3458:
3447:
662:
665:
The
Chibanian stratum, which dates back to the Chiba period, is located along the Yoro River in Ichihara City, Chiba Prefecture. At the bottom left is a golden spike that marks the boundary between eras. The color-coded stakes on the right mark the boundaries of geological formations, indicating that
2063:
Vershinina, Alisa O.; Heintzman, Peter D.; Froese, Duane G.; Zazula, Grant; Cassatt-Johnstone, Molly; Dalén, Love; Der
Sarkissian, Clio; Dunn, Shelby G.; Ermini, Luca; Gamba, Cristina; Groves, Pamela; Kapp, Joshua D.; Mann, Daniel H.; Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; Southon, John (December 2021).
1766:
Chalk, Thomas B.; Hain, Mathis P.; Foster, Gavin L.; Rohling, Eelco J.; Sexton, Philip F.; Badger, Marcus P. S.; Cherry, Soraya G.; Hasenfratz, Adam P.; Haug, Gerald H.; Jaccard, Samuel L.; Martínez-García, Alfredo; Pälike, Heiko; Pancost, Richard D.; Wilson, Paul A. (2017-12-12).
1946:
Lupien, Rachel L.; Russell, James M.; Pearson, Emma J.; Castañeda, Isla S.; Asrat, Asfawossen; Foerster, Verena; Lamb, Henry F.; Roberts, Helen M.; Schäbitz, Frank; Trauth, Martin H.; Beck, Catherine C.; Feibel, Craig S.; Cohen, Andrew S. (24 February 2022).
873:
became completely extinct in Afro-Eurasia, but continued to persist in the
Americas into the Late Pleistocene. There was a major extinction of carnivorous mammals in Europe around the Early-Middle Pleistocene transition, including the giant hyena
776:, Japan) replaced the Ionian as the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy's preferred GSSP proposal for the age that should replace the Middle Pleistocene sub-epoch. The "Chibanian" name was ratified by the IUGS in January 2020.
2352:
Fernández-Monescillo, Marcos; Martínez, Gastón; García López, Daniel; Frechen, Manfred; Romero-Lebrón, Eugenia; Krapovickas, Jerónimo M.; Haro, J. Augusto; Rodríguez, Pablo E.; Rouzaut, Sabrina; Tauber, Adan A. (February 2023).
2400:
Froese, Duane; Stiller, Mathias; Heintzman, Peter D.; Reyes, Alberto V.; Zazula, Grant D.; Soares, André E. R.; Meyer, Matthias; Hall, Elizabeth; Jensen, Britta J. L.; Arnold, Lee J.; MacPhee, Ross D. E. (2017-03-28).
2355:"The last record of the last typotherid (Notoungulata, Mesotheriidae, Mesotherium cristatum) for the middle Pleistocene of the western Pampean region, Córdoba Province, Argentina, and its biostratigraphic implications"
772:(IUGS) had previously proposed replacement of the Middle Pleistocene by an Ionian Age based on strata found in Italy. In November 2017, however, the Chibanian (based on strata at a site in
2827:
1679:
2168:"New remains of Sinomastodon yangziensis (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) from Sanhe karst Cave, with discussion on the evolution of Pleistocene Sinomastodon in South China"
1904:
1834:
Sun, Youbin; McManus, Jerry F.; Clemens, Steven C.; Zhang, Xu; Vogel, Hendrik; Hodell, David A.; Guo, Fei; Wang, Ting; Liu, Xingxing; An, Zhisheng (1 November 2021).
837:
The Early-Middle
Pleistocene boundary saw the migration of true horses out of North America and into Eurasia. Also around this time, the European mammoth species
2696:
769:
749:
2820:
915:
as the sole family of notoungulates to persist into the Late
Pleistocene. During the late Middle Pleistocene, around 195,000-135,000 years ago, the
522:
449:
2576:
2204:
Cantalapiedra, Juan L.; Sanisdro, Oscar L.; Zhang, Hanwen; Alberdi, Mª Teresa; Prado, Jose Luis; Blanco, Fernando; Saarinen, Juha (1 July 2021).
814:
Eastern Africa's hydroclimate was governed primarily by orbital precession, although modulated significantly by the 100 kyr eccentricity cycle.
2145:
2813:
2523:
D. Richter & others (8 June 2017). "The Age of
Hominin Fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age".
2007:"Seismic and stratigraphic evidence for reef expansion and onset of aridity on the Northwest Shelf of Australia during the Pleistocene"
1421:
3496:
796:
present during most of the Early
Pleistocene to a 100,000 year periodicity, with the glacial cycles becoming asymmetric, having long
1559:
1900:"The Middle to Late Pleistocene transition in the Azraq Oasis, Jordan: A phytolith-based reconstruction of wetland palaeoecology"
986:
found at
Bilzingsleben in Germany, a team of scientists concluded that, around 400 ka, hominids in the area hunted and exploited
3501:
2689:
702:
Period. The
Chibanian name was officially ratified in January 2020. It is currently estimated to span the time between 0.770
1015:
730:
2011:
1487:
3481:
2836:
511:
804:
periods. Millennial-scale climatic variability continued to be highly sensitive to precession and obliquity cycles.
2682:
1495:
1364:
1320:
785:
734:
706:(770,000 years ago) and 0.129 Ma (129,000 years ago), also expressed as 770–126 ka. It includes the transition in
1092:
733:, when the Earth's magnetic field last underwent reversal. Its end roughly coincides with the termination of the
596:
3491:
2307:"Mammoth evolution in the late Middle Pleistocene: The Mammuthus trogontherii-primigenius transition in Europe"
856:
3109:
3104:
1182:
2603:"Beaver exploitation, 400,000 years ago, testifies to prey choice diversity of Middle Pleistocene hominins"
2468:
Wuttke, Michael; Přikryl, Tomáš; Ratnikov, Viacheslav Yu.; Dvořák, Zdeněk; Roček, Zbyněk (September 2012).
1576:
1634:
999:
845:
839:
742:
1374:
1005:
3486:
2614:
2532:
2481:
2414:
2366:
2318:
2279:
2217:
2175:
2077:
2020:
1913:
1849:
1780:
1714:
1646:
1591:
1369:
1272:
1202:
1141:
1102:
963:
687:
556:
931:
faunal stage. Around 500,000 years ago, the last members of the largely
European aquatic frog genus
3440:
1702:
1517:
1395:
1346:
1191:
1009:
2005:
Gallagher, Stephen J.; Wallace, Malcolm W.; Hoiles, Peter W.; Southwood, John M. (November 2014).
2738:
2556:
2505:
2382:
2354:
2334:
2306:
2267:
2241:
2167:
2006:
1953:
1899:
1873:
1748:
1615:
1268:
1160:
971:
dates to the Middle Pleistocene, around 430,000 years ago. This is the oldest found, as of 2016.
958:
950:
924:
826:
811:, with a shallow lake covering what is now the Shishan Marsh drying and developing into a marsh.
715:
707:
691:
683:
3457:
2066:"Ancient horse genomes reveal the timing and extent of dispersals across the Bering Land Bridge"
1551:
1422:"Formal ratification of the subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period)"
897:
in Europe by woolly mammoths being complete by around 200,000 years ago. The last member of the
3238:
3202:
2779:
2733:
2660:
2642:
2548:
2497:
2450:
2432:
2233:
2141:
2111:
2103:
1970:
1865:
1840:
1816:
1798:
1740:
1607:
1555:
1305:
1221:
1217:
954:
938:
793:
738:
722:
711:
347:
748:
The term Middle Pleistocene was in use as a provisional or "quasi-formal" designation by the
3332:
3207:
3176:
2973:
2743:
2650:
2632:
2622:
2540:
2489:
2440:
2422:
2374:
2326:
2287:
2225:
2183:
2093:
2085:
2036:
2028:
1978:
1962:
1921:
1857:
1806:
1788:
1730:
1722:
1654:
1599:
1543:
1436:
855:
out of Africa and into Eurasia, including the first appearance of species like the European
773:
757:
575:
369:
3301:
3197:
3135:
3030:
2999:
2968:
2470:"Generic diversity and distributional dynamics of the Palaeobatrachidae (Amphibia: Anura)"
1225:
1156:
1131:
1043:
976:
933:
818:
797:
990:. They may have been targeted for their meat (based on cut marks on the bones) and skin.
2655:
2618:
2602:
2536:
2485:
2418:
2370:
2322:
2283:
2221:
2179:
2081:
2065:
2024:
1917:
1853:
1836:"Persistent orbital influence on millennial climate variability through the Pleistocene"
1784:
1718:
1650:
1595:
3451:
3270:
3140:
3035:
3004:
2445:
2402:
1983:
1811:
1768:
1544:
1197:
920:
882:
661:
3475:
3171:
3161:
3130:
3093:
3025:
2994:
2759:
2560:
2509:
2469:
2403:"Fossil and genomic evidence constrains the timing of bison arrival in North America"
2386:
2338:
2245:
2205:
2133:
1948:
1877:
1835:
1752:
1440:
1187:
982:
928:
902:
851:
789:
679:
546:
61:
2378:
2330:
2032:
3462:
3446:
3393:
3243:
3166:
2774:
2764:
2577:"The Oldest Human Genome Ever Has Been Sequenced, And It Could Rewrite Our History"
1680:"Japan-based name 'Chibanian' set to represent geologic age of last magnetic shift"
1619:
1315:
1263:
1170:
1165:
1136:
1107:
1053:
916:
912:
898:
876:
865:
849:(the steppe mammoth). This was coincident with the migration of the elephant genus
801:
586:
1641:. Special Issue: Topical Problems of Stratigraphy and Evolution of the Biosphere.
2291:
2187:
1925:
3388:
3257:
3233:
3078:
2873:
2789:
2718:
1288:
907:
870:
695:
307:
36:
2627:
2229:
1966:
1861:
3383:
3343:
3286:
3186:
3083:
2957:
2857:
2805:
2754:
2705:
2493:
1701:
Berends, C. J.; Köhler, P.; Lourens, L. J.; van de Wal, R. S. W. (June 2021).
1658:
1324:
1292:
1243:
1048:
699:
324:
284:
81:
46:
2646:
2501:
2436:
2107:
1974:
1869:
1802:
1744:
611:
598:
3398:
3348:
3322:
3281:
3228:
3073:
3049:
2930:
2920:
2909:
2784:
2769:
2427:
1793:
1310:
726:
86:
2664:
2601:
Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine; Kindler, Lutz; Roebroeks, Wil (2023-11-13).
2552:
2454:
2237:
2115:
1898:
Boyd, Kelsey C.; Ames, Christopher J.H.; Cordova, Carlos E. (1 June 2022).
1820:
1611:
3358:
3353:
3317:
3217:
3150:
3119:
3014:
2983:
2944:
2894:
2868:
2844:
2723:
1769:"Causes of ice age intensification across the Mid-Pleistocene Transition"
1726:
1258:
753:
434:
336:
296:
260:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
2637:
2544:
2266:
Palombo, Maria Rita; Sardella, Raffaele; Novelli, Micaela (March 2008).
2098:
1603:
1516:
Cohen, K. M.; Finney, S. C.; Gibbard, P. L.; Fan, J.-X. (January 2020).
1394:
Cohen, K. M.; Finney, S. C.; Gibbard, P. L.; Fan, J.-X. (January 2020).
807:
The late Middle Pleistocene was a time of regional aridification in the
3372:
3312:
3062:
2899:
2883:
2041:
1735:
1350:
1097:
272:
91:
66:
2089:
3408:
3291:
2925:
1949:"Orbital controls on eastern African hydroclimate in the Pleistocene"
1340:
987:
808:
2674:
2268:"Carnivora dispersal in Western Mediterranean during the last 2.6Ma"
1577:"Eemian interglacial reconstructed from a Greenland folded ice core"
817:
Along the northwestern Australian coast, the intensification of the
1461:
1334:
1235:
1125:
703:
660:
590:
1542:
Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G., eds. (2004).
3432:
3428:
3424:
822:
30:
2809:
2678:
2134:"Ecological Interactions of Elephantids in Pleistocene Eurasia"
1550:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
1435:(4). Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS): 213–223.
968:
114:
1488:"Japan Puts Its Mark on Geologic Time with the Chibanian Age"
756:, Calabrian and Chibanian have been officially defined, the
752:(IUGS). While the three lowest ages of the Pleistocene, the
1635:"The Quaternary System/Period and its major sub-divisions"
911:, has its last records around 220,000 years ago, leaving
881:
The mid-late Middle Pleistocene saw the emergence of the
2206:"The rise and fall of proboscidean ecological diversity"
2166:
Wang, Yuan; Jin, Chang-zhu; Mead, Jim I. (August 2014).
869:
in East Asia at the Early-Middle Pleistocene boundary,
843:
became extinct and was replaced by the Asian species
3407:
3371:
3331:
3300:
3269:
3256:
3216:
3185:
3149:
3118:
3092:
3061:
3048:
3013:
2982:
2956:
2943:
2908:
2882:
2856:
2843:
651:
643:
635:
627:
582:
570:
562:
552:
542:
537:
529:
517:
507:
502:
487:
479:
471:
466:
107:
21:
967:between 300 ka and 400 ka. The oldest known human
1905:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
927:into North America, marking the beginning of the
1703:"On the Cause of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition"
1343:interglacial sub-stage, or Ipswichian in Britain
2407:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1773:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
448:Subdivision of the Quaternary according to the
1462:"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point"
2821:
2690:
1481:
1479:
8:
2138:Human Paleoecology in the Levantine Corridor
574:1.1 m below the directional midpoint of the
455:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
3266:
3058:
2953:
2853:
2828:
2814:
2806:
2714:
2697:
2683:
2675:
1523:. International Commission on Stratigraphy
1464:. International Commission of Stratigraphy
1420:Mike Walker; et al. (December 2018).
1401:. International Commission on Stratigraphy
770:International Union of Geological Sciences
750:International Union of Geological Sciences
741:period (corresponding to the beginning of
2654:
2636:
2626:
2474:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments
2444:
2426:
2097:
2040:
1982:
1810:
1792:
1734:
1518:"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"
1396:"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"
949:The Chibanian includes the transition in
666:the Earth's magnetic field was reversing.
1019:
729:. The beginning of the Chibanian is the
652:Upper boundary GSSP candidate section(s)
1386:
2199:
2197:
18:
2127:
2125:
7:
2052:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
1935:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
1575:D. Dahl-Jensen & others (2013).
1492:Eos – Earth & Space Science News
1132:Cromerian (Günz-Mindel) interglacial
678:(its previous informal name), is an
644:Upper boundary definition candidates
424:
3427:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
1682:. The Japan Times. 14 November 2017
3431:= megaannum (millions years ago);
2305:Lister, Adrian M. (October 2022).
2255:– via Escience.magazine.org.
14:
3435:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
974:After analyzing 2,496 remains of
784:By early Middle Pleistocene, the
721:The Chibanian is preceded by the
3456:
3445:
1486:Hornyak, Tim (30 January 2020).
1240:Purfleet Interglacial in Britain
760:has yet to be formally defined.
2379:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107925
2331:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107693
2140:, Oxbow Books, pp. 53–60,
2033:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.06.011
1633:P. L. Gibbard (17 April 2015).
2210:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1639:Russian Geology and Geophysics
1285:Aveley Interglacial in Britain
725:and succeeded by the proposed
16:Stage of the Pleistocene Epoch
1:
2874:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
2292:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.08.029
2188:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.03.006
2012:Marine and Petroleum Geology
1926:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110967
1546:A Geological Time Scale 2004
1441:10.18814/epiiugs/2018/018016
937:and by extension the family
919:(the ancestor of the modern
821:resulted in an expansion of
792:from an average 41,000 year
2837:Geological history of Earth
2575:Crew, Bec (15 March 2016).
1645:(4). Elsevier BV: 686–688.
3518:
3110:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
3105:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
2869:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
2628:10.1038/s41598-023-46956-6
2359:Quaternary Science Reviews
2311:Quaternary Science Reviews
2230:10.1038/s41559-021-01498-w
2132:Lister, Adrian M. (2004),
1967:10.1038/s41598-022-06826-z
1862:10.1038/s41561-021-00794-1
1496:American Geophysical Union
1365:Mid-Pleistocene Transition
1321:Macro-haplogroup L (mtDNA)
1013:
1003:
997:
893:, with the replacement of
889:), and its replacement of
863:). With the extinction of
786:Mid-Pleistocene Transition
735:Penultimate Glacial Period
694:, being a division of the
647:Marine Isotope Substage 5e
3497:Pleistocene geochronology
3422:
3394:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
3244:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
2712:
2494:10.1007/s12549-012-0071-y
1659:10.1016/j.rgg.2015.03.015
1093:Gunz-Haslach interglacial
1016:Brunhes–Matuyama reversal
961:: i.e., the emergence of
800:punctuated by short warm
731:Brunhes–Matuyama reversal
698:Epoch within the ongoing
636:Upper boundary definition
571:Lower boundary definition
445:
112:
26:
3389:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
3234:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
3079:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
2931:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
2921:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
2272:Quaternary International
2172:Quaternary International
857:straight-tusked elephant
3384:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
3349:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
3344:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
3287:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
3177:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
3084:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
2895:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
2428:10.1073/pnas.1620754114
1794:10.1073/pnas.1702143114
674:, more widely known as
240:−0.2 —
230:−0.4 —
220:−0.6 —
210:−0.8 —
190:−1.2 —
180:−1.4 —
170:−1.6 —
160:−1.8 —
140:−2.2 —
130:−2.4 —
120:−2.6 —
3502:Cenozoic geochronology
3354:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
3323:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
3282:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
3229:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
3074:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
2900:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
1044:Günz (Elbe) glaciation
1000:Timeline of glaciation
980:(Eurasian beaver) and
923:) migrated across the
891:Mammuthus trogontherii
861:Palaeoloxodon antiquus
846:Mammuthus trogontherii
840:Mammuthus meridionalis
743:Marine Isotope Stage 5
667:
3359:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
3318:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
3239:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
2926:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
1707:Reviews of Geophysics
1375:Pleistocene megafauna
1014:Further information:
1006:Marine isotope stages
1004:Further information:
998:Further information:
983:Trogontherium cuvieri
887:Mammuthus primigenius
737:and the onset of the
682:in the international
664:
200:−1 —
150:−2 —
3399:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
3292:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
3172:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
3162:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
1727:10.1029/2020RG000727
1370:100,000-year problem
1273:Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)
1203:Homo heidelbergensis
1142:Homo heidelbergensis
1103:Homo heidelbergensis
964:Homo sapiens sapiens
827:Great Barrier Reef's
825:coincident with the
639:Not formally defined
612:35.2943°N 140.1465°E
3454: •
3443: •
3441:Geologic time scale
3203:Middle (458–470 Ma)
3167:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
3136:Middle (383–393 Ma)
3031:Middle (237–247 Ma)
3000:Middle (164–174 Ma)
2619:2023NatSR..1319766G
2545:10.1038/nature22335
2537:2017Natur.546..293R
2486:2012PdPe...92..367W
2419:2017PNAS..114.3457F
2371:2023QSRv..30107925F
2323:2022QSRv..29407693L
2284:2008QuInt.179..176P
2222:2021NatEE...5.1266C
2180:2014QuInt.339...90W
2082:2021MolEc..30.6144V
2025:2014MarPG..57..470G
1918:2022PPP...59510967B
1854:2021NatGe..14..812S
1785:2017PNAS..11413114C
1779:(50): 13114–13119.
1719:2021RvGeo..5900727B
1651:2015RuGG...56..686G
1604:10.1038/nature11789
1596:2013Natur.493..489N
1347:Klasies River Caves
1032:palaeoanthropology
1010:Last Glacial Period
628:Lower GSSP ratified
608: /
583:Lower boundary GSSP
563:Time span formality
3482:Middle Pleistocene
3452:Geology portal
3313:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
3208:Early (470–485 Ma)
3141:Early (393–419 Ma)
3036:Early (247–252 Ma)
3005:Early (174–201 Ma)
2974:Early (100–145 Ma)
2969:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
2607:Scientific Reports
2174:. 339–340: 90–96.
1954:Scientific Reports
1269:Middle Paleolithic
1161:Haslach glaciation
959:Middle Paleolithic
951:palaeoanthropology
945:Palaeoanthropology
925:Bering land bridge
764:Definition process
716:Middle Paleolithic
708:palaeoanthropology
692:chronostratigraphy
684:geologic timescale
676:Middle Pleistocene
668:
553:Stratigraphic unit
543:Chronological unit
530:Time scale(s) used
492:Middle Pleistocene
3469:
3468:
3367:
3366:
3333:Paleoproterozoic
3252:
3251:
3198:Late (444–458 Ma)
3131:Late (359–383 Ma)
3044:
3043:
3026:Late (201–237 Ma)
2995:Late (145–164 Ma)
2939:
2938:
2860:(present–2.58 Ma)
2848:(present–66.0 Ma)
2803:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2719:Pleistocene Epoch
2706:Quaternary Period
2531:(7657): 293–296.
2413:(13): 3457–3462.
2147:978-1-78570-965-4
2090:10.1111/mec.15977
2076:(23): 6144–6161.
2070:Molecular Ecology
1841:Nature Geoscience
1590:(7433): 489–494.
1356:
1355:
1222:Elster glaciation
1218:Mindel glaciation
939:Palaeobatrachidae
739:Last Interglacial
659:
658:
617:35.2943; 140.1465
578:magnetic reversal
503:Usage information
461:
460:
441:
440:
3509:
3463:World portal
3461:
3460:
3450:
3449:
3412:
3376:
3336:
3305:
3302:Mesoproterozoic
3274:
3267:
3262:
3221:
3190:
3154:
3123:
3097:
3066:
3059:
3054:
3018:
2987:
2961:
2954:
2949:
2913:
2887:
2861:
2854:
2849:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2807:
2715:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2676:
2669:
2668:
2658:
2640:
2630:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2448:
2430:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2216:(9): 1266–1272.
2201:
2192:
2191:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2101:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1796:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1738:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1581:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1549:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1522:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1426:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1391:
1331:130–123 ka
1020:
941:became extinct.
788:had changed the
774:Chiba Prefecture
758:Late Pleistocene
623:
622:
620:
619:
618:
613:
609:
606:
605:
604:
601:
576:Brunhes-Matuyama
430:
425:
376:
361:
350:
339:
327:
310:
299:
287:
263:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
115:
103:
33:
29:0.774 – 0.129
19:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3492:Geological ages
3472:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3455:
3444:
3436:
3418:
3410:
3403:
3374:
3363:
3334:
3327:
3303:
3296:
3272:
3271:Neoproterozoic
3261:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
3260:
3259:
3258:Proterozoic Eon
3248:
3219:
3212:
3188:
3181:
3152:
3145:
3121:
3114:
3095:
3088:
3064:
3052:
3051:
3040:
3016:
3009:
2985:
2978:
2959:
2947:
2946:
2935:
2911:
2904:
2885:
2878:
2859:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2834:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2748:
2708:
2703:
2673:
2672:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1848:(11): 812–818.
1833:
1832:
1828:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1361:
1306:Illinoian Stage
1226:Riss glaciation
1194:(North America)
1018:
1012:
1002:
996:
947:
934:Palaeobatrachus
895:M. trogontherii
835:
819:Leeuwin Current
798:glacial periods
782:
766:
616:
614:
610:
607:
602:
599:
597:
595:
594:
593:
498:
494:
462:
457:
456:
454:
437:
428:
421:
420:
419:
414:
413:
412:
407:
406:
405:
400:
399:
398:
393:
392:
391:
386:
385:
384:
379:
378:
377:
368:
364:
363:
362:
357:
353:
352:
351:
346:
342:
341:
340:
335:
331:
330:
329:
325:
320:
319:
318:
313:
312:
311:
306:
302:
301:
300:
295:
291:
290:
289:
283:
278:
277:
276:
267:
266:
265:
259:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
102:
101:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
28:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3515:
3513:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3474:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3264:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3094:Carboniferous
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3056:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2951:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2912:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2886:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2851:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:Holocene Epoch
2721:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2593:
2567:
2515:
2480:(3): 367–395.
2460:
2392:
2344:
2297:
2278:(1): 176–189.
2258:
2193:
2158:
2146:
2121:
2055:
1997:
1938:
1890:
1826:
1758:
1693:
1671:
1625:
1567:
1560:
1534:
1508:
1475:
1453:
1412:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1198:Swanscombe Man
1195:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1163:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1098:Heidelberg Man
1095:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
995:
992:
946:
943:
921:American bison
883:woolly mammoth
834:
831:
790:glacial cycles
781:
778:
765:
762:
657:
656:
653:
649:
648:
645:
641:
640:
637:
633:
632:
629:
625:
624:
584:
580:
579:
572:
568:
567:
564:
560:
559:
554:
550:
549:
544:
540:
539:
535:
534:
533:ICS Time Scale
531:
527:
526:
519:
518:Regional usage
515:
514:
509:
508:Celestial body
505:
504:
500:
499:
489:
485:
484:
481:
477:
476:
473:
472:Name formality
469:
468:
464:
463:
459:
458:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
433:
431:
422:
417:
416:
415:
410:
409:
408:
403:
402:
401:
396:
395:
394:
389:
388:
387:
382:
381:
380:
367:
366:
365:
356:
355:
354:
345:
344:
343:
334:
333:
332:
323:
322:
321:
316:
315:
314:
305:
304:
303:
294:
293:
292:
281:
280:
279:
270:
269:
268:
257:
256:
255:
253:
250:0 —
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
110:
109:
105:
104:
97:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
34:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3514:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3464:
3459:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3370:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
3268:
3265:
3263:
3255:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3050:Paleozoic Era
3047:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:(66.0–145 Ma)
2955:
2952:
2950:
2948:(66.0–252 Ma)
2942:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:Northgrippian
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2594:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2159:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2056:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1942:
1939:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1891:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1561:9780521786737
1557:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1538:
1535:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1348:
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1333:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1255:
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1227:
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1199:
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1193:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1157:Anglian Stage
1155:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1116:
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1088:
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1080:
1077:
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1060:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
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1036:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1026:paleoclimate
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1001:
993:
991:
989:
985:
984:
979:
978:
972:
970:
966:
965:
960:
956:
952:
944:
942:
940:
936:
935:
930:
929:Rancholabrean
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:
904:
903:Mesotheriidae
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
878:
872:
868:
867:
862:
858:
854:
853:
852:Palaeoloxodon
848:
847:
842:
841:
832:
830:
828:
824:
820:
815:
812:
810:
805:
803:
799:
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791:
787:
779:
777:
775:
771:
763:
761:
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
718:over 300 ka.
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
663:
654:
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621:
592:
588:
585:
581:
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573:
569:
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541:
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520:
516:
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510:
506:
501:
497:
493:
490:
486:
482:
480:Name ratified
478:
474:
470:
465:
453:
452:, as of 2021.
451:
444:
436:
432:
427:
426:
423:
375:
373:
360:
349:
338:
328:
309:
298:
288:
286:
275:
274:
264:
262:
254:
117:
116:
111:
106:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
32:
25:
20:
3437:
3373:Archean Eon
3335:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
3220:(485–539 Ma)
3189:(444–485 Ma)
3153:(419–444 Ma)
3122:(359–419 Ma)
3096:(299–359 Ma)
3065:(252–299 Ma)
3053:(252–539 Ma)
3017:(201–252 Ma)
2986:(145–201 Ma)
2945:Mesozoic Era
2845:Cenozoic Era
2765:Greenlandian
2638:1887/3674398
2613:(1): 19766.
2610:
2606:
2596:
2584:. Retrieved
2581:ScienceAlert
2580:
2570:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2477:
2473:
2463:
2410:
2406:
2395:
2362:
2358:
2347:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2249:. Retrieved
2213:
2209:
2171:
2161:
2151:, retrieved
2137:
2099:10995/118212
2073:
2069:
2058:
2046:. Retrieved
2016:
2010:
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1958:
1952:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1909:
1903:
1893:
1881:. Retrieved
1845:
1839:
1829:
1776:
1772:
1761:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1674:
1662:. Retrieved
1642:
1638:
1628:
1587:
1583:
1570:
1545:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1511:
1499:. Retrieved
1491:
1466:. Retrieved
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1432:
1428:
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1389:
1316:Homo sapiens
1314:
1264:Homo sapiens
1262:
1201:
1171:Homo erectus
1169:
1166:Tautavel Man
1159:in Britain;
1140:
1137:Boxgrove Man
1108:Bodo cranium
1101:
1054:Homo erectus
1052:
981:
977:Castor fiber
975:
973:
962:
948:
932:
917:steppe bison
913:Toxodontidae
906:
899:notoungulate
894:
890:
886:
877:Pachycrocuta
875:
871:gomphotheres
866:Sinomastodon
864:
860:
850:
844:
838:
836:
816:
813:
806:
802:interglacial
783:
767:
747:
720:
675:
671:
669:
631:January 2020
495:
491:
483:January 2020
447:
371:
358:
282:
271:
258:
3487:Pleistocene
3409:Hadean Eon
3187:Ordovician
2958:Cretaceous
2858:Quaternary
2790:Subatlantic
2042:11343/52678
2019:: 470–481.
1961:(1): 3170.
1883:26 February
1736:1874/412413
1686:13 November
1664:13 November
1527:23 February
1468:26 December
1446:11 November
1405:23 February
1289:Galilee Man
1192:Yarmouthian
1190:(Britain),
1029:glaciation
908:Mesotherium
829:formation.
794:periodicity
696:Pleistocene
615: /
603:140°08′47″E
308:Pleistocene
3476:Categories
3411:(4–4.6 Ga)
3375:(2.5–4 Ga)
3304:(1–1.6 Ga)
2910:Paleogene
2755:Meghalayan
2365:: 107925.
2317:: 107693.
2153:2020-04-14
1912:: 110967.
1501:31 January
1381:References
1325:Mousterian
1299:191–130 ka
1293:Haua Fteah
1279:243–191 ka
1250:300–243 ka
1244:Mousterian
1232:337–300 ka
1211:374–337 ka
1179:424–374 ka
1150:474–424 ka
1122:524–474 ka
1114:563–524 ka
1086:621–563 ka
1078:676–621 ka
1070:712–676 ka
1062:761–712 ka
1049:Peking Man
1037:790–761 ka
994:Chronology
700:Quaternary
600:35°17′39″N
538:Definition
488:Synonym(s)
326:Piacenzian
285:Quaternary
108:Chronology
3438:See also:
3218:Cambrian
3151:Silurian
3120:Devonian
3015:Triassic
2984:Jurassic
2785:Subboreal
2770:Preboreal
2647:2045-2322
2561:205255853
2510:130080167
2502:1867-1594
2437:0027-8424
2387:254913691
2339:252264887
2251:21 August
2246:235712060
2108:0962-1083
1975:2045-2322
1878:240358493
1870:1752-0908
1803:0027-8424
1753:236386405
1745:8755-1209
1311:Herto Man
953:from the
727:Tarantian
723:Calabrian
710:from the
672:Chibanian
467:Etymology
359:Chibanian
348:Calabrian
22:Chibanian
3063:Permian
2884:Neogene
2780:Atlantic
2665:37957223
2656:10643649
2553:28593967
2455:28289222
2238:34211141
2116:33971056
1821:29180424
1612:23344358
1429:Episodes
1359:See also
1339:peak of
1259:Irhoud 1
754:Gelasian
521:Global (
435:Holocene
337:Gelasian
261:Cenozoic
2615:Bibcode
2533:Bibcode
2482:Bibcode
2446:5380047
2415:Bibcode
2367:Bibcode
2319:Bibcode
2280:Bibcode
2218:Bibcode
2176:Bibcode
2078:Bibcode
2048:23 June
2021:Bibcode
1990:28 July
1984:8873222
1914:Bibcode
1850:Bibcode
1812:5740680
1781:Bibcode
1715:Bibcode
1647:Bibcode
1620:4420908
1592:Bibcode
1351:Sangoan
1188:Hoxnian
1130:end of
1117:MIS 14
1081:MIS 16
1073:MIS 17
1065:MIS 18
988:beavers
957:to the
901:family
780:Climate
714:to the
429:←
245:–
235:–
225:–
215:–
205:–
195:–
185:–
175:–
165:–
155:–
145:–
135:–
125:–
98:↓
3417:
2775:Boreal
2739:Middle
2663:
2653:
2645:
2586:5 June
2559:
2551:
2525:Nature
2508:
2500:
2453:
2443:
2435:
2385:
2337:
2244:
2236:
2144:
2114:
2106:
1981:
1973:
1931:4 July
1876:
1868:
1819:
1809:
1801:
1751:
1743:
1618:
1610:
1584:Nature
1558:
1341:Eemian
1335:MIS 5e
1214:MIS 10
1183:MIS 11
1153:MIS 12
1126:MIS 13
1089:MIS 15
1040:MIS 19
833:Events
809:Levant
566:Formal
496:Ionian
475:Formal
418:
411:
404:
397:
390:
383:
317:
2734:Early
2557:S2CID
2506:S2CID
2383:S2CID
2335:S2CID
2242:S2CID
1874:S2CID
1749:S2CID
1713:(2).
1616:S2CID
1580:(PDF)
1521:(PDF)
1425:(PDF)
1399:(PDF)
1302:MIS 6
1282:MIS 7
1253:MIS 8
1236:MIS 9
955:Lower
823:reefs
712:Lower
688:stage
686:or a
591:Japan
587:Chiba
557:Stage
512:Earth
2744:Late
2661:PMID
2643:ISSN
2588:2019
2549:PMID
2498:ISSN
2451:PMID
2433:ISSN
2253:2021
2234:PMID
2142:ISBN
2112:PMID
2104:ISSN
2050:2024
1992:2024
1971:ISSN
1933:2024
1885:2024
1866:ISSN
1817:PMID
1799:ISSN
1741:ISSN
1688:2019
1666:2019
1608:PMID
1556:ISBN
1529:2020
1503:2020
1470:2020
1448:2019
1407:2020
1319:);
1023:Age
1008:and
768:The
670:The
655:None
372:Late
37:PreꞒ
2651:PMC
2633:hdl
2623:doi
2541:doi
2529:546
2490:doi
2441:PMC
2423:doi
2411:114
2375:doi
2363:301
2327:doi
2315:294
2288:doi
2276:179
2226:doi
2214:355
2184:doi
2094:hdl
2086:doi
2037:hdl
2029:doi
1979:PMC
1963:doi
1922:doi
1910:595
1858:doi
1807:PMC
1789:doi
1777:114
1731:hdl
1723:doi
1655:doi
1600:doi
1588:493
1437:doi
1267:);
1106:),
969:DNA
745:).
690:in
680:age
547:Age
523:ICS
450:ICS
3478::
3433:Ga
3429:Ma
3425:ka
2659:.
2649:.
2641:.
2631:.
2621:.
2611:13
2609:.
2605:.
2579:.
2555:.
2547:.
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2092:.
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2072:.
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2017:57
2015:.
2009:.
1977:.
1969:.
1959:12
1957:.
1951:.
1920:.
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1709:.
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1291:;
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905:,
704:Ma
589:,
297:PC
87:Pg
31:Ma
2829:e
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2635::
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2590:.
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1965::
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1916::
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1860::
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273:N
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77:J
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47:O
42:Ꞓ
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