516:, who took over after the fall of Giolitti in December 1893, promised important measures of land reform for the near future. Crispi was not blind to the misery and the need for social reform. Before 1891, he had been the patron of the Sicilian working-class and many of their associations had been named after him. Crispi's good intentions were soon drowned in the clamour for strong measures. In the three weeks of uncertainty before the government was formed, the rapid spread of violence drove many local authorities to disregard Giolitti's ban on the use of firearms. In December 1893, many peasants lost their lives in clashes with the police and army.
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405:(Criminal Sociology) in 1889, in which he emphasised the social factors on criminal behaviour, Colajanni was virulently attacked by Lombroso and his disciples. The work received a moderately positive response from the scientific community both in Italy and abroad. Lombroso did not allow any criticism by rival scientists and his alleged scientific supremacy. He unleashed a smear campaign and scientific crusade against Colajanni while blocking access to academic journals to prevent Colajanni's replies.
360:
539:(The Events in Sicily and Their Causes) on the events in Sicily, which put the main blame on Crispi. The disorders were not the product of a revolutionary plot, but Crispi chose to believe otherwise. On the basis of dubious documents and reports, Crispi alleged that there was an organised conspiracy to separate Sicily from Italy, that the leaders of the Fasci conspired with the clerics and were financed by French gold, and war and invasion were looming.
510:, a popular movement of democratic and socialist inspiration, which arose in Sicily in the years between 1891 and 1893. The demands of the movement were fair land rents, higher wages, lower local taxes, and distribution of misappropriated common land. He took the Fasci under his political protection, defending them in parliament and in the press.
486:(Colonial Policy), written in 1891, Colajanni rejected the colonial adventure in Eritrea. According to Colajanni, the poor agricultural conditions made the country inappropriate for impoverished Southern Italian populace and completely inadequate to serve as a market for the emerging Italian industry.
531:
was dispatched with 40,000 troops to restore order. Colajanni condemned the Fasci leaders for lacking to keep the peace. After conferring with Morra, he issued a manifesto in which he urged the people to restore order. He argued that the government was engaged in bettering the working conditions and
519:
In order to stem the turmoil, Crispi offered
Colajanni the Ministry of Agriculture, which he refused. When riots on the island got out of hand, Crispi asked Colajanni to undertake a mission of appeasement on Sicily. On 3 January 1894, only four days after Crispi had promised Colajanni there would be
285:
After graduating in
Medicine in 1871, Colajanni enrolled as a physician on a ship to South America before returning to Italy to devote himself to the study of sociology and continue his political activities. He returned to his home town, Castrogiovanni, where he practiced medicine and managed some
489:
Colajanni played an important role in the Banca Romana scandal. A suppressed report about the sorry financial state of the bank was leaked to
Colajanni, who divulged its contents to parliament. On 20 December 1892, Colajanni read out long extracts in Parliament and the then Historical Left prime
578:, which were closely connected to each other and in a close relationship with public administration on the island. This connection was well established had become normal practice from 1876 onwards. The only hope to change the situation lay in an autonomist-federalist reform of the state.
542:
Disillusioned by the spread of violence in Sicily, to which he believed the PSI's discourse of class struggle had contributed, Colajanni reverted in 1894 to his original republicanism. On 12 April 1895, he took part in the founding congress of the
609:, he wrote: "To fight and destroy the reign of the Mafia, it is necessary that the Italian government ceases to be the king of the Mafia." He said that the government needed to clean up Sicily and institute a fair and practical administration.
226:
at the age of 13, but without success. A relative recognised the young boy and brought him back home. In 1862, two years later, when
Garibaldi passed by Castrogiovanni in his expedition against Rome, Colajanni joined the troops. He reached the
692:
but condemned its recourse to violence. In August 1921, he applauded the agreement between socialists and fascists to put an end to the civil war. His death on 2 September 1921 saved him from a potentially embarrassing adhesion of fascism.
398:(Third School) and argued that in order to curtail the level of crime in a society there should be a certain level of security with regard to sustainable living conditions, economic stability, and a more equal welfare distribution.
420:. He argued that the high rates of criminality in Southern Italy, which were seen as evidence of alleged Southern racial inferiority, could simply be explained by social conditions and levels of education. He opposed the notion of
628:. He did not deny that there was a struggle, but he saw it as the first stage of evolution, which was not be encouraged, but passed in favour of a greater spread of altruism. A position that proved irreconcilable with
621:, which he considered to be a contradiction to democracy. He remained a social-Darwinist throughout his life, convinced that socialism would be a product of a natural process of evolution and social selection.
444:. While he was not elected, he obtained a significant following. Although poor health forced him to stay at Castrogiovanni, he continued to write political articles in periodicals of democratic orientation.
273:. On 26 February 1869, he was arrested for taking part in a republican conspiracy. He remained in prison until 17 November, when an amnesty was declared because of the birth of the future king of Italy,
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1573:
1613:
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A recurring theme of
Colajanni's political engagement was the struggle to overcome the economic contrast between North and South of Italy, through a reform of society but also of the state through
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1588:
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262:(The Duty). In 1867, he returned to Castrogiovanni due to the death of his father but immediately left to join Garibaldi again in his new campaign to capture Rome. He arrived too late when the
1583:
428:
as an ideological tool to legitimise dominance and exploitation, which would lead to the destruction of other races instead of its alleged progressive transformation. In a later work,
432:(Latins and Anglo-Saxons: Inferior and Superior races, published in 1903), he expanded his critique on the concept of superior and inferior civilisations to the Anglo-Saxon nations.
1558:
602:, a member of Parliament and a director of the Bank of Sicily, in revenge for exposing a swindle using the bank's money. Palizzolo was allegedly involved with the Mafia.
351:(Popular Magazine), by means of which he strove to improve the moral and intellectual standard of the masses and combated all forms of intolerance and hypocrisy.
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440:
In 1879, Colajanni had been appointed as a municipal councillor in
Castrogiovanni. In 1882, he was a candidate in the general election in the constituency of
297:, which put him in contact with the exponents of republicanism and socialism in Milan. Through these democratic groups, Colajanni came into contact with the
624:
Colajanni did not consider himself a materialist, as the social question was not only an economic issue but also an ethical one. He rejected the concept of
1643:
494:
was forced to appoint an expert commission to investigate the bank. The resulting inquiry caused the fall of the government of
Giolitti in November 1893.
198:, in a family of intense patriotic feelings. His father Luigi Colajanni and mother Concetta Falautano were small entrepreneurs in the sulfur industry.
1342:
336:
approach but was closer to the ideology of
Mazzini, one of the fathers of Italian unification, with some influence of French utopian thinkers such as
289:
In 1875, Colajanni was among the participants at the
Republican Congress in Rome to revive the movement. He started to collaborate with the magazine
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Within a few days of the declaration of martial law and the violent suppression of the Fasci, Colajanni broke with Crispi and wrote the book
526:
150:(27 April 1847 – 2 September 1921) was an Italian writer, journalist, criminologist, socialist, and politician. In the 1880s, he abandoned
1221:"Bodies that Tell": Physiognomy, Criminology, Race and Gender in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Italian Literature and Opera
391:, and he put a much greater emphasis on social conditions as a cause of offending. Lombroso and his disciples remained dominant in Italy.
158:, and became Italy's leading theoretical writer on the issue for a time. He has been called the father of Sicilian socialism. Due to the
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until his death in
September 1921. In Parliament, he sat as a republican and showed socialist tendencies, becoming one of the
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Colajanni identified the root of the backwardness of the region in power groups of landowners of the rural estates and the
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leaders of the republicans in Parliament. He sponsored initiatives like the parliamentary inquiry on colonial adventure in
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376:
847:
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Colajanni published many books and essays on social and political problems, and exposed the unscientific theories of
591:, the ex-mayor of Palermo and ex-governor of the Bank of Sicily. Notarbartolo had been killed on the instruction of
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Colajanni wrote that the Italian government did everything to consolidate the Mafia and render it omnipotent. In
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directed at the magistracy, the police, and the government in relation to the trial about the 1893 murder of
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deserved their confidence, at least for a while. He called fools and traitors those breaking the peace.
235:. Liberated after an amnesty, he returned to Sicily but volunteered again with Garibaldi's troops in the
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Colajanni was the first to publish a book with criminal sociology in the title. He belonged to the
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266:, in which Garibaldi was defeated by Papal troops and a French auxiliary force, had already ended.
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Modernity and Secession: The Social Sciences and the Political Discourse of the Lega Nord in Italy
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in its initial phase. Like many other intellectuals and politicians of all persuasions, he saw
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881:. Vol. 30 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
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in the district of Caltanissetta for the first time. He was re-elected in all subsequent
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and was re-elected in all subsequent parliaments until his death in September 1921.
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was removed as chief editor, and openly criticized the PSI for what he considered
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in 1912. Despite his anti-militarist ideas, he became an ardent supporter of the
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class struggle, he reverted in 1894 to his original republicanism and joined the
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380:
689:
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1073:
Sicily in a State of Siege; The Tax Agitation Has Been Practically Suppressed
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and its related categories of the Lombrosian school and deconstructed their
155:
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231:, where he was captured by government troops and deported to the island of
1010:
Cabinet Forced To Resign; Italian Ministers Called "Thieves" by the People
506:(PSI), Colajanni was Sicily's leading political radical. He supported the
250:
After the war, Colajanni finished school and started to study medicine in
309:. Colajanni became one of the protagonists of the Italian positivist and
244:
685:
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Colajanni argued against the incipient colonial policy of the moderate
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that had left the PSI in January 1921, and felt certain sympathy for
421:
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16:
Italian writer, journalist, criminologist, and politician (1847–1921)
137:
Writer, journalist, criminologist, socialist, republican, politician
520:
no state of siege, martial law was declared in the island. General
1320:
412:(For the Cursed Race, published in 1898), Colajanni ridiculed the
251:
328:, Colajanni became one of the first theoreticians of the Italian
343:
In 1892, Colajanni was appointed Professor of Statistics at the
187:
84:
1324:
1170:
Crime, Police, and Penal Policy: European Experiences 1750–1940
617:
Colajanni continued to reject the ideological underpinnings of
632:, which led him to adhere to the newborn PRI. He also opposed
1224:. Dissertation at the University of California, Los Angeles.
895:, by Napoleone Colajanni, The New York Times, March 24, 1901
723:
Settentrionali e meridionali: Agli Italiani del Mezzogiorno
806:, by Marcello Donativi, in Nel regno della mafia, pp. 9-10
850:, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 26 (1982)
746:
Latini e anglo-sassoni: Razze superiori e razze inferiori
559:. His contribution the socio-political definition of the
430:
Latini e anglo-sassoni: Razze superiori e razze inferiori
1204:
Young Mussolini and the Intellectual Origins of Fascism
1136:
Young Mussolini and the intellectual origins of fascism
1150:
Colajanni, Napoleone; Donativi, Marcello (1900/2009).
269:
Colajanni took up his study in medicine, this time in
1599:
Deputies of Legislature XXIII of the Kingdom of Italy
1574:
Deputies of Legislature XVIII of the Kingdom of Italy
725:(Milan/Palermo/Rome: Sandron/Rivista popolare, 1898).
1614:
Deputies of Legislature XXVI of the Kingdom of Italy
1604:
Deputies of Legislature XXIV of the Kingdom of Italy
1594:
Deputies of Legislature XXII of the Kingdom of Italy
1569:
Deputies of Legislature XVII of the Kingdom of Italy
383:. Colajanni was particularly critical of Lombroso's
1609:
Deputies of Legislature XXV of the Kingdom of Italy
1589:
Deputies of Legislature XXI of the Kingdom of Italy
1579:
Deputies of Legislature XIX of the Kingdom of Italy
1501:
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Rebels & Mafiosi: Death in a Sicilian Landscape
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1584:Deputies of Legislature XX of the Kingdom of Italy
1227:Hurwitz, Stephan; Christiansen, Karl O. (1983).
571:(In the Realm of the Mafia, published in 1900).
563:was substantial, in particular with the volumes
567:(Northern and Southern, published in 1898) and
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1035:
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401:After the publication of his two-volume study
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730:Nel regno della mafia, dai Borboni ai Sabaudi
688:as an extreme defence against the dangers of
482:was one of his favourite themes. In his book
8:
1207:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
58:10 December 1890 – 2 September 1921
1559:Academic staff of the University of Palermo
1264:Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870–1925
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716:Gli avvenimenti di Sicilia e le loro cause
659:. He launched a vigorous campaign against
537:Gli avvenimenti di Sicilia e le loro cause
254:. He made contact with the republicans of
206:At a young age, Colajanni was inspired by
186:Colajanni was born in Castrogiovanni (now
174:. In 1890, he was elected in the national
31:
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1281:Critical Criminology: Visions from Europe
1109:, biografie dei protagonisti Repubblicani
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170:. Colajanni was an ardent critic of the
1012:, The New York Times, November 25, 1893
758:
522:Roberto Morra di Lavriano e della MontĂ
1190:. New York: Cornell University Press.
987:, Camera dei diputati, portale storico
502:Although he was never a member of the
447:In 1890, Colajanni was elected in the
1312:Works by or about Napoleone Colajanni
1087:, The New York Times, January 7, 1894
1075:, The New York Times, January 9, 1894
332:. His socialism was not based on the
281:Positivist and evolutionary socialism
7:
1634:Italian Republican Party politicians
1525:(Saint Sebastian's Day) directed by
1233:. Sydney: George Allen & Unwin.
703:Il socialismo e sociologia criminale
1513:(The Old and the Young) written by
1267:. New York: Taylor & Francis.
1250:. New York/Oxford: Berghahn Books.
1173:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1644:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies people
1261:Seton-Watson, Christopher (1967).
286:sulfur mines owned by his mother.
14:
324:(Socialism) published in 1884 in
301:theories, and personalities like
237:Third Italian War of Independence
1061:Italy from liberalism to fascism
1023:Italy from liberalism to fascism
998:Italy from liberalism to fascism
780:Italy from liberalism to fascism
767:Italy from liberalism to fascism
247:, northern Italy, in July 1866.
239:in 1866 and participated in the
172:Lombrosian school in criminology
1624:Historical Far Left politicians
906:Crime, police, and penal policy
749:(Rome: Rivista Popolare, 1903).
676:Colajanni strongly opposed the
613:Views of Marxism and Bolshevism
1201:Gregor, Anthony James (1979).
1156:. Brindisi: Edizioni Trabant.
741:(Palermo: Remo Sandron, 1900).
719:(Palermo: Remo Sandron, 1895).
375:(Positive School), as well as
347:. Since 1896, he directed the
1:
1284:. London: SAGE Publications.
1278:Van Swaaningen, René (1997).
665:, the organ of the PSI, when
1391:Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida
1303:Works by Napoleone Colajanni
1218:Hiller, Jonathan R. (2009).
917:Hurwitz & Christiansen,
872:"Colajanni, Napoleone"
869:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922).
636:and severely criticized the
565:Settentrionali e meridionali
1522:Il giorno di San Sebastiano
638:1904 Italian general strike
581:In 1900, Colajanni wrote a
196:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
89:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1670:
1244:Huysseune, Michel (2006).
216:Expedition of the Thousand
210:and attempted to join the
893:Homicide and the Italians
645:Italian invasion of Libya
634:revolutionary syndicalism
293:(Republican Magazine) of
258:and started to write for
141:
62:
51:
39:
30:
1184:Fentress, James (2000).
711:(Catania: Tropea, 1889).
705:(Catania: Tropea, 1884).
651:camp on the side of the
545:Italian Republican Party
414:history of anthropometry
168:Italian Republican Party
128:Italian Republican Party
1488:Lercara Friddi massacre
1396:Agostino Lo Piano Pomar
1381:Rosario Garibaldi Bosco
967:Modernity and Secession
878:Encyclopædia Britannica
709:La sociologia criminale
678:Italian Communist Party
655:at the outbreak of the
551:Opposition to the Mafia
504:Italian Socialist Party
403:La sociologia criminale
291:La rivista repubblicana
160:Italian Socialist Party
1629:Italian criminologists
1502:In literature and film
1167:Emsley, Clive (2007).
1085:More Troops For Sicily
643:Colajanni opposed the
410:Per la razza maledetta
385:biological determinism
364:
363:Colajanni in his study
311:evolutionary socialism
1654:Politicians of Sicily
1153:Nel regno della mafia
607:Nel regno della mafia
589:Emanuele Notarbartolo
569:Nel regno della mafia
362:
345:University of Palermo
222:in 1860, escaping to
182:Early life and family
1510:I vecchi e i giovani
1483:Giardinello massacre
1478:Caltavuturo massacre
1473:Banca Romana scandal
1123:Rebels & Mafiosi
1041:Rebels & Mafiosi
935:Critical Criminology
848:Colajanni, Napoleone
737:26 July 2011 at the
649:left-interventionist
469:Banca Romana scandal
436:Political activities
229:Battle of Aspromonte
220:unification of Italy
1437:Napoleone Colajanni
1430:Related politicians
1100:Napoleone Colajanni
985:Napoleone Colajanni
457:Italian Parliaments
453:Chamber of Deputies
315:Darwinian evolution
275:Victor Emmanuel III
194:, then part of the
176:Chamber of Deputies
148:Napoleone Colajanni
124:Historical Far Left
46:Chamber of Deputies
25:Napoleone Colajanni
1639:Italian socialists
1105:2013-01-29 at the
891:See for instance:
593:Raffaele Palizzolo
484:Politica coloniale
426:racial superiority
418:ethnic stereotypes
365:
355:Criminal sociology
334:scientific Marxist
295:Arcangelo Ghisleri
241:Battle of Bezzecca
208:Giuseppe Garibaldi
1536:
1535:
1452:Antonio Di Rudinì
1447:Giovanni Giolitti
1411:Lorenzo Panepinto
1307:Project Gutenberg
1290:978-0-7619-5144-5
804:Il re della mafia
561:Southern Question
492:Giovanni Giolitti
389:Southern Italians
307:Leonida Bissolati
264:Battle of Mentana
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144:
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1649:People from Enna
1527:Pasquale Scimeca
1515:Luigi Pirandello
1493:Lunigiana revolt
1442:Francesco Crispi
1421:Bernardino Verro
1401:Giacomo Montalto
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449:Kingdom of Italy
349:Rivista popolare
330:workers movement
256:Giuseppe Mazzini
162:'s discourse of
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98:2 September 1921
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508:Fasci Siciliani
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498:Fasci Siciliani
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467:(1891) and the
465:Italian Eritrea
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1457:Luigi Luzzatti
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1230:Criminology
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919:Criminology
596: [
525: [
381:criminology
112:Nationality
1543:Categories
1121:Fentress,
1039:Fentress,
754:References
697:Main books
690:Bolshevism
557:federalism
299:positivist
134:Occupation
78:1847-04-27
1564:Antimafia
955:pp. 36-41
671:Bolshevik
490:minister
260:Il Dovere
212:Redshirts
202:Redshirts
156:socialism
54:In office
1134:Gregor,
1125:, p. 246
1103:Archived
1000:, p. 154
949:Hiller,
908:, p. 191
904:Emsley,
782:, p. 161
769:, p. 155
735:Archived
584:j'accuse
471:(1892).
461:de facto
371:and his
245:Trentino
233:Palmaria
218:for the
1359:Leaders
1314:at the
1138:, p. 13
686:fascism
662:Avanti!
630:Marxism
547:(PRI).
326:Catania
224:Palermo
214:in the
164:Marxist
115:Italian
1529:(1993)
1517:(1913)
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478:, and
422:racism
271:Naples
192:Sicily
971:p. 52
939:p. 37
923:p. 28
600:]
529:]
252:Genoa
190:) in
1286:ISBN
1269:ISBN
1252:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1209:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1158:ISBN
424:and
305:and
188:Enna
154:for
95:Died
72:Born
1305:at
451:'s
379:on
243:in
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