148:, and various stone tools. After careful analysis of the skull cup as part of a prehistoric human, the discovery was officially announced by the government on 21–22 July 1983, and through the newsletter of GSI. In 1984, N. G. K. Murthy, Director of GSI Southern Region, presented the technical report to the Birla Archaeological and Cultural Geological Research Institute in Hyderabad.
418:. However, his analysis in his doctoral thesis led him to realise that Athreya's classification is the most likely conclusion, as he remarked: "both the metric and nonmetric comparisons show that the Narmada calvarium has a generalized mosaic of primitive, shared, and unique morphological features, but cladistically it is closer to
65:
Discovery of stone tools prompted a search for early human fossils, but over a century of research was in vain. The discovery of the
Narmada Human is remarked as the moment that "brought the Narmada Valley back into palaeoanthropological focus." The fossil had been variously reclassified as
212:
The hominid fossil specimen, presently designated as "Narmada Man," is represented by a complete right half of the skull cap, to which a part of the left parietal is attached... cranial capacity... would fall around 1,200 cc... bears a number of similarities to skulls of Asian
315:, and was popularised as such. When he reassessed the fossil with Lumley, it was identified a female in her 30s. Kennedy also agreed that the individual was a female. The more gender-accurate name Narmada Human was later adopted. The individual could have lived any time between 50
1307:
Lumley, M. A. de; Sonakia, A. (1985). "Première découverte d'un Homo erectus sur le continent indien à Hathnora, dans la moyenne vallée de la
Narmada" [First discovery of a Homo erectus on the Indian continent at Hathnora, in the middle Narmada valley].
1340:
Lumley, H. de; Sonakia, A. (1985). "Contexte stratigraphique et archéologique de l'Homme de la
Narmada, Hathnora, Madhya Pradesh, Inde" [Stratigraphic and archaeological context of Narmada Man, Hathnora, Madhya Pradesh, India].
254:) among animal bones collected from Hathnora fossil site was not recognised that of humans until careful analysis was done. In 1997, Anek Ram Sankhyan, the ASI senior anthropologist reported the description of a right collarbone in the
55:. Analysis of additional fossils from the same location in 1997 indicated that the individual could be a female, hence, a revised name, Narmada Human, was introduced. It remains the oldest human species in India.
1375:"Lumley, Henry de y Sonakia, Arun: 1985. "Contexte stratigraphique et archéologique de l'homme de la Narmada, Hathnora, Madhya Pradesh, Inde". L'Anthropologie, t. 89, nº 1, pp. 3-12.. París. 9 figs. y 3 cuadros"
923:
Bhattacharya, Biplab; Halder, Kalyan; Jha, Suparna; Mondal, Prantik; Ray, Rupsa (2021). "Stratigraphy, Sedimentology and
Paleontology of Late Cretaceous Bagh Beds, Narmada Valley, Central India: A Review".
1188:
Ancestors, the Hard
Evidence: Proceedings of the Symposium Held at the American Museum of Natural History April 6-10, 1984 to Mark the Opening of the Exhibition "Ancestors, Four Million Years of Humanity"
250:(ASI) organised an archaeological exploration of the central Narmada valley between 1983 and 1992, resulting in the discoveries of many animal remains, stone tools and new human fossil. The collarbone (
422:." David W. Cameron of the Australian National University, with Rajeev Patnaik and Ashok Sahni of the Punjab University, found that the Narmada Human fits well with the features of the
1142:
Lewin, Roger (4 May 1984). "Ancestors
Worshiped: Paleoanthropologists have been discussing their agreements and disagreements in the presence of most of the world's hominid fossils".
1350:
1317:
120:. Since then, many fossils of invertebrates and vertebrates have been discovered. The search for prehistoric human remains in the region was inspired by the discovery of a
787:
Dhiman, Harsha; Verma, Vishal; Singh, Lourembam R.; Miglani, Vaibhav; Jha, Deepak Kumar; Sanyal, Prasanta; Tandon, Sampat K.; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R. (18 January 2023).
1128:
593:
Chakraborty, Sayak; Sachdeva, Mohinder Pal (28 August 2023). "A Glimpse Into India's
Palaeoanthropological Past: Fossil Primates of the Pliocene and the Pleistocene".
358:
Results of the most recent study, which includes morphometric and comparative investigations, lead to the conclusion that "Narmada Man" is appropriately identified as
765:
346:
because it exhibits features shared with these human species, along with its own unique features. Sonakia and Lumley firmly held the classification as an evolved
229:
sp. indet.). In 1988, Sonakia invited
Kennedy to further examine the fossil kept at Nagpur. Reanalysis by the GSI and Cornell teams were jointly published in the
398:
specimens, and could be classified as such... If only the subjective criteria of brain size and "transitional" morphology are used, it could be classified as
319:
and 160 ka, during the Middle and Late
Pleistocene. Sonakia had originally estimated the fossil age at around 500 to 600 ka based on the associated fossil.
303:
Sonakia established from the first skull cup that the individual was an adult male, and originally gave the name
Narmada Man to match those of other asian
1829:
The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics
231:
1005:
Sonakia, Arun; Kennedy, Kenneth A. R. (September 1985). "Skull Cap of an Early Man from the Narmada Valley Alluvium (Pleistocene) of Central India".
379:
546:
2015:
1844:
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270:
In 1998, Sankhyan discovered another collarbone, a left one, along with one lower rib at Hathnora fossil site. He reported the findings in
198:
1644:
406:" a term that is sufficiently descriptive without the historical baggage of nomenclature that comes from ascribing this specimen to Asian
1726:
Patnaik, Rajeev; Chauhan, Parth R.; Rao, M. R.; Blackwell, B. a. B.; Skinner, A. R.; Sahni, Ashok; Chauhan, M. S.; Khan, H. S. (2009).
155:
in New York during 6 to 10 April 1984. The exhibit was recorded the next year in the American Museum of Natural History's proceedings
152:
652:
Kennedy, Kenneth A. R.; Sonakia, Arun; Chiment, John; Verma, K. K. (December 1991). "Is the Narmada hominid an IndianHomo erectus?".
1288:
102:
The Narmada Valley is one of the earliest and richest fossil sites India. The first fossils were discovered by British Army Captain
1245:"The skull cap of early man and associated mammalian fauna from Narmada Valley alluvium, Hoshangabad area, Madhya Pradesh, India"
874:
873:
Turvey, Samuel T.; Sathe, Vijay; Crees, Jennifer J.; Jukar, Advait M.; Chakraborty, Prateek; Lister, Adrian M. (January 2021).
247:
2060:
789:"New Late Cretaceous titanosaur sauropod dinosaur egg clutches from lower Narmada valley, India: Palaeobiology and taphonomy"
570:
1728:"New geochronological, paleoclimatological, and archaeological data from the Narmada Valley hominin locality, central India"
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on the northern bank of Narmada River, near Hathnora village. The fossil was among several other fossils of horse, pig and
2050:
2030:
1356:
1323:
1276:
846:
Prasad, Guntupalli V.R. (1 December 2012). "Vertebrate biodiversity of the Deccan volcanic province of India: A review".
451:, large and thick cranial vault, and a distinct bone called torus angularis are the major and common features of Asian
366:
specimens, it exhibits a broader suite of morphological and mensural characteristics suggesting affinities with early
2040:
256:
131:
58:
The Narmada Valley became a fossil attraction since the early 19th century following the discovery of a dinosaur,
2035:
448:
1592:
Sankhyan, A. R.; Dewangan, L. N.; Chakraborty, S.; Prabha, S.; Kundu, S.; Chakravarty, R.; Badam, G. L. (2012).
2045:
327:
There is no consensus on the exact species identification of Narmada Human. It had been variously described as
1098:
533:
According to Cameron, Patnaik and Sahni, the Narmada Human is most closely related to extinct humans such as
394:
Narmada shows affinities with anatomically modern Africans and Europeans as well as most Middle Pleistocene
1072:
628:
225:
Kennedy added a cautionary note that the fossil was an undetermined species of human ("hominid calvarium of
203:
1831:, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 137–170,
1999:
687:
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179:, with whom he made further descriptions in two articles simultaneously published in January issue of
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342:
135:
81:
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Human Origins, Genome and People of India: Genomic, Palaeontological and Archaeological Perspectives
719:"The phylogenetic significance of the Middle Pleistocene Narmada hominin cranium from central India"
432:
350:. Kennedy was the first to be critical of this assignment, and argued that it could be an archaic
1978:
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in the east and south east respectively. There is a general consensus of opinion that Afro-Asian
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545:. It represents a different species that met evolutionary dead-end in India, fitting into the
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Another ASI exploration between 2005 and 2010 led to the discovery of parts of a thigh bone (
1970:
1921:
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1825:"Was Homo heidelbergensis in South Asia? A test using the Narmada fossil from central India"
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354:. Reporting his analysis (with Sonakia, John Chiment, and K.K. Verma) in 1991, he stated:
1743:
1503:
1488:"Fossil clavicle of a middle Pleistocene hominid from the Central Narmada Valley, India"
893:
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revised the systematic identification and concluded that the Narmada Human could not be
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2010:
1982:
951:
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139:
90:. Additional fossils described since 1997 have suggested more relatedness to archaic
48:
44:
901:
766:"The Emergence of Homo sapiens in South Asia: The Central Narmada Valley as Witness"
750:
336:
116:
75:
60:
1099:"The fossil hominid from the Narmada Valley, India; Homo erectus or Homo sapiens?"
1018:
965:
Khatri, A. P. (1963). "Recent Exploration for the Remains of Early Man in India".
479:
Some features of the Narmada Human are not shared with any other human species. A
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As originally identified, the Narmada Human shares most features with other Asian
1974:
1751:
1229:
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813:
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is about 1,000 cc, with mostly towards the lower range up to 800 cc; while early
138:. On 5 December, Sonakia found a skull cup (calvaria) lying on the surface of an
1618:
859:
1694:
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Sankhyan, A.R. (2016-06-08), Schug, Gwen Robbins; Walimbe, Subhash R. (eds.),
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Sankhyan used to support Kennedy's assignment of the Narmada Human as archaic
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1935:
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in Madhya Pradesh in 1982, the discoverer, Arun Sonakia classified it was an
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32:
1943:
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1462:"A New Human Fossil Find from the Central Narmada Basin and Its Chronology"
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Sonakia displayed the fossil cast at the first "Ancestors exhibit" of the
501:
Sonakia held the view that the Narmada Human was a transitional group of
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with an approximate average of 1,200 cc. The average brain size of Asian
312:
251:
144:
124:
1823:
Athreya, Sheela (2007), Petraglia, Michael D.; Allchin, Bridget (eds.),
1809:
1785:
1244:
978:
1926:
1913:
1882:
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875:"Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in India: How much do we know?"
283:
1867:"Evolutionary significance of cranial variation in Asian Homo erectus"
1026:
1594:"New Human Fossils and Associated Findings from the Central Narmada"
1959:"The emergence and distribution of early modern human in Indonesia"
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525:
ranges in age from Lower Pleistocene to Middle Pleistocene. Indian
1191:. A.R. Liss/American Museum of Natural History. pp. 334–338.
279:
457:
However, the Narmada Human has features that are more related to
1568:"New fossils of early stone age man from central Narmada valley"
362:. While the calvaria shares some anatomical features with Asian
28:
1786:"Antiquity of the Narmada Homo erectus, the early man of India"
1410:
Kennedy, K. A.; Sonakia, A.; Chiment, J.; Verma, K. K. (1991).
114:
at Jabalpur that were later identified as those of a dinosaur,
374:
However, Sonakia was not entire convinced and adhered to the
175:. In 1985, Sonakia sought the help of french palaeontologist
167:
The first scientific description by Sonakia appeared in the
1048:"30 years on, Narmada Human yet to make it to school texts"
505:
that links African and Asian populations. He wrote in 1998:
402:... it can simply be referred to as "Middle Pleistocene
928:. Society of Earth Scientists Series. pp. 623–657.
51:
and gave the name Narmada Man, with the scientific name
476:
have the brain size ranging from 1,200 to 1,400 cc.
201:, which published it in its September 1985 issue of
1103:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
565:The original publications in a predatory journal
193:of Cornell University conveyed the report in the
1683:"Hominin Fossil Remains from the Narmada Valley"
1412:"Is the Narmada hominid an Indian Homo erectus?"
378:classification. In 2007, Sheela Athreya of the
208:In it, Sonakia gave a more careful description:
595:Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India
1619:"Prehistoric men of Narmada included pigmies"
1127:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (
1097:Kennedy, Kenneth A.R.; Chiment, John (1991).
386:, but instead could be loosely identified as
286:) at Netankheri village that was reported in
8:
717:Cameron, D.; Patnaik, R.; Sahni, A. (2004).
848:Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France
547:out of Africa theory of modern human origin
497:Evolutionary importance and interpretations
483:with a furrow on top of the skull, a large
1957:Widianto, Harry; Noerwidi, Sofwan (2023).
1185:Sonakia, Arun (1985). Delson, Eric (ed.).
127:by C.A. Hacket that was reported in 1873.
86:and also dubiously as a distinct species,
1925:
1918:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1871:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1416:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1249:Records of the Geological Survey of India
822:
812:
723:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
654:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
465:, which falls between 1,155 and 1,421 cc,
235:in 1991, which concluded the identity as
232:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
195:Records of the Geological Survey of India
169:Records of the Geological Survey of India
380:Texas A&M University College Station
217:, hence an affinity of "Narmada Man" to
171:in 1984 which described the specimen as
1283:. Allied Publishers. pp. 188–192.
585:
558:
134:(GSI) assigned Arun Sonakia to explore
31:that lived in central India during the
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1216:. Eric Delson, editor (Book Review)".
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106:in 1828. Sleeman found two backbones (
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1689:(1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 72–85,
1687:A Companion to South Asia in the Past
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1275:Kennedy, Kenneth A.R. (2007-05-16).
1255:(6): 159–172 – via Paleo Core.
712:
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199:American Anthropological Association
517:in the west and Chinese and Javan
183:The fossil was again identified as
1784:Sonakia, Arun; Biswas, S. (1998).
1384:. 38–40 (Segunda parte): 327–330.
153:American Museum of Natural History
14:
1914:"Natural history of Homo erectus"
1382:Anales de Arqueología y Etnología
1373:Bárcena, J. Roberto (1983–1985).
1645:"Programme on Narmada man today"
513:bridges the gap between African
43:discovered from the bank of the
1212:Pietrusewsky, Michael (1986). "
902:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106740
491:are not known in other species.
248:Anthropological Survey of India
1566:Sankhyan, A. R. (2005-01-01).
926:Mesozoic Stratigraphy of India
571:Scientific Research Publishing
1:
1019:10.1525/aa.1985.87.3.02a00060
629:"Loneliness of Narmada Human"
1975:10.1016/j.anthro.2023.103161
1752:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.08.023
1542:"This lady reveals our past"
1277:"The Narmada Fossil Hominid"
1214:Ancestors: The Hard Evidence
1156:10.1126/science.224.4648.477
934:10.1007/978-3-030-71370-6_21
814:10.1371/journal.pone.0278242
461:. The most important is its
426:in Germany, which is either
261:and further explained it in
157:Ancestors, the Hard Evidence
2056:Pleistocene mammals of Asia
860:10.2113/gssgfbull.183.6.597
2077:
1732:Journal of Human Evolution
1492:Journal of Human Evolution
882:Quaternary Science Reviews
764:Anek R., Sankhyan (2013).
443:. The presence of a small
257:Journal of Human Evolution
132:Geological Survey of India
2016:Story in The Better India
1695:10.1002/9781119055280.ch6
1115:10.7152/bippa.v10i0.11291
603:10.1177/2277436X231189069
449:post-orbital constriction
2001:Homo erectus narmadensis
1912:Antón, Susan C. (2003).
1865:Antón, Susan C. (2002).
1486:Sankhyan, A. R. (1997).
1460:Sankhyan, A. R. (1997).
627:Kumar, S. (2012-12-31).
567:Advances in Anthropology
529:falls within this range.
509:The discovery of Indian
173:Homo erectus narmadensis
16:Extinct species of human
2011:Profile on Anthropology
1837:10.1007/1-4020-5562-5_7
1428:10.1002/ajpa.1330860404
1279:. In Rao, V. R. (ed.).
1007:American Anthropologist
666:10.1002/ajpa.1330860404
204:American Anthropologist
1512:10.1006/jhev.1996.0117
1243:Sonakia, Arun (1984).
1117:(inactive 2024-03-09).
531:
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372:
223:
53:H. erectus narmadensis
2061:Early species of Homo
1920:. Suppl 37: 126–170.
1631:10.1038/nindia.2013.4
507:
392:
356:
323:Features and taxonomy
210:
191:Kenneth A. R. Kennedy
130:In October 1982, the
104:William Henry Sleeman
2051:Homo erectus fossils
2031:1982 in paleontology
770:Human Biology Review
343:Homo heidelbergensis
136:Hoshangabad district
82:Homo heidelbergensis
1744:2009JHumE..56..114P
1504:1997JHumE..32....3S
894:2021QSRv..25206740T
805:2023PLoSO..1878242D
539:H. neanderthalensis
487:hole, and extended
433:H. neanderthalensis
1927:10.1002/ajpa.10399
1883:10.1002/ajpa.10091
1649:The Times of India
1218:Asian Perspectives
967:Asian Perspectives
535:H. heidelbergensis
428:H. heidelbergensis
420:H. heidelbergensis
400:H. heidelbergensis
396:H. heidelbergensis
388:H. heidelbergensis
242:Additional fossils
27:, is a species of
2041:Prehistoric India
1846:978-1-4020-5562-1
1704:978-1-119-05548-8
1198:978-0-8451-0249-7
1150:(4648): 477–479.
943:978-3-030-71369-0
688:"Still a mystery"
23:, originally the
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2036:Fossils of India
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282:) and arm bone (
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112:Lameta Formation
108:caudal vertebrae
88:Homo narmadensis
37:Late Pleistocene
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1073:"Narmada human"
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445:mastoid process
424:Steinheim skull
390:, as she noted:
325:
301:
296:
288:Current Science
272:Current Science
264:Current Science
244:
177:Henry de Lumley
165:
100:
17:
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1994:External links
1992:
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1877:(4): 301–323.
1857:
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1796:(4): 391–393.
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1738:(2): 114–133.
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1651:. 2012-12-05.
1636:
1625:. 2013-01-17.
1610:
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1546:Down to Earth
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234:
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50:
49:archaic human
46:
45:Narmada River
42:
38:
34:
30:
29:extinct human
26:
22:
21:Narmada Human
2004:
2000:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1917:
1907:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1850:, retrieved
1828:
1818:
1793:
1789:
1735:
1731:
1708:, retrieved
1686:
1660:. Retrieved
1648:
1639:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1587:
1578:
1574:
1561:
1550:. Retrieved
1548:. 2005-05-15
1545:
1536:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1472:
1468:
1419:
1415:
1381:
1346:
1342:
1316:(1): 13–61.
1313:
1309:
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1248:
1238:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1187:
1180:
1147:
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1137:
1123:cite journal
1106:
1102:
1092:
1081:. Retrieved
1079:. 2012-12-27
1076:
1067:
1056:. Retrieved
1054:. 2012-12-09
1051:
1010:
1006:
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792:
782:
773:
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696:. Retrieved
694:. 2021-03-15
691:
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657:
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647:
636:. Retrieved
632:
594:
588:
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534:
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522:
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511:Homo erectus
510:
508:
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478:
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368:Homo sapiens
367:
364:Homo erectus
363:
360:Homo sapiens
359:
357:
351:
347:
341:
337:Homo erectus
335:
331:Homo sapiens
330:
326:
304:
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287:
275:
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269:
262:
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245:
236:
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219:Homo erectus
218:
215:Homo erectus
214:
211:
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184:
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172:
168:
166:
156:
150:
143:
129:
117:Titanosaurus
115:
101:
91:
87:
80:
76:Homo erectus
74:
70:Homo sapiens
69:
61:Titanosaurus
59:
57:
52:
24:
20:
18:
1498:(1): 3–16.
1349:(1): 3–12.
453:H. erectus.
294:Description
110:) from the
25:Narmada Man
2025:Categories
1852:2023-10-07
1710:2023-10-07
1662:2023-10-07
1607:(12): 1–9.
1552:2023-10-07
1230:1311711663
1224:(2): 285.
1083:2023-10-03
1058:2023-10-07
888:: 106740.
698:2023-10-02
638:2023-10-02
580:References
543:H. erectus
527:H. erectus
523:H. erectus
519:H. erectus
515:H. erectus
503:H. erectus
474:H. sapiens
470:H. erectus
463:brain size
459:H. sapiens
441:H. erectus
416:H. sapiens
408:H. erectus
384:H. erectus
376:H. erectus
352:H. sapiens
348:H. erectus
334:, evolved
309:Peking Man
305:H. erectus
185:H. erectus
92:H. sapiens
73:, evolved
1983:261671036
1936:1096-8644
1891:0002-9483
1802:0011-3891
1760:0047-2484
1657:0971-8257
1520:0047-2484
1436:0002-9483
1390:0325-0288
1109:: 42–58.
1077:Frontline
952:243574586
910:234265221
743:1047-482X
611:261373099
485:outer ear
447:, narrow
290:in 2012.
122:Stone Age
98:Discovery
41:skull cup
39:. From a
2005:Spektrum
1944:14666536
1899:12124912
1810:24101455
1768:19118867
1357:12074336
1324:12074337
1226:ProQuest
1172:17753761
979:42929007
833:36652404
793:PLOS ONE
751:85718581
370:fossils.
329:archaic
313:Java Man
299:Identity
252:clavicle
145:Stegodon
125:hand axe
68:archaic
1740:Bibcode
1528:9034953
1500:Bibcode
1444:1776655
1164:1692494
1144:Science
890:Bibcode
824:9848018
801:Bibcode
674:1776655
307:, like
284:humerus
274:in 2005
197:to the
1981:
1942:
1934:
1897:
1889:
1843:
1808:
1800:
1766:
1758:
1701:
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1623:Nature
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672:
609:
33:Middle
1979:S2CID
1806:JSTOR
1597:(PDF)
1571:(PDF)
1465:(PDF)
1378:(PDF)
1351:INIST
1318:INIST
1160:JSTOR
1023:JSTOR
975:JSTOR
948:S2CID
906:S2CID
878:(PDF)
747:S2CID
607:S2CID
569:from
541:than
340:, or
280:femur
1940:PMID
1932:ISSN
1895:PMID
1887:ISSN
1841:ISBN
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1764:PMID
1756:ISSN
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1524:PMID
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1440:PMID
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1386:ISSN
1285:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1168:PMID
1129:link
938:ISBN
829:PMID
739:ISSN
670:PMID
553:Note
404:Homo
311:and
246:The
227:Homo
35:and
19:The
2003:in
1971:doi
1967:127
1922:doi
1879:doi
1875:118
1833:doi
1748:doi
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1015:doi
930:doi
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662:doi
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537:or
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