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Crystal rugs were bordered, with a central design woven in natural colors, sometimes with some red. After this, the style changed to banded rugs with distinctive "wavy" lines made by alternating weft strands in two or three different colors. A typical new-style
Crystal rug will alternate groups of two or three wavy or solid lines with broader bands decorated with patterns representing squash blossoms or geometrical motifs. The newer rugs are woven in muted colors such as rust, rich brown and grey, but may include pastel colors. In 1944 Don Jensen bought the post, holding it until 1981. Apparently Jenson developed the current Crystal rug.
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would cut the long file of men into small pieces, like cutting a long tree trunk into firewood. When the owl hoot signal was given, the
Navajos poured arrows into the column, those who had guns fired, and some threw stones or rolled rocks into the gorge. Taken completely by surprise, both men and horses panicked and were routed. Many of the Mexicans were killed, including their leader. It is said that the bones of some of those killed in the battle may still be found in the pass, as can some of the wooden ladders that the Navajos used to climb up the Standing Rocks where they hid before the ambush.
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Nevertheless, he introduced production-line techniques, and had no problem with using machine-produced yarns with synthetic dyes. Traders in Navajo rugs had to keep costs down to be able to offer competitive prices, therefore wages were low. Talking of the weaver's life, Moore said, "there is no more dismal wage proposition than her remuneration for her part in the industry. Given any other paying outlet for her labor, there would very soon be no such thing as a blanket industry ... it is her one and only way of earning money."
31:
548:. It is about 3 miles (4.8 km) long with a vertical gain of 200 feet (61 m). The road up to and through the pass is also used for biking. With an out-and-back length of 36 miles (58 km), starting at 5,900 feet (1,800 m) and rising to 8,700 feet (2,700 m) at the top of the pass, the rider must be in good physical shape. Part of the reward is the spectacular panoramic views. There is an unserviced campground in the pass. A fee is payable, and campfires are allowed.
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over this distance in the United States, is held every year on the 4th of July weekend. In 2000, almost all of the 400 or more competitors in the very demanding race were local, supported by their family and friends with a relaxed outdoor barbecue environment around the finish line. Running is part of the Navajo culture, although perhaps because that culture also de-emphasizes competition there are relatively few Navajo runners at the elite levels of the sport.
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Washington Pass was Romulo
Martinez, a Spanish-American from Fort Defiance, in 1873. On 31 March 1877 Perry H. Williams was licensed to trade at Washington Pass. Ben Hyatt traded there from 1882 to 1884, and Stephen Aldrich and Elias Clark traded for one season in 1884. The names of other traders are recorded for the following years, but they seem all to have been temporary, trading from tents in the summer season.
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talks, one of the
Navajos was accused of stealing a horse from a Mexican who was accompanying the troops. When the Navajos made to leave, Washington's troops shot six of them as they fled, including Narbona. The 82-year-old Narbona, with his long white hair, was scalped by a U.S. militiaman. The expedition moved on through the pass, which they named "Washington Pass" in honor of their leader.
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among them. Flowers of rich profusion and of every hue and delicacy, were also constantly before the eye–upwards of ninety varieties having been picked up since we entered the gorge yesterday. Indeed, we are all in hopes that, yesterday and today, we have been having an earnest of what we may yet behold in this part of the world–a rich, well-timbered and sufficiently well-watered country."
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of stone tools than in those of the other great houses. In Chaco Canyon between 1020 AD and 1120 AD, the chert accounted for more than 20% of the material used for making stone tools, apparently imported in its raw form rather than as manufactured tools. Narbona Pass chert is also present in
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The 33rd Annual
Narbona Pass Classic, formerly the Washington Pass Classic, was held on 1 July 2012. There were three events: a non-competitive 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) fitness walk, a 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) run and a 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) run. The 10 km race, among the top 100 races
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The Navajo gradually became more prosperous and more autonomous, although there were periodic problems such as crises of overgrazing. In the 1950s development of coal, oil and uranium brought money into the Navajo community along with social problems and pollution. Most
Navajos forgot about the past
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Apart from the buildings in the Chaco Canyon, there were great houses distributed across the lands of the Chaco people, some dating from the Chaco era (900–1150 AD) and others of more recent date. Exotic materials like
Narbona Pass Chert are found much more often in the Chaco Canyon assemblages
368:
nomadic hunter-gatherers, arrived in the southwest around 1400 AD and settled in the mountains between the valleys occupied by the
Pueblos. The Navajo became farmers, and then herders. Through raids, trade and intermarriage, the Navajo acquired many aspects of the Pueblo culture. However, they
265:
On 3 September 1849 the diarist of the
Washington expedition said of the western entrance to the park, "I noticed towering pines and firs, also the oak, the aspen, and the willow; and bordering the stream there was a great variety of shrubbery, the hop vine, loaded with its fruit, being intertwined
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in the east of New Mexico in 1866, where they were expected to take up farming. Many died on the march or later from smallpox. The survivors were allowed to return in 1868, and were assigned reservation lands that covered 11,500,000 acres (4,700,000 ha) by 1886. The first known trader in the
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led a strong force of soldiers and volunteers west into Navajo country. They were met by Navajo envoys who said they were willing to discuss peace, and then encountered the main Navajo forces. The
Navajos, led by Narbona and José Largo, brought gifts that included many sheep and horses. After the
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had heard of Hinojos's advance, knew he had to come through the pass to reach the Canyon de Chelly, and had carefully prepared an ambush by about 250 warriors. Narbona held back his forces, who were hidden on both sides of the defile. He told them that when the time was right, and not before, they
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Moore was succeeded by A. J. Molohon, who continued to introduce complex non-Navajo styles that probably drew on Oriental rug designs. The Crystal Trading Post was owned by the C.C. Manning company from 1919 to 1922. Later Charlie Newcomb and then Jim Collyer owned the post. Until the 1930s the
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However, even in July, the temperature is cool, only reaching 70 °F (21 °C) at noon. Only two months of the year are free of frost. In the winter, up to 50 inches (1,300 mm) of snow may accumulate in drifts on north-facing slopes in the pass. Writing in 1884 about a proposed sheep
270:
ranch, Thomas Keam said, "The mountain plain was very pleasant in summer, but entirely impracticable in winter, as it is one of the coldest places on the reservation. was told that it was one of the coldest places on the reservation ... in winter ... it is often covered with two feet of snow."
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Moore's business flourished, and in 1903 and in 1911 he published mail-order catalogs, drawing business from across the United States. Moore understood what the market in the eastern United States would value, and in his catalog stressed the use of natural materials and primitive technology.
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learned the true history, became indignant about having an enemy of the Navajos commemorated in the name of an important location on the Navajo Nation, and started a campaign to change the name to "Narbona Pass". They gained widespread support. On 10 December 1992 the
297:. The chert has a variety of colors including white, pale blue, dark gray and pink. The Narbona Pass in the Chuska mountains holds the only known quarry for this pure, fine-grained and distinctive rock. The chert was traded throughout what is now the
515:
voted unanimously in favor of the change, perhaps the first time that Native Americans initiated a place name commemorating a Native American. Narbona Pass is also one of the few Native American sites to be named after the victim in a dispute.
317:, Navajo Springs and Lake Valley from the Chaco period, but accounts for less than one part in a thousand of the total chipped stone. It is not found at all in Chimney Rock Pueblo or Raton Well. However, it is common in the assemblages of
481:
Trading Post. During the winter months, he employed Navajo weavers to make rugs. Moore ensured that the wool and the weaving was good quality, and created designs of his own, quickly gaining a reputation as a source of good quality rugs.
353:
396:, and counter-raids by the Mexicans, often for the purpose of slavery. In 1804 the Navajos made attacks on the Spanish military post at Cebolletta, and on nearby settlements. They were trying to recover their grazing land at the foot of
172:. Contrary to Navajo tradition of not naming monuments after people, the pass was given the name Narbona to celebrate his victory over an invading Mexican army that was sent to destroy the Navajo in 1835. Known in the
472:
who had no problem with the climate. He bought the trading site, then cut timber in the mountains and hauled it down to build a log trading post, which he stocked with supplies carted from the rail head in
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peaking around 1700 million years ago and 1425 million years ago. The sandstone to the west was later eroded, with 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) being lost in the basin, but remnants remain on the mountains.
540:
with a time of 39:43. That year three of the competitors in the 5 km race were women in their seventies. In 2012 Kipruto won again with a time of 34:36 followed by Jackson Thomas with a time of 39:40.
340:. Most likely the artifact was made during the period between 1000 AD and 1140 AD, when there was an extensive regional trading network centered on Chaco Canyon. It was probably manufactured using a
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in 1859. He was a New Mexico military governor who led an expedition into Navajo country in 1849 in which he was accused of walling up a Navajo Spring, and whose troops later shot Navajo leader
569:
A number of Moore's designs incorporated the "whirling log" symbol, or swastika, a common Aryan symbol he had copied from oriental rugs. In the 1940s, it became unpopular with purchasers.
1309:"Detrital zircon evidence for derivation of arkosic sand in the eolilan Narbona Pass Member of the Eocene-Oligocene Chuska Sandstone from Precambrian basement rocks in central Arizona"
1284:
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and headed west into Navajo country with a force of almost 1,000 Mexican troops on a slaving expedition. On 28 February 1835, Hinojo's force entered the pass. The Navajo headman
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lava flows. Three basalt magma flows occurred between 27.5 and 24.3 million years ago. The crater is around 2 miles (3.2 km) across, with walls 700 feet (210 m) high.
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or tuff breccia, overlaid by layers of different deposits that indicate a series of explosive phases. These created a complex mix of sheets of volcanic ash overlaid by thick
219:
volcanoes may have had similar explosive vent structures. The basal deposits in the crater are 5 metres (16 ft) to 20 metres (66 ft) thick, composed of massive
1898:
1288:
332:, about 90 miles (140 km) to the north of Narbona pass. The material was identified as Narbona Pass Chert, a rare find for archaeological sites anywhere in the
1180:"AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND TRADITIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTIES INVENTORY AND SUMMARY OF THE CULTURAL RESOURCES ALONG NM 134, SAN JUAN AND MCKINLEY COUNTIES"
344:
technique in Narbona Pass before being exported to Crow Canyon. The Pueblo flintknapper would have used a long, pointed "soft-hammer" such as a deer antler.
244:
era, about 34 million to 23 million years ago. The erg is thought to have covered about 125,000 square kilometres (48,000 sq mi) in the southeast
215:
of the long-extinct Narbona Pass volcano, which formed from violent explosive activity. Before being eroded to their present condition, many of the Chuska-
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445:
120:
1500:
1893:
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1903:
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1814:
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1260:"Eruptive conditions and depositional processes of Narbona Pass Maar volcano, Navajo volcanic field, Navajo Nation, New Mexico (USA)"
1202:
448:, destroying the Navajo herds and crops, followed by an invasion of Canyon de Chelly. Eight thousand Navajos were forced to walk to
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is finely textured and has regular breakage patterns that make it an excellent material for making stone tools and weapon heads by
1592:
1831:
337:
381:. The Navajo see the Chuska range as the body of a male god. Chuska peak is its head, Narbona Pass the neck, the Tunicha and
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During the early nineteenth century there were frequent Navajo raids into Mexican territory and attacks on traders using the
76:
329:
69:
1770:
1649:
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into Canyon de Chelly. The Narbona expedition killed more than 115 Navajo and took 33 women and children as slaves.
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is exposed along the crest of the Chuska Mountains in the west of the Narbona Pass. It is the remains of the Chuska
1888:
397:
165:
59:
328:
found a projectile point made of pink stone in Bluebird House, a small pueblo in the Goodman Point group of the
1765:
503:
536:, set a record for the 10 km race in 2009 with a time of 34:07. The winner in 2011 was Jackson Thomas of
589:
528:
The Narbona Pass Classic race is challenging, through difficult forest terrain. Nicholas Kipruto, a former
373:, to the west of the Narbona Pass, became the sacred center of the Navajo people. Narbona Pass was called
30:
1508:
1198:
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remained warlike and in effect defined the northern limit to Spanish expansion. The stronghold of the
1836:
1308:
416:
382:
1475:
Tony Hillerman's Navajoland: Hideouts, Haunts, and Havens in the Joe Leaphorn and Jim Chee Mysteries
427:
In 1849, shortly after the United States had taken control of New Mexico from the Mexicans, Colonel
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465:
365:
302:
253:
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41:
1427:
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A Navajo wool rug in the Early Crystal style, including swastikas in the design, date 1900-1920 AD
474:
428:
321:, on the lower slopes of the Chuska Mountains, which was occupied after the Chaco Canyon period.
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1631:
1613:
1858:
1810:
1739:
1712:
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1479:
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1400:
1379:
1373:
1334:
1179:
495:
469:
386:
333:
314:
1852:
1804:
1786:
1733:
1706:
1473:
1446:
1328:
1238:
404:(no relative of the Navajo leader) crossed the Narbona Pass on a retaliatory expedition from
1217:
499:
370:
341:
282:
248:, and was surrounded by volcanic fields of the same era. The sandstone mostly came from the
245:
233:
157:
153:
164:. A paved road, New Mexico Highway 134, crosses the range through Narbona Pass, connecting
545:
412:
401:
173:
1577:
529:
1239:"Meeting the challenge – Trio of 70-plus runners take on the hills of Narbona Pass"
1674:
393:
318:
285:
from a distance. The Narbona Pass provides the only route through this elongated chain.
237:
196:
1160:
1882:
1735:
Blood and Thunder: The Epic Story of Kit Carson and the Conquest of the American West
378:
294:
203:
to celebrate his victory over a hostile Mexican invasion of traditional Navajo land.
161:
1243:
1222:
306:
298:
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There is a relatively easy cross-country ski trail in the crater from the road to
278:
1355:
449:
405:
249:
441:
1259:
98:
85:
537:
241:
227:
1357:
H.L. James's rugs and posts: the story of Navajo weaving and Indian trading
456:
352:
176:
as So Sila (Twin Stars), the pass was lately named in English for Colonel
507:
216:
1285:"Chuska-Shp Rock (Navajo) Field: Narbona Pass Volcano, Chuska Mountains"
1161:"33rd Annual NARBONA PASS CLASSIC 2012 – 10K Course Record Holders"
597:
420:
357:
220:
212:
200:
181:
1657:
830:
828:
1307:
Dickinson, William R.; Cather, Steven M.; Gehrels, George E. (2010).
477:. His post was in the western entrance to the pass. He named it the
360:
by Richard H. Kern made on 31 August 1849, hours before he was killed
1330:
Ethnic and Tourist Arts: Cultural Expressions from the Fourth World
533:
455:
351:
290:
400:, their sacred Turquoise Mountain. In 1805 the Spanish Lt. Col.
305:, often called Chaco people after their rock wall structures in
223:
187:
In 1992 the pass gained its current name, which honors Narbona.
1258:
Brand, Brittany D.; Clarke, Amanda B.; Semken, Steven (2009).
698:
696:
694:
152:) is a pass through the natural break between the Tunicha and
1676:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples
1178:
Akins, Nancy J.; Goodman, Linda J.; Spivey, Janet E. (1994).
714:
1119:
629:
1067:
1065:
788:
786:
1143:
992:
990:
1553:
Swept Under the Rug: A Hidden History of Navajo Weaving
1131:
834:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
884:
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857:
855:
803:
801:
737:
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670:
681:
679:
654:
652:
650:
1832:"New course record set at 2009 Narbona Pass Classic"
1399:
Julyan, Robert Hixson (2006-06-30). "Narbona Pass".
75:
65:
50:
40:
18:
1803:Walker, William; Venzor, Kathryn R. (2011-07-01).
1673:
873:
641:
1854:Patterns of Exchange: Navajo Weavers and Traders
1761:"Colonel left little mark as governorTrail Dust"
1289:New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science
1199:"Narbona Pass Chert Projectile Point Discovered"
702:
969:
8:
1578:"Military History New Mexico — Battles"
777:
765:
726:
494:events and assumed the pass was named after
1806:Contemporary Archaeologies of the Southwest
1614:"Narbona Pass to Todacheene Lake Ski Trip"
1071:
15:
446:1st Regiment New Mexico Volunteer Cavalry
1899:Landforms of San Juan County, New Mexico
1632:"Narbona Pass: Sheep Springs to Crystal"
1020:
912:
792:
277:
1107:
1044:
996:
981:
957:
900:
888:
741:
658:
581:
562:
513:United States Board on Geographic Names
444:began a scorched earth policy with his
1785:United States Bureau of Soils (2004).
1451:. Western National Parks Association.
1095:
1032:
819:
617:
945:
933:
861:
846:
807:
685:
411:In February 1835 the Mexican Captain
324:In January 2009 researchers from the
195:The name Narbona Pass comes from the
7:
1708:The Puebloan Society of Chaco Canyon
1523:Locke, Raymond Friday (2008-01-01).
1428:"Running – An Indian Tradition"
1083:
1056:
1008:
753:
671:Dickinson, Cather & Gehrels 2010
127:
1759:Simmons, Marc (November 25, 2011).
1680:. Oxford University Press. p.
1472:Linford, Laurance D. (2005-09-01).
1315:. The New Mexico Geological Society
1333:. University of California Press.
1218:"Thomas wins Narbona Pass Classic"
1185:. MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO. p. 69
715:United States Bureau of Soils 2004
252:basement of central Arizona, with
240:, a windswept sand field from the
211:The Narbona Pass runs through the
35:Chuska Mountains near Narbona Pass
14:
1851:Wilkins, Teresa J. (2008-05-15).
1672:Pritzker, Barry M. (2000-11-09).
1237:Begody, Candace (July 9, 2011b).
1203:Crow Canyon Archaeological Center
1197:Arakawa, Fumi (27 January 2009).
502:However, in 1990 students of the
326:Crow Canyon Archaeological Center
1857:. University of Oklahoma Press.
1788:Soil survey of the Shiprock area
1216:Begody, Candace (July 7, 2011).
874:Akins, Goodman & Spivey 1994
126:
119:
54:
29:
1550:M'Closkey, Kathy (2008-05-30).
1499:Larason, Larry (1 April 2011).
1313:Guidebook 61st Field Conference
1120:Narbona Pass to Todacheene Lake
642:Brand, Clarke & Semken 2009
1894:Geography of the Navajo Nation
1711:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1650:"Navajo Nation Accommodations"
1372:Julyan, Robert Hixson (1996).
1327:Graburn, Nelson H. H. (1976).
630:Chuska-Shp Rock (Navajo) Field
301:region, then inhabited by the
1:
1904:Mountain passes of New Mexico
1738:. Random House Digital, Inc.
1732:Sides, Hampton (2007-10-09).
1580:. Dykeman Roebuck Archaeology
1529:. Holloway House Publishing.
1375:The Place Names of New Mexico
309:to the east of Narbona Pass.
1478:. University of Utah Press.
1144:Navajo Nation Accommodations
385:ranges are the body and the
156:, an elongated range on the
1830:Wero, Anton (7 July 2009).
1791:. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture
1426:Kolb, Joe (November 2000).
1402:The Mountains of New Mexico
1132:Narbona Pass: Sheep Springs
835:Military History New Mexico
330:Hovenweep National Monument
70:San Juan County, New Mexico
1920:
468:arrived, an Irishman from
1354:James, Harold L. (1988).
377:, or Copper Pass, by the
114:
28:
23:
1766:The Santa Fe New Mexican
778:Walker & Venzor 2011
766:Walker & Venzor 2011
727:Walker & Venzor 2011
504:Navajo Community College
1809:. O'Reilly Media, Inc.
389:are the legs and feet.
375:Beesh Lichii'ii Bigiizh
356:Sketch of Navajo chief
1705:Reed, Paul F. (2004).
1593:"Narbona Pass Classic"
1526:The Book of the Navajo
1448:A Guide to Navajo Rugs
1432:Running Times Magazine
461:
361:
286:
135:Location in New Mexico
459:
355:
281:
1837:Navajo Hopi Observer
1445:Lamb, Susan (1992).
1165:Narbona Pass Classic
780:, p. 56-57, 59.
703:Narbona Pass Classic
336:to the north of the
466:John Bradford Moore
366:Southern Athabaskan
364:The Navajo people,
303:Ancestral Puebloans
95: /
1773:on January 4, 2013
462:
429:John M. Washington
362:
287:
254:uranium-lead dates
178:John M. Washington
99:36.090°N 108.860°W
46:8,721 ft (2,658 m)
1864:978-0-8061-3757-5
1816:978-1-4571-1156-3
1745:978-1-4000-3110-8
1718:978-0-313-32720-9
1691:978-0-19-513897-9
1563:978-0-8263-2832-8
1536:978-0-87687-500-1
1485:978-0-87480-848-3
1458:978-1-877856-26-6
1412:978-0-8263-3516-6
1385:978-0-8263-1689-9
1340:978-0-520-03842-4
496:George Washington
470:Sheridan, Wyoming
387:Carrizo Mountains
334:Mesa Verde region
315:Bluff Great House
143:
142:
1911:
1889:Colorado Plateau
1874:
1872:
1871:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1769:. Archived from
1755:
1753:
1752:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1679:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1656:. Archived from
1645:
1643:
1642:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1511:on 27 March 2012
1507:. Archived from
1495:
1493:
1492:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1291:. Archived from
1280:
1278:
1277:
1264:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
960:, p. 65-66.
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
916:
915:, p. 52-53.
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
877:
871:
865:
859:
850:
844:
838:
832:
823:
817:
811:
805:
796:
790:
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
739:
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
700:
689:
683:
674:
668:
662:
656:
645:
639:
633:
627:
621:
615:
609:
608:
606:
605:
596:. Archived from
586:
570:
567:
500:Washington, D.C.
440:In 1864 Colonel
371:Canyon de Chelly
342:pressure flaking
283:Chuska Mountains
246:Colorado Plateau
234:Chuska Sandstone
158:Colorado Plateau
154:Chuska Mountains
130:
129:
123:
110:
109:
107:
106:
105:
104:36.090; -108.860
100:
96:
93:
92:
91:
88:
58:
57:
33:
16:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1850:
1842:
1840:
1829:
1821:
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1654:Discover Navajo
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546:Todacheene Lake
522:
438:
413:Blas de Hinojos
402:Antonio Narbona
350:
276:
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209:
193:
174:Navajo Language
150:Washington Pass
139:
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24:Washington Pass
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1601:. July 1, 2012
1598:Runner's World
1589:
1574:
1562:
1547:
1535:
1520:
1505:Gallup Journey
1501:"Narbona Pass"
1496:
1484:
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1457:
1442:
1423:
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1360:. Schiffer Pub
1351:
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1100:
1088:
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1061:
1049:
1037:
1035:, p. 239.
1025:
1013:
1001:
986:
974:
972:, p. 147.
970:M'Closkey 2008
962:
950:
948:, p. 104.
938:
917:
905:
893:
878:
866:
851:
849:, p. 192.
839:
824:
822:, p. 112.
812:
797:
782:
770:
758:
746:
731:
719:
707:
690:
675:
673:, p. 125.
663:
646:
634:
622:
620:, p. 113.
610:
594:Placenames.com
590:"Narbona Pass"
580:
572:
571:
561:
560:
553:
550:
521:
518:
437:
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394:Santa Fe Trail
349:
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338:San Juan River
319:Crumbled House
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1660:on 2012-08-28
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1556:. UNM Press.
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1405:. UNM Press.
1404:
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1378:. UNM Press.
1377:
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1358:
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1295:on 2012-08-10
1294:
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1268:
1267:Bull Volcanol
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1073:
1072:33rd Annual..
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1047:, p. 20.
1046:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1023:, p. 53.
1022:
1021:Pritzker 2000
1017:
1014:
1011:, p. 20.
1010:
1005:
1002:
999:, p. 75.
998:
993:
991:
987:
984:, p. 96.
983:
978:
975:
971:
966:
963:
959:
954:
951:
947:
942:
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936:, p. 46.
935:
930:
928:
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918:
914:
913:Pritzker 2000
909:
906:
903:, p. 19.
902:
897:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
870:
867:
864:, p. 96.
863:
858:
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848:
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821:
816:
813:
810:, p. 95.
809:
804:
802:
798:
795:, p. 52.
794:
793:Pritzker 2000
789:
787:
783:
779:
774:
771:
768:, p. 52.
767:
762:
759:
756:, p. 65.
755:
750:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
729:, p. 53.
728:
723:
720:
717:, p. 18.
716:
711:
708:
704:
699:
697:
695:
691:
688:, p. 44.
687:
682:
680:
676:
672:
667:
664:
660:
655:
653:
651:
647:
644:, p. 49.
643:
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623:
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600:on 2013-01-31
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498:, or perhaps
497:
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436:Later history
435:
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407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
379:Navajo people
376:
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348:Early history
347:
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295:flintknapping
292:
289:Narbona Pass
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162:Navajo Nation
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53:
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27:
22:
17:
1868:. Retrieved
1853:
1841:. Retrieved
1835:
1820:. Retrieved
1805:
1793:. Retrieved
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1771:the original
1764:
1749:. Retrieved
1734:
1722:. Retrieved
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1675:
1662:. Retrieved
1658:the original
1653:
1639:. Retrieved
1635:
1621:. Retrieved
1617:
1603:. Retrieved
1596:
1582:. Retrieved
1567:. Retrieved
1552:
1540:. Retrieved
1525:
1513:. Retrieved
1509:the original
1504:
1489:. Retrieved
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1431:
1416:. Retrieved
1401:
1389:. Retrieved
1374:
1362:. Retrieved
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1329:
1317:. Retrieved
1312:
1297:. Retrieved
1293:the original
1274:. Retrieved
1270:
1266:
1248:. Retrieved
1244:Navajo Times
1242:
1227:. Retrieved
1223:Navajo Times
1221:
1206:. Retrieved
1187:. Retrieved
1168:. Retrieved
1164:
1152:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1108:Begody 2011b
1103:
1091:
1079:
1052:
1045:Wilkins 2008
1040:
1028:
1016:
1004:
997:Linford 2005
982:Graburn 1976
977:
965:
958:Wilkins 2008
953:
941:
908:
901:Wilkins 2008
896:
889:Simmons 2011
869:
842:
815:
773:
761:
749:
742:Arakawa 2009
722:
710:
666:
659:Larason 2011
637:
625:
613:
602:. Retrieved
598:the original
593:
584:
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556:
555:
543:
532:runner from
530:Diné College
527:
523:
492:
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463:
439:
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410:
398:Mount Taylor
391:
374:
363:
323:
311:
307:Chaco Canyon
299:Four Corners
288:
268:
264:
232:
210:
194:
186:
149:
146:Narbona Pass
145:
144:
51:Traversed by
19:Narbona Pass
1096:Begody 2011
1033:Julyan 1996
820:Julyan 2006
618:Julyan 2006
450:Fort Sumner
406:Zuni Pueblo
250:Precambrian
102: /
90:108°51′36″W
77:Coordinates
60:NM 134
1883:Categories
1870:2012-08-23
1843:2012-08-21
1822:2012-08-23
1795:2012-08-23
1777:2012-07-10
1751:2012-08-22
1724:2012-08-23
1697:2012-08-24
1664:2012-08-21
1641:2012-08-21
1636:Trails.com
1623:2012-08-21
1618:Trails.com
1605:2012-08-21
1584:2012-08-24
1569:2012-08-25
1542:2012-08-22
1515:2012-08-24
1491:2012-08-25
1464:2012-08-25
1437:2012-08-22
1418:2012-08-23
1391:2012-08-23
1364:2012-08-24
1346:2012-08-25
1319:2012-08-21
1299:2012-08-21
1276:2012-08-21
1250:2012-08-21
1229:2012-08-21
1208:2012-08-21
1189:2012-08-21
1170:2012-08-21
946:James 1988
934:James 1988
862:Sides 2007
847:Locke 2008
808:Sides 2007
686:James 1988
604:2012-08-21
552:References
442:Kit Carson
383:Lukachukai
274:Prehistory
148:(formerly
87:36°05′24″N
1084:Wero 2009
1057:Kolb 2000
1009:Lamb 1992
754:Reed 2004
577:Citations
538:Naschitti
242:Oligocene
228:trachytic
191:Etymology
42:Elevation
508:Shiprock
464:In 1896
417:Santa Fe
217:Shiprock
66:Location
1153:Sources
479:Crystal
421:Narbona
358:Narbona
261:Climate
221:lapilli
213:caldera
207:Geology
201:Narbona
182:Narbona
170:Crystal
160:on the
1861:
1813:
1742:
1715:
1688:
1560:
1533:
1482:
1455:
1409:
1382:
1337:
475:Gallup
199:chief
197:Navajo
1263:(PDF)
1183:(PDF)
557:Notes
534:Kenya
520:Today
415:left
291:Chert
1859:ISBN
1811:ISBN
1740:ISBN
1713:ISBN
1686:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1531:ISBN
1480:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1407:ISBN
1380:ISBN
1335:ISBN
224:tuff
506:in
238:erg
168:to
1885::
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