352:. The Nariva Swamp was designated as a Wetland of International Importance (especially as a waterfowl habitat) under the Ramsar convention on 21 April 1993. Concerned officials of the Ministry of Agriculture lobbied for this international status to protect the swamp from local political concerns and to make it easier to access international funding. Instruments were laid on December 21, 1992 with respect to the declaration of the Nariva Swamp as a Ramsar site. The total area of the Ramsar site is 6,234 hectares, which is the same area as the Nariva Swamp Prohibited Area and proposed National Park (CFCA, 1997).
78:
301:
research. The sub components were (1) Social
Assessment and Conservation Management of Nariva Swamp (2) The Contribution of Nutrition to Sustainable Development of the Nariva Swamp (3) Hydrology and Water Management (4) Soil Properties and Implications for Sustainable Management (5) The Development of a Nariva Swamp National Park as an Eco-Tourism Site (6) Sustainable use and commercialisation of wetland resource organisms. Basically the project called for economic development that would have required a lot of professional management expertise for its continuance – professional job creation.
285:, the Bush Bush area was declared a Wildlife Sanctuary on 16 July 1968 (Bacon et al., 1979). In recognition of this interest, in July 1968, the Trinidad and Tobago Tourist Board held a meeting with the Forestry Division on the potential of the mouth of the Nariva River and its eastern bank for tourism. Six years later in 1974, the Tourist Board offered financial aid of $ 7000 to clear and maintain the Bush Bush canal to allow easier access. However, this money was never allocated to the Forestry Division for this purpose (Bacon et al., 1979).
340:. The Nariva human community was studied by young participant researchers. They used interviews, participant observation, ethnography and participatory approaches that included workshops on time lines, resource use charts and community and benefit flow charts. The governance aspect was to look at governance and social control at various levels (micro, macro), history of policy, how and why policies changed over time, impact of international policy community on local decision making and policy formation and a
583:
359:, Japan (CFCA, 1997). This is a register of Ramsar sites where changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur as a result of technological developments, pollution or other human interference. Ms. Molly Gaskin, and Ms. Karilyn Shephard of the Pointe á Pierre Wildfowl Trust, and Ms. Nadra Nathai-Gyan, of the Wildlife Section, Forestry Division, and Dr. Carol James, at the time with the UNDP-GEF, were present at this meeting.
184:
232:
Forestry
Division in the Nariva Swamp; the Council protested that it would reduce the high bird diversity in the area (Bacon et al., 1979). At the end of his study of parrots and macaws, scientists Dr. F. Nottebohm and Carl Carlozzi recommended the complete legal protection of the Bush Bush and Bois Neuf islands for the birds and other wildlife, the mud volcanoes on Bois Neuf and the tourist potential they contained.
66:
597:
224:
and encroachment by squatters was ongoing (Ramsar, 1996). The Nariva Swamp has been threatened in the past by illegal squatting; the conversion of land to cannabis and rice farming, illegal grazing of livestock in the game sanctuary, overfishing and illegal timber harvesting, illegal hunting and excessive trapping of birds for the pet trade (Ramsar, 1996).
120:, immediately inland from the Manzanilla Bay through Biche and covers over 60 square kilometres (23 mi). The Nariva Swamp is extremely biodiverse, being home to 45 mammal species, 39 reptile species, 33 fish species, 204 bird species, 19 frog species, 213 insect species and 15 mollusc species. All this contained in just 60 square kilometers.
300:
scientists established to conduct research on the sustainable development of the Nariva Swamp. Their objectives were to promote wise use of the Ramsar site, to improve the welfare of the
Kernahan community and the wider society from the use of Nariva’s resources and to contribute to UWI teaching and
263:
palm stands in the Nariva Swamp and they only counted 136 parrots (a reduction from 600 in 1969) and 224 macaws. The
Conservation Ordinance allows orange-winged parrots to be shot as crop pests, so that if the palm swamp forest is eliminated they will become greater pests of cocoa and crops and will
231:
Scientist T. H. G. Aitken from the
Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory, proposed the Bush Bush wildlife sanctuary in the Nariva Swamp as a nature reserve in 1960 (Bacon et al., 1979). In 1962, the International Council for Bird Preservation raised a protest against proposed logging operations by the
227:
The Nariva
Windbelt Forest Reserve of 6,267 acres (25.36 km) was declared under the Forests Act on March 18, 1954. This designation gives the Forestry Division the authority to manage the area with reference to felling of trees, damage by negligence in felling any tree or dragging any timber,
223:
The Nariva Swamp is protected by 3 main pieces of legislation: the
Forests Act, Chapter 66: 01; the Conservation of Wildlife Act, Chapter 67: 01; the State Lands Act, Chapter 57: 01. Offences taken to court are usually related to wildlife poaching and tree felling. This was not entirely successful
288:
Keeler and
Pemberton (1996) claim that one of the positive features of the conflict over the use of the Nariva Swamp is that both local and international environmental groups are firmly behind the idea of sustainable use by Nariva by people, including its use for agriculture. There is very little
347:
Nariva Swamp has been a legal entity since 1968. Its legal status in
Trinidad was insufficient to preserve its ecological status. Active lobbying and effort was expended to give the swamp the status of an internationally recognised entity and therefore remove it from solely national political
215:
The Nariva Swamp, 6,234 hectares, was declared to be a forest reserve in 1954. The Bush Bush section of the Nariva Swamp 1,408 hectares (3,480 acres) is an area of high ground that was declared as a wildlife sanctuary in 1968, and a prohibited area in 1989 by Dr.
316:(CIDA) and other sources and conducted gender sensitive research project in the swamp. The research was conducted in collaboration with the Island, Sustainability, Livelihood and Equity Programme (ISLE). ISLE was in turn a collaborative project of the
513:
Bacon, P. R., Kenny, J. S., Alkins, M.E., Mootoosingh, S.N., Ramcharan, E. K., and
Seebaran, G.B.S. 1979. Studies on the biological resources of Nariva swamp, Trinidad. Occasional papers No. 4 of the Zoology Dept., University of the West Indies,
517:
Bonadie, Wayne A., Bacon Peter, R. 2000. Year-round utilisation of fragmented palm swamp forest by red-bellied macaws (Ara manilata) and orange-winged parrots (Amazona amazonica) in the Nariva Swamp (Trinidad). Biological Conservation 95:
220:(legal notice no 78 by then Minister of Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources). The site was thus reserved as a local and international research centre, and in theory no hunting or harvesting was allowed on the site.
228:
fires, and forest produce (CFCA, 1997). The year after the establishment of the Nariva Windbelt Forest Reserve (1955) the Manzanilla Extension, 383.2 hectares was declared a demarcated Forest Reserve.
481:
539:
Keeler, A.G.and Pemberton, C. 1996. "Nariva swamp: an exercise in environmental economics." Notes from a seminar presented at the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Nov. 20, 1996.
650:
348:
decisions. International recognition came in 1992, when Trinidad and Tobago designated Nariva Swamp for the List of Wetlands of International Importance maintained under the
804:
854:
289:
sentiment or rhetoric for simply making Nariva into a park or denying all uses except ecotourism. This attitude makes sustainable consensus solutions more feasible.
1091:
743:
874:
864:
829:
1096:
478:
1012:
944:
778:
959:
913:
711:
313:
1076:
824:
643:
521:
CFCA, 1997. Nariva swamp seminar. Seminar held at Faculty of Agriculture, U.W.I., St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago. CFCA, Port of Spain, Trinidad.
932:
809:
1022:
768:
763:
918:
773:
696:
814:
721:
461:
535:
PDF Brown, N.A. 2000. "Environmental advocacy in the Caribbean: The case of the Nariva Swamp, Trinidad." CANARI Technical Report No. 268.
954:
834:
636:
337:
553:
Ramsar Convention, 1996. Final Report, Monitoring Procedure, Nariva Swamp, Trinidad and Tobago. Ramsar Convention. Gland, Switzerland.
969:
691:
200:
192:
199:
there in past decades. One portion of the swamp, the Bush Bush Wildlife Sanctuary is historically important as a field site for the
1007:
964:
844:
839:
753:
859:
819:
731:
329:
264:
face greater levels of irate shooting. Parrots and macaws fed on seven plant species with the major concentration of feeding on
77:
974:
869:
849:
792:
748:
1041:
989:
893:
668:
556:
Ramsar, 1996. Final Report, Monitoring Procedure, Nariva Swamp, Trinidad and Tobago. Ramsar Convention. Gland, Switzerland.
317:
309:
293:
1086:
1050:
1017:
979:
949:
716:
676:
384:
1002:
997:
706:
282:
1081:
1055:
905:
588:
879:
534:
568:
The Arthropod-Borne Viruses of Vertebrates: An Account of the Rockefeller Foundation Virus Program, 1951-1970
559:
Sletto, B. 2002. "Producing space(s), representing landscapes: maps and resource conflicts in Trinidad."
381:
The entire Nariva Swamp was declared a prohibited area under Section 2 of the Forests Act, Chapter 66:01.
305:
203:- now part of the Caribbean Epidemiology Center (Carec), which played a key role in the study of tropical
157:
321:
297:
325:
236:
686:
659:
617:
161:
133:
105:
758:
701:
524:
497:
270:
153:
455:
681:
433:
349:
244:
165:
113:
28:
274:
palm fruit. The third psittacine species observed in the swamp were green-rumped parrotlets (
183:
370:
cultivation in the southwest. It has also been affected by channelisation in the swamp and
602:
485:
465:
341:
149:
375:
172:
65:
1070:
371:
70:
217:
86:
196:
628:
292:
Keeler and Pemberton were co-creators of an interdisciplinary research team of
610:
578:
367:
98:
399:
386:
544:
Politically incorrect and bourgeois: Nariva Swamp is sufficient onto itself.
253:
145:
129:
259:
204:
117:
82:
356:
281:
As a result of the public interest and a grant of $ 5000 U.S. from the
101:
141:
428:
182:
76:
64:
363:
355:
The Nariva Swamp was included on the Montreux Record in 1993 in
171:
Four major wetland vegetation types occur in the Nariva Swamp -
632:
547:
333:
187:
Virus Laboratory Field Assistant, Nariva Swamp, Trinidad. 1959
235:
Bonadie and Bacon (1998) confirmed that roosting sites for
611:
The Magic of Nariva: A trip to Bush Bush Forest, Trinidad.
479:
2002 Status of the W. I. Manatee in Trinidad & Tobago
160:
monkeys, numerous species of parrots, including both the
175:
forest, palm forest, swamp wood, and freshwater marsh.
456:
Regional Management Plan for the West Indian Manatee,
988:
931:
892:
791:
730:
667:
51:
43:
35:
26:
21:
622:Journal of the Trinidad Field Naturalists' Club
644:
168:, as well as many wetland and savanna birds.
8:
116:. The swamp is located on the east coast of
16:A freshwater wetland in Trinidad and Tobago
937:
898:
797:
736:
651:
637:
629:
314:Canadian International Development Agency
304:Left out of this project, the Centre for
195:(TRVL) (now CAREC) conducted research on
344:of the policy assumptions (Lans, 2007).
128:The area provides important habitat for
618:"Bush Bush Forest and the Nariva Swamp"
420:
1092:Natural history of Trinidad and Tobago
18:
69:The Nariva Swamp on the mouth of the
50:
42:
34:
25:
7:
1097:Ramsar sites in Trinidad and Tobago
707:British invasion of Trinidad (1797)
529:The natural vegetation of Trinidad.
338:Technical University of Nova Scotia
110:Wetland of International Importance
468:. CEP Technical Report No. 35 1995
362:The Nariva Swamp is threatened by
201:Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory
89:and Nariva Swamp in the southeast.
14:
366:cultivation in the northwest and
702:French invasion of Tobago (1781)
595:
581:
531:Oxford University Press, Oxford.
330:Nova Scotia Agricultural College
1077:Wetlands of Trinidad and Tobago
570:. Yale University Press, 1973.
566:Theiler, Max and Downs, W. G.
1:
616:Aitken, Thomas H. G. (1973).
318:University of the Philippines
310:University of the West Indies
294:University of the West Indies
251:Bodd.) were concentrated in
870:Trinidad and Tobago cabinet
283:New York Zoological Society
193:Trinidad Regional Virus Lab
132:and is key habitat for the
1113:
589:Trinidad and Tobago portal
548:http://amzn.com/0978346807
312:obtained funding from the
108:and has been designated a
1035:
940:
901:
880:Chief Secretary of Tobago
800:
739:
477:Khan, Jalaludin A. 2002.
436:Sites Information Service
81:A physical relief map of
59:
875:Leader of the Opposition
805:Administrative divisions
308:Studies (CGDS) at the
306:Gender and Development
188:
158:white-fronted capuchin
90:
74:
697:Curonian colonization
322:Hasanuddin University
298:University of Georgia
237:orange-winged parrots
186:
80:
68:
561:Cultural Geographies
326:Dalhousie University
1087:Mangrove ecoregions
687:Spanish West Indies
660:Trinidad and Tobago
396: /
162:blue-and-gold macaw
134:West Indian manatee
106:Trinidad and Tobago
914:Telecommunications
692:Dutch colonization
484:2012-02-04 at the
464:2012-02-04 at the
458:Trichechus manatus
271:Roystonea oleracea
245:red-bellied macaws
189:
166:red-bellied macaws
138:Trichechus manatus
91:
75:
52:Reference no.
1082:Trinidad (island)
1064:
1063:
1031:
1030:
927:
926:
888:
887:
855:Political parties
825:Foreign relations
787:
786:
682:History of Tobago
400:10.417°N 61.083°W
350:Ramsar Convention
276:Forpus passerinus
266:Mauritia setigera
241:Amazona amazonica
207:-borne diseases.
114:Ramsar Convention
63:
62:
1104:
1044:
938:
909:
899:
810:Attorney General
798:
744:Cities and towns
737:
712:Independence Act
677:Spanish missions
653:
646:
639:
630:
625:
605:
600:
599:
598:
591:
586:
585:
584:
501:
494:
488:
475:
469:
453:
447:
446:
444:
442:
425:
411:
410:
408:
407:
406:
401:
397:
394:
393:
392:
389:
150:boa constrictors
47:21 December 1992
19:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1047:
1040:
1027:
1023:Public holidays
984:
923:
907:
884:
783:
769:Natural history
726:
663:
657:
615:
603:Wetlands portal
601:
596:
594:
587:
582:
580:
577:
542:Lans, C. 2007.
510:
505:
504:
495:
491:
486:Wayback Machine
476:
472:
466:Wayback Machine
454:
450:
440:
438:
427:
426:
422:
417:
405:10.417; -61.083
404:
402:
398:
395:
390:
387:
385:
383:
382:
342:gender analysis
213:
181:
126:
97:is the largest
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1110:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
994:
992:
986:
985:
983:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
941:
935:
929:
928:
925:
924:
922:
921:
919:Transportation
916:
911:
902:
896:
890:
889:
886:
885:
883:
882:
877:
872:
867:
865:Prime Minister
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
801:
795:
789:
788:
785:
784:
782:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
740:
734:
728:
727:
725:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
673:
671:
665:
664:
662: articles
658:
656:
655:
648:
641:
633:
627:
626:
613:
607:
606:
592:
576:
575:External links
573:
572:
571:
564:
557:
554:
551:
540:
537:
532:
522:
519:
515:
509:
506:
503:
502:
496:As defined by
489:
470:
448:
429:"Nariva Swamp"
419:
418:
416:
413:
324:in Indonesia,
212:
209:
180:
179:Virus research
177:
173:mangrove swamp
125:
122:
61:
60:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
32:
29:Ramsar Wetland
27:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1109:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
993:
991:
987:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
939:
936:
934:
930:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
904:
903:
900:
897:
895:
891:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
830:Head of State
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
815:Chief Justice
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
799:
796:
794:
790:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
754:Moist forests
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
738:
735:
733:
729:
723:
722:Social unrest
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
672:
670:
666:
661:
654:
649:
647:
642:
640:
635:
634:
631:
623:
619:
614:
612:
609:
608:
604:
593:
590:
579:
574:
569:
565:
562:
558:
555:
552:
549:
545:
541:
538:
536:
533:
530:
526:
523:
520:
516:
512:
511:
507:
499:
493:
490:
487:
483:
480:
474:
471:
467:
463:
460:
459:
452:
449:
437:
435:
430:
424:
421:
414:
412:
409:
379:
377:
373:
372:deforestation
369:
365:
360:
358:
353:
351:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
299:
295:
290:
286:
284:
279:
277:
273:
272:
267:
262:
261:
256:
255:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
229:
225:
221:
219:
210:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
185:
178:
176:
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
123:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
96:
88:
84:
79:
72:
71:Ortoire River
67:
58:
54:
46:
38:
36:Official name
30:
20:
955:Demographics
835:Human rights
621:
567:
560:
543:
528:
525:Beard, J. S.
492:
473:
457:
451:
439:. Retrieved
432:
423:
380:
361:
354:
346:
303:
291:
287:
280:
275:
269:
265:
258:
252:
249:Ara manilata
248:
240:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:Keith Rowley
214:
211:Conservation
190:
170:
137:
127:
109:
95:Nariva Swamp
94:
92:
87:Nariva Plain
85:showing the
73:in Trinidad.
39:Nariva Swamp
22:Designations
749:Dry forests
546:Permalink:
403: /
197:arboviruses
124:Description
1071:Categories
1008:Literature
945:Camouflage
908:(currency)
845:Parliament
563:9: 389-420
508:References
368:watermelon
154:red howler
112:under the
99:freshwater
44:Designated
960:Education
860:President
820:Elections
759:Mangroves
732:Geography
514:Trinidad.
415:Footnotes
376:watershed
254:Roystonea
156:monkeys,
146:anacondas
130:waterfowl
1051:Category
975:Religion
850:Politics
840:Military
793:Politics
779:Wildlife
717:Monarchy
482:Archived
462:Archived
441:25 April
336:and the
278:Lafr.).
260:Mauritia
205:mosquito
118:Trinidad
83:Trinidad
1042:Outline
998:Cuisine
990:Culture
933:Society
906:Dollar
894:Economy
764:Islands
669:History
527:(1946)
500:(1946).
391:61°05′W
388:10°25′N
374:of its
357:Kushiro
142:caimans
102:wetland
1056:Portal
965:Health
774:Rivers
434:Ramsar
243:) and
1018:Music
1013:Media
980:Women
950:Crime
498:Beard
1003:Flag
970:LGBT
518:1-5.
443:2018
364:rice
296:and
268:and
257:and
191:The
164:and
140:).,
93:The
334:UWI
104:in
55:577
1073::
620:.
431:.
378:.
332:,
328:,
320:,
152:,
148:,
144:,
652:e
645:t
638:v
624:.
550:.
445:.
247:(
239:(
136:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
