:Ducher, Robert (1988).
3196:Encyclopædia Britannica
3169:Dean (1980), pp. 755–56
2692:Beaux-Arts architecture
2624:wrote his first opera,
2593:wrote his first opera,
2342:on Rue Pelletier (1864)
2186:. Carpeaux entered the
2074:National Museum, Warsaw
1870:produced a portrait of
1647:Le DĂ©jeuner sur l'herbe
1611:Émilien de Nieuwerkerke
1565:Académie des Beaux-Arts
1548:Campagne de France 1814
1236:Jacques Ignace Hittorff
764:Byzantine Revival style
578:Cathedral of Notre-Dame
535:Jacques Ignace Hittorff
500:Jacques Ignace Hittorff
498:style by the architect
490:, or city hall, of the
176:Jacques Ignace Hittorff
61:Napoleon III style
4238:Neoclassical movements
4213:Architecture in France
4167:Polish cathedral style
4132:Dutch Colonial Revival
3852:Indo-Saracenic Revival
3437:(in French). Ullmann.
3414:Texier, Simon (2012).
3338:Hopkins, Owen (2014).
3281:Jover, Manuel (2005).
3047:Article on Degas, the
2627:Les pĂŞcheurs de perles
2508:Les vĂŞpres siciliennes
2219:A young new sculptor,
2164:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux
2070:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux
1832:Woman in a Green Dress
1652:James McNeill Whistler
1279:
1205:Boulevard Saint-Michel
900:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux
584:Religious architecture
369:, had a revolutionary
232:
230:Southport, Connecticut
192:Bibliothèque nationale
153:Palladian architecture
136:
113:Philadelphia City Hall
53:
39:
4152:Mediterranean Revival
4006:Soft Portuguese style
3949:Traditionalist School
3474:. Paris: Parigramme.
3418:. Paris: Parigramme.
3238:. Paris: Flammarion.
3229:. Librarie Hacahette.
2718:(1988), pages 188-190
2246:may contain material
2009:may contain material
1966:HĂ´tel de Ville, Paris
1853:Pierre-Auguste Renoir
1803:Luncheon on the Grass
1728:may contain material
1670:HĂ´tel de Ville, Paris
1596:Palais de l'Industrie
1453:may contain material
1426:in New York City and
1416:Frederick Law Olmsted
1288:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
1272:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
1269:
1246:constructed a Gothic
1201:Fontaine Saint-Michel
1135:Fontaine Saint-Michel
706:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
697:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
574:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
507:Industrial Revolution
405:The main building of
240:Further information:
223:
130:
111:(1860–1871), and the
45:
33:
4248:Second French Empire
4208:Architectural styles
4117:American Renaissance
4059:Neoclassical Revival
3760:Louis Philippe style
3504:at Wikimedia Commons
3433:Toman, Rolf (2007).
3376:Riley, Noël (2004).
2940:De Moncan, Patrice,
2446:Théâtre des Variétés
2255:improve this section
2190:in 1844 and won the
2188:École des Beaux-Arts
2147:Le Triomphe de Flore
2128:Ugolino and His Sons
2018:improve this section
1976:École des Beaux-Arts
1924:Academy of Fine Arts
1737:improve this section
1702:École des Beaux-Arts
1554:(1864) Musée d'Orsay
1462:improve this section
1228:tribunal de commerce
1080:. Her rooms at the
1074:French neoclassicism
741:Jean-Baptiste Lassus
725:Eglise Saint-Laurent
603:Jean-Baptiste Lassus
424:Second French Empire
418:Second Empire is an
73:Second French Empire
59:, also known as the
4182:Territorial Revival
3765:Second Empire style
3637:Renaissance Revival
3502:Second Empire style
3361:. Paris: Gisserot.
3181:, pp. 176–178.
3160:Curtiss, pp. 140–41
3113:, pp. 170–171.
2902:, pp. 194–195.
2684:Architecture portal
2423:Boulevard du Temple
2419:Folies Concertantes
1910:The Wine Press, by
1604:hierarchy of genres
1315:Cité de Carcassonne
1292:Notre-Dame de Paris
1178:renovation of Paris
1038:) or three people (
908:Antoine-Louis Barye
760:Marseille Cathedral
733:Louis-Adrien Lusson
714:Franz Christian Gau
691:West façade of the
669:Marseille Cathedral
420:architectural style
338:Apartments, in the
226:Bunnell and Lambert
174:railway station by
71:originating in the
57:Second Empire style
3882:Romanesque Revival
3872:Queen Anne Revival
3694:Swiss chalet style
3664:Romanesque Revival
3276:. Bernard Grasset.
3257:. Robert Laffont.
3134:Maneglier, Hervé,
2995:Maneglier, Hervé,
2983:Maneglier, Hervé,
2953:Maneglier, Hervé,
2555:Salle Le Pelletier
2505:. The result was
2318:Hortense Schneider
1950:Puvis de Chavannes
1912:Puvis de Chavannes
1563:cultivated in the
1535:(1862), the Louvre
1506:The Birth of Venus
1280:
1030:. The upholstered
512:The Crystal Palace
411:Great Chicago Fire
373:, but an eclectic
233:
149:French Renaissance
137:
54:
40:
18:Napoleon III style
4190:
4189:
4122:Collegiate Gothic
3980:Nordic Classicism
3912:Mycenaean Revival
3887:Scottish Baronial
3837:Edwardian Baroque
3832:Bristol Byzantine
3801:Nazi architecture
3598:French Provincial
3500:Media related to
3481:978-2-84096-419-3
3462:978-2-253-13140-3
3444:978-3-8331-3557-6
3425:978-2-84096-667-8
3406:978-2-7558-0330-3
3387:978-2-08-011327-6
3368:978-2-87747-465-8
3349:978-2-10-070689-1
3274:Histoire de Paris
2878:, pp. 78–79.
2776:978-2-7572-0177-0
2755:, (2012), page 95
2461:Bouffes-Parisiens
2438:Comédie-Française
2430:Jacques Offenbach
2388:Jacques Offenbach
2299:Jacques Offenbach
2287:
2286:
2279:
2151:Pavillon de Flore
2050:
2049:
2042:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1660:. The journalist
1638:Salon des Refusés
1573:Ernest Meissonier
1569:Alexandre Cabanel
1552:Ernest Meissonier
1510:Alexandre Cabanel
1494:
1493:
1486:
1418:had a map of the
1372:Bois de Vincennes
1300:French Revolution
1284:French Revolution
1221:Bois de Vincennes
1209:Place du Châtelet
1103:Avenue de l'Opéra
896:Pavillon de Flore
792:Pavillon de Flore
572:were restored by
455:Renaissance style
440:Alfred B. Mullett
16:(Redirected from
4260:
4172:Queen Anne style
4127:Colonial Revival
4038:Romanian Revival
3958:Nordic countries
3847:Georgian Revival
3842:Egyptian Revival
3750:Directoire style
3725:Louis XIII style
3593:Egyptian Revival
3588:Carpenter Gothic
3532:
3525:
3518:
3509:
3499:
3485:
3466:
3448:
3429:
3410:
3391:
3372:
3353:
3334:
3323:. Paris: Solar.
3315:
3296:
3277:
3268:
3249:
3230:
3221:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3152:
3145:
3139:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3114:
3108:
3093:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3058:
3052:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2964:
2958:
2951:
2945:
2938:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2864:
2857:
2851:
2836:
2827:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2762:
2756:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2714:Ducher, Robert,
2712:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2492:Verdi and Wagner
2428:A new composer,
2366:
2351:
2335:
2314:
2295:
2282:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2143:
2123:
2114:(installed 1869)
2102:
2084:
2058:
2045:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1943:Camille Doncieux
1928:Legion of Honour
1907:
1894:and his wife by
1887:
1864:
1843:
1827:Camille Doncieux
1819:
1798:
1777:
1764:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1688:Eugène Delacroix
1627:Camille Pissarro
1617:painters led by
1577:Jean-LĂ©on GĂ©rĂ´me
1544:
1529:The Turkish Bath
1525:
1502:
1489:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1428:Golden Gate Park
1420:Bois de Boulogne
1367:
1348:
1337:Bois de Boulogne
1332:
1322:Landscape design
1217:Bois de Boulogne
1165:
1150:
1130:
1118:
1107:Camille Pissarro
1098:
1082:Tuileries Palace
998:
979:
967:
952:
940:
928:
884:Tuileries Palace
870:
858:
846:
834:
822:
807:
794:south façade by
788:
688:
665:
646:
626:
614:
594:
555:National Library
529:(1805–1874) and
402:
386:
358:
331:
312:
292:
272:
256:
21:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4157:Mission Revival
4105:
4089:
4073:
4064:Russian Revival
4042:
4026:
4010:
3984:
3975:Gustavian style
3953:
3937:
3928:Stile Umbertino
3916:
3900:
3815:
3774:
3740:Louis XVI style
3730:Louis XIV style
3703:
3622:Moorish Revival
3573:Baroque Revival
3568:Arts and Crafts
3546:
3536:
3492:
3482:
3469:
3463:
3451:
3445:
3432:
3426:
3413:
3407:
3394:
3388:
3375:
3369:
3356:
3350:
3337:
3331:
3318:
3312:
3299:
3293:
3280:
3271:
3265:
3252:
3246:
3233:
3224:
3218:
3205:
3190:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3146:
3142:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3117:
3109:
3096:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3046:
3042:
3036:Le Petit Robert
3034:
3030:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2965:
2961:
2952:
2948:
2939:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2867:
2858:
2854:
2848:978-2877-474658
2837:
2830:
2821:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2751:Texier, Simon,
2750:
2746:
2738:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2682:
2675:
2672:
2646:
2615:Théâtre Lyrique
2609:, derived from
2601:Pauline Viardot
2587:
2559:Théâtre Lyrique
2494:
2380:
2373:
2367:
2358:
2352:
2343:
2340:old Paris Opera
2336:
2327:
2315:
2306:
2296:
2283:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2252:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2158:
2144:
2135:
2124:
2115:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2059:
2046:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2015:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1920:Gustave Courbet
1914:
1908:
1899:
1888:
1879:
1865:
1856:
1848:La Grenouillére
1844:
1835:
1820:
1811:
1799:
1790:
1781:Gustave Courbet
1778:
1765:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1734:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1619:Gustave Courbet
1555:
1545:
1536:
1526:
1517:
1503:
1490:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1459:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1401:Gabriel Davioud
1397:Eugène Belgrand
1375:
1368:
1359:
1357:Gabriel Davioud
1349:
1340:
1333:
1324:
1311:Sainte-Chapelle
1264:
1197:Gabriel Davioud
1172:
1166:
1157:
1155:Gabriel Davioud
1151:
1142:
1139:Gabriel Davioud
1131:
1122:
1119:
1110:
1099:
1090:
1078:Empress Eugénie
1070:Louis XVI style
1005:
999:
990:
980:
971:
968:
959:
953:
944:
941:
932:
929:
920:
904:grands guichets
874:
871:
862:
859:
850:
847:
838:
835:
826:
823:
814:
808:
799:
789:
780:
735:(1854–55), and
700:
689:
680:
666:
657:
647:
638:
627:
618:
615:
606:
595:
586:
570:Sainte-Chapelle
551:Henri Labrouste
475:Charles Garnier
414:
403:
394:
387:
378:
375:Neo-Renaissance
359:
350:
332:
323:
321:Henri Labrouste
313:
304:
293:
284:
281:Charles Garnier
273:
264:
257:
248:
238:
145:Charles Garnier
125:
123:Characteristics
101:Charles Garnier
95:(1862–1871) in
77:iron frameworks
69:decorative arts
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4266:
4264:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4195:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4162:Pueblo Revival
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4022:Zakopane Style
4018:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3735:Louis XV style
3732:
3727:
3722:
3720:Henry IV style
3717:
3715:Henry II style
3711:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3682:North American
3679:
3674:
3668:Second Empire
3666:
3661:
3659:Rococo Revival
3656:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3605:
3603:Gothic Revival
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3491:
3490:External links
3488:
3487:
3486:
3480:
3467:
3461:
3449:
3443:
3430:
3424:
3411:
3405:
3392:
3386:
3380:. Flammarion.
3373:
3367:
3354:
3348:
3335:
3329:
3316:
3310:
3297:
3291:
3278:
3269:
3263:
3250:
3244:
3231:
3222:
3216:
3203:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3171:
3162:
3153:
3140:
3136:Paris Impérial
3127:
3115:
3094:
3078:
3071:
3053:
3040:
3028:
3013:
3011:, p. 253.
3001:
2988:
2976:
2959:
2957:, pp 173-174.
2955:Paris Impérial
2946:
2928:
2926:, p. 101.
2916:
2904:
2892:
2880:
2865:
2852:
2828:
2815:
2803:
2791:
2782:
2775:
2757:
2744:
2742:, p. 188.
2732:
2730:, p. 190.
2720:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2671:
2668:
2645:
2642:
2591:Charles Gounod
2586:
2583:
2575:FĂ©licien David
2571:Hector Berlioz
2567:Charles Gounod
2530:Richard Wagner
2493:
2490:
2454:Champs-Élysées
2411:operas bouffes
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2361:
2359:
2355:Charles Gounod
2353:
2346:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2328:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2243:
2241:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2160:
2159:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2125:
2118:
2116:
2104:
2097:
2095:
2086:
2079:
2077:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2006:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1902:
1900:
1890:A portrait of
1889:
1882:
1880:
1866:
1859:
1857:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1800:
1793:
1791:
1779:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1725:
1723:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1631:Johan Jongkind
1561:academic style
1557:
1556:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1527:
1520:
1518:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1450:
1448:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1263:
1260:
1244:Théodore Ballu
1232:Théodore Ballu
1186:urban planning
1174:
1173:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1100:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1051:Henry II style
1007:
1006:
1002:Rococo Revival
1000:
993:
991:
981:
974:
972:
969:
962:
960:
954:
947:
945:
942:
935:
933:
930:
923:
919:
916:
912:Third Republic
888:Nouveau Louvre
876:
875:
872:
865:
863:
860:
853:
851:
848:
841:
839:
836:
829:
827:
824:
817:
815:
809:
802:
800:
790:
783:
779:
776:
749:Victor Baltard
718:Théodore Ballu
702:
701:
690:
683:
681:
667:
660:
658:
654:Théodore Ballu
648:
641:
639:
628:
621:
619:
616:
609:
607:
596:
589:
585:
582:
562:Nouveau Louvre
533:(1792–1854).
527:Victor Baltard
416:
415:
404:
397:
395:
388:
381:
379:
367:Victor Baltard
360:
353:
351:
333:
326:
324:
314:
307:
305:
301:Victor Baltard
294:
287:
285:
279:, designed by
274:
267:
265:
261:Palais Garnier
258:
251:
237:
234:
184:Victor Baltard
157:French Baroque
124:
121:
63:, is a highly
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4265:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:Federal style
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:United States
4108:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4054:Neo-Byzantine
4052:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3996:Neo-Manueline
3994:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3893:
3892:Tudor Revival
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3867:Neo-Palladian
3865:
3863:
3860:
3856:British India
3855:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:Great Britain
3818:
3812:
3811:Rundbogenstil
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:Neoclassicism
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3652:Palazzo style
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3632:New Classical
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3617:Mayan Revival
3615:
3613:
3609:
3608:Greek Revival
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:Neo-Byzantine
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:International
3549:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3528:
3526:
3521:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3330:2-263-04096-X
3326:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3311:2-200-37226-4
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3292:2-87939-287-X
3288:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3264:2-221-07862-4
3260:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3245:2-08-011539-1
3241:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3217:0-333-23111-2
3213:
3209:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3175:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3091:0-88740-629-7
3088:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3072:0-88740-629-7
3068:
3064:
3057:
3054:
3051:, p. 504-505.
3050:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3029:
3024:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2966:Published in
2963:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2917:
2914:, p. 90.
2913:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2890:, p. 88.
2889:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2822:Zola, Emile,
2819:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2644:Popular music
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2622:Georges Bizet
2619:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2579:Gabriel Fauré
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2551:Opéra Garnier
2547:
2545:
2544:Prussian Army
2541:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2503:Eugène Scribe
2500:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2434:Opéra-Comique
2431:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2371:
2370:Georges Bizet
2365:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2289:
2281:
2278:
2270:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2244:This section
2242:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2221:Auguste Rodin
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2184:François Rude
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2168:Opéra Garnier
2165:
2156:
2155:Louvre Palace
2152:
2148:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2112:Opéra Garnier
2109:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2052:
2044:
2041:
2033:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2007:This section
2005:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1984:Café Guerbois
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1935:Impressionist
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1892:Édouard Manet
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1808:Édouard Manet
1805:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1771:
1763:
1760:
1752:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1726:This section
1724:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1678:Paris Commune
1675:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1642:Édouard Manet
1639:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:Édouard Manet
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1514:Musée d'Orsay
1511:
1507:
1501:
1496:
1488:
1485:
1477:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1451:This section
1449:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1373:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1003:
997:
992:
989:
985:
978:
973:
966:
961:
958:
951:
946:
939:
934:
927:
922:
917:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
892:Hector Lefuel
889:
885:
881:
880:Louvre Palace
869:
864:
857:
852:
845:
840:
833:
828:
821:
816:
813:
812:Hector Lefuel
806:
801:
797:
796:Hector Lefuel
793:
787:
782:
777:
775:
773:
769:
768:LĂ©on Vaudoyer
765:
761:
756:
754:
750:
747:(1860–71) by
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
698:
694:
687:
682:
678:
674:
673:LĂ©on Vaudoyer
670:
664:
659:
655:
651:
645:
640:
636:
632:
625:
620:
613:
608:
604:
600:
593:
588:
583:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:Louvre Palace
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
508:
503:
502:(1792–1867).
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
476:
472:
471:Opéra Garnier
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
441:
436:
431:
429:
428:mansard roofs
425:
421:
412:
408:
401:
396:
392:
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
357:
352:
349:
345:
344:Hector Lefuel
341:
340:Louvre Palace
337:
330:
325:
322:
318:
311:
306:
302:
298:
291:
286:
282:
278:
271:
266:
262:
255:
250:
247:
243:
235:
231:
227:
222:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
165:Hector Lefuel
162:
161:Louvre Palace
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:Opéra Garnier
134:
133:Opéra Garnier
129:
122:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:Opéra Garnier
90:
89:North America
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
51:
48:
44:
37:
36:Opéra Garnier
32:
19:
4228:House styles
4147:Jeffersonian
3965:Dragon style
3806:Resort style
3770:Belle Époque
3764:
3755:Empire style
3671:
3642:Châteauesque
3627:Neoclassical
3471:
3452:
3434:
3415:
3396:
3377:
3358:
3339:
3320:
3301:
3282:
3273:
3254:
3235:
3226:
3207:
3195:
3174:
3165:
3156:
3148:
3143:
3135:
3130:
3081:
3062:
3056:
3049:Petit Robert
3048:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3022:
3016:
3004:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2944:, pp. 21–29.
2941:
2924:Renault 2006
2919:
2907:
2895:
2883:
2860:
2855:
2839:
2823:
2818:
2806:
2794:
2785:
2766:
2760:
2752:
2747:
2735:
2723:
2715:
2710:
2663:café-concert
2662:
2654:café-concert
2653:
2650:café-concert
2649:
2647:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2620:
2604:
2594:
2588:
2563:Les Italiens
2548:
2533:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2495:
2483:
2464:
2458:
2441:
2427:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2381:
2378:The operetta
2372:(about 1860)
2321:
2273:
2267:October 2019
2264:
2253:Please help
2245:
2218:
2211:
2196:Michelangelo
2192:Prix de Rome
2176:Valenciennes
2167:
2161:
2146:
2126:
2105:
2087:
2061:
2036:
2030:October 2019
2027:
2016:Please help
2008:
1970:
1947:
1939:Claude Monet
1932:
1917:
1868:Paul CĂ©zanne
1846:
1830:
1823:Claude Monet
1801:
1784:
1755:
1749:October 2019
1746:
1735:Please help
1727:
1696:
1686:
1673:
1667:
1655:
1645:
1635:
1608:
1589:
1558:
1547:
1528:
1505:
1480:
1474:October 2019
1471:
1460:Please help
1452:
1424:Central Park
1413:
1409:
1378:
1353:Parc Monceau
1308:
1281:
1252:
1225:
1213:Parc Monceau
1194:
1175:
1067:
1048:
1043:
1040:Le indiscret
1039:
1036:Le confident
1035:
1016:papier-mâché
1008:
983:
957:le confident
956:
903:
877:
757:
722:
703:
559:
543:neoclassical
539:Gare du Nord
531:FĂ©lix Callet
520:
504:
451:Gothic style
444:
432:
417:
391:Gare du Nord
336:Napoleon III
299:designed by
236:Architecture
196:
172:Gare du Nord
169:
138:
81:Napoleon III
60:
56:
55:
47:Philadelphia
4101:Neo-Mudéjar
4001:Neo-Mudéjar
3942:Netherlands
3791:GrĂĽnderzeit
3786:Biedermeier
3563:Art Nouveau
3539:Historicism
3147:Giroud, V.
2968:Le Moniteur
2912:Texier 2012
2900:Ducher 1988
2888:Texier 2012
2876:Texier 2012
2811:Copplestone
2799:Copplestone
2740:Ducher 1988
2728:Ducher 1988
2540:Jockey Club
1980:Renaissance
1972:Edgar Degas
1896:Edgar Degas
1872:Paul Alexis
1592:Paris Salon
1276:Carcassonne
1256:iron frames
1105:painted by
988:Victor Hugo
902:. Lefuel's
712:, begun by
447:eclecticism
303:(1853–1870)
277:Paris Opera
135:(1862–1875)
52:(1871–1901)
38:(1862–1875)
4197:Categories
4142:Greco Deco
3862:Jacobethan
3796:Jugendstil
3699:Vernacular
3647:Italianate
3578:Beaux-Arts
3543:Revivalism
3138:, p. 188.
3009:Jover 2005
2535:Tannhäuser
2522:Don Carlos
2466:Ba-ta-clan
2444:, for the
2392:vaudeville
2204:Verrocchio
1878:in 1869–70
1876:Émile Zola
1662:Émile Zola
1248:bell tower
1055:cartouches
1024:polychrome
778:The Louvre
753:Les Halles
629:Church of
597:Church of
576:, and the
523:Les Halles
496:neo-Gothic
467:Émile Zola
371:iron frame
297:Les Halles
199:polychromy
188:Les Halles
4069:Stalinist
3827:Adamesque
3342:. Dunod.
3179:Vila 2007
3111:Vila 2007
2813:, p. 311.
2801:, p. 310.
2703:Citations
2659:pantomime
2517:Meyerbeer
2480:Pergolesi
2415:operettas
2259:talk page
2200:Donatello
2022:talk page
1990:Sculpture
1933:The term
1898:(1868–69)
1741:talk page
1466:talk page
1385:Hyde Park
1304:gargoyles
1141:(1856–61)
1059:mascarons
798:(1864–68)
720:in 1857.
699:(1866–84)
679:(1852–96)
656:(1863–68)
637:(1863–70)
605:(1854–59)
516:cast iron
463:Louis XVI
203:malachite
50:City Hall
3989:Portugal
3677:European
3612:Neo-Grec
3558:Art Deco
2670:See also
2413:, then
2384:operetta
2213:La Danse
2170:and the
2107:La Danse
2072:, 1868,
2064:for the
1964:and the
1962:Sorbonne
1958:Panthéon
1278:in 1853.
459:Louis XV
377:exterior
263:in Paris
211:porphyry
4031:Romania
3877:Regency
2472:Rossini
2421:on the
2305:(1860s)
2208:baroque
2157:, Paris
1615:Realist
1405:follies
1109:(1898).
1044:crapaud
1042:). The
1028:lacquer
984:crapaud
479:Eugénie
413:of 1871
4078:Serbia
4015:Poland
3905:Greece
3708:France
3672:French
3478:
3459:
3441:
3422:
3403:
3384:
3365:
3346:
3327:
3308:
3289:
3283:Ingres
3261:
3242:
3214:
3089:
3069:
3038:(1988)
2974:p. 173
2846:
2773:
2638:Carmen
2633:Carmen
2611:Goethe
2577:, and
2561:; and
2478:, and
2476:Mozart
2442:Pepito
2357:(1859)
2326:(1867)
1960:, the
1629:, and
1585:Ingres
1579:, and
1374:(1865)
1296:flèche
1180:under
1032:pouffe
1020:rattan
1018:, and
1012:bamboo
886:. The
488:Mairie
178:, the
155:, and
107:, the
103:, the
85:Europe
4094:Spain
3933:Milan
3921:Italy
2606:Faust
2596:Sapho
2499:Verdi
2396:Hervé
2303:Nadar
2227:Music
1672:with
1508:, by
1072:, or
1063:ebony
484:boxes
215:ebony
97:Paris
3541:and
3476:ISBN
3457:ISBN
3439:ISBN
3420:ISBN
3401:ISBN
3382:ISBN
3363:ISBN
3344:ISBN
3325:ISBN
3306:ISBN
3287:ISBN
3259:ISBN
3240:ISBN
3212:ISBN
3087:ISBN
3067:ISBN
2844:ISBN
2824:Nana
2771:ISBN
2405:and
2338:The
2202:and
2180:Nord
1650:and
1335:The
1133:The
1101:The
770:and
675:and
505:The
461:and
389:The
361:The
259:The
244:and
207:onyx
87:and
67:and
34:The
2652:or
2320:as
2301:by
2068:by
1851:by
1806:by
1783:'s
1654:'s
1644:'s
1550:by
1531:by
1137:by
739:by
695:by
671:by
182:by
163:by
143:by
99:by
4199::
3894:/
3610:/
3118:^
3097:^
2931:^
2868:^
2831:^
2581:.
2573:,
2569:,
2474:,
2398:.
2198:,
2178:,
2153:,
1968:.
1625:,
1575:,
1571:,
1219:,
1065:.
1057:,
1014:,
982:A
914:.
774:.
453:,
228:,
209:,
205:,
151:,
3531:e
3524:t
3517:v
3484:.
3465:.
3447:.
3428:.
3409:.
3390:.
3371:.
3352:.
3333:.
3314:.
3295:.
3267:.
3248:.
3220:.
3075:.
2850:)
2826:.
2779:.
2280:)
2274:(
2269:)
2265:(
2261:.
2251:.
2043:)
2037:(
2032:)
2028:(
2024:.
2014:.
1762:)
1756:(
1751:)
1747:(
1743:.
1733:.
1516:.
1487:)
1481:(
1476:)
1472:(
1468:.
1458:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
